basis n [C] (pl bases) 根據(jù)；基礎(chǔ)：n a regular basis Since then, it has becme the basis f an entire fd culture in Israel. She was chsen fr the jb n the basis f her qualificatin.
bas- (lw 低的) + -is → 低處 → 基礎(chǔ)，同根詞：base, basic
公元前399年，古希臘哲學(xué)家蘇格拉底被雅典政府以“褻瀆神靈、敗壞青年”的罪名起訴。蘇格拉底在由500人組成的陪審團(tuán)面前做了著名的申辯，但申辯并沒(méi)能挽救他自己。蘇格拉底最終被判處死刑，飲毒而亡。他的學(xué)生柏拉圖將他這篇申辯詞記錄下來(lái)，流傳后世?！吧贽q”一詞在希臘語(yǔ)中寫(xiě)作 aplgia，意思是“自我辯護(hù)的演講”。這就是英語(yǔ)單詞 aplgy 的來(lái)源。由于自我辯護(hù)時(shí)需要先表達(dá)歉意，“道歉”和“辯解”總是聯(lián)系在一起，所以 aplgy 衍生出“道歉”之意。
構(gòu)詞：aplgy (道歉) + -ise (使……)
n [C] & [U] 道歉；歉意：accept sb’s aplgy we sb an aplgy I think we’re wed an immediate aplgy. He wanted t make a sincere aplgy t Jimmy fr nt ging t his party.aplgetic adj 道歉的；愧疚的
(aplgy + -ise)
vi 道歉；表示歉意：Try t frgive smene when they aplgise. It’s nt easy fr anyne t say srry. aplgise (t sb) fr (ding) sth:We aplgise fr the late departure f this flight.
“不要以貌取人”這句話(huà)還有很多說(shuō)法。其中一個(gè)著名的版本出自《圣經(jīng)?約翰福音》第7章。原文是“Never judge frm appearances, but judge with right judgment.”“不可按外貌定是非，總要按公平斷定是非”。即不可以貌取人，判斷事物不應(yīng)受表面現(xiàn)象蒙蔽。
Dn’t judge a bk by its cver. Yu might miss ut an amazing stry!
judge v.? vi & vt 判斷 t frm an pinin abut sb / sth：Judging frm her tne, there’s n dubt that she is against it.Judging by the pinin plls, he seems t be succeeding.? vt 估計(jì) t guess the size, amunt, etc. f sth：It’s difficult t judge hw lng the jurney will take.? vt & vi 評(píng)價(jià) t be critical abut sb, t decide whether sb is gd r badI really dn’t knw hw t judge a picture. Withut these there is n agreed standard against which t judge its perfrmance.
? vt & vi 裁判；評(píng)判：She was asked t judge the English speech cmpetitin. ? vt 審判；判決：judge a case / judge sb guiltyn [C] 法官；裁判員；鑒定人：She was sitting as a temprary judge f the case.
judge 語(yǔ)義網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖
判斷judge（基本義）
根據(jù)所見(jiàn)、所聞、所學(xué)“判斷”某事物
不公正或批評(píng)地對(duì)某人作出“判斷”
judg(e)ment ? [U] 判斷力；辨別力 the ability t frm pinins r t make sensible decisins：Yu shuld rely n yur wn judgement in chsing a friend. ? [C] & [U] 意見(jiàn)；看法；評(píng)價(jià) an pinin that yu frm after thinking carefully：make a judgement n / abutI wrk very efficiently and am decisive, and accurate in my judgment. ? [C] & [U]審判
場(chǎng)記板是上面寫(xiě)著場(chǎng)次（scene）、鏡次、導(dǎo)演、片名、影片公司等資料的小木板。一端可以開(kāi)合，打板時(shí)發(fā)出清脆的響聲，以便剪接時(shí)使用。
?（戲劇等的）一場(chǎng)；（電影的）一個(gè)鏡頭；場(chǎng)景：Act I, Scene 3 The mvie pens with a scene in a New Yrk apartment.? [常用單數(shù)]事發(fā)地點(diǎn)；現(xiàn)場(chǎng)：Firefighters were n the scene immediately when the fire brke ut. Phtgraphs f the crime scene began t arrive within less than twenty minutes.? 景色；景象 a view that yu see：The beauty f the scene mved every spectatr.
scene n [C]
? 情景；場(chǎng)面：The happy scene f children playing in the garden reminded him f his childhd!? [非正式用語(yǔ)] [單數(shù)] 活動(dòng)領(lǐng)域；圈子：The Beatles became the httest thing n the pp music scene in England. 2019 浙江
The Beatles 甲殼蟲(chóng)樂(lè)隊(duì)，英國(guó)搖滾樂(lè)隊(duì) (rck band)，由約翰·列儂 (Jhn Lennn)、林戈·斯塔爾 (Ring Starr)、保羅·麥卡特尼 (Paul McCartney) 和喬治·哈里森 (Gerge Harrisn) 四名成員組成。1960年，樂(lè)隊(duì)于英格蘭利物浦市 (Liverpl) 成立，其音樂(lè)風(fēng)格 (style) 源自20世紀(jì)50年代的搖滾樂(lè) (rck and rll)，并開(kāi)拓了迷幻搖滾、流行搖滾等曲風(fēng)。
舞臺(tái) / 影視里的一個(gè)場(chǎng)景
(戲劇等的)一場(chǎng)；(電影的)一個(gè)鏡頭；場(chǎng)景
? 點(diǎn)；斑點(diǎn)；污點(diǎn)；粉刺：She was still there, a yellw spt under an range unbrella.My dg has a big, black spt n his back.Sme f the teenagers wrry abut their changing vice, weight prblems r spts.? 地點(diǎn)；場(chǎng)所：A scenic / beautiful spt The mst beautiful spt alng the Yangtze River is the Three Grges.
a / the bright spt 亮點(diǎn)； 困境中使人高興的事n the spt 當(dāng)場(chǎng)；立即；在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)：An ambulance was n the spt within a few minutes.put sb n the spt（故意提出難題）使某人難堪：The questin that the interviewer asked really put him n the spt. vt [不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)]看見(jiàn)；看出；發(fā)現(xiàn) t see r ntice：Michael, yu’re my bther, I can spt yu anywhere regardless f yur make-up.sptted adj 有斑點(diǎn)的；有污跡的
? vi [不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)] 敢；膽敢：He didn’t dare lk ver the edge. dare t d sth:Mst peple hate Harry, but they dn’t dare t say s.? vt 激將；激：dare sb t d sth:They dared Tm t steal a bttle f his father’s whiskey. mdal v [接不帶t的不定式；多用于條件句、疑問(wèn)句、否定句] 敢；竟敢：I dare nt g winter swimming alne. Dn’t yu dare tell her what I said! N ne dared talk abut it. n [C] 激將；挑戰(zhàn)? daring adj 勇敢的；敢于冒險(xiǎn)的
n [C] 種類(lèi)；類(lèi)型 (type / kind)：This srt f f behavir will nt be tlerated. I have tried all srts f drugs, creams, pills and ptins.What srt f price were yu thinking f? srt f 有幾分；有點(diǎn)：— D yu knw what I mean? — Srt f.
vt 把……分類(lèi) / 整理：Nw srted yur list int tw categries--psitive and negative ut (frm) （從……中）挑選出；整理；處理：Leaving children t srt ut their wn prblems can smetimes be gd t their develpment. Culd yu srt ut the tys that can be thrwn away?
8. indicate vt
? [正式用語(yǔ)] 指示；指出 t direct sb’s attentin t sb / sth, especially by pinting：The arrw n a sign indicates the way t g. ? 表明；顯示 t shw that sth is prbably true r exists：Early results indicate that the gvernment will be returned t pwer.? 示意；暗示 t say r d sth t make yur wishes, intentins etc. clear：This measure may indicate prblems in the sftware develpment prcess. He smiles and nds, indicating that everything is fine. indicatin n [C] & [U] 跡象；表示；標(biāo)示
in- (tward 對(duì)) + dic (t say 說(shuō)) + -ate → 針對(duì)某事說(shuō)清楚 → 指示；指出
? 奇怪的；怪異的：The British have a very dd sense f humr. It’s dd that she didn’t reply ur letter. ? ［只用于名詞前］偶爾發(fā)生的：dd jbs ?［常用于名詞前］（一雙或一套中）不成對(duì)的：dd scks / glves / shes against all (the) dds 盡管困難重重：When we visited the ward the next mrning, we were amazed t see that against all dds, bth bys were still alive.
根據(jù)所給提示完成表格。
intend vt 打算；想要 t plan r mean t d sth（必修二 Unit 2）I intend n harm. ① intend ding / t d stWhat d yu intend ding / t d when yu get there?② intend sb / sth t d sth:We intend them t fllw these rules. ③ intend + that 從句：We intend that / It is intended that these plans (shuld) be carried ut next mnth. ? intended adj（為……）打算的：It is intended fr display infrmatin f the fire alarm and failure alarm.His visit is intended t strengthen ties between the tw cuntries.
日常用語(yǔ)中更常用 plan
intentin n [C] & [U] 意圖；目的 (aim / purpse)：
I have n intentin f allwing yu t live here alne.
This prgram was set up with the intentin f prviding help fr hmeless peple.
I have every intentin f paying her back what I wed her tw years ag.
intentin 尤指近期的打算、意圖，是正式用語(yǔ)。She’s full f gd intentins but they rarely wrk ut. plan 通常但不總是指較長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的計(jì)劃、安排。Details f the plan t build new ffices sn leaked ut. purpse 指做某事的原因，含有要成就某事的強(qiáng)烈感覺(jué)，較正式。We are wrking tgether fr a cmmn purpse. aim 指要達(dá)到或嘗試達(dá)到的目的；即可指某人的目的，也可指某事的目的。Secret experiments were carried ut n humans with the aim f creating a superman.
intentin, plan, purpse, aim
pursue vt [正式用語(yǔ)] ? 追趕；追捕：pursue a thief / the enemy? 追求：pursue a career / a gal / an aim / an bjectiveShe cntinued t pursue his gal f becming an actr.Lily decided that she wuld settle in New Yrk and pursue her dream f becming an actress. 人教新必修③–5Sme peple hunger fr fame and frtune while sme thers pursue happiness.
pur- (frward 向前) + sue (t fllw 跟隨) → 向前跟隨 → 追趕
? 繼續(xù)進(jìn)行 t cntinue (ding) sth ：A gd reprter will pursue a stry until he r she knws all the facts. We will pursue this plicy with determinatin. pursue the matter / argument / questin
student n duty
? [C] & [U]（道德或法律上的）責(zé)任；義務(wù)：a sense f dutyIt is the duty f every family t make it clean and beautiful fr their cmmunity. T bey the laws is everyne’s duty.? [C] [用復(fù)數(shù)]（工作）任務(wù)；職責(zé)：Yur duties Will include setting up a new cmputer system. N matter what we d, we must carry ut ur duties. ? [U] 值班：Everyne shuld reprt fr duty at 8 am.
? [C] & [U]（購(gòu)物繳納的）稅；關(guān)稅：Fr children, there’s a games rm next t the duty-free shp.Imprt duties still average 30%.常用搭配d ne’s duty 盡自己的責(zé)任：It’s easier t d ne’s duty t thers than t neself. n / ff duty 值 / 下班；值 / 不值勤：He ges n duty at 8 am and cmes ff duty at 5 pm.
（道德或法律上的）責(zé)任；義務(wù)
義務(wù)duty（基本義）
道德或法律上的“義務(wù)”
上班 / 在崗的“義務(wù)”
(購(gòu)物繳納的)稅；關(guān)稅
購(gòu)物需繳納稅費(fèi)“義務(wù)”
permit & permissin
一詞多義英語(yǔ)釋義搭配義
13. hesitate
Between genius and diligence, I d nt hesitate t chse diligence. She is almst all the achievements in the wrld.— Einstein在天才和勤奮兩者之間，我毫不遲疑地選擇勤奮。她是幾乎世界上一切成就的催產(chǎn)婆。 —— 愛(ài)因斯坦
阿爾伯特·愛(ài)因斯坦（Albert Einstein），出生于德國(guó)，畢業(yè)于蘇黎世聯(lián)邦理工學(xué)院，猶太裔物理學(xué)家。后移居美國(guó)。主要成就有提出光量子假說(shuō)（Light Quantum Hypthesis），解決光電效應(yīng)（phtelectric effect）問(wèn)題，創(chuàng)立狹義相對(duì)論（Special Relativity）、廣義相對(duì)論（General Relativity）等。
hesitate vi 躊躇；猶豫；顧慮： If smene asks yu ut, never hesitate. ? hesitate t d sth：This required tugh decisins, but he didn’t hesitate t make them.Dn’t hesitate t ask the plice if yu have any questins regarding safety. ? hesitate abut / ver：She hesitated abut / ver the chice between the tw dresses.? hesitatin n [U] & [C] 躊躇；猶豫：I agreed with her withut the slightest hesitatin.
The issue will be slved in a(n) _____________（方式）that is fair t bth sides.
根據(jù)所給漢語(yǔ)，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。
詞源解讀：manner 的詞源義及基本義是“方式；方法” 。
? [常用單數(shù)][正式用語(yǔ)]方式；方法 the way that sth is dne r happens： She smiled t me again in a friendly manner. ? [常用單數(shù)]舉止；態(tài)度 the way that sb behaves twards ther peple：I felt there was a certain cldness in her manner.
待人處事的“方式、方法”
? [復(fù)數(shù)]禮貌；禮儀 plite ways f behaving in scial situatins：table manners It’s bad manners t talk with yur muth full.His mst imprtant ideas in this bk are kindness and gd manners.. 常用搭配all manner f [正式用語(yǔ)]各種各樣的：But that decisin wuld be fraught in all manner f ther ways. in a ... manner 用……的方式 / 態(tài)度：Mary became quite severe in her manner. She greeted each ther in a friendly manner.
社會(huì)公認(rèn)的社交“方式”
manner語(yǔ)義網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖
? 方式；方法（基本義）
待人處事的“方式；方法”
bradband寬帶
? 寬闊的；廣闊的 反 narrw：a brad street / smileThe hills rise green and sheer abve the brad river.He was tall, muscular with brad shulders and a beard. ? 廣泛的 反 narrw：I have a brad range f knwledge because I read extensively.? 概括性的；粗略的：Tw brad predictins abut the subject spring t my mind.in brad daylight 在光天化日之下
內(nèi)容寬的、不追求細(xì)節(jié)的
兩者都有“寬的”之意。brad 帶有主觀意向，不可丈量。常用來(lái)形容身體部位，如肩、 胸、額頭、背部等。His shulders were brad and his waist narrw.wide 側(cè)重指從一邊到另一邊的距離，可以丈量。但也可修飾身體部位如口、眼。Sam pened his muth wide with hrrr.
辨析 brad, wide
braden vt & vi （使）變寬；（使）擴(kuò)大：Reading is really gd t a persm because we can learn a lt frm bks and braden ur hrizns. bradly adv 寬地；大體上：bradly speakingsmile bradly
? 正常的；平常的 typical, usual r expected：nrmal wrking hurs / a nrmal life it is nrmal (fr sb) t d sth:It’s nrmal fr us t feel tired after such a lng trip. ? 智力正常的；精神健全的 反 abnrmal：nrmal n[U] 正常狀態(tài) / 水平 / 數(shù)量等：abve / belw nrmalg back / return t nrmal 恢復(fù)正常：The crisis has passed and life will g back t nrmal sn.
16. nrmal adj
nrm-（正規(guī) 、常規(guī)）+ -al（形容詞后綴）→ 常規(guī)的 → 正常的
同族詞：nrmal, abnrmal, abnrmally, nrmally
? 通常；平常 usually：Scial prgress is nrmally a matter f struggles and cnflicts.? 正常地 反 abnrmally：Nrmally, the next cycle wuld be expected t start rughly arund 2020.
nrmally adv
cmmn 側(cè)重表示普遍的、常見(jiàn)的。 The mst cmmn cmplaint is abut pr service.nrmal 側(cè)重指正常的、平常的。 Mnday is a nrmal wrking day fr mst peple.usual 表示由于長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)有變化而形成了一種習(xí)慣或制度，強(qiáng)調(diào)習(xí)慣性。 Her latest bk isn’t up t her usual standard.rdinary 側(cè)重表示平常、平凡、無(wú)奇特之處，形容人時(shí)可與cmmn通用。 Her paintings describe the lives f rdinary peple in the last century.
辨析 cmmn, nrmal, usual, rdinary
17. element
element n [C]? 要素；基本部分：Sugar is nt an imprtant element in bread, but flur is essential. Mney is a key element in ur decisin. ? （化學(xué)） 元素? ［復(fù)數(shù)］［與the連用］惡劣天氣：As a nature phtgrapher, I have t brave the elements.
18. maintain
詞源解讀：main- (= man, hand 手) + -tain (t hld 拿 ) → 用手拿著保持不動(dòng) → 維持
maintain vt? 保持；維持 t make sth cntinue at the same level, standard, etc.：Nwadays few peple are able t maintain friendships int adulthd because different lifestyle.? 維護(hù)；保養(yǎng) t keep sth in gd cnditin by checking and repairing it：maintain machinery / rad / stability Yung wmen in time learn hw t maintain their wn skin.? 堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為 t keep saying that sth is true even when thers disagree r d nt believe it (insist)：He maintained that the capital shuld emply the labr.
maintain語(yǔ)義網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖
維持；保持 maintain（基本義）
外國(guó)人在中國(guó)居住和工作，需要有居留許可證(residence permit)、就業(yè)證(emplyment permit)。如果你在外國(guó)留學(xué)期間工作，也需要有許可證。
residence permit 居留許可證
emplyment permit 就業(yè)證
19. permit & permissin
同根詞：? admit: ad- (t 去) + mit (t let g, send 放行、送) → 容許……進(jìn)入 ? cmmit: cm- (tgether 一起) + mit (t send 送) → 將人送去承擔(dān)義務(wù)等 → （使）承擔(dān)義務(wù)；（使）作出保證? transmit: trans- (acrss 越過(guò)) + mit (t send 送) → 輸送；傳送
permit 詞源解讀
per- (thrugh 通過(guò)) + mit (t send 送) → 送過(guò)去使通過(guò) → 許可；準(zhǔn)許
permit v [正式用語(yǔ)]? vt 許可；準(zhǔn)許 t allw sth t happen r sb t d sth 反 frbid:Mbile phne cnversatins are nt permitted anywhere in the library. 2013 天津① permit sb sth:Please permit me a few wrds at the meeting. ② permit sb t d sth:We d permit ur emplyees t gather and sing carls n Christmas Eve. ? vi & vt（使）成為可能：We hpe t visit the newly-built airprt if time permits.We’ll start tmrrw, weather permitting (= if the weather is gd enugh).Cash machines permit yu t withdraw mney at any time.
注：permit 和 allw的用法相似，permit是正式用語(yǔ)；指天氣、時(shí)間等客觀因素允許時(shí)，只能用permit。
permit n [C] 許可證；執(zhí)照：a residence / parking permitpermissin n [C] 許可；準(zhǔn)許：He asked permissin t leave the rm.He cannt leave the cuntry withut permissin.With yur permissin, I’d like t talk t yur sn alne.permissin t d sth:Yu have my permissin t g t wrk.
注意動(dòng)詞和名詞發(fā)音不同
說(shuō)出下列句子中畫(huà)線(xiàn)詞的漢語(yǔ)釋義。1. The tailr tailred a business suit specifically fr the custmer. __________2. The judge was asked t judge the children’s petry cmpetitin. __________3. Suddenly the by sptted the male bird had a red spt n its head. __________4. Rubbish can easily be separated and srted int three srts: plastics, glass and paper. __________5. The bank has laned the sftware cmpany a lan f $600,000. __________6. The man bet $2,000 n the final scre f the game. At last he wn the bet. __________
英語(yǔ)中有很多名詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞，常表示具有該名詞的活動(dòng)特點(diǎn)或性質(zhì)特征的動(dòng)作。

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