一、理論來源
主述位推進(jìn)理論并非新創(chuàng)，它在語言學(xué)領(lǐng)域早有深厚根基。最初由馬泰休斯提出，他認(rèn)為英語結(jié)構(gòu)包含主位、述位和連位。后來，韓德禮在其功能語言學(xué)中去掉了連位。如今，在雅思寫作教學(xué)等領(lǐng)域，該理論被廣泛應(yīng)用。
二、主位與述位的定義
簡單來說，主位是我們話題談?wù)摰膶ο?，是已知的舊信息，就像對話雙方都知道的背景內(nèi)容，或者是根據(jù)經(jīng)驗?zāi)芘袛喑龅男畔?；述位則是講話人針對主位要傳達(dá)的新信息。這么說可能還是有點抽象，我們通過幾個例子來理解。
- 中文示例：
- 主位（共識）：關(guān)于明天的考試，述位（告知新信息）：我們要好好復(fù)習(xí)。
- 主位（共識）：那部電影，述位（告知新信息）：我特別喜歡。
- 英文示例：
- 主位（共識）：The bk n the desk（桌子上的書 ，雙方都知道說的是哪本書 ）, 述位（告知新信息）：is very interesting（很有趣，這是新信息）.
- 主位（共識）：My friend Tm（我的朋友湯姆，雙方都認(rèn)識的人）, 述位（告知新信息）：gt a high scre in the exam（在考試中取得了高分）.
三、主述位推進(jìn)的類型
主述位推進(jìn)主要分為三類，其中前兩類相對簡單，第三類是重點。
主位同一：前后句的主語或者背景信息保持一致。比如：“He is my teacher. He is very kind. He always helps us.”（他是我的老師。他很和藹。他總是幫助我們。）在這組句子里，“he”作為主位，在不同句子中保持一致。
述位同一：主語和背景信息不同，但后邊的信息保持一致。例如：“Lily is a gd student. Lucy is a gd student. Tm is als a gd student.”（莉莉是個好學(xué)生。露西是個好學(xué)生。湯姆也是個好學(xué)生。）這里“a gd student”是述位，在各句中保持不變。
述位推進(jìn)（簡單線性推進(jìn)）：每一句的述位（新信息），會成為下一句的主位（舊信息）。這就好比接力賽，前一棒的“信息接力棒”傳遞到下一棒。
- 中文示例：小明打開了書包，拿出了一本書（書是述位）。（書變主位）書是他最喜歡的故事書，里面有很多有趣的故事（故事是述位）。（故事變主位）這些故事讓他沉浸其中，忘記了時間。
- 英文示例：The girl lked ut f the windw and saw a bird（a bird是述位）. （a bird變主位）The bird was singing beautifully, which attracted her attentin（her attentin是述位）. （her attentin變主位）Her attentin was fully n the bird, and she didn't ntice her mther cming in.
四、在讀后續(xù)寫中的應(yīng)用：線性推進(jìn)（核心技能）
規(guī)則：前句述位→后句主位
口訣："后句開頭抓前句尾巴"
中文范例：
海浪（主位）拍打著礁石（述位）。
礁石（新主位）在月光下泛著銀光（新述位）。
銀光（新主位）吸引了夜游的魚群（新述位）。
英文對照：
The waves (Theme) crashed against the rcks (Rheme).
The rcks (Theme) glimmered with silvery light under the mn (Rheme).
The silvery light (Theme) attracted schls f ncturnal fish (Rheme).
讀后續(xù)寫要求我們根據(jù)給定的內(nèi)容續(xù)寫故事，讓文章自然流暢地發(fā)展。主述位推進(jìn)理論就像一個導(dǎo)航儀，可以幫助我們做到這一點。我們以“在公園游玩”為例：
- 中文示例：
- 開始：他們走進(jìn)了公園，公園里的花五顏六色（花五顏六色是述位）。
- 發(fā)展：（花變主位）五顏六色的花吸引了許多蜜蜂和蝴蝶，蜜蜂和蝴蝶在花叢中忙碌地飛舞（蜜蜂和蝴蝶在花叢中忙碌地飛舞是述位）。
- 延續(xù)：（蜜蜂和蝴蝶變主位）忙碌飛舞的蜜蜂和蝴蝶構(gòu)成了一幅美麗的畫面，這幅畫面讓他們?nèi)滩蛔∨恼樟裟睢?br>- 英文示例：
- 開始：They entered the park and saw the clrful flwers in it（the clrful flwers是述位）.
- 發(fā)展：（the clrful flwers變主位）The clrful flwers attracted many bees and butterflies. The bees and butterflies were busily flying amng the flwers（The bees and butterflies were busily flying amng the flwers是述位）.
- 延續(xù)：（The bees and butterflies變主位）The bees and butterflies busily flying amng the flwers frmed a beautiful picture. This picture made them culdn't help taking pictures.
五、常見問題與優(yōu)化策略
任何理論都不是完美的，主述位推進(jìn)理論也有其弊端。在使用過程中，可能會出現(xiàn)句子結(jié)構(gòu)不自然、生硬且公式化的問題，同時還可能導(dǎo)致我們過于關(guān)注主位和述位，而忽略了句型和內(nèi)容的豐富性。
不過，我們可以通過一些方法來解決這些問題。一方面，學(xué)習(xí)不同場景的文本發(fā)展模式和動作鏈，以此作為輔助，讓故事發(fā)展更加自然；另一方面，把各種句型和主述位推進(jìn)方法結(jié)合起來訓(xùn)練，這樣既能保持文章的連貫性，又能讓文章豐富多彩。
總之，主述位推進(jìn)理論雖然存在一定的局限性，但只要我們合理運用，巧妙結(jié)合其他寫作技巧，就能在英語讀后續(xù)寫中發(fā)揮它的優(yōu)勢，寫出邏輯清晰、內(nèi)容精彩的文章。
典型弊端：機械重復(fù)
病句：The sun was shining. The shining sun made us ht. The heat caused thirst.
信息單?。哼^度關(guān)注銜接而忽視細(xì)節(jié)描寫
2．破解方案：三維提升法
句式變形：交替使用簡單句、復(fù)合句、倒裝句
例：Nt nly did the sunset paint the sky crimsn, but it als cast lng shadws n the valley.
描寫升級：在推進(jìn)過程中植入感官細(xì)節(jié)
例：The campfire (Theme) crackled rhythmically (Rheme). The rhythmic sund (Theme) blended with the chirping f crickets (Rheme), creating a natural symphny.
邏輯擴展：適時插入因果關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系
例：Althugh the path seemed dangerus (Theme), its breathtaking views (Rheme) mtivated us t cntinue.
綜合模擬演練01
When I arrived at 6 a.m. in the large hspital kitchen, Rse was already checking name tags n the trays (托盤).
"Hi, I'm Janet."I tried t sund cheerful, althugh I already knew Rse's reputatin fr being impssible t wrk with. "I'm scheduled t wrk with yu this week."
Rse stpped what she was ding and peered ver her reading glasses. I culd tell frm her expressin she wasn't pleased t sec a student wrker.
“What d yu want me t d? Start the cffee?” I asked.
Rse cldly ndded and went back t checking name tags.
I filled the 40-cup pt with water and began making the cffee when Rse yelled, “That’s nt the way t make cffee.” She stepped in and tk ver.
Nthing I did pleased her. All mrning, her eagle eyes missed nthing and her sharp wrdshurt.
Ttally exhausted, I trudged the six blcks hme late that June afternn. As a third year university student wrking my way thrugh schl, I had never befre met anyne like Rse.
Fighting back tears, I wrestled with my dilemma alne in my rm. "What shall I d?"The answer caught me cmpletely by surprise. I needed t lve Rse.
Wrking with Rse the next mrning, I ignred the hurtful remarks thrwn in my directin and did things Rse’s way as much as pssible. As I wrked, I silently began t surrund Rse with a warm blanket f lve.
Over the next few days, an amazing thing began t happen. My fcus shifted frm what she was ding t me and I started seeing Rse as the hurting persn she was. Then her icy tensin began t melt away.
Thrughut the rest f the summer, we had numerus pprtunities t wrk tgether. Each time, she seemed truly happy t see me. Her bitterness gave way as she started pening up. As I wrked with this lnely wman, I listened t her, smething n ne else had dne. I learned that she was burdened by elderly parents wh needed her care and her wn health prblems.
The days slipped by quickly as I finished the last several weeks f my summer jb. I sn wuld be returning as a full-time university student and say gdbye t Rse.
注意：1.所續(xù)寫短文的詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右；
2．續(xù)寫部分分為兩段，每段的開頭語已為你寫好；
Paragraph 1: One day, while I was wrking alne in ne f the hspital kitchens, Rse entered the rm.
___________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2 ：Althugh I never saw Rse again, I still remember her vividly.
___________________________________________________________________________
翻譯小練習(xí)：
我像往常一樣向她打招呼，但奇怪的是，她一聲不吭，把手伸進(jìn)口袋里。
___________________________________________________________________________
“你明天就要走了，是嗎？她說，一種失落感在她臉上閃過。
___________________________________________________________________________
“對不起，為那些傷人的話，謝謝你成為我真正的朋友?！绷_斯結(jié)結(jié)巴巴地說，把書簽塞到我手里。
___________________________________________________________________________
看著她模糊的眼睛，我情不自禁地第一次擁抱了她，笨拙而又充滿愛意。
___________________________________________________________________________
那年夏天。我學(xué)到了一個我從未忘記的一課。
___________________________________________________________________________
世界上到處都是像羅斯這樣的人：煩人的苛求，外表不討人喜歡，內(nèi)心卻很受傷。
___________________________________________________________________________
俗話說，每朵玫瑰都有刺，每個人的性格都有你無法忍受的分歧。
___________________________________________________________________________
我發(fā)現(xiàn)溫暖的愛毯是培育玫瑰的最好方法。
___________________________________________________________________________
參考答案：
1． 我像往常一樣向她打招呼，但奇怪的是，她一聲不吭，把手伸進(jìn)口袋里。
I greeted her as usual but strangely she was in ttal silence, sticking her hands int her pcket.
“你明天就要走了，是嗎？她說，一種失落感在她臉上閃過。
“Yu are leaving tmrrw, aren’t yu?” She said, a sense f lss flickering acrss her face.
“對不起，為那些傷人的話，謝謝你成為我真正的朋友?！绷_斯結(jié)結(jié)巴巴地說，把書簽塞到我手里。
“Srry fr all thse hurtful wrds and thank yu fr being a real friend t me.” Rse stammered, tucking a bkmark int my hand.
看著她模糊的眼睛，我情不自禁地第一次擁抱了她，笨拙而又充滿愛意。
Lking int her misty eyes, I culdn’t help hugging her, fr the very first time, clumsily, yet lvingly.
那年夏天。我學(xué)到了一個我從未忘記的一課。
That summer. I learned a lessn I’ve never frgtten.
世界上到處都是像羅斯這樣的人：煩人的苛求，外表不討人喜歡，內(nèi)心卻很受傷。
The wrld is full f peple like Rse: annying demanding, unlvable n the utside, yet hurting inside.
俗話說，每朵玫瑰都有刺，每個人的性格都有你無法忍受的分歧。
Just as the saying ges, every rse has its thrn, and every man's character has apart that yu can't stand.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)溫暖的愛毯是培育玫瑰的最好方法。
I've fund that a warm blanket f lve is the best way t nurture a rse.
參考范文：
One day, while I was wrking alne in ne f the hspital kitchens, Rse entered the rm. I greeted her as usual but strangely she was in ttal silence, sticking her hands int her pcket. “Yu are leaving tmrrw, aren’t yu?” She said, a sense f lss flickering acrss her face. “Srry fr all thse hurtful wrds and thank yu fr being a real friend t me.” Rse stammered, tucking a bkmark int my hand. Lking int her misty eyes, I culdn’t help hugging her, fr the very first time, clumsily, yet lvingly.
Althugh I never saw Rse again, I still remember her vividly. That summer. I learned a lessn I’ve never frgtten. The wrld is full f peple like Rse: annying demanding, unlvable n the utside, yet hurting inside. Just as the saying ges, every rse has its thrn, and every man's character has apart that yu can't stand. I've fund that a warm blanket f lve is the best way t nurture a rse.
綜合模擬演練02
My name is Jhn and I must share with yu an event which tk place n Flight 1553 ut f DCA. My wife and I were traveling t Miami t celebrate an achievement fr her and as yu can imagine, we were lking frward t fun, sun and laughter.
We barded the aircraft, withut a care in the wrld. It was cld in Washingtn and we were ready fr Flrida. Shrtly after taking my seat, I began t feel sick. I knew smething wasn't right but just culdn't find ut what was happening .Being a dctr and a stubbrn man, I resisted effrts by my wife t call fr assistance. As the aircraft began its departure rll, I lst cnsciusness fr a shrt amunt f time. As I came arund, I quickly realized a few things. Firstly, smething very bad had happened t me .Secndly, the aircraft was t heavy with the fuel t g back hme. Thirdly, my lss f cnsciusness had been s deep that I fund myself ut f cntrl. S nt nly did I have a medical issue t deal with, but I als had t figure ut hw t deal with an embarrassing experience.
My wife gathered the crew as sn as it was safe t mve abut and I made my way t the washrm t attempt t clean up. I did my best and the flight crew members were s supprtive,
checking n me ften and reassuring me that there was nthing t be embarrassed abut. It was their sympathy and supprt that helped me s much. During the flight they kept watching ver me and I suddenly had a small grup f nurse, bringing blankets, fd, drinks and caring and smile. I was thankful t them.
注意：
所續(xù)寫短文的詞數(shù)應(yīng)為 150 左右；
續(xù)寫部分分為兩段，每段開頭語已為你寫好；
Paragraph 1 ： Upn landing, I remained in my seat, allwing ther peple t g first.
___________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2：Hearing that, the captain left and returned a cuple minutes later with a pair f his wn blue jeans.
______________________________________________________________________________________
翻譯小練習(xí)：
當(dāng)我坐在座位上時，我抬起頭來，看見船長站在那里，面帶微笑。
___________________________________________________________________________
“我能為你做什么？”船長問道。我告訴他我沒事。
___________________________________________________________________________
因為之前的事情，我感到很尷尬和擔(dān)心。
___________________________________________________________________________
他說，“你穿什么尺寸的褲子？”他的聲音里充滿了關(guān)心。
___________________________________________________________________________
我很困惑，回答說：“34*34。你為什么問這個？”
___________________________________________________________________________
那人打開自己的行李，把褲子給了一個完全陌生的人。
___________________________________________________________________________
我不知道該說什么。然后我看著我的妻子，她笑了，一句話也沒說，讓我知道沒關(guān)系。
___________________________________________________________________________
我走到出口，他說，“在飛機上換錢。很好?！?br>___________________________________________________________________________
因為這段經(jīng)歷，我感謝他的好意。
___________________________________________________________________________
我下定決心要善待他人。
___________________________________________________________________________
參考答案：
當(dāng)我坐在座位上時，我抬起頭來，看見船長站在那里，面帶微笑。
As I was in my seat, I lked up and see the captain standing with a warm smile.
“我能為你做什么？”船長問道。我告訴他我沒事。
“What can I d fr yu?” the captain asked. I tld him I was k.
因為之前的事情，我感到很尷尬和擔(dān)心。
I was very embarrassed and cncerned because f the previus things.
他說，“你穿什么尺寸的褲子？”他的聲音里充滿了關(guān)心。
He said, “What sizes f pants d yu wear?” His vice was full f care.
我很困惑，回答說：“34*34。你為什么問這個？”
I was puzzled and replied, “34*34.Why d yu ask this?”
那人打開自己的行李，把褲子給了一個完全陌生的人。
The man pened his wn luggage and gave a cmplete stranger his pants.
我不知道該說什么。然后我看著我的妻子，她笑了，一句話也沒說，讓我知道沒關(guān)系。
I didn’t knw what t say. Then I lked at my wife, wh smiled and, withut saying a wrd, let me knw it was k.
我走到出口，他說，“在飛機上換錢。很好。”
I made my way t the exit and he said, “Change n the aircraft. It is fine.”
因為這段經(jīng)歷，我感謝他的好意。
Because f the experience, I was thankful t him fr his kindness.
我下定決心要善待他人。
I made up my mind t treat thers with kindness.
參考范文:
Upn landing, I remained in my seat, allwing ther peple t g first. As I was in my seat, I lked up and see the captain standing with a warm smile. “What can I d fr yu?” the captain asked. I tld him I was k. I was very embarrassed and cncerned because f the previus things. He said, “What sizes f pants d yu wear?” His vice was full f care. I was puzzled and replied, “34*34.Why d yu ask this?”
Paragraph 2：Hearing that, the captain left and returned a cuple minutes later with a pair f his wn blue jeans. The man pened his wn luggage and gave a cmplete stranger his pants. I didn’t knw what t say. Then I lked at my wife, wh smiled and, withut saying a wrd, let me knw it was k. I made my way t the exit and he said, “Change n the aircraft. It is fine.” Because f the experience, I was thankful t him fr his kindness. I made up my mind t treat thers with kindness.

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