寫作常用句型:主從復(fù)合句


主從復(fù)合句


根據(jù)從句在全句中的不同作用,從句可分為:主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句、狀語從句。


主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句在主從復(fù)合句中的功能相當于名詞,分別作主語、表語、賓語和同位語,故統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句。這四種從句和主句之間不用逗號。


引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞主要有以下三種:


= 1 \* GB3 ① 從屬連詞:that whether if


= 2 \* GB3 ② 連接代詞:wh whm whse what which


= 3 \* GB3 ③ 連接副詞:when why where


引導(dǎo)定語從句、狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有以下幾種:


= 1 \* GB3 ① befre (在……之前) whether (不管) after (在…之后) if (假如) since (既然,自從) althugh (雖然) as sn as(一……就……) because (因為) s (as) lng as (只要)


= 2 \* GB3 ② 關(guān)系代詞:wh whse whm which that as


= 3 \* GB3 ③ 關(guān)系副詞:when why where


1. 主語從句


主語從句在句子中作主語,它的位置與陳述句基本結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語的位置相同。


2. 表語從句


表語從句在復(fù)合句中起表語作用,它位于主句中的連系動詞之后。


3. 賓語從句


賓語從句在復(fù)合句中起賓語作用,它既可作謂語動詞的賓語,也可作介詞、非謂語動詞的賓語。


4. 同位語從句


同位語從句在句子中作同位語,它一般要放在主句中某些名詞 (如 thught、idea、fact、news、suggestin、plan、belief、dubt、fear)之后,說明這些名詞的含義。引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連詞有that、whether或連接副詞hw、when、where、why等。但大多數(shù)是由that引導(dǎo)。


5. 定語從句


定語從句在主從復(fù)合句中起修飾、限定作用,修飾主句中的名詞或代詞。被定語從句修飾的詞稱為先行詞。定語從句一般放在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有wh、whm、 whse、which、as和that;關(guān)系副詞有when、where、why等。


6. 狀語從句


(1)時間狀語從句


由連詞when、whenever、as、while、after、befre、until、till、since、nce、as sn as等引導(dǎo)。


由 the minute、the mment、the instant、immediately、instantly、directly、the day、the week、the year、the first time、any time、next time、every time、each time、the last time、all the time、by the time等引導(dǎo)。


(2)地點狀語從句


常由連詞where 和wherever引導(dǎo)。


(3)原因狀語從句


由because、as、since、nw that引導(dǎo)。


(4)目的狀語從句


由in case、s that、fr fear that等引導(dǎo),口語中s也可引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。


(5)結(jié)果狀語從句


由s that、s…that、such…that等引導(dǎo),口語中s…that、such…that中的that可以省略。


(6)條件狀語從句


由if、nce、as lng as、n cnditin that、prvided that等引導(dǎo)。


(7)方式狀語從句


由as、as if、as thugh等引導(dǎo)。


(8)讓步狀語從句


由thugh、althugh、as、even if、even thugh、whever、whatever、hwever、n matter wh (what、hw、when)等引導(dǎo)。


(9)比較狀語從句


由as…as…、nt as/s…as…、than、the mre…the mre…等引導(dǎo)。








翻譯句子


1. 事實上,人工智能很可能在不遠的將來走進千家萬戶。(主語從句)


In fact, it is likely that AI is ging t enter thusands f husehlds in the near future.


2. 第一步就是你應(yīng)該使自己的申請表與簡歷簡明扼要。(表語從句)


The first step is that yu shuld make yur applicatin frm and resume brief and t the pint.


3. 我知道你平時拍的照片很好并且總是想為環(huán)保做點事情。(賓語從句)


I knw yu take gd pictures and that yu’ve always wanted t d smething fr envirnment prtectin.


4. 不可否認這樣一個事實:時間一旦失去,就再也無法彌補。(同位語從句)


There is n denying the fact that nce lst, time can never be made up fr.


5. 地鐵深受公眾歡迎,在北京,地鐵是一種非常普及的交通工具。(定語從句)


The subway, which is widespread transprtatin in Beijing, is ppular with the public.


6. 隨著年齡的增長,我們對時尚的態(tài)度可能也會改變。(時間狀語從句)


Our attitude twards fashin may change as we are getting lder.


7. 暑假開始下暴雨那天,我正好計劃著到九寨溝游玩。(時間狀語從句)


I was planning t visit Jiuzhai Valley the day the heavy rain began in the summer hliday.


8. 如果我們站在別人的角度上考慮,就會原諒別人。(地點狀語從句)


We will frgive thers if we stand where they are.


9. 既然任何人一生中都會犯錯誤,我們最好還是再給他一次機會。(原因狀語從句)


Since everybdy can make mistakes in life, we might as well give him anther chance.


10. 我使出渾身解數(shù)往前跑,以免后面的選手趕上我。(目的狀語從句)


I ran as fast as I culd fr fear that I was caught up with by the runner behind me.


11. 小姑娘心地那么好,把自己的座位讓給了身邊的一位老太太。(結(jié)果狀語從句)


The girl was s kind that she gave her seat t an ld wman standing rm.


12. 只要大家緊密團結(jié),我們相信一切皆有可能。(條件狀語從句)


S lng as we are clsely united, we believe that nthing is impssible.


13. 在找到更好的學(xué)習(xí)方法之前,照老師告訴你的那樣去做。(方式狀語從句)


Befre finding a better learning methd, d as the teacher tld yu.


14. 通常情況下,無論我們工作有多忙,我們都會回家過年。(讓步狀語從句)


Usually, n matter hw busy we are, we will cme back hme fr the Spring Festival.


15. 書總是多得讀不完。(比較狀語從句)


There have always been mre bks than anyne culd read.


連句成段


1. 盡管有許多困難要克服,但她從沒讓困難擊倒過。相反,她對生活的態(tài)度十分堅定。


Althugh there are lts f difficulties t vercme, she never lets her prblems defeat her. Instead, her attitude twards life is firm.


2. 在過去,大部分學(xué)生輟學(xué)是因為他們的家庭負擔(dān)不起教育的費用,然而現(xiàn)在情況不同了。


In the past, mst f the students drpped ut because their families culdn’t affrd their educatin cst. Hwever, the situatin is different nw.


3. 你就是在必要的時候能幫我一把的那個人,你就是確切知道我需要什么的那個人。


Yu are the persn wh gives me a hand when necessary. Yu are the persn wh knws exactly what I need.


4. 無論如何,只要使用得當,信用卡無須你額外支付分文。至少,它可以幫助你度過經(jīng)濟上的困難時期。


Hwever, if it is used prperly, a credit card can cst nthing. At least it can help t get yu ver a perid f financial difficulty.





寫作常用句型:放大關(guān)鍵詞,擴詞成句





近些年高考英語書面表達呈現(xiàn)出了兩個特點:


1. 提示情景要點化;


2. 要點關(guān)鍵詞化。根據(jù)提示關(guān)鍵詞的命題特征和趨勢,考生圍繞關(guān)鍵詞必須做到:


(1)增加細節(jié);


(2)擴詞成句。做到放大關(guān)鍵詞、擴詞成句、串詞成句,最終實現(xiàn)連句成文。增加細節(jié)和擴詞成句需要生活經(jīng)驗、多模態(tài)形式的語篇知識經(jīng)驗、詞匯知識經(jīng)驗;串詞成句需要句型知識(五種基本句型、句中句現(xiàn)象、特殊句式、精簡句式);連句成文需要篇章結(jié)構(gòu)知識(語篇結(jié)構(gòu)特征、語篇成分的語義邏輯關(guān)系、顯性或隱性銜接手段)。





情景提示1 關(guān)鍵詞 健身熱


1. 放大關(guān)鍵詞:可根據(jù)這一主題語境,圍繞“一種社會趨勢、參與群體、普及程度、今昔對比、分析原因、益處、你的呼吁”等角度放大討論,從而展開表達。


2. 擴詞成句,連句成段


3. 情景片段


Nwadays there is an increasing number f peple wh chse physical exercise f all kinds t keep fit. Nt nly have the ld seen it as a lifestyle thrugh simple dances, but als, t sme extent, mre yuths take challenging and sweating utdr activities like cycling and hiking n weekends. But it was nt the case in the past. Why wuld they rather give up their weekend relaxatin than enjy indr laziness? I think reasns vary accrdingly.


4. 情景片段精析:


(1)常用句型和短語(地道表達)


= 1 \* GB3 ① there is存現(xiàn)句


② keep fit健身


③ see…as…把……看作


④ t sme extent在某種程度上


= 5 \* GB3 ⑤ wuld rather…than… 寧愿……而不……


= 6 \* GB3 ⑥ give up放棄


= 7 \* GB3 ⑦ take activities參加活動


(2)情感交流句(拉近與讀者的心理距離)


= 1 \* GB3 ① Why wuld they rather give up their weekend relaxatin than enjy indr laziness?


提出問題,喚起大家的注意


② I think reasns vary accrdingly.


表達個人主觀看法,以求得認同


(3)動詞的非謂語形式(高級句式)


= 1 \* GB3 ① there is an increasing number f peple


現(xiàn)在分詞作定語


② t keep fit


動詞不定式表示目的


③ take challenging and sweating utdr activities t


現(xiàn)在分詞作定語


(4)句中句現(xiàn)象(長句表達:采用詞匯、語塊手段將更多的信息點囊括到一個句子中)


= 1 \* GB3 ① Nwadays there is an increasing number f peple wh chse physical exercise f all kinds t keep fit.


關(guān)系代詞wh引導(dǎo)的定語從句,句中 peple是先行詞


② Nt nly have the ld seen it as a lifestyle thrugh simple dances, but als, t sme extent, mre yuths take challenging and sweating utdr activities like cycling and hiking n weekends.


并列連詞nt nly…but als…構(gòu)成的倒裝句式


(5)措辭技巧(靈活的語言)


= 1 \* GB3 ① Why wuld they rather give up their weekend relaxatin than enjy indr laziness?


weekend relaxatin與indr laziness均表示周末可以做的事


② f all kinds與vary均表示“各種各樣”


(6)關(guān)聯(lián)詞、過渡語(語篇銜接手段)


Nwadays


t sme extent


But it was nt the case in the past (表示轉(zhuǎn)折,今昔對比)


I think reasns vary accrdingly (引出下文)


(7)句式靈活多變(語言能力)


= 1 \* GB3 ① Nwadays there is an increasing number f peple wh chse physical exercise f all kinds t keep fit.(存現(xiàn)句)


② Nt nly have the ld seen it as a lifestyle thrugh simple dances, but als, t sme extent, mre


yuths take challenging and sweating utdr activities like cycling and hiking n weekends. (倒裝句式)


③ Why wuld they rather give up their weekend relaxatin than enjy indr laziness? (特殊疑問句)


④ But it was nt the case in the past. (在文中實現(xiàn)了長短句相互融合的原則)


(8)后置或疊用定語(豐富名詞的意義)


① exercise f all kinds 介詞短語,描述鍛煉的類別


② activities like cycling and hiking 介詞短語,舉例說明活動的種類


③ challenging and sweating utdr activities 平實自然的疊詞,既能產(chǎn)生鮮明的視覺效應(yīng),同時,朗讀起來富有節(jié)奏感





情景提示2 關(guān)鍵詞 困意、低效學(xué)習(xí)


1. 放大關(guān)鍵詞:可圍繞“這種現(xiàn)象的主體和場合,導(dǎo)致這種現(xiàn)象的原因,如何緩解或解決這種現(xiàn)象的建議”等角度擴詞,展開情景表達。


2. 擴詞成句,連句成段


3. 情景片段


Recently sme f Senir Three students are fund sleepy, absent-minded r depressed in class. What cntributes t the present situatin? Persnally speaking, the fllwing reasns might accunt fr their inattentin academically. T begin with, there seems t be t many learning burdens, causing pressure. As a result, they have t take up mre time t handle their hmewrk, even the time that shuld have been spent in the rest r hbbies, What’s mre, as the Cllege Entrance Examinatin is drawing near, they have t face the grwing pressure due t the increasingly fierce cmpetitin under the system f the Cllege Entrance Examinatin. Last but nt least, we can’t deny the family factr. In mst cases, parents expect t much f their children, which means greater pressure.


4. 情景片段精析


(1)常用句型和短語(地道表達)


① cntribute t影響


② accunt fr sth. 解釋某事


③ cause pressure導(dǎo)致壓力


④ learning burden學(xué)習(xí)負擔(dān)


⑤ take up占用,占據(jù)


⑥ draw near臨近


= 7 \* GB3 ⑦ expect sth. f sb. 對某人期望某事


(2)情感交流句(拉近與讀者的心理距離)


① What cntributes t the present situatin?


提出問題,引起讀者注意


② Persnally speaking, the fllwing reasns might accunt fr their inattentin academically.


主觀推測,做可能性分析


③ T begin with, there seems t be t many learning burdens, causing pressure.


對客觀現(xiàn)象的主觀推測


④ As a result, they have t take up mre time t handle their hmewrk, even the time that they shuld have been spent in the rest r hbbies.


使用虛擬語氣“本應(yīng)該……”,表示對學(xué)生現(xiàn)狀的同情


(3)動詞的非謂語形式(高級句式)


① there seems t be t many learning burdens causing pressure


現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語


② they have t face the grwing pressure


現(xiàn)在分詞作定語


(4)句中句現(xiàn)象(長句表達)


① As a result, they have t take up mre time t handle their hmewrk, even the time that shuld have been spent in the rest r hbbies.


關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句


② What’s mre, as the Cllege Entrance Examinatin is drawing near, they have t face the grwing pressure due t the increasingly fierce cmpetitin under the system f the Cllege Entrance Examinatin.


從屬連詞as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句


③ In mst cases, Parents expect t much f their children, which means greater pressure.


關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,先行詞是前面整個句子,意為“這一點意味著更大的壓力”


(5)靈活多變的句式


整個情景片段采用長短句相互融合進行論述,使句子錯落有致,高有變化,讀起來朗朗上口。


① Recently sme f Senir Three students are fund sleepy, absent-minded r depressed in class. 被動句式


② What cntributes t the present situatin?


特殊疑問句式


③ T begin with, there seems t be t many earning burdens


存現(xiàn)句


④ As a result, they have t take up mre time t handle their hmewrk, even the time that shuld have been spent in the rest r hbbies.


被動句式;虛擬語氣


(6)高級詞匯(遣詞造句能力)


cntribute t (影響,替換 influence)


accunt fr (可以解釋某事的理由)


academically (學(xué)習(xí)方面,替換 in study)


learning burden (學(xué)習(xí)負擔(dān))


handle (處理,替換 slve)


draw near (臨近,替換cme)


due t (因為,替換 because f)


fierce cmpetitin (激烈的競爭)


expect (期待,替換hpe或wish)


(7)措辭技巧


① Recently sme f Senir Three students are fund sleepy, absent-minded r depressed in class.


absent- minded表示“分心,注意力不集中”


② Persnally speaking, the fllwing reasns might accunt fr their inattentin academically.


distractin表示“分心,注意力不集中”


③ As a result, they have t take up mre time t handle their hmewrk, even the time that shuld have been spent in the rest r hbbies.


take up和spend均表示“占用時間,花費時間”


(8)關(guān)聯(lián)詞和過渡語(語篇銜接手段)


Recently (最近)


What cntributes t the present situatin? (過渡句,承接上下文)


Persnally speaking (表達個人觀點)


T begin with (首先)


As a result (結(jié)果)


What’s mre (另外)


Last but nt least (最后但同樣重要的)


In mst cases (在多數(shù)情況下)








(答題時間:40分鐘)


寫作


(一)


假如你是李華,你們班決定組織同學(xué)們在農(nóng)歷五月初五端午節(jié)時,一起騎自行車去西湖觀看龍舟比賽。請你給外教Mr. Smih寫封郵件邀請他上午8:00在學(xué)校門口集合,和你們一同前往,感受中國傳統(tǒng)文化。要點包括:


1. 集合時間、地點;


2. 端午節(jié)和龍舟賽的介紹。


參考詞匯:農(nóng)歷 the lunar calendar;龍舟the dragn bat


注意:


1. 詞數(shù)100左右;


2. 可以適當增加細節(jié),以使行文流暢。


(二)


請你以李華的名義給《中國日報》(China Daily)英文版寫一封信,信的內(nèi)容為:呼吁人們(包括駕駛員和車上人員)在行車途中不要向窗外亂扔?xùn)|西。要點


如下:


1. 陳述駕車時向窗外亂扔?xùn)|西的不文明行為;


2. 開車或坐車時向窗外亂扔?xùn)|西的危害


3. 提出自己的建議。


注意:


1. 詞數(shù):100左右;


2. 可以適當增加細節(jié),使行文連貫;


3. 文章的開頭和結(jié)尾已經(jīng)給出,不計入總詞數(shù)。


Dear Sir r Madam,


___________________________________________________________________________


___________________________________________________________________________


___________________________________________________________________________


___________________________________________________________________________


Yurs,


Li Hua

















(一)參考范文


Dear Mr. Smith,


Hw is everything?


Our class is planning t cycle t the West Lake t watch the dragn bat race n the lunar calendar May 5th, when the Dragn Bat Festival is celebrated natinwide. We’ll gather at ur schl gate at 8: 00 a m. I’d like t invite yu t g with us and experience this unique traditinal Chinese culture.


The dragn bat race, riginally held in memry f the great pet Qu Yuan, and nw has becme a cmmn practice and develped int a sprt. I’m sure it will be exciting and enjyable. Yur presence will certainly add t ur pleasure. Wuld yu cme and have fun with us?


Lking frward t yur early reply.


Yurs,


Li Hua


(二)參考范文


Dear Sir r Madam,


I’d like t talk abut ne kind f uncivilized behavir f peple n the rad. As we all knw, with the develpment f ecnmy, mre and mre peple can affrd t buy private cars. Hwever, ne phenmenn shuld really be paid attentin t when driving. That is thrwing rubbish ut f car windws as they like.


First f all, thrwing rubbish ut f car windws will surely spil a city’s lk, which is suppsed t be clean and tidy. What’s wrse, it is very dangerus t d s when driving at a high speed, which may cause severe accidents even deaths, as reprted in the news. Besides it als adds t cleaners difficulty t cllect them. Even wrse, it smetimes threatens their life when cllecting them.


All in all, this kind f phenmenn must be prevented. I strngly appeal t all peple t stp this kind f uncivilized behavir and the plice shuld give prper punishments fr thse cmmitting what’s immral as well.


Yurs,


Li Hua


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