一、語(yǔ)基必備知識(shí)
(一)重點(diǎn)詞匯——分類記憶
Ⅰ.閱讀詞匯——知其意
1．desert n． 沙漠
vt. 拋棄，舍棄
2．rough adj. 洶涌的；粗糙的；大概的
3．a(chǎn)ltogether adv. 總共
4．a(chǎn)tmosphere n. 空氣；大氣層
5．destination n. 目的地
6．publish vt. 出版；發(fā)表
7．a(chǎn)dventure n. 冒險(xiǎn)；冒險(xiǎn)經(jīng)歷
8．extraordinary adj. 不同尋常的
9．a(chǎn)fterwards adv. 后來(lái)，然后
10．wander vi.&vt. 漫游，游蕩；徘徊；漂泊
Ⅱ.核心詞匯——寫其形
1．a(chǎn)dvance n. 前進(jìn)；預(yù)先
vi. 前進(jìn)；進(jìn)步
2．supply n．&vt. 提供，供給，補(bǔ)給
3．tourism n. 旅游業(yè)
4．schedule n．&vt. 計(jì)劃
5．view vt. 觀看；看待
n. 景色；觀點(diǎn)
6．beauty n. 美；美好的人或物
7．spot n. 地點(diǎn)，場(chǎng)所
8．harmony n. 和諧，協(xié)調(diào)，融洽
9．bury vt. 埋葬；埋藏
Ⅲ.拓展詞匯——通其變
1．reflect vt.反射(聲、光、熱等)；反映→reflection n．反映，反射
2．a(chǎn)rrange vt.&vi.安排→arrangement n．安排，布置
3．defence n．防御；保護(hù)→defend v．保護(hù)，保衛(wèi)
4．tiring adj.讓人疲勞的，累人的→tire v．使……疲勞→tired adj.(人)疲勞的；困倦的→tiredness n．疲勞，疲倦
5．scare vt.使恐懼，驚嚇→scary adj.使人驚恐的，嚇人的，可怕的→scared adj.驚慌的，嚇壞的
6．explore vt.& vi.探索；勘探→exploration n．探險(xiǎn)→explorer n．探險(xiǎn)者
7．a(chǎn)nnounce vt.宣布，宣稱→announcement n．通告，宣布，聲明
8．uncomfortable adj.不舒服的，不自在的→comfortable adj.舒服的→comfort v．& n．安慰
9．officially adv.官方地，正式地→official adj.正式的，官方的 n．官員
10．surrounding adj.周圍的，附近的→surround vt.包圍→surroundings n．環(huán)境；周圍的事物
11．protection n．保護(hù)→protect v．保護(hù)→protective adj.防護(hù)的

1.“說(shuō)”法不同
①swear 發(fā)誓
②claim 聲稱，要求
③murmur 低語(yǔ)，小聲說(shuō)
④whisper 小聲說(shuō)，耳語(yǔ)
⑤declare 宣布，聲明
⑥inform 通知，告訴
⑦announce 宣布，宣稱
2.幾個(gè)重要轉(zhuǎn)化詞
①tower n．塔→v.高聳，超越
②house n．房屋→v.給房子住
③book n．書→v.訂購(gòu)，預(yù)訂
④seat n．座位→v.給安排座位
⑤mark n．記號(hào)→v.做標(biāo)記
⑥head n．頭→v.前往，去
⑦desert n．沙漠→vt.拋棄，舍棄
3.走進(jìn)“旅游(行)”圈
①tourism 旅游業(yè)
②tourist 游客
③journey 長(zhǎng)途旅行
④travel 旅行
⑤trip 短途旅行
⑥tour 觀光旅行
⑦voyage (乘船)航行，航海

(二)重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)——記牢用活
1．be_busy_(in)_doing_sth. 忙于做某事
2．in_the_dark 在黑暗中
3．in_case 萬(wàn)一；以防萬(wàn)一
4．be_tired_of 對(duì)……厭煩
5．in_advance 提前，預(yù)先
6．even_though 即使，盡管
7．up_close 靠近地
8．make_sure 確保，確定
9．in_total 總計(jì)，總共
10．be_scared_of 害怕，恐懼
11．look_forward_to 盼望
12．in_the_open_air 在戶外
13．wake_up 醒來(lái)
14．in_silence 沉默地
15．tower_over 遠(yuǎn)高于(周圍的人或物)
16．a(chǎn)t_a_loss 不知所措
17．be_home_to 是……的家園，
是……的棲息地
18．in_harmony_with 與……協(xié)調(diào)一致/和睦相處

1.“in”短語(yǔ)“忙于/專心于”小結(jié)
①be busy in...
②be lost in...
③be buried in...
④be absorbed in...
⑤be engaged in...
⑥be occupied in...
2.“in＋n.”結(jié)構(gòu)薈萃
①in case　 萬(wàn)一；以防萬(wàn)一
②in danger 處于危險(xiǎn)中
③in short/brief 總而言之
④in vain 徒勞的
⑤in particular 特別
⑥in relief 如釋重負(fù)
3.“in＋n.＋with”短語(yǔ)聚焦
①in conflict with　 　與……沖突
②in company with 與……一起
③in common with 與……有共同之處
④in connection with 與……有聯(lián)系
⑤in cooperation with 與……合作
⑥in harmony with 與……協(xié)調(diào)一致/和睦相處
(三)重點(diǎn)句式——背熟巧用
句型公式
教材原句
句型1：before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
Colin and I plan to spend a few weeks travelling before_he_goes_to_university．
科林和我計(jì)劃在他上大學(xué)之前外出旅游玩幾周。
句型2：whatever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句
We’ll live with the local people in their villages，and eat and drink whatever they do，including cow’s blood！　我們要跟當(dāng)?shù)氐木用褚黄鹱≡谒麄兊拇迓淅?，不管他們吃什么、喝什么，我們也要一起吃、一起喝，包括牛血?br /> 句型3：It is/was the first time that...某人第一次做某事
I was very excited because this_was_the_first_time I had seen one wildlife.　
我很興奮，因?yàn)檫@是我第一次看到野生動(dòng)物。
句型4：be about to do...when...正要做……這時(shí)……
Colin was_about_to_get off the camel when a child ran towards him.　
科林正要從駱駝上下來(lái)，這時(shí)一個(gè)孩子向他跑來(lái)。
二、語(yǔ)境強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練
Ⅰ.語(yǔ)境填詞——根據(jù)提示寫出該詞的適當(dāng)形式
1．There have been great advances(進(jìn)步) in medicine in the last ten years.
2．(2019·北京卷)Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots(地點(diǎn)), leading to changes in the ocean’s appearance.
3．(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)I’m writing to tell you something about the upcoming volleyball tournament, which is scheduled(計(jì)劃) to be held in the new stadium next month.
4．One of the major features of the park is that its view(景色) is very beautiful.
5．It is illegal for the company to supply(提供) its customers’ personal information to other people.
6．(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)He said the lucky woman will be announced(announce) on the website and the trip will be shared online.
7．Only in this way can we live in more comfortable and beautiful surroundings(surround)．
8．Buried(bury) in reading his newspaper, he didn’t take notice of his dad.
9．He used his left hand as a shield against the reflecting(reflect) sunlight.
10．(2018·天津卷)So I ran back home almost in the dark while trying not to get too scared(scare)．
Ⅱ.派生詞練習(xí)——用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空
1．The famous star was enjoying the pleasant surroundings when he was recognized and was surrounded by a crowd of fans.(surround)
2．Many explorers came here to explore the mountain.Without doubt, it’s worth the exploration．(explore)
3．The movie was so scary．I’ve never been so scared in all my life.(scare)
4．It’s arranged that the meeting will be held on July 5th, so we must make arrangements for everything before July 4th.(arrange)
5．In time of war, lots of money will be spent on defence and many measures will be taken to defend a country from being attacked.(defend)
Ⅲ.選詞成篇
in case; up close; in advance; set off; be busy in
I 1.have_been_busy_in arranging for my winter holiday recently.I have bought a round-trip ticket 2.in_advance. Now I’ve made up a schedule for a three-day trip to Sanya. I, along with my parents, am taking a flight to 3.set_off for Sanya on the first day.On the second day, we’ll wander on the beach, where we can view the beauty of the sea 4.up_close. We’ll wear life jackets, just 5.in_case. On the third day, we’ll visit Nanshan Temple and taste the local food there.
be home to; be tired of; at a loss; make sure; in the open air
Last year I went on a trip to America with my cousin. We lost our way 6.in_the_open_air during our stay there. I was 7.at_a_loss what to do next. Finally, we came to the place that 8.is_home_to many birds. And we got help from its manager. The feeling was really terrible. I 9.have_been_tired_of travelling since then. I am here to remind those who want to travel: While travelling, 10.make_sure you are safe.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．在作出最終決定之前，我們需要更多的事實(shí)和數(shù)據(jù)。
We need some more facts and data before_we_make_the_final_decision．
2．警察去了嫌疑人的家，搜尋他們能找到的用來(lái)證明他犯罪的任何事物。
The police went to the suspect’s house and searched for whatever_they_could_find to prove him guilty.
3．這是我第一次被邀請(qǐng)參加這么重要的會(huì)議。
It_is_the_first_time_that_I_have_been_invited to attend such an important meeting.
4．我正要問(wèn)你同一件事的時(shí)候，他進(jìn)來(lái)了。
I was_about_to_ask you the same thing when he came in.


arrange　vt.籌備；安排；整理
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①The company will arrange for a taxi to_meet(meet) you at the airport.
②If you are interested, please sign up at the office before 5：00 p．m. next Thursday so that we will make necessary arrangements(arrange)．
③I’d like to tell you that my classmates and I have arranged to_visit(visit) the nearby nursing home next Saturday for the Double Ninth Festival.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)我們已經(jīng)安排好這部短篇電影將于明天下午四點(diǎn)到五點(diǎn)半在我們學(xué)校劇院放映。
We_have_arranged_that_the_short_film_will_be_on_show from 16：00 to 17：30 at our school theatre tomorrow.

(1)arrange sth. for sb. 為某人安排某事
arrange (for sb.) to do sth. 安排(某人)做某事
(2)arrangement n. 布置；整理；安排
make arrangements for 安排好……
[佳句背誦] Parents arrange everything for their children and spare no effort to pave the way for their success.　父母為孩子們安排好一切，不遺余力地為他們的成功鋪路。
[名師點(diǎn)津] (1)表示“安排某人做某事”用arrange for sb.to do sth.而不用arrange sb.to do sth.；
(2)make arrangements for中的arrangement常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
advance　vt.& vi.促進(jìn)；前進(jìn)；提前　n．前進(jìn)；高升；預(yù)先；進(jìn)步　adj.預(yù)先的；事先的
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①This research has done much to_advance(advance) our understanding of language learning.
②Having shown you around our school, we will introduce our most advanced(advance) science lab to you.
③It is known to us that we have made advances(advance) in the space technology in the past ten years.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)如果你提前告知我你是否有空我將感激不盡。盼望著早日收到你的來(lái)信。
I’d appreciate it if you let me know whether you are available or not in_advance/ahead_of_time. I’m looking forward to hearing from you as soon as possible.

(1)be advanced to... 被提拔為……
(2)in advance(＝ahead of time)
預(yù)先；提前(指事先)
make advances in 在……方面取得進(jìn)步
(3)advanced adj. 高級(jí)的；先進(jìn)的　
[佳句背誦] If you are to treat your friends to dinner in a good restaurant at the weekend, you’d better book a table in advance.　如果周末你打算邀請(qǐng)朋友去一個(gè)好的飯店吃飯，你最好提前訂桌。
[名師點(diǎn)津] (1)advance vt.不與forward連用；
(2)enter(進(jìn)入)不與into連用；
(3)return(回來(lái))不與back連用
supply　n．& vt.提供，供給，補(bǔ)給
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①The cars will be supplied to people all over the country.
②In previous times, when fresh meat was in short supply, pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
政府在地震后已經(jīng)向當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣裉峁┝舜罅康氖澄锖鸵路?supply)
③The government has supplied_plenty_of_food_and_clothes_to_the_local_people since the earthquake occurred.
④The government has supplied_the_local_people_with_plenty_of_food_and_clothes since the earthquake occurred.

(1)　提供給某人某物
(2)a good supply of 大量的……
in short supply 供應(yīng)不足，短缺
supply and demand 供求關(guān)系　
[佳句背誦] The local government supplied the people with food and water after the floods.
洪水過(guò)后，當(dāng)?shù)卣疄槿藗兲峁┝耸澄锖退?br /> [聯(lián)想發(fā)散] “提供某人某物”的其他表達(dá)：
①provide_sb.with_sth.；②provide_sth.for_sb.；③offer_sb.sth.；④offer_sth.to_sb.．
scare　vt.使恐懼，驚嚇　vi.受驚嚇　n．[C]恐慌
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①Local business was scared into paying(pay) protection money.
②The little girl is scared to_sleep(sleep) in the bedroom alone.
[能力提升]——完成句子/句式升級(jí)
這個(gè)孩子太害怕了，不敢獨(dú)自待在黑暗的屋子里。
③The child was_too_scared_to_stay in the dark room alone.
④The_child_was_so_scared_that_he_dared_not_stay_in_the_dark_room_alone.(用so...that...結(jié)構(gòu)改寫③)
⑤So_scared_was_the_child_that_he_dared_not_stay_in_the_dark_room_alone.(用倒裝句改寫④)

(1)scare...away/off 把……嚇跑
scare sb.into doing sth. 恐嚇某人做某事
scare sb.out of doing sth. 恐嚇某人不做
某事
(2)be scared of (doing) sth. 害怕(做)某事
be scared to do sth. 害怕去做某事
be scared to death 嚇得要死　
[佳句背誦] Some parents try to scare their children into behaving well.　
有些父母試圖用嚇唬的方法使孩子守規(guī)矩。
schedule　n．& vt.計(jì)劃
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①The exhibition is_scheduled(schedule) to run from January until March.
②Mr. Liu，I’m so sorry that I failed to finish repairing your car on schedule.
③—Shall we put off the match because of the bad weather?
—No.Rain or shine，the match will be held as scheduled(schedule)．
[能力提升]——完成句子
④(陜西卷)按照日程安排，我們今天有英語(yǔ)才藝表演，目的是培養(yǎng)我們對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的興趣。
As_scheduled/According_to_the_schedule,_we have English Talent Show today.The purpose of this programme is to develop our interest in English learning.

(1)on/according to schedule 按期，準(zhǔn)時(shí)，按時(shí)間表
ahead of schedule 提前
behind schedule 未按期，晚于預(yù)
訂計(jì)劃
(2)be scheduled to do sth. 計(jì)劃做某事　
[佳句背誦] ①Having worked for two days，Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
工作了兩天，史蒂夫如期完成了報(bào)告。(天津卷)
②In spite of all the difficulties, we fulfilled our task ahead of schedule.
盡管有許多困難，我們?nèi)匀惶崆巴瓿闪巳蝿?wù)。
view　n．景色；風(fēng)景；觀點(diǎn)，見解；視野　vt.把……視為；看；觀看
[一詞多義]——寫出下列句中view的含義
①(北京卷)While climbing the mountain，we enjoyed the warm sunshine and a beautiful view.風(fēng)景
②I can only give you a personal view of how we can live life to the full.觀點(diǎn)，見解
③(全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.視野
[能力提升]——完成句子
④In_view_of(鑒于) the present situation, we’ll have to change our original plan.
⑤In_my_view(依我看), you should follow your teacher’s advice.
⑥As the car approached the town center，several tall buildings came_into_view(進(jìn)入視野)．

(1)in view 在視野中
in view of 鑒于；考慮到
in one’s view 在某人看來(lái)
come into view 看得見
get/have a good view of 清楚地看到；飽覽
take/hold the view that... 持……的觀點(diǎn)
(2)view...as... 把……看作……　
[佳句背誦] Standing on the Jingshan, you will get a better view of the Forbidden City which is surrounded by a 7.9-metre-high city wall.
站在景山上， 你可以更清楚地看到被7.9米高城墻圍繞的紫禁城。
bury　vt.埋葬；埋藏；用……覆蓋
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①As the College Entrance Examination is drawing near, we senior three students are_buried(bury) in busy work every day.
②He stood on the sidewalk with his hands buried(bury) in the pockets of his dark overcoat.
[能力提升]——完成句子/句式升級(jí)
③(普通表達(dá))Because he buried_himself_in/was_buried_in(專心于) his book, he didn’t notice that all the others had left.
④(高級(jí)表達(dá))Burying_himself_in_his_book,_he didn’t notice that all the others had left.(現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ))
⑤(高級(jí)表達(dá))Buried_in_his_book,_he didn’t notice that all the others had left.(過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ))

be buried in＝bury oneself in　 埋頭于；專心于
be buried in thought 沉思　
[名師點(diǎn)津] 表示“埋頭于；致力于”的短語(yǔ)還有：be devoted to＝devote oneself to專心于，致力于；be absorbed in全神貫注于，專心于；concentrate on集中精力于，專心于；focus on集中精力于，專心于；fix one’s attention on全神貫注于，專心于；occupy oneself in doing/with＝be occupied with 專心于，忙于。
[詞塊助記] buried treasure 埋藏的財(cái)寶
bury one’s head/face in hands 用手捂住頭/臉
spot　vt.發(fā)現(xiàn)；認(rèn)出；點(diǎn)綴　n．斑點(diǎn)；污點(diǎn)；地點(diǎn)
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①I was waiting for my friend when I suddenly spotted a man not far from me staring(stare) at me.
②More than ten policemen turned up at the spot where the accident happened.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)不僅將展出各種剪紙作品，工匠們還將現(xiàn)場(chǎng)向參觀者展示如何將紙剪成各種形狀。
Not only will all kinds of paper-cutting works be on display, but the craftsmen will also show visitors how_to_cut_paper_into_different_shapes_on_the_spot．

(1) spot sb.doing sth. 發(fā)現(xiàn)某人正在做某事
be spotted with 散布；點(diǎn)綴
(2)on the spot 當(dāng)場(chǎng)；在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)　
[佳句背誦] Moreover，the scenery along the Yangtze River is amazing, with many well-known sightseeing spots.　而且，有那么多著名的旅游景點(diǎn)，沿長(zhǎng)江旅行的美景令人驚訝。(2017·北京卷)
[名師點(diǎn)津] spot作“地點(diǎn)”講，定語(yǔ)從句如缺狀語(yǔ)則用where引導(dǎo)，從句如缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)則用that/which引導(dǎo)。
announce　 vt.宣布，宣稱
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①It was_announced(announce) that new speed restrictions would be introduced.
②Silence, please. Mr. Dave has an announcement(announce) to make.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③(浙江卷)她向興奮的觀眾宣布了比賽的獲勝者。
She announced_the_winner_of_the_competition_to the excited audience.

(1)announce sth.to sb. 向某人宣布某事
announce that 宣布/通知……
It is announced that... 據(jù)通知……
(2)announcement n. 通告，宣布，聲明
make an announcement 發(fā)布一個(gè)通知　
[佳句背誦] Mary announced to her parents that she was going to run for monitor.
瑪麗向她的父母宣布她打算競(jìng)選班長(zhǎng)。
reflect　v．反映，顯示；表達(dá)；表現(xiàn)；反射；思考，反省
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①a.(2019·江蘇卷)A city is the product of the human hand and mind, reflecting(reflect) man’s intelligence and creativity.
b．(上海卷)Sean’s strong love for his country is_reflected(reflect) in his recently published poems.
②Usually a child’s behaviour is a reflection(reflect) of his family environment.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③(浙江卷)如果你養(yǎng)成一種思考如何學(xué)習(xí)的習(xí)慣的話，你作為學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)肯定很優(yōu)秀。
Your performance as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting_on/upon_how_you_learn．

(1)reflect on/upon　 仔細(xì)考慮/沉思/反省……
(2)reflection n. 反映，表現(xiàn)；倒影，
影像；思考，反省　
[佳句背誦] As the saying goes, reading without reflecting is like eating without digesting.
正如諺語(yǔ)所說(shuō)“讀書不思考猶如吃飯不消化”。
[文化佳句]
The word “swimming” can be found in a verse in the “Book of Songs”， Chinese earliest collection of poems, which reflects the practice of the sport in ancient times. “游泳”這個(gè)詞可以在中國(guó)最早的詩(shī)集《詩(shī)經(jīng)》的一首詩(shī)中找到，這反映出古代已經(jīng)有了游泳這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。
in case　萬(wàn)一
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——用case的相關(guān)短語(yǔ)填空
①(2019·江蘇卷)The doctor shares his phone number with the patients in_case they need medical assistance.
②(2019·北京卷)In addition, please pack a pair of comfortable shoes in_case_of the city walk.
③As_is_often_the_case,_he was late for class, which made his teacher very angry.
④You may think of giving up studying.In_this_case,_just think it over before making a decision.
[能力提升]——句式升級(jí)
⑤(普通表達(dá))We should in no case do anything that goes against the interests of people.
(高級(jí)表達(dá))In_no_case_should_we_do_anything that goes against the interests of people. (倒裝)

in case of 假如發(fā)生；萬(wàn)一發(fā)生
in any case 無(wú)論如何
in no case 決不
in this/that case 假使這樣/那樣的話
as is often the case 這是常有的事
　
[佳句背誦] Please remind me of the meeting again tomorrow in case I forget.
請(qǐng)明天再提醒我關(guān)于會(huì)議的事，以免我忘了。
[名師點(diǎn)津] (1)in case后常接句子；in case of后常接名詞。
(2)in no case位于句首時(shí)，句子用部分倒裝。
(3)如果case充當(dāng)先行詞，后面的定語(yǔ)從句通常用where或in which引導(dǎo)。
make sure　確信；確定；證實(shí)；查明；弄清楚
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)To_make(make) sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin—put on sunscreen right as you head outside.
②You’d better make sure of/about the exact time of the arriving plane in case I can’t meet you at the airport in time.
③(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)You are sure to_know(know) more about Chinese literature by reading Tang Poetry.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
我確信我會(huì)成功通過(guò)2021年高考。
④I am_sure_of_my_success in passing the 2021 college entrance examination.
⑤I am_sure_that_I_will_succeed in passing the 2021 college entrance examination.

(1)make sure of/about...　 弄清楚；查明
make sure that... 確信；務(wù)必
(2)be sure of/about/that... (主語(yǔ))有把握，確信
be sure to do sth. (主語(yǔ))一定會(huì)做某事
(3)for sure 確定地；無(wú)疑地
[佳句背誦] They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals will have been installed by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.　他們正在努力確保在2022年前為北京冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)安裝5G終端。(2019·江蘇卷)
[名師點(diǎn)津] make sure一般不跟不定式， make sure后跟從句時(shí)，常用一般時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。

whatever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句
(教材P23)We’ll live with the local people in their villages，and eat and drink whatever they do，including cow’s blood!
我們要跟當(dāng)?shù)氐木用褚黄鹱≡谒麄兊拇迓淅?，不管他們吃什么、喝什么，我們也一起吃、一起喝，包括牛血?br /> [基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①(廣東卷)Whatever you do, if you want to become great at it, you need to work day in and day out.
②a.(2017·北京卷)Every year, whoever makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
b．(北京卷)Some people believe whatever has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
(湖南卷)不管你怎么努力，如果不減少你的飲食量，減肥是很困難的。
③However_hard_you_try,_it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat.
④No_matter_how_hard_you_try,_it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat.

(1)whatever, whoever, whichever, whomever既可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，在引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，相當(dāng)于no matter what/who/which/whom。
(2)whenever, wherever, however引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，相當(dāng)于no matter when/where/how，意為“無(wú)論何時(shí)/何地/如何”。
(3)however相當(dāng)于no matter how。句式結(jié)構(gòu)：however＋形容詞/副詞＋主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)?！?br /> [佳句背誦] Whatever problem he meets with, he never gives up.　無(wú)論遇到什么問(wèn)題，他從不放棄。(天津卷)
[名師點(diǎn)津] “no matter＋疑問(wèn)詞”只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，可放在主句前或主句后。
be about to do...when...正要做……這時(shí)……
(教材P30)Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.
科林正要從駱駝上下來(lái)，這時(shí)一個(gè)孩子向他跑來(lái)。
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①(2017·天津卷)I was_driving(drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
②He had just walked for about a mile when a volunteer searcher found him.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
(湖南卷)我正要放棄的時(shí)候，老師的表?yè)P(yáng)給了我回答問(wèn)題的勇氣。
③I was_about_to_give_up_when the teacher’s praise gave me the courage to answer the question.
④I was_on_the_point_of_giving_up_when the teacher’s praise gave me the courage to answer the question.

when作并列連詞，意為“就在這時(shí)”，可用于以下句型：
(1)sb.＋was/were about to do...when...＝sb.＋was/were on the point of doing...when...某人正要做……這時(shí)……
(2)sb. had just done sth.＋when...某人剛做完某事，這時(shí)……
(3)sb.was/were doing sth.＋when...某人正在做……這時(shí)……　
[佳句背誦] I was reading in the library when I met Jim. It was the first time that we had met after high school. 　
我正在圖書館看書，這時(shí)遇到了吉姆。這是我們高中畢業(yè)后第一次見面。


維度一　在空白處填入括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式
1．It was the first time that he had_listened(listen) to Western music played on a traditional Chinese instrument.
2．With the exams coming near，all the students are busy studying(study) in the classroom.
3．We’ve arranged for you to_give(give) a speech during dinner time tomorrow.
4．His first book to_be_published(publish) next month is based on a true story.
5．In the near future, more advanced(advance) robot technology will be used by scientists.
維度二　在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~
1．Now many people have realized the need to be in harmony with our environment.
2．Tom was about to close the window when his attention was caught by a child.
3．Whichever road you take，it will lead you to the station.
4．When the children heard the frightening story，they were scared half to death.
5．The professor had just finished his speech when students rushed out of the classroom.
維度三　語(yǔ)境品詞(寫出加黑詞匯在語(yǔ)境中的意義)
1．(2019·江蘇卷)The family rented a former church in downtown Portland and scheduled a concert.安排
2．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, D．C.觀賞
3．With so many miners buried under the mine, none of the rescue workers would stop to have a rest.掩埋
4．(2019·江蘇卷)What’s more, the traditional Chinese dress can’t reflect the unique culture of our school.顯示
5．(浙江卷)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of which has been proved.提出
6．On the way，we spotted a man holding a piece of paper that said，“Lost my job.Family to Feed.”發(fā)現(xiàn)
維度四　易錯(cuò)誤用(改正下列句子中的錯(cuò)誤)
1．It’s impolite of you to visit someone without informing him or her in the advance.刪除the
2．Whatever he goes, there are always lots of fans following him.Whatever→Wherever
3．Many people have scared into buying imported milk powder ever since.在have后加been
4．He works at perfect harmony with his colleagues.at→in
5．Every evening after dinner, if not tiring from work, I will spend some time walking my dog.tiring→tired
6．I was at loss to understand what had happened.在at后加a
7．The headmaster arranged me to meet Mr. Black at the airport.在arranged后加for
8．I hope we shall all hang altogether in this emergency.
altogether→together
9．Burying deep down in the earth，the dead forests rotted away and became coal.Burying→Buried
10．It is sure that they will win the game.sure→certain
維度五　完成句子
1．如果沒有好的教育，就會(huì)形成一個(gè)與自然不和諧的社會(huì)。
Without good education, there would be a society out_of_harmony_with_nature．
2．據(jù)報(bào)道，這是到目前為止這家珠寶商店第二次遭竊了。
As is reported, this is the second time so far this jewelry shop has_been_broken_into．
3．我正要放棄，這時(shí)我父親走過(guò)來(lái)鼓勵(lì)我堅(jiān)持下去。
I was_about_to_give_up_when my father came and encouraged me to keep going.
4．我希望自己將來(lái)有一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)的好機(jī)會(huì)。
I wish that I would_have_a_better_chance to learn in the future.
5．我想吃什么就吃什么，仍然不見體重有所增長(zhǎng)。
I eat whatever_I_want and I still don’t seem to put on weight.

提能一　語(yǔ)段填空(短文中黑體部分為本單元核心知識(shí)點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)補(bǔ)全短文，并背誦體會(huì)黑體部分用法)
Last month, our school arranged 1.an extraordinary adventure for us in Africa. The destination is an old temple at the mountaintop where a famous king 2.was_buried(bury). But before that, we should cross a desert by camel first. We felt uncomfortable because it is 3.dusty(dust) and there is hardly any shade. We brought some more water 4.in advance in case it ran out. After two days we arrived at the foot of the mountain, where there were some cattle 5.wandering(wander) around. We’d like to take some 6.photographs(photograph) with them, but they were scared away. 7.After climbing endless steep steps, we reached the temple. It 8.reflected(reflect) the sunshine and looked more brilliant. In my view, though it was a 9.tiring(tire) trip, it is worthwhile 10.to_explore(explore) nature and I’ll remember it forever.
提能二　話題寫作(用本單元詞匯、句式和語(yǔ)法知識(shí)寫滿分作文)
1．補(bǔ)全要點(diǎn)句(黑體部分請(qǐng)用本單元所學(xué)詞匯)
①世界上有很多名勝古跡可供人們觀看或探索。
There are a lot of places_of_interest for people to_see_or_explore in the world.
②有些人對(duì)非洲的草地感興趣。它們是各種動(dòng)物的家園。
Some people are_interested_in_the grasslands of Africa.They are_home_to_various_animals．
③還有一些人選擇澳大利亞的海灘感受陽(yáng)光、沙灘或大海。
Others choose to go to Australia’s beach to_experience_the_sun，sand_and_sea．
④通?？茖W(xué)家或探險(xiǎn)者去熱帶雨林以便有所發(fā)現(xiàn)。
Usually scientists and explorers go to tropical rainforests to make_discoveries．
⑤人們熱愛戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)。他們想親近大自然并且放松自己。
People love activities in_the_open_air．They want to get_close_to nature and relax themselves.
2．升級(jí)平淡句
⑥用定語(yǔ)從句升級(jí)句②
Some_people_are_interested_in_the_grasslands_of_Africa，which_are_home_to_various_animals.
3．銜接成美文(注意使用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^(guò)渡銜接詞匯：altogether)
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One possible version：
There are a lot of places of interest for people to see or explore in the world.Some people are interested in the grasslands of Africa，which are home to various animals.Others choose to go to Australia’s beach to experience the sun，sand and sea.Usually scientists and explorers go to tropical rainforests to make discoveries.Altogether，people love activities in the open air，because they want to get close to nature and relax themselves.

課時(shí)練1　2篇閱讀＋1篇完形
閱讀理解
A
(2020·池州重點(diǎn)高中摸底)
Many Canadians are aware that problems with the nation’s health care system have resulted in a lack of hospital beds and medical equipment, overcrowded emergency rooms, long waiting lists, and not enough family doctors.

Over the last 10 years, the number of medical students choosing the family practice as their lifelong career has been dropping at a surprising rate. When asked why they lack interest in family medicine, the students cite(援引) a heavy student debt load and the long hours required of a doctor who is managing the family practice. As in other kinds of work, young doctors today want a balance between their professional and personal lives.
In British Columbia(BC) this problem is made worse because the province produces fewer medical graduates for each person than any other province in Canada. The provincial government has committed itself to doubling the number of medical student graduates. This strategy doesn’t come close to giving us the new doctors needed each year in BC to replace those who are retiring, moving out of the province, reducing their hours of practice, or dying.
The primary care system is showing its cracks. Ten years ago, 2，030 of BC’s family doctors were providing obstetrical(產(chǎn)科的) care. Today just 945 are performing this invaluable service. Although delivering babies is a “good news” area of medicine, the hours are long, but the reward for bringing new life into the world is modest. It’s no surprise, then, that many of BC’s family doctors are no longer taking on new patients. In 1999, there were 1，420 family doctors accepting new patients—in 2004 that number declined to 599, a drop of 58%.
The foundation of primary care needs to be strengthened. The Working Agreement between the doctors and the government includes a series of primary care renewal projects designed to make the family practice more attractive to medical graduates, improve upon working conditions, and entice family doctors from outside BC to start their business here. Yet still more needs to be done.
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了加拿大家庭醫(yī)生嚴(yán)重缺乏的問(wèn)題。
1．What makes medical students unwilling to be family physicians?
A．The student debt and long working hours.
B．Long term of study at a medical school.
C．A limited number of places in the medical school.
D．An increasing number of patients and long waiting lists for specialists.
A　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“When asked why they lack interest in family medicine, the students cite(援引) a heavy student debt load and the long hours required of a doctor who is managing the family practice.”可知，學(xué)生債務(wù)負(fù)擔(dān)和工作時(shí)間長(zhǎng)成為阻礙醫(yī)科學(xué)生選擇成為家庭醫(yī)生的兩大障礙，故選A。
2．What does the text say about family doctors in BC?
A．They are no longer needed.
B．They are too few in number.
C．They will soon become abundant.
D．They are rapidly leaving the province.
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第二、三句“Ten years ago, 2，030 of BC’s family doctors were providing obstetrical(產(chǎn)科的) care. Today just 945 are performing this invaluable service.”，并結(jié)合本段最后一句“In 1999, there were 1，420 family doctors accepting new patients—in 2004 that number declined to 599, a drop of 58%.”可知，在BC，家庭醫(yī)生的數(shù)量在急劇下降，缺口很大，故選B。
3．Which can replace the underlined word “entice” in the last paragraph?
A．Forbid. B．Hire.
C．Remind. D．Attract.
D　解析：詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句中的關(guān)鍵詞“attractive”和“improve”可推知，畫線詞在此處的含義與D項(xiàng)“吸引”相近，故選D。
4．What is the primary purpose of the text?
A．To show sympathy for family doctors.
B．To inspire young people to be family doctors.
C．To stress the urgent need of more family doctors.
D．To tell the disadvantages of being family doctors.
C　解析：寫作意圖題。根據(jù)第一段的點(diǎn)題，并結(jié)合全文的內(nèi)容可推知，本文主要介紹了加拿大家庭醫(yī)生嚴(yán)重缺乏的問(wèn)題，故選C。
B

(2020·滁州高三聯(lián)考)When Huang Lizhi took her first class in African sociology at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa in February, her professor asked her and her classmates what impresses them most when it comes to Africa.
Unexpectedly, Huang, 31, found that words like “poverty” and “safari”—negative words that were often associated with the continent in media reports—were the kind of terms her African classmates didn’t want to hear. Instead, they preferred to hear the question answered in this way: “Africa is the cradle of humankind” and “Africans are passionate and generous”．
Apparently, there are some misunderstandings between us. It’s true that with incidents like the Ebola outbreak in West Africa and the emergence(出現(xiàn)) of pirates off the coast of Somalia hitting the news, it’s easy for us to keep forgetting that Africa has one of the world’s oldest civilizations—Egypt, born by the world’s longest river, the Nile. The proof is in the Great Pyramid of Giza and the Great Sphinx of Giza, which are both popular among tourists. And the tombs of ancient Egypt have also become endless sources for the literature and film industries.
When it comes to the natural environment of Africa, our misunderstandings are only bigger. But the truth is that instead of being extremely hot all year round and covered by desert, the continent has large areas of savannas(稀樹草原) where lions, giraffes and zebras live, the snow-capped Kilimanjaro—the highest mountain in Africa—and even thick forest on the island of Madagascar. These misunderstandings are one of the reasons why the 2018 Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation was held on Sept. 3 and 4—to understand each other better.
Indeed, only by visiting Africa herself did Huang see the convenient living conditions, the amazing natural beauty and the friendly people. In her eyes, her classmates were as hopeful about the future of their own countries as they were about Africa as a whole, and they were quick to demonstrate both their strong will and activity. “At that moment, I knew exactly what they wanted—they wanted their culture to be respected.”
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文講述了一堂非洲社會(huì)學(xué)課引起了一部分人對(duì)非洲的誤解，而主人公經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)地考察后消除了之前對(duì)非洲地理文化的誤解。
5．Which of the following best explains “cradle” underlined in paragraph 2?
A．A small bed for babies.
B．A basket to hold something.
C．A place for people to relax themselves.
D．A place where something important began.
D　解析：詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)下文提到的非洲擁有人類最古老的文明之一——埃及文明以及常識(shí)可知，此處表示非洲是人類的搖籃。cradle意為“搖籃”，且結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知，此處cradle引申為“重要事物的發(fā)源地”。故選D項(xiàng)。
6．What can we infer about Africa according to the passage?
A．It is very hot all year round.
B．It’s not a safe continent to live on.
C．It’s different from what we imagine.
D．It is bound to have a bright future.
C　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“When it comes to the natural environment of Africa, our misunderstandings are only bigger. But the truth is that...”可知，當(dāng)提及非洲時(shí)，我們對(duì)它的誤解很大。而第四段中也列舉了非洲與我們想象中的不同之處。由此可知，我們對(duì)非洲有誤解，真實(shí)的情況和我們想象中的有所不同。故選C項(xiàng)。
7．Which of the following would Huang agree with?
A．To see is to believe.
B．Think twice before you do.
C．A miss is as good as a mile.
D．Don’t judge a person by his appearance.
A　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段的內(nèi)容尤其本段第一句可知，本文的主人公親自游覽非洲后，才對(duì)非洲有了真正的了解，由此可知，她會(huì)同意“眼見為實(shí)”這一觀點(diǎn)。故選A項(xiàng)。
8．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Valuing a Culture
B．Understanding Africa
C．Paying a Visit to Africa
D．Discovering a Continent
B　解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。綜觀全文可知，本文主人公之前對(duì)非洲有很多誤解，但親自游覽非洲后，才對(duì)非洲有了正確且深入的了解，消除了之前對(duì)非洲的誤解。故B項(xiàng)最能總結(jié)本篇文章的主題，適合作本文的標(biāo)題，故選B項(xiàng)。
完形填空
(2020·武漢調(diào)研)It was New Year time. We were travelling in a van(小型貨車) __1__ toys to the homeless. When we __2__ the spot, something caught my eye. Something or someone was moving in the rubbish. Soon I __3__ that it was the home of a poor family. There were two __4__， both about my age at the time, and a lady I supposed to be their mother. They sat there __5__．
As a little girl myself I was __6__ interested in the little girl. How __7__ our lives were. She lived for the day, __8__ through the rubbish for something to fill her stomach. I on the other hand was well looked after and never had to worry about __9__. I had a good education and thus a __10__ future. I looked at the little girl. The only __11__ she had was the worn-out dress that she was wearing.
Seeing this little girl I made the decision to __12__ a doll that had belonged to me for a while. When the van came to a __13__， I stepped out, called the girl over and __14__ the doll in her hand. Af first she looked at me with __15__ and wasn’t certain what to do, but then she smiled and I saw __16__ in her eyes. I went back into the vehicle and we started to __17__ off, and that’s when we realized the little girl was running __18__. We stopped again and opened the door. The girl had __19__ with us. She looked directly at me and said two __20__ words “Thank You”．
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　“我們”在新年期間，開車去為無(wú)家可歸的人分發(fā)玩具：“我”遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地看見了一位小女孩，她靠在垃圾堆里尋找食物為生；于是“我”走過(guò)去，將剛買不久的玩具娃娃送給了她，然后就離開了；“我們”發(fā)現(xiàn)那位女孩在追“我們”，于是停下了車，她向“我”說(shuō)了句“謝謝”。
1．A.showing　 B．recommending
C．distributing D．selling
C　解析：根據(jù)下文“我”送給小女孩玩具娃娃可知，“我們”在新年期間給無(wú)家可歸的人分發(fā)玩具。故選C。A項(xiàng)意為“展示”；B項(xiàng)意為“推薦”；C項(xiàng)意為“分發(fā)”；D項(xiàng)意為“出售”。
2．A.left B．changed
C．chose D．a(chǎn)pproached
D　解析：根據(jù)上文“我們”在新年期間去給無(wú)家可歸的人分發(fā)玩具，可推知此處指當(dāng)“我們”接近目的地的時(shí)候，有東西引起“我”的注意。故選D。
3．A.guaranteed B．realized
C．decided D．a(chǎn)ccepted
B　解析：根據(jù)空后的“it was the home of a poor family”并結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可知，“我”很快意識(shí)到那是一戶貧困人家的家。故選B。A項(xiàng)意為“保證”；B項(xiàng)意為“意識(shí)到”；C項(xiàng)意為“決定”；D項(xiàng)意為“接受”。
4．A.boys B．children
C．drivers D．a(chǎn)dults
B　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“As a little girl myself”可知，當(dāng)時(shí)那里有兩個(gè)和“我”的年齡差不多的孩子，還有一位女士，可能是他們的母親。故選B。
5．A.happily B．a(chǎn)ngrily
C．hopefully D．helplessly
D　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“______ through the rubbish for something to fill her stomach”和“the worn-out dress”可推知，他們無(wú)助地坐在垃圾旁邊。故選D。
6．A.still B．less
C．especially D．probably
C　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，作為一個(gè)小女孩，“我”尤其對(duì)那個(gè)小女孩感興趣。故選C。
7．A.similar B．different
C．difficult D．ordinary
B　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“She lived for the day...to fill her stomach. I on the other hand was well looked after...a ______ future.”可知，“我們”的生活差別很大。故選B。
8．A.searching B．getting
C．running D．breaking
A　解析：根據(jù)上文中的“Something or someone was moving in the rubbish.”可推知，當(dāng)時(shí)那個(gè)小女孩在垃圾堆里尋找東西以填飽自己的肚子。故選A。
9．A.food B．safety
C．health D．transport
A　解析：根據(jù)上文可知，那個(gè)小女孩在垃圾堆里尋找食物，而“我”卻得到了很好的照顧，從來(lái)不用擔(dān)心食物。故選A。
10．A.doubtful B．distant
C．promising D．foreseeable
C　解析：根據(jù)該空前的“I had a good education”可知，“我”接受了良好的教育，也有一個(gè)有前途的未來(lái)。故選C。A項(xiàng)意為“懷疑的”；B項(xiàng)意為“遙遠(yuǎn)的”；C項(xiàng)意為“有前途的”；D項(xiàng)意為“可預(yù)知的”。
11．A.present B．decoration
C．requirement D．possession
D　解析：根據(jù)上文內(nèi)容并結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可推知，那位小女孩僅有的財(cái)產(chǎn)就是她身上穿的那件破舊的裙子。故選D。A項(xiàng)意為“禮物”；B項(xiàng)意為“裝飾”；C項(xiàng)意為“要求”；D項(xiàng)意為“財(cái)產(chǎn)”。
12．A.give away B．give back
C．hand out D．hand in
A　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“I stepped out...the doll in her hand”可推知，看到這個(gè)小女孩，“我”決定把剛買不久的玩具娃娃送給她。故選A。A項(xiàng)意為“贈(zèng)送”；B項(xiàng)意為“歸還”；C項(xiàng)意為“分發(fā)”；D項(xiàng)意為“提交”。
13．A.station B．stop
C．street D．signal
B　解析：根據(jù)上文可知，“我”決定把剛買不久的玩具娃娃送給那個(gè)小女孩，所以當(dāng)車一停下來(lái)(stop)，“我”立刻下車，叫那個(gè)小女孩過(guò)來(lái)，然后將玩具娃娃放(placed)在她的手里。
14．A.tore B．placed
C．dropped D．threw
B　解析：參見上題解析。
15．A.anger B．pain
C．surprise D．disappointment
C　解析：根據(jù)空后的“and wasn’t certain what to do”和語(yǔ)境可推知，剛開始那個(gè)小女孩驚訝地看著“我”。故選C。
16．A.hope B．loneliness
C．a(chǎn)nxiety D．a(chǎn)stonishment
A　解析：根據(jù)上文，他們絕望地坐在垃圾堆旁邊，并結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可推知，“我”將玩具娃娃放在她手里，她對(duì)“我”微笑，“我”從小女孩的眼中看到了希望。故選A。A項(xiàng)意為“希望”；B項(xiàng)意為“孤獨(dú)”；C項(xiàng)意為“焦慮”；D項(xiàng)意為“震驚”。
17．A.walk B．get
C．lift D．drive
D　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“We stopped again”可知，“我”回到車上，“我們”開始準(zhǔn)備離開(drive off)，那時(shí)“我們”才意識(shí)到，那位小女孩正在后面(behind)追趕“我們”。
18．A.behind B．a(chǎn)way
C．out D．in
A　解析：參見上題解析。
19．A.got along B．come along
C．caught up D．turned up
C　解析：根據(jù)上文中的“We stopped again and opened the door.”可知，小女孩追上了“我們”。故選C。get along with “與……相處”；come along with “和……在一起”；catch up with “追上，趕上”。
20．A.final B．new
C．key D．simple
D　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，小女孩直視著“我”，說(shuō)了兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的詞“Thank You”。故選D。
課時(shí)練2　2篇閱讀＋1篇七選五
＋1篇語(yǔ)法填空
閱讀理解
A

(2020·淮南部分學(xué)校摸底)While we may think it feels good to complain, complaining has some bad effects associated with it.
Why isn’t complaining beneficial? Research shows that it connects our brain with negativity. The brain is designed to work efficiently. This means that when we repeat a thought, negative or positive, the nerve cells form a bridge between each other to pass information in a higher speed. Therefore, the next time we have a similar type of thought, it is more easily passed. This explains why certain thought patterns become habits.
Yet the harmful effects don’t stop there. A study shows that complaining causes the hippocampus(海馬), which plays a vital role in problem-solving, to become smaller.
In addition to causing brain damage, complaining also releases a stress hormone—cortisol(皮質(zhì)醇)—a kind of chemical the body produces when we meet with some danger. Constantly having a high level of cortisol results in high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and lower immunity(免疫力)．
The ill effects of our complaining aren’t just limited to ourselves: they also involve those around us. We tend to mirror the moods of our friends. For this reason, we should be cautious about having stubborn complainers in our circle of companions.
The best way to deal with constant negativity is to develop a sense of gratitude. Just like complaining acts as a poison, gratitude acts as a medicine. Research shows it lowers cortisol levels by 23 percent, as well as reduces blood pressure and blood sugar. It also decreases tiredness and depression. Gratitude is the perfect cure for complaining, a behavior that steals our brain power, happiness and physical well-being.
What have you observed about the effects of complaining in your own life or in the lives of others? Have you noticed that when you are grateful, you feel better all round? Please share your thoughts in the comments section below.
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，抱怨與消極性密切相關(guān)，除了導(dǎo)致腦損傷，抱怨還會(huì)釋放皮質(zhì)醇，持續(xù)高水平的皮質(zhì)醇會(huì)導(dǎo)致高血壓、高血糖和免疫力低下，而感恩卻與之相反，會(huì)帶來(lái)很多益處。因此人們?cè)谏钪幸冱c(diǎn)抱怨，多些感恩。
1．What do paragraphs 2－3 mainly talk about?
A．The diseases caused by complaining.
B．The decrease of a vital part of our brain.
C．The bad effects of complaining on brain power.
D．The reason why certain thought patterns become habits.
C　解析：段落大意題。根據(jù)第二段第一、二句和第三段中的“Yet the harmful effects don’t stop there.”可知，第二、三段主要講的是抱怨對(duì)人的腦力的不良的影響。
2．What can we know about cortisol from the passage?
A．Gratitude is an effective cure for cortisol.
B．Our body produces cortisol when we feel excited.
C．Cortisol is a chemical that can cause brain damage.
D．Having a high level of cortisol can lead to many health problems.
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Constantly having a high level of cortisol results in...immunity(免疫力)．”可知，頻繁地高水平的皮質(zhì)醇會(huì)導(dǎo)致很多健康問(wèn)題。
3．What attitude does the writer take to stubborn complainers?
A．Grateful. B．Tolerant.
C．Disapproving. D．Skeptical.
C　解析：觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第五段的內(nèi)容尤其是最后一句“For this reason, we should be cautious about...companions.”可知，抱怨者也會(huì)對(duì)身邊的人有不好的影響，因此作者認(rèn)為身邊有頑固的抱怨者時(shí)要小心，由此可知，作者對(duì)抱怨者持不贊成的態(tài)度。
4．Where can the passage most probably appear?
A．In a newspaper. B．In a medical report.
C．On a website. D．In a radio program.
C　解析：文章出處題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Please share your thoughts in the comments section below.”可知，本文很可能出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)網(wǎng)站上。
B
(2020·六安高三模擬)A biologist once criticized for stealing eggs from the nests of the rarest bird in the world has been awarded the “Nobel Prize” of conservation after his methods saved nine species from extinction.
Professor Carl Jones won the 2016 Indianapolis Prize—the highest accolade in the field of animal conservation—for his 40 years of work in Mauritius, where he saved an endangered kestrel(紅隼) from becoming the next Great Auk.
When the 65-year-old first travelled to the east African island in the 1970s, he was told to close down a project to save the Mauritius kestrel. At the time there were just four left in the wild, making it the rarest bird on Earth. However, he stayed, using the techniques of captive breeding (人工繁殖), which involved snatching eggs from the birds’ nests and hatching them under incubators(孵化器), prompting the mothers to lay another set of eggs in the wild.
A decade later, the number of Mauritius kestrels had soared to over 300 and today there are around 400 in the wild. The biologist has also made an effort to bring other rare species back from the edge of extinction, including the pink pigeon, echo parakeet and Rodrigues warbler.
Prof. Jones was awarded the $250，000 prize at a ceremony in London.
“As a young man in my 20s, I certainly didn’t enjoy the stress and the tension of the criticism I received.” Reflecting on the start of his career, he said the Mauritius kestrel project had been seen as a “dead loss” at the time. In the 1970s there was fierce opposition to the captive breeding techniques, with critics arguing that they were too risky and took the emphasis off breeding in the wild.
Prof. Jones has devoted his whole life to his work, only becoming a father for the first time at 53. He said receiving the prize was particularly important to him, because it proved that his work to save birds was right.
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　卡爾·瓊斯教授曾因偷稀缺鳥類的蛋而被指責(zé)，但后來(lái)在保護(hù)動(dòng)物領(lǐng)域被授予諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)，因?yàn)樗麑⑼祦?lái)的蛋進(jìn)行了人工繁殖，并以此方法挽救了九種瀕危物種。
5．What does the underlined word “accolade” mean in paragraph 2?
A．Return. B．Level.
C．Honor. D．Research.
C　解析：詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞前的“won the 2016 Indianapolis Prize”并結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可推知，畫線詞意為“榮譽(yù)”。
6．According to the passage, Great Auk is ________．
A．a(chǎn)n endangered bird B．a(chǎn)n extinct bird
C．a(chǎn) popular bird D．a(chǎn) fierce bird
B　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“he saved an endangered kestrel(紅隼) from becoming the next Great Auk”可推知，Great Auk是一種已滅絕的鳥。
7．What can we know from the figures in paragraph 4?
A．Taking eggs from the nests has worked well.
B．The wild environment for kestrel has changed a lot.
C．Kestrel has adapted to the life in the wild.
D．It’s difficult to protect kestrel.
A　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段最后兩句以及第四段第一句“A decade later, the number of Mauritius kestrels had soared to over 300 and today there are around 400 in the wild.”可知，當(dāng)時(shí)野生毛里求斯紅隼只剩4只，瓊斯教授采用人工繁殖的方法來(lái)救助毛里求斯紅隼，10年后，毛里求斯紅隼的數(shù)量飆升到300多只，如今野生紅隼約有400只。由此可推知，從鳥巢中拿出鳥蛋的方法效果很好。
8．Prof. Jones’ idea of taking eggs from the birds’ nests ________．
A．was proved of no use
B．was widely accepted
C．was promoted officially
D．was criticized by some people
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“dead loss”及“In the 1970s there was fierce opposition to the captive breeding techniques...in the wild.”可知，瓊斯教授從鳥巢中拿出鳥蛋來(lái)進(jìn)行人工繁殖的方法受到了一些人的批評(píng)。
七選五
(2020·武漢調(diào)研)Many people struggle with saying “No”. 1.________ Remember, just because you can do something that does not mean it is required. Understand you always have a right to turn down an invitation or refuse a favor and figure out the best ways to say “No”. Here are some specific tips.
Give yourself permission to say no. Many people have an immediate reaction to say “Yes” when they’re asked to do someone a favor. Keep in mind, you are never required to say “Yes”. It’s actually okay to say “No” sometimes. Accept this as you prepare to say “No” to someone. 2.________
Set up your personal boundaries.3.________ However, that reason does not have to be concrete. Many people think if they can do something, they should. Your reason for saying “No” can be a simple matter of your own personal boundaries. Think about what boundaries you have, and accept the fact you’re allowed to stay true to them.
4．________ People often won’t take “No” for an answer. If you say “No” to people, they may give you various reasons to try and change your mind. Stay determined for your decision and do not give in easily.
Practice saying “No”. It may sound silly, but you can actually practice saying “No” alone. 5.________ Practice giving a firm “No” to someone so you get comfortable with the words. Many people are nervous about saying “No” and may say “Yes” due to anxiety. Practicing can help get rid of some of this anxiety.
A．This will help you say “No” with ease.
B．Be aware of potential persuasion techniques.
C．Find a good chance to stand in front of a crowd.
D．It’s always easier to say “No” if you have a reason.
E．Try standing before a mirror and looking at yourself.
F．It’s rather easy for you to set up your personal boundaries.
G．If someone asks you a favor, you may feel you have to say “Yes” .
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　我們可以通過(guò)設(shè)定邊界、不斷訓(xùn)練等方式，勇敢地向他人說(shuō)“不”。
1．G　解析：根據(jù)前一句的內(nèi)容可知，很多人總是苦苦掙扎，不敢說(shuō)“不”。由此可推知，如果總是這樣的話，當(dāng)別人要請(qǐng)你幫忙的時(shí)候，你可能會(huì)感到你不得不說(shuō)“可以”。故選G。
2．A　解析：本段講述的是要允許自己拒絕別人。很多人會(huì)不自覺地接受他人的請(qǐng)求，但是你并不是一定要對(duì)他人說(shuō)“可以”，這是你的權(quán)利。記住這一點(diǎn)，將幫助你輕而易舉地拒絕別人。故選A。
3．D　解析：根據(jù)空后一句“However, that reason does not have to be concrete.”可知，D項(xiàng)“如果你有一個(gè)理由的話，說(shuō)‘不’總是比較容易的”符合語(yǔ)境，故選D。
4．B　解析：空后三句講述的是，人們通常不會(huì)接受“不”的，他們會(huì)找種種理由勸你改變主意，因此我們要堅(jiān)持自己的決定，不要輕易屈服。由此可推知，我們要知道他人的勸說(shuō)技巧。故選B。
5．E　解析：本段講述的是要訓(xùn)練自己說(shuō)“不”。該空前一句提到訓(xùn)練說(shuō)“不”可能聽起來(lái)很愚蠢，但實(shí)際上你可以獨(dú)自去訓(xùn)練自己說(shuō)“不”。由此可知E項(xiàng)“試著站在鏡子前，看著自己”符合語(yǔ)境，銜接上下文。
語(yǔ)法填空
(2020·貴陽(yáng)適應(yīng)性考試一)China’s space program has become the first 1.____________(land) a spacecraft on the so-called dark side of the moon. The landing on Thursday brought the country closer to its goal of becoming a space power.
Chang’e 4 sent a picture taken at 11：40 in the morning back to Earth. It shows small craters and 2.____________empty surface that appears to be 3.____________(light) by a light from the lunar explorer.
The name Chang’e comes from a subject of Chinese mythology that many Chinese believe 4.____________(live) on the moon for thousands of years.
The landing is an example of China’s 5.____________(grow) desire to compete with the American, Russian and European space 6.____________(program). China also wants to strengthen 7.____________(it) position.
Hou Xiyun is a professor at Nanjing University’s school of astronomy and space science. He told The Associated Press, “8.____________ the whole, China’s space technology still falls behind the West, but with the landing on the far side of the moon, we have raced to the front.”
He added that China plans to explore Mars, Jupiter and asteroids(小行星) in the future. “There’s no doubt 9.____________ our nation will go farther and farther，” he said.
In 2013, Chang’e 3 made the first moon landing since the former Soviet Union’s Luna 24 in 1976. The United States is the only country that has 10.____________(success) sent a person to the moon. But China is considering a crewed mission, as well.
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要通過(guò)講述“嫦娥四號(hào)”登陸月球背面介紹了中國(guó)的太空探索發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。
1．to land　解析：考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。the first to do sth.第一個(gè)做某事。故填to land。
2．a(chǎn)n　解析：考查冠詞。surface是可數(shù)名詞，且第一次在語(yǔ)境中出現(xiàn)，故用不定冠詞修飾，且empty的發(fā)音以元音音素開頭，故填an。
3．lit/lighted　解析：考查動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)。根據(jù)空后的介詞“by”并結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可知，此處是被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，即“be＋done”的形式，故填lit/lighted。
4．has lived　解析：考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，指代a subject，在從句中作主語(yǔ)，故此處應(yīng)用第三人稱單數(shù)形式；且根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for thousands of years可知，本句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故填has lived。
5．growing　解析：考查形容詞。growing 是形容詞，意為“增長(zhǎng)的”，在句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞desire。
6．programs　解析：考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。program是可數(shù)名詞，且其前無(wú)限定詞修飾，應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填programs。
7．its　解析：考查代詞。此處應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞its修飾名詞position。
8．On　解析：考查介詞。on the whole是固定搭配，意為“大體上”，符合語(yǔ)境，故填On。
9．that　解析：考查固定用法。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處考查固定用法there is no doubt that，意為“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)”，故填that。
10．successfully　解析：考查副詞。修飾動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用副詞，故填副詞successfully修飾其后的動(dòng)詞sent，在句子中作狀語(yǔ)。


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