【熱點題型歸納+演變】2024年高考英語專題訓練專題12 閱讀理解之說明文-試卷-試卷下載-教習網

說明文是對事物或事理進行客觀說明的一種文體，它以說明為主要表達方式，通過解說事物或闡明事理，達到教人以知識的目的，在結構上往往采用總分(總)、遞進等方式按一定的順序(如時間、空間、從現(xiàn)象到本質)進行說明。說明文的特點是客觀、簡練、語言準確、明了，文章很少表達作者的感情傾向。閱讀說明文的重點在于讀懂它說明的事物或事理，了解事物的性質、構造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特點等。
最近五年高考題中，說明文考查很多，變化不大，一直很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學科的前沿問題、高科技領域的科研成果、人們比較關心的社會問題、人文方面的經典。所謂科技說明文，就是指研究自然科學與技術的文章。由于閱讀理解題的設置采用漸進式，即由易到難的方式，因此說明文是高考試卷中閱讀理解題中相對比較難的，通常放在C或D篇。閱讀理解試題的考點之一是考查學生對詞匯和句式的掌握，而說明文的詞匯和句式的運用較別的體裁的文章難度更大。詞匯運用靈活，同一詞的不同詞性的用法交替出現(xiàn)，未列入考綱的生詞較多，通常達到了4-5%。不過考生可以通過說明文的語言特點來幫助理解語篇，例如，同位語、下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標點符號(如破折號、冒號都有表示解釋和說明)等。
題型歸納
題型01 細節(jié)理解題
【題型詮釋】
說明文中考查的細節(jié)理解題大致與記敘文相似。命題區(qū)域都有其共同點：⑴在列舉處命題，如用first(ly), secnd(ly), third(ly), finally, nt nly, but als, then, in additin等表示順承關系的詞語列舉出事實。試題要求考生從列舉出的內容中選出符合題干要求的答案項。⑵在例證處命題，句中常用由as, such as, fr example, fr instance等引導的短語或句子作為例證，這些例句或比喻就成為命題者設問的焦點。⑶在轉折對比處命題，一般通過hwever, but, yet, in fact等詞語來引導。對比用unlike, until, nt s much…as等詞語引導，命題者常對用來對比的雙方屬性進行考查。⑷在比較處命題，無端的比較、相反的比較、偷換對象的比較，經常出現(xiàn)在干擾項中，考生要標記并且關注到原文中的比較，才能順利地排除干擾。⑸在復雜句中命題，包括同位詞、插入語、定語、從句、不定式等，命題者主要考查考生對句子之間的指代關系和語法關系。
做這類題目時，一般都能在原文中找到出處，只要仔細就可以在文中找到答案。但正確的選擇項不可能與閱讀材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的語句成句型表達相同的意思。
【典例1】(2023上·山東·高三山東省實驗中學?？茧A段練習)
Animal appear t predict earthquakes by sensing electricity in the air — the first study t find reliable evidence f the phenmenn has shwn.
Cameras revealed an “amazing” drp in the number f animals up t 23 days befre a majr quake hit their rainfrest hme at Yanachaga Natinal Park in Peru. Lead scientist Dr Rachel Grant, frm Anglia Ruskin University, said, “The results shwed that just befre the earthquake, animals’ activity drpped right dwn.”
On a nrmal day the cameras placed arund Yanachaga Natinal Park recrd between 5 and 15 animals. But in the 23 days befre the earthquake, the number f animals drpped t five r fewer per day. N animals were phtgraphed at all n five f the seven days immediately befre the quake.
Anther study shwed that animal activity remained nrmal in the park ver a different perid when seismic (地震的) activity was lw. C-authr, prfessr Friedemann Freund, said, “The cameras were lcated at an altitude f 900 meters. If air inizatin ccurred, the animals wuld escape t the valley belw, where there were fewer psitive ins (離子). With their ability t sense their envirnment, animals can help us understand small changes that ccur befre majr earthquakes.”
Other evidence suggested that befre the earthquake, the air arund the high muntain sites filled with psitive ins that can be prduced when rcks are placed under stress. Psitive ins have been knwn t cause ill effects in humans as well as animals. Scientists believe the animals were made t feel uncmfrtable by the psitive ins, leading them t avid the area. They are thught t have escaped t lwer grund, where the air was less inized. The findings may help experts develp better shrt-term seismic frecasts.
16. Hw did scientists cnduct the study?
A. By cmparing different animals’ habits.B. By bserving animals in high muntains.
C. By explaining the psitive in phenmenn.D. By analyzing images f animals they btained.
【答案】D
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。文章第三段講到“On a nrmal day the cameras placed arund Yanachaga Natinal Park recrd between 5 and 15 animals. But in the 23 days befre the earthquake, the number f animals drpped t five r fewer per day. N animals were phtgraphed at all n five f the seven days immediately befre the quake. (在平常的一天，放置在Yanachaga國家公園周圍的攝像機記錄了5到15只動物。但在地震前的23天，動物的數(shù)量下降到每天5只或更少。在地震前的七天中，有五天根本沒有拍攝到任何動物)”可知，在地震前后攝像機捕捉到的動物的圖像的數(shù)量是有所變化的。由此可知，科學家通過分析他們獲得的動物圖像進行這項研究的。故選D。
題型02 語意猜測題
【題型詮釋】
說明文為了把自然規(guī)律，事物的性質等介紹清楚或把事理闡述明白，因此學術性強的生詞較多，所以常進行生詞詞義判斷題的考查。命題方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers t … 或what des the underlined wrd mean?或what is the meaning f the underlined wrd?為設問方式。說明文在闡述說明對象時易發(fā)生動作變換、人稱轉變的現(xiàn)象，這類題目常以it，they，them 等代詞為命題點，因此考生要根據(jù)上下文語境，認真閱讀原文，分析動作轉換背景，弄清動作不同執(zhí)行者，以便準確判斷代詞的其實際指代對象。
解這類題型時，考生應認真閱讀原文，分析其對某些科學原理是如何定義、如何解釋的，并以此為突破口抽象概括出生詞詞義。也可以通過上下文來猜測某個陌生詞語的語意。或者找出某個詞語在文章中的同義詞。要注意破折號、同位語從句、定語從句、插入語等具有解釋、說明作用的語言成分。
【典例2】(2023上·廣東廣州·高三華南師大附中?？茧A段練習)
Anyne can be late a handful f times, but t be the persn wh is always late—that’s an art, a frustrating art. Or, a side effect f yur persnality, scientists have fund.
S what is it that causes sme peple t cnstantly miss trains, make it t the wedding just after the bride’s shwn up and regularly anny their friends? And why is it s hard fr us t fix it? “There are all srts f punishments fr being late, but we are still late even when thse punishments and cnsequences exist.” said Justin Kruger, a scial psychlgist at New Yrk University.
One f the cmmnest reasns why peple are frequently late is that-they fail t accurately judge hw lng a task will take—smething knwn as the planning fallacy. Research has shwn that peple n average underestimate the tune t cmplete a task by a significant 40 percent.
Besides, frever-late-cmers are mre likely t be multitaskers. A 2023 study fund that ut f 181subway peratrs in New Yrk City, thse wh preferred multitasking were mre ften late fr their jb. This is because multitasking makes it harder t have the awareness f what yu’re ding. It’s als discvered there is a persnality type that’s mre likely t be late. While highly nervus, achievement-riented Type A individuals arc mre pssible t be punctual, Type B individuals, hwever, wh are calmer and mre relaxed, have a higher chance t be late.
Admittedly, knwing all f this desn’t necessarily help fix the prblem. But scientists are starting t wrk n strategies that can slwly imprve ur punctuality. Fr peple wh cnstantly underestimate tasks, breaking dwn an activity int detailed steps can help peple estimate hw lng smething will take mre accurately. As fr yur persnality type, unfrtunately, there isn’t much yu can d t change that. But accepting that yu need t struggle fr it may just help. Acceptance, after all, is the first step t change.
27. What des the underlined wrd “fallacy” mean in paragrqph3?
A. A reasnable argument.B. A mistaken belief.
C. A mdest expectatin.D. A realistic idea.
【答案】B
【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中“One f the cmmnest reasns why peple are frequently late is that-they fail t accurately judge hw lng a task will take”（人們經常遲到的一個最常見的原因是——他們不能準確地判斷一項任務需要多長時間）以及“Research has shwn that peple n average underestimate the tune t cmplete a task by a significant 40 percent.”（研究表明，人們平均低估了完成一項任務所需時間的40%。）由此可知，此處為這就是所謂的計劃謬誤。故可猜測劃線單詞fallacy為“謬論”的意思，結合選項B項A mistaken belief“錯誤的信念”意思一致。故選B項。
題型03 主旨大意題
【題型詮釋】
說明文常用文章大意判斷題考查考生對通篇文意的理解。即對文章的主題或中心意思的概括和歸納。主要考查考生對文章的整體理解能力。命題形式常以This passage mainly talks abut ____. What is the main idea f the passage?為設問方式。這種試題多以This passage mainly talks abut …
答題時首先閱讀題干，掌握問題的類型，了解試題題干以及各個選項所包含的信息，然后有針對性地對文章進行掃讀，對有關信息進行快速定位，再將相關信息進行整合、甄別、分析、對比，有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項，選出正確答案。
【典例3】(2023上·廣東汕頭·高三金山中學?？茧A段練習)
Whenever yu read text, yur brain prcesses the visual stimuli (刺激物) t create meaning and understand the cntent. Chances are, yu dn’t pay much attentin t the way the infrmatin is presented- particularly the fnt (字體) chice. That’s because yur main target is reading cmprehensin, nt aesthetics.
Althugh typgraphy (排印) is missed by mst f us, it’s essential in making texts legible, readable and appealing fr audiences. Beynd the visual aspect, research shws that fnts play a significant rle in the mental prcesses f understanding that happen while we read. A fnt’s impact n the way yu learn and memrize infrmatin might be hard t ntice cnsciusly, but yur brain is certainly tuned in. Perhaps surprisingly, hard-t-read fnts such as Bdni, Cmic Sans, r Mntype Crsiva are better fr memrizing infrmatin than fnts like Arial r Times New Rman, accrding t sme studies.
“Difficulty can functin as an alarm signal, giving the reader a sense that the task is challenging and will require mental effrt,” says Daniel Oppenheimer, a prfessr f psychlgy at Carnegie Melln University and ne f a 2010 study authrs, “Additinally, slwing dwn the reading speed t deal with the disfluency may increase the prbability f sptting errrs in a text.”
Fnt characteristics such as style, size and clr play a rle in infrmatin retentin memry r recall as well, says Stephen Banham, a typgraphy lecturer at RMIT University in Melburne, Australia. Experiments have prved a U-shape relatinship between fnt size and memry: Large-fnt items may predict higher recall regardless f style, but very small fnt sizes can als intrduce a desirable difficulty.
A dcument’s specific methd f frmatting infrmatin als makes an impact. Using fnt styles like bld r italics t indicate significance can als imprve memry. That’s because peple are better able t remember infrmatin they cnsider imprtant, says Oppenheimer. Researchers fund that blded text has a higher recall than text in italic r regular styles, regardless f the fnt size. Hwever, if an entire dcument is blded, the emphasis is lst, and readers can n lnger spt vital passages.
26. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. What Fnts Make Reading EasyB. What Fnts Make Memry Lasting
C. Why Fnts Impact Retentin and RecallD. Hw Fnts Affect Learning and Memry
【答案】D
【答案】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段中“ Beynd the visual aspect, research shws that fnts play a significant rle in the mental prcesses f understanding that happen while we read. A fnt’s impact n the way yu learn and memrize infrmatin might be hard t ntice cnsciusly, but yur brain is certainly tuned in.(除了視覺方面，研究表明，字體在我們閱讀時的心理理解過程中起著重要作用。字體對你學習和記憶信息的影響可能很難有意識地注意到，但你的大腦肯定會注意到。)”以及通讀全文，文章主要講述的是字體選擇在閱讀理解、記憶和信息提取過程中的重要性以及產生的影響。D選項“Hw Fnts Affect Learning and Memry(字體如何影響學習和記憶)”概括全文，符合文章標題。故選D。
題型04 判斷推理題
【題型詮釋】
這種題型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生進行合理的推斷。如因果關系，文中的某些用詞、語氣也往往具有隱含意義，考生要將這種含義讀出來。說明文常出現(xiàn)圖示判斷題，這種試題可以事物之間正確的依賴關系為命題點，要求考生判斷其正確的流程順序相互關系等?？忌欢ㄒJ真閱讀原文，并對照原文介紹的情況，弄清圖示的差異，根據(jù)題干需要最終做出正確判斷。如：動物介紹性說明文常出現(xiàn)動物能力判斷題，考查考生對特定動物所具有能力的判斷。解題時考生應認真閱讀原文對動物形態(tài)活動能力的判斷，了解動物的生存環(huán)境和是否會使用工具，是否善于爬行、飛翔和游泳等。觀點態(tài)度題也是判斷推理題考查的內容之一。說明文的對象為客觀事實，但設題以議論的表達方式抒發(fā)對該說明對象的想法。如對某種新發(fā)明的贊賞、或對某個事物的批判。
這類題目常見的設問方式有：
1. What was the authr’s attitude twards
2. The passage is intended t ...
3. The authr suggests that ...
4. The stry implies that…
5. Which pint f view may the authr agree t?
6. Frm the passage we can cnclude that...
7. The purpse f the passage is t...。
解決這類題型時，應該根據(jù)不同的推理判斷方法解題。學生要在閱讀理解整體語篇的基礎上，把握文章的真正內涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理時我們務必要忠于原文，在文章中尋找并確定可推論的依據(jù)，準確理解文中的已知部分，切忌過度推測或無理由推測，要結合語境和常識推論出未知部分，把握作者的言外之意。
【典例4】(2023上·湖北·高三華中師大一附中?？计谥?
With the availability f easy-t-use at-hme kits, DNA testing fr dgs has becme increasingly ppular amng dg wners in recent years. It can prvide invaluable insights int a dg’s breed, health risks, and even behavirs.
DNA testing typically wrks by analyzing the genetic material fund in a sample f cells taken frm the inside f yur dg’s cheek. This sample is then cmpared t a database f knwn breeds and genetic markers assciated with certain traits r health cnditins.
The first step in btaining a DNA test kit is selecting which type yu want. Mst cmpanies ffer several different types f tests that vary in cst and cmplexity. Fr instance, sme tests just analyze yur dg’s breed cmpsitin, while thers can assess additinal genetic markers assciated with certain diseases r behavirs.
Then it’s time t cllect yur dg’s sample using the prvided swab (拭子) kit r saliva-cllectin tube included with mst kits. The swab shuld be gently rubbed inside yur pet’s cheek accrding t the kit’s directins befre being placed int the cllectin cntainer prvided by the cmpany. After cllecting the sample, it shuld be mailed back t the labratry fr prcessing accrding t instructins given by the cmpany prviding the service. Once received by the lab, it typically takes 1-2 weeks fr results t be prcessed and sent back via email r mail. Results will vary depending n which type f test was purchased, but they generally include detailed infrmatin abut yur pet’s breed cmpsitin as well as any ptential health risks r behaviral traits assciated with their genetics that culd affect their verall well-being and quality f life.
If yu’re lking fr an easy way t learn mre abut yur pup’s backgrund withut spending t much mney, then DNA testing might just be right up yur alley.
11. What is the text?
A. A dg advertisement.B. A dg DNA experiment.
C. A dg DNA testing survey.D. A dg DNA test kit prmtin.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“With the availability f easy-t-use at-hme kits, DNA testing fr dgs has becme increasingly ppular amng dg wners in recent years. It can prvide invaluable insights int a dg’s breed, health risks, and even behavirs. (近年來，隨著易于使用的家庭試劑盒的出現(xiàn)，狗的DNA檢測在狗主人中越來越受歡迎。它可以為了解狗的品種、健康風險甚至行為提供寶貴的見解。)”和最后一段“If yu’re lking fr an easy way t learn mre abut yur pup’s backgrund withut spending t much mney, then DNA testing might just be right up yur alley. (如果你正在尋找一種簡單的方法，在不花太多錢的情況下了解更多關于小狗背景的信息，那么DNA檢測可能正是你的選擇。)”可知，這篇文章主要是售賣狗DNA檢測試劑盒，所以它是一場促銷活動。故選D。
高考練場
題型01 細節(jié)理解題
(2023年新高考全國英語甲卷C篇)
I was abut 13 when an uncle gave me a cpy f Jstein Gaarder’s Sphie’s Wrld. It was full f ideas that were new t me, s I spent the summer with my head in and ut f that bk. It spke t me and brught me int a wrld f philsphy (哲學).
That lve fr philsphy lasted until I gt t cllege. Nthing kills the lve fr philsphy faster than peple wh think they understand Fucault, Baudrillard, r Cnfucius better than yu — and then try t explain them.
Eric weiner’s The Scrates Express: In Search f Life Lessns frm Dead Philsphers reawakened my lve fr philsphy. It is nt an explanatin, but an invitatin t think and experience philsphy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene n a train ride between cities and then frames each philspher’s wrk in the cntext (背景) f ne thing they can help us d better. The end result is a read in which we learn t wnder like Scrates, see like Threau, listen like Schpenhauer, and have n regrets like Nietzsche. This, mre than a bk abut undestanding philsphy, is a bk abur learning t use philsphy t imprve a life.
He makes philsphical thught an appealing exercise that imprves the quality f ur experiences, and he des s with plenty f humr. Weiner enters int cnversatin with sme f the mst imprtant philsphers in histry, and he becmes part f that crwd in the prcess by decding (解讀) their mssages and adding his wn interpretatin.
The Scrates Express is a fun, sharp bk that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thughts n desire, lneliness, and aging. The invitatin is clear: Weiner wants yu t pick up a cffee r tea and sit dwn with this bk. I encurage yu t take his ffer. It’s wrth yur time, even if time is smething we dn’t have a lt f.
28. Wh pened the dr t philsphy fr the authr?
A. Fucault.B. Eric Weiner.C. Jstein Gaarder.D. A cllege teacher.
【答案】C
【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“I was abut 13 when an uncle gave me a cpy f Jstein Gaarder’s Sphie’s Wrld. It was full f ideas that were new t me, s I spent the summer with my head in and ut f that bk. It spke t me and brught me int a wrld f philsphy(哲學).(我13歲的時候，一個叔叔給了我一本Jstein Gaarder的《 Sphie的世界》。書里面的觀點對我來說都很新奇，所以我整個夏天都在鉆研那本書。它對我說話，把我?guī)胍粋€哲學的世界。)”可知，Jstein Gaarder為作者打開了通往哲學的大門。故選C。
題型02 語意猜測題
(2023年新高考全國Ⅰ卷英語C篇)
The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.
T d s, I divided the bk int tw parts. In part ne, I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism, starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple’s digital lives increasingly intlerable, befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy: the digital declutter. This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate (培養(yǎng)) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude (獨處) and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spend n mindless device use. Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices, which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter. Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances.
29. What des the underlined wrd “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up.B. Add-n.C. Check-in.D. Take-ver.
【答案】A
【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞下文“This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value. (這個過程要求你在30天內遠離可選的在線活動。在30天結束的時候，你再加上一些你認為會給你所看重的東西帶來巨大好處的精心挑選的在線活動)”可推知，畫線詞“declutter”的意思是“清理”，對在線活動進行清理和挑選。故選A。
題型03 主旨大意題
(2023年新高考全國Ⅰ卷英語D篇)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist (轉折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
12. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段內容“This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and cme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn. (這種效應利用了這樣一個事實，即當人們犯錯誤時，這些錯誤并不總是相同的。有些人常常會高估，或者低估。當這些誤差中有足夠多的誤差被平均在一起時，它們會相互抵消，從而產生更準確的估計。如果相似的人傾向于犯同樣的錯誤，那么他們的錯誤不會相互抵消。從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計是獨立的。如果由于任何原因，人們的錯誤變得相關或依賴，估計的準確性就會下降)”可知，本段闡述了人們所犯的錯誤不總是相同的，各不相同的誤差平均在一起，相互抵消就會產生更準確的估計，討論了獨立估計的平均如何由于誤差的消除而產生更準確的預測。因此本段主要解釋了“群體智慧”效應這一現(xiàn)象的基本邏輯。故選B。
題型04 判斷推理題
(2023年新高考全國英語甲卷D篇)
Grizzly bears, which may grw t abut 2.5 m lng and weigh ver 400 kg, ccupy a cnflicted crner f the American psyche-we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the turists frm arund the wrld that fld int Yellwstne Natinal Park what they mst hpe t see, and their answer is ften the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-ccupying large areas f their frmer range,” says bear bilgist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range int places where they haven’t been seen in a century r mre, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half f the U.S. was full f grizzlies when Eurpeans came, with a rugh number f 50,000 r mre living alngside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries f cruel and cntinuus hunting by settlers, 600 t 800 grizzlies remained n a mere 2 percent f their frmer range in the Nrthern Rckies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Tday, there are abut 2,000 r mre grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recvery has been s successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted t delist grizzlies, which wuld lsen legal prtectins and allw them t be hunted. Bth effrts were verturned due t lawsuits frm cnservatin grups. Fr nw, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviusly, if precautins (預防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can becme trublesme, smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd. If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble. Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hpe is t have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits,“ says James Jnkel, lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula.
35. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. Fd shuld be prvided fr grizzlies.B. Peple can live in harmny with grizzlies.
C. A special path shuld be built fr grizzlies.D. Technlgy can be intrduced t prtect grizzlies.
【答案】B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Obviusly, if precautins aren’t taken, grizzlies can becme trublesme, smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd. If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble. Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hpe is t have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits,“ says James Jnkel, lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula. (顯然，如果不采取預防措施，灰熊會變得很麻煩，有時會殺死農場動物，或者在院子里尋找食物。如果人們把食物和引誘劑從他們的院子和露營地移走，灰熊通常會安然通過。在雞舍和其他農場動物生活區(qū)周圍設置電動圍欄也能有效地趕走灰熊。“我們希望有一個干凈，沒有誘餌的地方，熊可以通過，而不會養(yǎng)成壞習慣，”詹姆斯·瓊克爾說，他是一位長期管理米蘇拉及其周圍熊的生物學家)”可推知，灰熊數(shù)量增長，雖然會帶來一些麻煩，但是如果采取一些預防措施，人和灰熊可以和諧相處。故選B項。
名校模擬
A
(2023上·山東·高三山東省實驗中學校考階段練習)
New Yrk Bradway Shw: Aladdin
Have a genie (精靈) grant yur wish t see the Disney classic live n Bradway!
Prvider: Tiqets Internatinal B. V.
Duratin: 2h 30mins
Ticket Inf:
A. $91.20 Admissin t Aladdin
B. Smartphne tickets accepted
C. Instant ticket delivery
Highlights & Descriptin
Rll ut the magic carpet and get ready fr a whle new wrld. The prducer f The Lin King brings the timeless stry f Aladdin t the New Yrk stage in a musical spectacular fr the whle family.
Frm the prducer f The Lin King, this magical spectacle is packed with all yur favrite sngs frm the Disney animated classic Aladdin, and mre!
Cme t the New Amsterdam Theatre and step int “A Whle New Wrld”!
Instructins
Yur tickets will be sent t yu via email. Please shw yur ticket at the New Amsterdam Theatre entrance fr the time and date f yur shw.
Seating starts 30 minutes prir t shwtime, but there may be a wait t enter the theatre due t the security check. Please give yur grup plenty f time t get t the theatre and find their seats. Latecmers will be accmmdated during the first apprpriate break in the perfrmance.
Reschedule and Cancellatin Plicy
Refunds are nt pssible fr this ticket.
Rescheduling is nt pssible fr this ticket.
1. Where is the text prbably taken frm?
A. A Disney brchure.B. A travel blg.C. A ticketing website.D. A Bradway intrductin.
2. What is the feature f the Bradway shw Aladdin?
A. It is set in ancient Amsterdam.B. It is adapted frm The Lin King.
C. It is an animated classic frm Disney.D. It is a magical musical with many sngs.
3. If yu arrive late, yu will __________.
A. be kept waiting until the first suitable break.B. be turned away and the refund is impssible.
C. be rescheduled fr the earliest available shw.D. be admitted immediately after the security check.
B
(2023·山東濰坊·濰坊一中?？寄M預測) One man’s trash is anther man’s treasure is abslutely the case in Turkey where garbage cllectrs started cllecting bks that have been thrwn away and ended up pening a library.
It started when garbage man Dursn Ipek fund a bag f abandned bks when he was wrking and then it snwballed frm there. Ipek and ther garbage men started gathering the bks they fund n the streets that were ready fr landfills (垃圾填埋地) and as their cllectin started t grw, s did wrd f muth. Sn, lcal residents started dnating bks directly. The library was initially available nly t the garbage emplyees and their families t use but as the cllectin grew, s did public interest and the library was pened t the public in 2017.
“On the ne hand, there were thse wh were leaving these bks n the streets. On the ther hand, thers were lking fr these bks,” Ankaya mayr Alper Tasdelen tld CNN. “We started t discuss the idea f creating a library frm these bks. When everyne supprted it, this prject happened.”
All the bks that are fund are srted and checked fr cnditin. If they pass, they g n the shelves. Tday, the library has ver 6,000 bks that range frm fictin t nnfictin and there’s a very ppular children’s sectin that even has a cllectin f cmic bks. An entire sectin is devted t scientific research and there are als bks available in English and French. The cllectin has grwn s large that the library lans bks t schls and educatinal prgrams.
“Village schl teachers frm all ver Turkey are requesting bks,” Tasdelen tld CNN. The gvernment has t hire a full-time emplyee t manage the library.
This library is incredibly ppular. It is frequently filled with the children f the city’s wrkers and students frm nearby schls. There is a waiting rm set up fr readers and chess bards fr the peple wh visit the library. Yu can even enjy a cup f tea in the waiting rm.
4. What des the underlined wrd “snwballed” in paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Declined quickly.B. Grew slwly.C. Develped rapidly.D. Wrsened steadily.
5. What des paragraph 4 mainly tell us abut the library?
A. Its great ppularity.B. Its ptential significance.
C. Its huge cllectin f bks.D. Its wide variety f readers.
6. Why did the gvernment hire a full-time emplyee?
A. T raise peple’s awareness f recycling.B. T classify and check the dnated bks.
C. T expand the scial influence f the library.D. T meet the huge demand frm rural teachers.
7. What can be inferred abut the library frm the last paragraph?
A. It’s an excellent place t enjy tea.B. It’s crwded with readers every day.
C. It needs t imprve its management.D. It prvides a very cnsiderate service.
C
(2023·山東濟南·山東師范大學附中?？寄M預測) Distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic has made bth physical and scial cnnectins a tuch mre difficult t maintain. Fr Stanfrd University student Millie Salvat, being apart frm her friend n the ppsite cast has prved challenging. Smetimes a text r vide call is nt enugh, and peple in Salvat’s situatin ften lng fr a way t send a cmfrting hug frm afar. In a new study detailed in IEEE Transactins n Haptics, she and her clleagues demnstrated a wearable sleeve that can simulate (模擬) human tuch and cnvey scial messages sent electrnically.
Salvat and her team measured hw 37 participants expressed scial messages in different situatins. In each test, ne persn wre a pressure-sensing device n an arm, and anther tuched it t respnd t six different scenes: attentin seeking, gratitude, happiness, calming, lve and sadness. After cllecting 661 tuch mvements, Salvat and her clleagues mapped the lcatin and pressure f each. Next, they used a machine-learning algrithm (算法) t select the mvements that were mst reliably part f each respnse. Finally, they prgrammed a wearable sleeve t simulate these mvements using eight built-in disks that vibrate when electrnically signaled. “The instant it received signals, I culd feel the tuch and identify its intended meaning. “One participant reprted.
Even with n training, the participants crrectly matched the simulated tuches t the six scenes 45 percent f the time. Fr cmparisn, a previus study fund participants culd match scenes fr tuches frm real human hands 55 percent f the time.
Gerling, a tuch researcher at Harvard wh was nt invlved in the study, said the inventin was really surprising. But the study was small and needs t cver far larger grups f peple t determine exactly which are the mst desirable respnses. Besides, he believes the sleeve surely will enjy great ppularity nce launched n the market.
8. What were participants asked t d during the study?
A. Pick up reliable respnses.B. Mdel n electrnic tuches.
C. Respnd t different situatins.D. Mark ut prgrammed mvements.
9. What des the underlined wrd “vibrate” mean in paragraph 2?
A. Alarm.B. Shake.C. Shine.D. Infrm.
10. What des Gerling suggest accrding t the last paragraph?
A. Cvering mre scenes.B. Launching n the market.
C. Cnducting further research.D. Interviewing the participants.
11. Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
A. Electrnic Sleeves Helping Feel Virtual Tuch
B. New Technlgy Imprving Scial Cnnectins
C. New Sensing Device Increasing Physical Tuches
D. Electrnic Sleeves Respnding t Different Situatins
D
(2023·山東濟寧·濟寧一中統(tǒng)考三模) Thusands f years have passed since humans discvered silk, but scientists are still finding new uses fr this remarkable material. Nw researchers say it culd help tackle a grwing envirnmental and health cncern: Micr-plastics.
Micr-plastics that are nw fund wrldwide are increasingly recgnized as a serius pllutin threat, and have been fund in the bldstream f animals and peple. Sme f these micr plastics are intentinally added t a variety f prducts t generally prtect sme specific active cmpnents frm being degraded by expsure t air. Fr example, vitamins are ften delivered in the frm f micr capsules packed int a pill r capsule,and herbicides (除草劑) are similarly envelped. But the materials used tday fr such micr-encapsulatin are plastics that stay in the envirnment fr a lng time. T date, there has been n practical, ecnmical alternative available that wuld bidegrade naturally.
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy and chemical cmpany BASF develped a silk-based bidegradable alternative t these capsules.
Silk is recgnized as safe fr fd r medical use, as it degrades naturally in the bdy. The silk prtein used in the new alternative material is widely available and inexpensive and the silk fibers can simply be disslved (溶解), lead researcher Benedett Marelli says. Besides, the prcessing is s simple and tun-able that the resulting material can be adapted t wrk n existing manufacturing equipment.
Replacing nn-bidegradable micr-capsules with silk might nt wrk in every case,but given the current and future challenges related t fd insecurity, agricultural prductin, and a changing climate, the silk-based material is f great imprtance. Prducts using silk-based micr-capsules are expected t be cmmercially available in a few years. And the researchers will next try encapsulating active cmpnents that culd require a different manufacturing apprach, such as thse that must remain in liquid r gas frms.
12. What can be inferred frm paragraph 2?
A. Remving plastic pllutin is a piece f cake.
B. Micr-plastics can degrade quickly and naturally.
C. Micr-plastics have becme a severe pllutin threat.
D. Develping an alternative fr micr-plastics is urgent.
13. What’s the majr cncern f researchers chsing silk as an alternative?
A. It is ecnmical.B. It is bidegradable.C. It is widely available.D. It is skin-friendly.
14. What’s the last paragraph mainly abut cncerning the silk-based material?
A. Its prmising future.B. Its marketing methd.
C. Its existing limitatins.D. Its making apprach.
15. In which part f a magazine can the passage prbably be fund?
A. Climate.B. Agriculture.C. Technlgy Advances.D. Health Guidelines.
參考答案與解析
A篇
1. C 2. D 3. A
【導語】這是一篇應用文。本文主要介紹了在紐約百老匯演出的劇目《阿拉丁》的票務信息。
1. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“t see the Disney classic live n Bradway (在百老匯現(xiàn)場觀看迪士尼經典電影)”、“Ticket Inf(票務信息)”部分的“A. $91.20 Admissin t Aladdin (91.20美元阿拉丁門票)、B. Smartphne tickets accepted (接受智能手機票)、C. Instant ticket delivery (即時送票)”以及“Reschedule and Cancellatin Plicy (重新安排和取消政策)”部分的“Refunds are nt pssible fr this ticket. ( 這張票不能退款) 、Rescheduling is nt pssible fr this ticket (此票無法重新安排)”可知，本文主要介紹了一部即將演出的劇目的訂票信息，最有可能來自于訂票網站上，故選C項。
2. 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Highlights & Descriptin (亮點和描述)”部分的“in a musical spectacular fr the whle family (為全家?guī)砹艘粓鰤延^的音樂盛宴)”以及“this magical spectacle is packed with all yur favrite sngs, frm the Disney animated classic Aladdin, and mre (這個神奇的奇觀充滿了你最喜歡的迪士尼經典動畫《阿拉丁》中的歌曲，等等)”可知，這部劇是一部有許多歌曲的神奇音樂劇，故選D項。
3. 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Instructins (說明書)”部分的“Latecmers will be accmmdated during the first apprpriate break in the perfrmance. ( 遲到者將在演出的第一個適當休息時間得到安排)”可知，遲到者的就座安排要一直等到第一次合適的休息時間，故選A項。
B篇
4. C 5. C 6. D 7. D
【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了垃圾收集者收集丟棄書籍并建造了一家圖書館的故事。文章旨在引導學生關注環(huán)境問題，樹立廢物循環(huán)利用的環(huán)保意識。
4. 詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線單詞所在句中的“It started when garbage man Dursn Ipek fund a bag f abandned bks”可知，剛開始Dursn Ipek只是發(fā)現(xiàn)了一袋被丟棄的書；再結合第二段第二句中的“as their cllectin started t grw, s did wrd f muth.”可知，圖書館收藏的書越來越多，并且口碑也越來越好。由此可以推斷出，畫線單詞“snwballed”應指圖書館的快速發(fā)展。故選C。
5. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段“All the bks that are fund are srted and checked fr cnditin. If they pass, they g n the shelves. Tday, the library has ver 6,000 bks that range frm fictin t nnfictin and there’s a very ppular children’s sectin that even has a cllectin f cmic bks. An entire sectin is devted t scientific research and there are als bks available in English and French. The cllectin has grwn s large that the library lans bks t schls and educatinal prgrams. (所有找到的書都經過分類和檢查。如果通過，就會被擺上貨架。今天，圖書館有超過6000本書，從小說到非小說，有一個非常受歡迎的兒童讀物區(qū)，甚至收藏了漫畫書。整個部分專門用于科學研究，也有英語和法語的書籍。藏書越來越多，以至于圖書館把書借給學校和教育項目)”可知，第四段主要介紹了該圖書館收藏了大量的書籍。故選C。
6. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段““Village schl teachers frm all ver Turkey are requesting bks,” Tasdelen tld CNN. The gvernment has t hire a full-time emplyee t manage the library. (塔斯德倫告訴CNN：“來自土耳其各地的鄉(xiāng)村學校老師都在索要書籍?！闭仨毠陀靡幻毠蛦T來管理圖書館)”可推知，鄉(xiāng)村學校的教師經常會前往圖書館借書，因此，政府不得不雇用一位全職員工來管理圖書館，以滿足教師對書籍的需求。故選D。
7. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“There is a waiting rm set up fr readers and chess bards fr the peple wh visit the library. Yu can even enjy a cup f tea in the waiting rm. (圖書館為讀者設置了一個候診室，為參觀圖書館的人設置了棋盤。你甚至可以在等候室喝杯茶)”可推知，該圖書館為讀者提供了非常周到的服務。故選D。
C篇
8. C 9. B 10. C 11. A
【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章簡要介紹了斯坦福大學的學生Millie Salvat研究出了一種可穿戴的袖子，它可以模擬人類的觸摸并傳達電子發(fā)送的社交信息。
8. 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“In each test, ne persn wre a pressure-sensing device n an arm, and anther tuched it t respnd t six different scenes: attentin seeking, gratitude, happiness, calming, lve and sadness. (在每次測試中，一個人在手臂上佩戴壓力感應裝置，另一個人觸摸它，以應對六個不同的場景：尋求關注、感激、幸福、平靜、愛和悲傷)”可知，研究中被試要求對不同的情境做出回應，故選C項。
9. 詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段劃線詞的下文“The instant it received signals, I culd feel the tuch and identify its intended meaning (它一收到信號，我就能感覺到觸摸，并確定它的意圖)”可推理出劃線詞的含義為“搖動；震動”，故選B項。
10. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Gerling, a tuch researcher at Harvard wh was nt invlved in the study, said the inventin was really surprising. But the study was small and needs t cver far larger grups f peple t determine exactly which are the mst desirable respnses. (哈佛大學觸摸研究人員Gerling沒有參與這項研究，他說這項發(fā)明真的很令人驚訝。但這項研究規(guī)模較小，需要覆蓋更大的人群，以確定哪些是最理想的反應)”可推理出Gerling建議做更深入的研究，故選C項。
11. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“she and her clleagues demnstrated a wearable sleeve that can simulate (模擬) human tuch and cnvey scial messages sent electrnically (她和她的同事展示了一種可穿戴的袖子，它可以模擬人的觸摸并通過電子方式傳遞社交信息)”、第二段““The instant it received signals, I culd feel the tuch and identify its intended meaning. “One participant reprted. (一位參與者報告說：“它一收到信號，我就能感覺到觸摸，并識別出它的意圖”)”以及最后一段“Gerling, a tuch researcher at Harvard wh was nt invlved in the study, said the inventin was really surprising. (哈佛大學觸摸研究人員Gerling沒有參與這項研究，他說這項發(fā)明真的很令人驚訝)”可知本文主要講的是電子套袖有助于感受虛擬觸感，故選A項。
D篇
12. D 13. B 14. A 15. C
【導語】這是一篇說明文。人類發(fā)現(xiàn)絲綢已經過去了幾千年了，但是科學家們仍然在尋找這種非凡材料的新用途?，F(xiàn)在，研究人員說，它可以幫助解決日益增長的環(huán)境和健康問題：微塑料。文章主要介紹了麻省理工學院和巴斯夫化學公司的研究人員開發(fā)了一種絲質生物降解膠囊替代品。
12. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“Micr-plastics that are nw fund wrldwide are increasingly recgnized as a serius pllutin threat, and have been fund in the bldstream f animals and peple. Sme f these micr plastics are intentinally added t a variety f prducts t generally prtect sme specific active cmpnents frm being degraded by expsure t T date, there has been n practical, ecnmical alternative available that wuld bidegrade naturally.(現(xiàn)在在世界各地發(fā)現(xiàn)的微型塑料越來越被認為是一種嚴重的污染威脅，并且已經在動物和人的血液中發(fā)現(xiàn)。其中一些微型塑料被有意添加到各種產品中，以通常保護一些特定的活性成分不因暴露于空氣中而降解……到目前為止，還沒有實際的、經濟的、可以自然降解的替代品。)”可推知，開發(fā)微塑料的替代品迫在眉睫。故選D。
13. 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“The silk prtein used in the new alternative material is widely available and inexpensive and the silk fibers can simply be disslved(溶解), lead researcher Benedett Marelli says.(首席研究員Benedett Marelli說，在這種新替代材料中使用的絲蛋白質可以廣泛獲得，而且價格低廉，絲纖維可以簡單地溶解。)”可知，研究人員選擇絲綢作為可替代品的主要關注點是，它是可生物降解的。故選B。
14. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Replacing nn-bidegradable micr-capsules with silk might nt wrk in every case, but given the current and future challenges related t fd insecurity, agricultural prductin, and a changing climate, the silk-based material is f great imprtance.(用絲綢代替不可生物降解的微膠囊可能不是在每種情況下都有效，但是考慮到當前和未來與糧食不安全、農業(yè)生產和氣候變化有關的挑戰(zhàn)，絲質材料是非常重要的。)”可知，最后一段主要介紹了絲綢材料的光明前途，故選A。
15. 推理判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是第三段“Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy and chemical cmpany BASF develped a silk-based bidegradable alternative t these capsules.(麻省理工學院和巴斯夫化學公司的研究人員開發(fā)了一種絲質生物降解膠囊替代品。)”可推知，文章主要介紹了麻省理工學院和巴斯夫化學公司的研究人員開發(fā)了一種絲質生物降解膠囊替代品。這是一種新的技術，由此可推知，這篇文章可能在雜志的技術前沿部分找到，故選C。項目
年份卷別
語篇類型
題型
應用文
記敘文
說明文
議論文
細節(jié)理解
推理判斷
主旨要義
詞義猜測
2023
新高考I卷
A
B
C/D
6
7
1
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
8
3
3
1
全國甲卷
A
B
C/D
9
5
1
全國乙卷
B
A/C
D
5
8
1
1
2022
新高考I卷
A
C
D
B
10
3
1
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
7
5
1
2
全國甲卷
A
C/D
B
8
3
3
1
全國乙卷
A
C/D
B
11
2
1
1
2021
新高考I卷
A
B
C/D
6
6
2
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
9
4
1
1
全國甲卷
A
C
B
D
6
7
1
1
全國乙卷
A/B/C/D
4
8
2
1
2020
新高考I卷
A
B/C
D
7
5
1
2
全國I卷
A
C/D
B
4
8
2
1
全國Ⅱ卷
A
D
B/C
8
2
3
2

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