一、語基必備知識(shí)
(一)重點(diǎn)詞匯——分類記憶
Ⅰ.閱讀詞匯——知其意
1．physician n． 醫(yī)師；內(nèi)科醫(yī)生
2．concept n. 概念；觀念
3．crime n. 罪，罪行
4．summary n. 總結(jié)；概括，概要
5．nutrition n. 營(yíng)養(yǎng)
6．tissue n. (生物的)組織；紙巾
Ⅱ.核心詞匯——寫其形
1．breakthrough n. 突破
2．relation n. 關(guān)系；親戚
3．majority n. 多數(shù)，大多數(shù)
4．ordinary adj. 普通的，一般的
5．confirm vt.& vi. 證實(shí)，證明；確認(rèn)；使確信
6．favour n. 贊同，支持；恩惠，幫助；
偏愛，偏袒
7．conduct vt. 實(shí)施；指揮樂隊(duì)
8．profit n. 利潤(rùn)，收益
vi.& vt. 獲益；對(duì)……有用
9．a(chǎn)griculture n. 農(nóng)業(yè)
10．consequence n. 結(jié)果，后果
11．transform vt. 使改變外觀或性質(zhì)(尤指向好的方向)；使改變形態(tài)
Ⅲ.拓展詞匯——通其變
1．exact adj. 精確的，準(zhǔn)確的→exactly adv.精確地；準(zhǔn)確地
2．a(chǎn)nxiety n．憂慮，焦慮，不安→anxious adj.擔(dān)憂的，焦急的
3．a(chǎn)dopt vt.收養(yǎng)，領(lǐng)養(yǎng)；采用，采納→adopted adj.收養(yǎng)的→adoption n．采用；收養(yǎng)
4．profession n．職業(yè)，行業(yè)→professional adj.專業(yè)的，職業(yè)的
5．original adj.原來的，起初的；首創(chuàng)的；非復(fù)制的→origin n．起源；出身，來歷
6．judgement n．判斷力；看法，評(píng)價(jià)；(法律)判決→judge v．判斷
7．a(chǎn)ccurate adj.準(zhǔn)確的，精確的→accurately adv.準(zhǔn)確地，精確地
8．a(chǎn)ctual adj.真實(shí)的，實(shí)際的→actually adv.事實(shí)上，實(shí)際上
9．frighten vt.使驚嚇，使驚恐→frightening adj.令人害怕的→frightened adj.(人)感到害怕的
10．permission n．準(zhǔn)許，許可，批準(zhǔn)→permit vt.許可，準(zhǔn)許 n．許可證
11．intention n．意圖，目的；企圖→intend vt.打算，想要
12．consideration n．仔細(xì)考慮；必須考慮的因素；體諒，顧及→consider v．考慮，認(rèn)為→considering prep.鑒于，考慮到→considerate adj.體貼的
13．reliable adj.可信賴的，可依靠的→rely vi.依靠，依賴


1.走進(jìn)“有緣詞”
①tissue組織→issue問題
②dessert甜點(diǎn)→desert舍棄
③affect vt.影響→effect n．影響
④principle信條→principal校長(zhǎng)
⑤adapt適應(yīng)→adopt收養(yǎng)
⑥expand擴(kuò)張→expend花費(fèi)
2.“犯罪”相關(guān)常見詞
①crime n． 罪，罪行
②accuse vt. 控告；指控
③charge vt. 控告
④commit vt. 犯(罪)
⑤punish vt. 懲罰；處罰
⑥sentence vt. 判決；宣判
3.“情緒”名詞集合
①anxiety 焦慮，憂慮
②depression 沮喪；抑郁癥
③sorrow 悲傷；悲痛
④sadness 悲傷，難過
⑤grief 悲傷；傷心事
(二)重點(diǎn)短語——記牢用活
1．on_the_one_hand...on_the_other_hand... 一方面……
另一方面……
2．toy_with 戲弄，擺弄；
把……當(dāng)作兒戲
3．push_ahead_with 義無反顧地進(jìn)
行，努力推進(jìn)
4．for_sale 供出售，待銷售
5．be/get_burnt_out 耗盡體力，累垮
6．follow_in_one’s_footsteps 效仿某人
7．take...into_consideration 認(rèn)真考慮
8．in_favour_of 贊同，支持
9．point_of_view 觀點(diǎn)
10．make_sense 有意義，有道理，講得通
11．put...in_place 準(zhǔn)備就緒，布置妥當(dāng)
12．rather_than 而不是
13．deal_with 處理，對(duì)付
14．compared_with 與……相比較
15．point_out 指出
16．in_summary 概括地說
17．in_agreement_with 同意；與……一致
18．turn_out 結(jié)果是，證明是；生產(chǎn)

1.“累垮”表達(dá)種種
①be/get burnt out
②be/get worn out
③be/get tired out
④be/get exhausted
2．“考慮”短語知多少
①take...into consideration
②take...into account
③take account of
④think over
3.學(xué)會(huì)“總結(jié)”好處多
①in summary
②in short
③in brief
④in conclusion
⑤in a/one word
⑥to sum up
⑦in all
⑧on the whole
4.“in＋n.＋of”短語薈萃
①in favour of 贊同，支持
②in memory of 為了紀(jì)念
③in honour of 為了紀(jì)念
④in view of 鑒于；由于
⑤in terms of 就……而言
⑥in case of 以防；萬一
⑦in need of 需要
⑧in place of 代替；取代
⑨in search of 尋找，尋求
(三)重點(diǎn)句式——背熟巧用
句型公式
教材原句
句型1：the first/second/...(＋n./pron.) to do sth.
The_first_mammal_to_be_cloned successfully from an adult cell was Dolly the sheep.
第一只成功地用成年動(dòng)物細(xì)胞克隆出的哺乳動(dòng)物是多利羊。
句型2：more...than...與其說……倒不如說……
The boy was more frightened than hurt.
這個(gè)男孩與其說是受傷不如說是害怕。
句型3：否定副詞與比較級(jí)連用表示最高級(jí)
Nowhere is this truer than with genetically modified(GM) food.
轉(zhuǎn)基因食品就是最好的例子。
二、語境強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練
Ⅰ.語境填詞——根據(jù)提示寫出該詞的適當(dāng)形式
1．I was a student who went on alternative trips and had my life totally transformed(轉(zhuǎn)變) by that experience.
2．Life is a series of choices and we can’t always foresee the consequences(結(jié)果)．
3．Surgeons have made a great breakthrough(突破) in the kidney transplant.
4．Some students failed to grasp even the simplest mathematical concepts(概念)．
5．The student had really answered the question completely, but the answer didn’t confirm(證明) his competence in physics.
6．(2019·北京卷) With her dad’s permission(permit)，she spent the next two years researching online.
7．Frightened(frighten) by the thunder, the little girl dare not sleep in her bedroom.
8．Anxiety(anxious) comes from not being able to adapt yourself in your own existence.
9．I don’t understand exactly(exact) what you are trying to say.
10．A market survey conducted(conduct) about sales in July shows the food price has increased by 20%.
Ⅱ.派生詞練習(xí)——用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空
1．With the intention of becoming famous and rich, many ordinary people intend to take part in some TV shows, such as The Voice of China, which is intended to find good singers.(intend)
2．My brother is a reliable person and you can rely on it that he can help you.(rely)
3．Mary was too frightened to tell her family the frightening scene because it frightened her to death.(frighten)
4．I will come after the meeting if time permits,_but I should ask for my headmaster’s permission first.(permit)
5．Your judgement is right.Judging from his look, he must be angry with us.But we can’t judge a person only by his/her appearance.(judge)
Ⅲ.選詞成篇
on the one hand; on the other hand; toy with; in favour of; push ahead with; follow in one’s footsteps
After Ian Wilmut created Dolly, more and more scientists 1.follow_in_his_footsteps to clone cows, goats and other animals. Some scientists even 2.push_ahead_with research in order to produce a cloned human body.Some people are 3.in_favour_of it while others are against it. 4.On_the_one_hand,_they think if people 5.toy_with nature in this way, it might result in catastrophes. 6.On_the_other_hand,_this experiment will make a breakthrough in producing human organs and tissues, which profits humans’ health.
deal with; turn out; take...into consideration; make (no) sense; rather than When some people 7.deal_with others, they firstly 8.take interests into_consideration,_which 9.turns_out to be wrong and also 10.makes_no_sense. I think it is faith 11.rather_than interests that matters while you are associating with others.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．劉洋是第一位在太空逗留過的中國(guó)女性。
Liu Yang is the_first_Chinese_female_to_have_stayed in space.
2．別對(duì)他太苛刻了，與其說他愚蠢倒不如說他被欺騙了。
Don’t be too hard on him.He’s more_cheated_than_stupid．
3．對(duì)于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)來說，圖書館是最好的地方了。
Nowhere_is_better than the library for students to study.


adopt　vt.采用；采納；收養(yǎng)
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空/對(duì)比填空
①M(fèi)any animal welfare organizations provide care and adoption(adopt) services for homeless animals.
②The young couple had no children of their own and adopted an orphan. After a few months, the child came to adapt to his new life. (adopt與adapt)
[能力提升]——完成句子
③我確實(shí)珍視這個(gè)受教育的機(jī)會(huì)，總是把這個(gè)箴言當(dāng)作座右銘。
I do cherish the educational opportunity and I always adopt_the_motto_to_serve_as_a_reminder．

(1)adopt sb.as... 收養(yǎng)/挑選某人為……
(2)adoption n. 收養(yǎng)；采用；通過
(3)adopted adj. 被收養(yǎng)的　
[佳句背誦] As far as I’m concerned, we should adopt an optimistic attitude in the face of great pressure.
就我個(gè)人而言，面對(duì)巨大壓力，我們應(yīng)該采取一種樂觀的態(tài)度。
[名師點(diǎn)津] 一字之差，意義上卻大相徑庭：adapt意為“(使)適應(yīng)；改編”；adopt意為“采用；采納；收養(yǎng)”。
consequence　n．結(jié)果，后果；重要性
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①a.He was in bad health; as a consequence, he was unable to attend school regularly.
b．As a consequence of bad health, he was unable to attend school regularly.
②It rained yesterday, and consequently(consequent), the match was cancelled.
[能力提升]——詞匯升級(jí)
③(普通表達(dá))To be honest, your opinion is very important to me.
(高級(jí)表達(dá))To be honest, your opinion is of_great_consequence/importance to me.

(1)as a consequence＝as a result
因此，所以
as a consequence of＝as a result of
由于；因?yàn)椤木壒?br /> (2)be of great/no consequence 重要的/無足輕重的
(3)consequently adv. 因此；結(jié)果　
[佳句背誦] Sea level rise is expected as a consequence of continuing climate change, which is caused by human activities.　人們認(rèn)為海平面上升是人類活動(dòng)引起的持續(xù)氣候變化的結(jié)果。
transform　vi.& vt.轉(zhuǎn)化；轉(zhuǎn)換；改造；變換
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①The company has been transformed from a family business into one with 5，000 workforce.
②The past ten years has witnessed a complete transformation(transform) of my hometown.
[能力提升]——詞匯升級(jí)
③(普通表達(dá))Your generous help and tender care turned my first American trip into an unforgettable memory.
(高級(jí)表達(dá))Your generous help and tender care transformed my first American trip into an unforgettable memory.

(1)transform...into... 把……變成……
transform sb./sth.from... 把某人/物從……中
轉(zhuǎn)變
(2)transformation n. 改變，變革　
[佳句背誦] I’m fully aware that it’s the experience from my life abroad that has totally transformed me.
我充分意識(shí)到，是在國(guó)外的生活經(jīng)歷完全改變了我。
majority　n．大多數(shù)；大半
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①With the prices going up, the majority of people find(find) it hard to live on the amount of money they get.
②The majority were/was(be) on the England’s team, which greatly disappointed them.
③(北京卷)In fact, he inspires me to major in English in college, to be a bridge between China and the world.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④(2018·浙江卷6月)作為主修英語的畢業(yè)生，申請(qǐng)這個(gè)職位我很高興。
As_a_graduate_majoring_in_the_English_language，
I feel excited to apply for the position.

(1)a/the majority of... 大多數(shù)……
be in the majority 占大多數(shù)
(2)major n．& v. 專業(yè)；主修
major in... 主修……
(3)minority n. 少數(shù)
be in the minority 占少數(shù)
[佳句背誦] When I have a different opinion, I may choose to give it up and respect the opinions of the majority.　當(dāng)我有不同的意見時(shí)，我可能選擇放棄，尊重大多數(shù)人的意見。
[名師點(diǎn)津] (1)a/the majority of＋名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與of后面的名詞相一致；
(2)the majority單獨(dú)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單復(fù)數(shù)均可。
confirm　vt.&vi. 證實(shí)，證明；確認(rèn)；使確信
[能力提升]——完成句子
①最近的空難堅(jiān)定了我的信念，那就是需要更強(qiáng)大的安全規(guī)則。
The recent airplane crash confirms_my_belief_that stronger safety regulations are needed.
②已經(jīng)確定會(huì)議將于下個(gè)星期召開。
It_has_been_confirmed_that the meeting will take place next week.

confirm a theory/rumor 證實(shí)一種理論/謠言
confirm one’s belief 堅(jiān)定某人的信念
confirm that... 確定/證實(shí)……
It has been confirmed that... 已確定/證實(shí)……　
[佳句背誦] His new role could confirm him as one of our leading actors.
他的新角色會(huì)確保他躋身我們的一流演員之列。
favour　n．幫助，恩惠；善意的行為；贊成；關(guān)心　v．偏愛；贊成；有利于
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①Everyone present at the meeting was in favour of what he put forward.
②a.(2019·江蘇卷)Favorable(favor) policies are in effect to encourage employees’ professional development.
b．(2017·江蘇卷)On the Internet, people can seek information about their favorite(favor) stars and buy tickets at a discount as well, which is both time-saving and economical.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③He did_her_a_great_favour/did_a_great_favour_for_her(幫了她一個(gè)大忙) by giving her some valuable suggestions.
④(浙江卷)—Hey, can I ask_a_favour_of_you/ask_you_a_favour(請(qǐng)求你幫忙)?
—Sure, what can I do for you？

(1)ask sb.a favour＝ask a favour of sb.
請(qǐng)某人幫忙
do sb.a favour＝do a favour for sb.
給某人以恩惠；幫助某人
in favour of 支持，贊同
(2)favourable adj. 贊成的；有利的
favourite adj. 最喜愛的　
[佳句背誦] There is a Chinese saying going like this: The favour of a drop of water has been rewarded with the gratitude of a fountain of water.
中國(guó)有句諺語：受人滴水之恩，當(dāng)以涌泉相報(bào)。
frighten　vt.使吃驚；驚嚇
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①a.(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)He had tried to coax(哄) the dog to him but, frightened(frighten), it had run off.
b．(浙江卷)A sudden stop can be a very frightening(frighten) experience, especially if you are travelling at high speed.
②They frightened the small boy into telling them the secret.
[能力提升]——完成句子/句式升級(jí)
③(普通表達(dá))She was_frightened_by_the_frightening_scene(被那可怕的景象嚇壞了). She got so nervous that she trembled from head to foot.
④(高級(jí)表達(dá))Frightened_by_the_frightening_scene,_she got so nervous that she trembled from head to foot.(過去分詞短語作狀語)

(1)frighten sb. into/out of doing sth.
嚇得某人做/不做某事
(2)fright n. 恐懼，害怕
frightening adj. 令人恐懼的，可怕的
frightened adj. 害怕的，受到驚嚇的
　
[名師點(diǎn)津] “動(dòng)詞＋ sb.＋ into/out of doing sth.”的常見動(dòng)詞集錦： talk/argue/persuade sb. into doing sth.說服某人做某事；talk/argue/persuade sb. out of doing sth.說服某人不做某事；force sb. into doing sth.迫使某人做某事
permission　n．準(zhǔn)許，許可，批準(zhǔn)
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①Without a driver’s permit, you are not permitted to_drive(drive) the car.
②When asked why she came in without permission(permit), she just stared at me and said nothing.
③No reference books are to be taken out of the reading room without permission.

(1)without one’s permission　 未經(jīng)某人允許
ask for permission 請(qǐng)求允許
(2)permit v. 允許，許可
permit sb.to do sth. 允許某人做某事
permit doing sth. 允許做某事　
on the one hand...on the other hand...　一方面……另一方面……
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①On the other hand, they can enrich my life and provide me with great fun.
②To improve your English, first(ly), you should listen more；second(ly),_you should read more.
③I’m not going to buy it；for one thing I don’t like the color, and for another it’s far too expensive.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)一方面，我精通英語口語，另一方面，我有陪伴外國(guó)朋友的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
On_the_one_hand，I_have_a_good_command_of_spoken_English；on_the_other_hand,_I have some experience in accompanying foreign friends.

(1)first(ly)．..second(ly)．..　 第一……第二……
(2)for one thing...for another...
一則……二則……　
[佳句背誦] ①On the one hand, I have a strong belief that I will do well in the exam; on the other hand, I feel a bit nervous, though it’s not difficult.
一方面，我非常自信能在考試中做好；另一方面，我感覺有點(diǎn)緊張，盡管考試并不難。
②For one thing there isn’t time, and for another we haven’t enough money.　一方面是沒有時(shí)間，另一方面是我們沒有足夠的錢。
take...into consideration　認(rèn)真考慮
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①(上海卷)All the staff in our company are considering going(go) to the city centre for the fashion show.
②If you want to go for a picnic, you’d better take the weather into consideration(consider)．
[能力提升]——完成句子
③時(shí)間因素是我們必須首先考慮的。
Time factor is what we must first take_into_consideration．
④許多建議正在考慮之中。
A number of proposals are under_consideration．

(1)show consideration for　 對(duì)……表示關(guān)心
under consideration 在討論/考慮中
out of consideration for 出于對(duì)……的考慮/體諒
(2)consider vt. 考慮；認(rèn)為
consider doing sth. 考慮做某事
(3)considerate adj. 考慮周到的；體貼的
(4)considering prep. 考慮到；就……而言；
鑒于　

the first/second/...(＋n./pron.) to do sth.
(教材P42)The first mammal to be cloned successfully from an adult cell was Dolly the sheep.
第一只成功地用成年動(dòng)物細(xì)胞克隆出的哺乳動(dòng)物是多利羊。
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①(湖南卷)The ability to_express(express) an idea is as important as the idea itself.
②There was no signal in that faraway village and all my attempts to_contact(contact) you failed.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③(安徽卷)我真的很想采訪楊利偉，因?yàn)樗粌H是第一個(gè)去太空的中國(guó)人，還是世界上最偉大的宇航員之一。
I would really like to interview Yang Liwei because he is not only the_first_Chinese_to_go_to_space but also one of the greatest astronauts in the world.

(1)當(dāng)中心詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)等修飾時(shí)或前有next, only, last等時(shí)，常用不定式作后置定語。
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式作定語用來修飾抽象名詞時(shí)，常見的有ability, chance, ambition, offer, anxiety，answer, reply, attempt, belief等?！?
[佳句背誦] ①He was the last one to reach the finishing line in the race.
他是在比賽中最后一個(gè)到達(dá)終點(diǎn)線的人。
②She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
她是第一位在奧運(yùn)會(huì)上獲得金牌的女性。
more... than...與其說……倒不如說……
(教材P50)The boy was more frightened than hurt.
這個(gè)男孩與其說是受傷不如說是害怕。
[一詞多義]——寫出下列句中more than的含義
①(2019·北京卷) First celebrated in 1970, Earth Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and regions(地區(qū))．超過
②(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves.不僅僅是
③(天津卷)If there is something else that we can do for you, we are more than glad to give a helping hand.非常
[能力提升]——完成句子
④It will take him no_more_than(僅僅) five days to read the book.
⑤He failed in the exam again. In my view, he_was_more_lazy_than_stupid(與其說他笨倒不如說他懶)．

(1)more...than...　 與其說……倒不如說……；
是……而不是……
(2)more than＋數(shù)詞或從句　 超過……
more than＋形容詞 非常……
more than＋名詞 不只是；不僅是……
(3)no more than 只不過；僅僅
not more than 不超過；至多
rather than 而不是
other than 除了；不同于　
[佳句背誦] I’m more than delighted to learn that you are going to visit your Chinese friend. 　我很高興得知你要拜訪中國(guó)友人。(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)


維度一　在空白處填入括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式
1．We were astonished to find the temple still in its original(origin) condition.
2．Paul’s mother had him adopted(adopt) because she couldn’t look after him herself.
3．You can get plenty of valuable information from some reliable(rely) sources.
4．Amy was the only person to_witness(witness) the car accident.
5．Safe driving is good driving because it takes the lives of other people into consideration(consider)．
維度二　在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~
1．In our city, almost everyone is in favour of bringing down the housing price because it is too high for us to buy one.
2．This story is no more interesting than the one our teacher told us in class.
3．No human being could have passed a happier childhood than myself.
4．I have no way yet as to how to deal with such a complicated situation.
5．Compared with other applicants, you are more suited to the job.
維度三　語境品詞(寫出加黑詞匯在語境中的意義)
1．(2017·北京卷)Of the two trips, I favour the former one. 偏愛，喜歡
2．As you know, smoking is one of the major causes of cancer, so you’d better give it up.主要的
3．No reference books are to be taken out of the reading room without permission.允許
4．We should make teenagers realize the risk and consequence of taking drugs by putting more safety education into textbooks.后果
維度四　易錯(cuò)誤用(改正下列句子中的錯(cuò)誤)
1．Whatever happens, we must push ahead forward our plans to increase production.forward→with
2．What has been confirmed that workers’ salary will be closely connected with their task.What→It或在that前加上is
3．I need to call my dad and ask for permit before we go out.permit→permission
4．For me, music is much a way of life than an interest.much→more
5．He wrote the letter with intention of asking for some advice.在with之后加the
6．On the one hand, of course, cars are very useful; on other hand, they cause air pollution.
在other前加the
7．The frightening child held his mother’s hand tightly.frightening→frightened
8．You are the second teacher asking me the question today.asking→to_ask
維度五　完成句子
1．生活在你忙于制訂別的計(jì)劃時(shí)不期而至。
Life is what happens while_you_are_busy making other plans.
2．先生，如果沒有我們經(jīng)理的允許，你不準(zhǔn)進(jìn)入這座大樓。
Sir, you are not allowed to enter the building if you don’t get_our_manager’s_permission．
3．(四川卷)一方面，我堅(jiān)信會(huì)在考試中做得很好；另一方面，雖然不難，我仍感覺有點(diǎn)緊張。
On_the_one_hand，I_have_strong_belief_that I will do well in the exam; on_the_other_hand,_I feel a bit nervous, though it’s not difficult.
4．這項(xiàng)新政策一定會(huì)讓公眾受益。這就是我支持它的原因。
The new policy is bound to benefit the public.This_is_why_I’m_in_favour_of_it.
5．你最好抓住這次機(jī)會(huì)，接受他們提供的工作。我覺得你在以后不會(huì)找到更好的工作。
You’d better take the chance and accept their offer. I_don’t_think_you_will_get_a_better_job in the future.

提能一　語段填空(短文中黑體部分為本單元核心知識(shí)點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)補(bǔ)全短文，并背誦體會(huì)黑體部分用法)
Recently, we 1.have_conducted(conduct) a survey as to the policy of being coal-free. The 2.majority(major) of students are 3.in favour of it. They think it is necessary 4.to_adopt(adopt) some serious measures to stop air pollution. Most residents in the countryside use a great amount of coal in the winter. As 5.a consequence, air pollution in the winter is particularly serious. They hold the point of view 6.that if we didn’t take action immediately, there 7.would_be(be) no chance to regret. It is reported that the first city 8.to_enforce(enforce) the policy has witnessed a great improvement in air quality. In my opinion, on the one hand, we should also take some other factors into 9.consideration(consider), such as the cost, the source of alternative energy. On the other hand, I think that the policy won’t work well unless 10.carried(carry) out consistently.
提能二　話題寫作(用本單元詞匯、句式和語法知識(shí)寫滿分作文)
1．補(bǔ)全要點(diǎn)句(黑體部分請(qǐng)用本單元所學(xué)詞匯)
①眾所周知，現(xiàn)在新技術(shù)越來越多地被人們所采用。
We know that more and more new technologies are_being_adopted nowadays.
②一方面，這些新技術(shù)滿足了我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹男枰?，使我們受益匪淺；另一方面，它們也給我們帶來了不好的影響。
On_the_one_hand,_they have satisfied our needs in our daily life and profited us a lot; on_the_other_hand,_they have some bad effects on us.
③以互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為例，它使人們之間的聯(lián)系更加容易了，但越來越多的人沉湎于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以至于身體要垮掉了。
Take the Internet for example, it has made it easier for people to get in touch with each other, but more and more people are addicted to the Internet, so_that_they_are_getting_burned_out．
④總的說來，新技術(shù)給我們帶來的利要大于弊。
In_summary,_new technologies are bringing us more advantages than disadvantages.
2．升級(jí)平淡句
⑤用定語從句升級(jí)句①
As_we_know,_more_and_more_new_technologies_are_being_adopted_nowadays.
3．銜接成美文(注意使用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡銜接詞匯：however)
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One possible version:
As we know, more and more new technologies are being adopted nowadays.
On the one hand they have satisfied our needs in our daily life and profited us a lot; on the other hand, they have some bad effects on us.Take the Internet for example, it has made it easier for people to get in touch with each other, but more and more people are addicted to the Internet, so that they are getting burned out.However, in summary, new technologies are bringing us more advantages than disadvantages.

課時(shí)練1　2篇閱讀＋1篇完形
閱讀理解
A
(2020·宣城診斷)

In the story of The Crow and the Pitcher from Aesop’s Fables, a thirsty crow(烏鴉) drops stones into a narrow jar to raise the low level of water inside so he can take a drink.
Now scientists have evidence to back up that story. Crows actually do understand how to make water displacement(排水量) work to their advantage, experiments show. The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as first-graders.
Researchers, led by Sarah Jelbert at the University of Cambridge, presented six crows with tubes containing water. Inside the tubes, a worm or a piece of meat on a piece of wood was floating, just out of reach of the crows. In front of the tubes, the researchers arranged several rubber erasers that would sink, and some plastic objects that would float. The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.
However, the_birds_handled_awkwardly in experiments in which they could choose to drop objects in either a wide tube or a narrow one to get a snack, the researchers said. Dropping objects into a narrow tube would lift the water level by a greater amount and put the treat within reach after just two drops; while it took around seven drops to raise the snack to the same level in the wide tube. The crows obviously didn’t realize this, and most of them went for the wide tube first.
Previous studies showed that chimps and human children can solve similar tasks. In a 2011 study, chimps and kids found out that they could put water into a tube to reach a peanut that was floating in a small amount of water at the bottom.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文主要介紹了科學(xué)家通過實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)烏鴉智商進(jìn)行的研究。
1．How did the crows get the snack in Sarah’s experiment?
A．By breaking the tube.
B．By dropping in erasers.
C．By standing on the wood.
D．By removing the wood.
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“The crows found out that they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise the water level and get their snack.”可知，烏鴉能夠把橡皮擦扔到管里，使水位升高，然后吃到零食。所以選B項(xiàng)。
2．What does the author mean by “the birds handled awkwardly” in Paragraph 4?
A．They were unable to tell different shapes.
B．They dropped objects only into narrow tubes.
C．They were not aware of the snack at first sight.
D．They mostly avoided the easier way to get the snack.
D　解析：推理判斷題。從第四段可知，實(shí)驗(yàn)中的烏鴉在面對(duì)粗細(xì)不同的管子時(shí)，雖然只需往細(xì)管里投兩次物體就可以夠到零食，而需往粗管里投大約七次物體才能夠到零食，但是烏鴉往往先去粗管那邊，而沒有選擇更容易獲得零食的細(xì)管。由此可推知，畫線部分是說它們通常沒有選擇更容易的方式得到零食。
3．What does the text mainly focus on?
A．Stories of Aesop’s Fables.
B．The development of crows.
C．Crows’ intelligence.
D．Human-animal communication.
C　解析：主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as first-graders.”以及下文中的實(shí)驗(yàn)可知，整篇文章都是圍繞烏鴉的智商問題來展開的。
4．What do we know about crows in the passage?
A．Crows are almost as clever as first-graders in some respects.
B．Crows understand water displacement completely.
C．Chimps and children are much smarter than crows.
D．The story of The Crow and the Pitcher lacks evidence.
A　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“The results suggest that the birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as first-graders.”可知，烏鴉在一些方面幾乎跟一年級(jí)學(xué)生一樣聰明。
B
(2020·濰坊統(tǒng)一考試)

Plants cannot run or hide, so they need other strategies to avoid being eaten. Some curl up their leaves, others produce chemicals to make themselves taste bad if they sense animals drooling on them, chewing them up or laying eggs on them—all signals of an attack. New research now shows that some flora can feel a plant-eating animal well before it launches an attack, letting a plant prepare a preemptive(先發(fā)制人的) defense that even works against other pest species.
When ecologist John Orrock of the University of Wisconsin-Madison sprayed snail slime—a liquid the animals release as they slide along—onto soil, nearby tomato plants appeared to notice. They increased their levels of an enzyme(酶), which is known to prevent plant-eating animals. “None of the plants were ever actually attacked，” Orrock says. “We just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming, and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry.”
Initially Orrock found this defense worked against snails; in the latest study, his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat. The investigators found that hungry caterpillars(毛蟲), which usually eat tomato leaves greedily, had no appetite for them after the plants were exposed to snail slime and activated their chemical resistance. This nonspecific defense may be a strategy that benefits the plants by further improving their overall possibilities of survival, says Orrock, who reported the results with his colleagues in March in Oecologia.
The finding that a snail’s approach can cause a plant response that affects a different animal made Richard Karban curious, a plant communications expert, who was not involved in the study. “It is significant that the plants are responding before being damaged and that these cues are having such far-ranging effects，” Karban says. “The research was comprehensive，” he adds, “but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them.”
“That’s the million-dollar question，” Orrock says. He hopes future research will make out the mechanisms that enable plants to sense these relatively distant cues.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文主要介紹了一項(xiàng)新的科學(xué)研究。研究表明植物會(huì)對(duì)外在威脅相當(dāng)警覺，會(huì)自動(dòng)作出反應(yīng)進(jìn)行自我保護(hù)。
5．John Orrock sprayed a liquid onto soil near tomato plants to ________．
A．make them grow better
B．give them a warning
C．keep plant-eating animals away
D．inform plant-eating animals of danger
B　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“We just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming, and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry.”可推知，John Orrock在西紅柿植株附近的泥土上噴灑液體的目的是給予植物一種警告，讓它們能夠產(chǎn)生自我保護(hù)性反應(yīng)，且其與第三段第一句中的“his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat”呼應(yīng)，故選B。
6．Why is the example of caterpillars mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A．To introduce another animal.
B．To confirm the result of the study.
C．To appeal to people to protect animals.
D．To analyze different resistance chemicals.
B　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“Initially Orrock found this defense worked against snails；in the latest study, his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat.”可推知，文章中提到毛蟲的例子是為了驗(yàn)證研究的結(jié)果，故選B。
7．What does Richard Karban really want to know?
A．How tomato plants become aware of danger.
B．What the chemicals in the snail slime are.
C．Whether the research is of practical value.
D．What the finding of the research is.
A　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句“‘The research was comprehensive，’he adds，‘but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them.’”，并結(jié)合對(duì)最后一段的整體理解可推知，Richard Karban實(shí)際上想了解的是西紅柿植株是如何意識(shí)到危險(xiǎn)的，故選A。
8．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Watchful Plants B．Greedy Animals
C．A Snail’s Approach D．A Defense Attack
A　解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)文章中的關(guān)鍵詞plant，并結(jié)合對(duì)全文的整體理解可推知，本文主要講述的是有關(guān)植物的科學(xué)研究，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)植物有對(duì)外在威脅或攻擊的自我保護(hù)性反應(yīng)，故選A。
完形填空
(2020·昆明教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè))My least favorite part was participating in sport meets, for I loved running by myself. When faced with running against fellow athletes, I was __1__. I had butterflies in my stomach and the sudden urge to go to the nearest __2__. This year, __3__， I was encouraged to join in a running competition by my coach.
The 800－meter event was approaching, meaning that I would __4__ soon. I breathed deeply and tried to __5__ my worries. I walked over to some of the __6__ who would run with me and started to __7__ with them. We were all loosening up and getting ready to run as __8__ as possible.
I stepped up to the line for the event. The starter raised his starting gun and __9__. About twenty-five runners __10__. With these runners around me, I __11__ my coach’s words, “You may be small, but you have __12__ power.” So, I kept up with athletes twice my __13__. I picked up the runner in seventh place and based my steps on him, making it a little bit faster. One by one, I __14__ to make it to the top four, bursting around the lap.
It was the last lap before the final straightaway. I __15__ I had the possibility to win. So I widened my steps, speeding up my __16__. I caught up with the runner in first place and we ran side by side down the last 100 meters—I __17__ him by a hair at the finishing line.
My coach gave me a __18__ hug as I headed back to see him. He was __19__ because I had shortened my original __20__ by twelve seconds at least.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇記敘文?！拔摇币郧跋矚g一個(gè)人跑步，最不愛參加運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)，但是今年“我”努力嘗試，參加了跑步比賽。
1．A.shocked B．nervous
C．comfortable D．brave
B　解析：根據(jù)上文中的“for I loved running by myself”以及空后的“I had butterflies in my stomach”可知，當(dāng)“我”與運(yùn)動(dòng)員同伴賽跑時(shí)，“我”很緊張。
2．A.stadium B．hospital
C．bathroom D．station
C　解析：根據(jù)該句中的“I had butterflies in my stomach”并結(jié)合選項(xiàng)和常識(shí)可推知，“我”和其他人一起跑步很緊張，會(huì)突然急切地想去最近的洗手間。
3．A.however B．instead
C．otherwise D．moreover
A　解析：空處所在句表示今年教練鼓勵(lì)“我”去參加跑步比賽，與上文內(nèi)容形成轉(zhuǎn)折，所以用however“然而”。
4．A.delay B．fail
C．escape D．compete
D　解析：根據(jù)空前的“The 800-meter event was approaching”可知，“我”很快將參加800米比賽。
5．A.ignore B．increase
C．form D．imagine
A　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，“我”深呼吸并試圖忽略自己的擔(dān)憂。
6．A.reporters B．judges
C．runners D．coaches
C　解析：根據(jù)語境和空后的“who would run with me”可知，“我”走向一些將和“我”一起跑步的跑步者，開始和他們一起熱身(warm up)。
7．A.watch out B．turn back
C．get away D．warm up
D　解析：參見上題解析。
8．A.smoothly B．rapidly
C．calmly D．patiently
B　解析：根據(jù)空前的“We were all...to run”并結(jié)合常識(shí)可知，“我們”都準(zhǔn)備好盡可能快地奔跑。
9．A.returned B．withdrew
C．screamed D．fired
D　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，發(fā)令員舉起發(fā)令槍并開槍(示意起跑)。
10．A.took off B．set down
C．looked on D．went about
A　解析：根據(jù)上文可知，發(fā)令員開槍示意起跑，大約25名賽跑者出發(fā)。
11．A.challenged B．recalled
C．forgot D．a(chǎn)dapted
B　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，被這些賽跑者包圍，“我”想起了教練的話。
12．A.exact B．great
C．practical D．suitable
B　解析：根據(jù)空前的“You may be small” “but”并結(jié)合語境可知，此處表示你或許弱小，但你擁有巨大的力量。
13．A.pressure B．salary
C．size D．a(chǎn)ge
C　解析：根據(jù)語境并結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知，“我”與兩倍于自己體格的運(yùn)動(dòng)員齊頭并進(jìn)。
14．A.offered B．pretended
C．regretted D．managed
D　解析：根據(jù)空后的“make it to the top four”可知，“我”設(shè)法跑進(jìn)了前四。
15．A.claimed B．heard
C．supposed D．remembered
C　解析：根據(jù)上文中的“the last lap”可知，“我”認(rèn)為自己有獲勝的可能。
16．A.speech B．mind
C．fight D．pace
D　解析：根據(jù)空前的“So I widened my steps”可知，“我”跨大步子，加快了速度。
17．A.beat B．pushed
C．dragged D．followed
A　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，“我”追上了第一名，并和他肩并肩跑完了最后的100米，在終點(diǎn)線以微弱的優(yōu)勢(shì)贏了他。
18．A.soft B．cautious
C．firm D．slight
C　解析：根據(jù)上文內(nèi)容可知，“我”在賽跑中取得了第一名，當(dāng)“我”回去看教練時(shí)，教練給了“我”一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的擁抱。
19．A.excited B．disappointed
C．relaxed D．depressed
A　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，教練很興奮，因?yàn)椤拔摇北茸约涸鹊?跑步)時(shí)間(time)至少縮短了12秒。
20．A.distance B．time
C．lap D．step
B　解析：參見上題解析。
課時(shí)練2　1篇閱讀＋1篇七選五
＋1篇改錯(cuò)＋1篇書面表達(dá)
閱讀理解
(2020· 銅陵調(diào)研) Super-storm Sandy slammed into the eastern United States a few years ago. The wind-driven water caused a lot of flooding, especially in the region’s subway system. Now two teens have invented a device that could help prevent future subway floods.
In New York City alone, Super-storm Sandy caused an estimated $19 billion in damage. Much of the flood-waters entered the subway system through its ventilation grates (通風(fēng)柵). Those metal grills usually lie at ground level. When the system is shut down ahead of a flood, engineers try to cover those grates with plywood (膠合板) and sandbags. But the flooding often washes away those measures, which allows water to flow into the tunnels. Raising those grates even a tiny bit above ground level would cost a lot of money. Other ideas have included building tall chimneys around the holes. That would raise the grates and cost a lot of money, too.
Kyle and Raymond came up with a different, less expensive idea. They designed a metal grate with a built-in, adjustable cover. When trains are running, one part of the grate slides open to bring in fresh air. But when the system is shut down, that part can be slid shut to completely block the grate.
Their grate is the same size as the grates used now. So, it would be simple, they say, to lift out the old grate and drop in a replacement. Their design includes tamper-proof features, which can prevent operation mistakes. They make sure that people don’t intentionally shut off airflow during normal conditions. For people with the proper key, it would only take a minute or two to close the grate ahead of a flood.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文主要講述了幾年前超級(jí)風(fēng)暴Sandy猛烈襲擊美國(guó)東部，造成了洪水災(zāi)害，當(dāng)?shù)氐牡罔F被洪水淹沒。為防止地鐵再次被洪水淹沒，兩位少年發(fā)明了一種裝置。
1．What’s the second paragraph mainly about?
A．The steps to operate grates.
B．The measures to prevent flood.
C．The function of plywood and sandbags.
D．The disadvantage of present subway system.
D　解析：段落大意題。根據(jù)第二段第一句可知，據(jù)估計(jì)超級(jí)風(fēng)暴Sandy僅在紐約市就造成了價(jià)值190億美元的損失。文章接下來分析了超級(jí)風(fēng)暴造成的洪水淹沒地鐵的原因：目前的地鐵系統(tǒng)存在很大的弊端。故選D。
2．Which of the following words best describes the two teens’ new invention?
A．Costly.　 B．Time-saving.
C．Practical. D．Conventional.
C　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一、二句“Their grate is the same size as the grates used now. So, it would be simple, they say, to lift out the old grate and drop in a replacement.”可知，他們使用的柵欄和現(xiàn)在使用的柵欄大小一樣，所以，他們說這會(huì)很容易就可以把舊的柵欄取出來，并放入一個(gè)替換柵欄；再結(jié)合最后一段最后一句可推知，新的柵欄操作起來也很方便。故選C。
3．What’s the purpose of designing the tamper-proof feature?
A．To replace the old grate correctly.
B．To close the grate ahead of a flood.
C．To ensure airflow in normal conditions.
D．To stop the train speeding up unexpectedly.
C　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第三、四句可知，設(shè)計(jì)干預(yù)防護(hù)的特點(diǎn)可以阻止操作失誤，有了干預(yù)防護(hù)，他們確保人們不會(huì)有意地在正常情況下關(guān)掉空氣流通的功能，故選C。
4．Where does the text most probably come from?
A．A news report.
B．An adventurous story.
C．An introduction to new equipment.
D．A guidebook to making grates.
A　解析：文章出處題。通讀全文可知，本文主要講述了兩位少年發(fā)明了一種成本較低、實(shí)用的地鐵防洪裝置以及該裝置的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)，應(yīng)該屬于新聞報(bào)道類文章，故選A。
七選五
(2020·廣東七校聯(lián)考)We all have to make decisions all the time, and we have an abundance of choices, ranging from tiny issues to vital ones. Unfortunately, people often find it hard to make decisions. 1.________If you would like to improve your skill of decision making, here are four suggestions for you.
Don’t expect to have it all.
2．________ You can’t order every delicious dish on the menu. And there will be paths not taken, careers not chosen, to name but a few. You can imagine some “what if” situations if you must, but do not let them take up too much space in your brain.
3．________
It’s often good to think through your decisions. But don’t overdo it. Research can reach a point where returns begin to reduce, which makes it confusing more than clarifying. Many good decisions can be made based as much on intuition(直覺) as on careful assessment of endless data.
Don’t delay making decisions.
Yes, there is a time to put off making a decision. Perhaps you need more information. 4.________ Or it’s likely that you wait for a less stressful time. Just don’t wait so long that the decision is made by your own indecisiveness.
Don’t be hard on yourself.
You decide to go on a voyage. You choose an expensive liner. Everything should work out just right. Only you didn’t expect a bug that ran around on the ship, making you and your family sick for five days. 5.________ But please remember it is unavoidable sometimes.
A．Don’t spend too much time thinking.
B．It is an important source of information.
C．You may regret making such a stupid decision.
D．Don’t count on emotion to make decisions.
E．Maybe you wish to consult with your adviser.
F．Decisions force us to close the door on other possibilities.
G．That means the skill of good decision making counts a lot.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了提高決策技能的四條建議，包括不要求全責(zé)備，不要費(fèi)時(shí)思慮太多，不要延誤做決定和不要苛求自己。
1．G　解析：根據(jù)空處所在位置可知，該句承上啟下；根據(jù)空前一句“Unfortunately, people often find it hard to make decisions.”可知，不幸的是，人們經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)很難做決定。據(jù)此可以推斷，做好決定的技能很重要，故G項(xiàng)正確?？仗幭挛闹械摹皔our skill of decision making”也是提示。
2．F　解析：根據(jù)該段小標(biāo)題Don’t expect to have it all.可知，該段主要論述“不要求全責(zé)備”；結(jié)合空后的“You can’t order every delicious dish on the menu. And there will be paths not taken, careers not chosen, to name but a few.”可知，做決定迫使我們關(guān)上了其他可能性的大門，故F項(xiàng)正確。
3．A　解析：根據(jù)空處所在的位置可知，空處為該段的小標(biāo)題；結(jié)合本段第一、二句“It’s often good to think through your decisions. But don’t overdo it.”可知，該段主要論述“不要費(fèi)時(shí)思慮太多”這一觀點(diǎn)，故A項(xiàng)正確。
4．E　解析：根據(jù)空前的“there is a time to put off making a decision”可知，空處與空前一句和空后一句都為延遲做決定的可能原因，故E項(xiàng)“你可能希望咨詢你的顧問”符合語境。
5．C　解析：根據(jù)該段小標(biāo)題Don’t be hard on yourself.可知，該段主要論述“不要苛求自己”；結(jié)合空后一句“But please remember it is unavoidable sometimes.”可知，請(qǐng)你要記住這有時(shí)是不可避免的事情。據(jù)此可以推斷，空處表示“你可能會(huì)后悔做這個(gè)愚蠢的決定”，故C項(xiàng)正確。
短文改錯(cuò)
(2020·合肥第一次質(zhì)檢)Last month our class organized a hike along the Chaobai River, which run through Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin. Much to my disappoint, I found the river was serious polluted. At that moment, I was determined to do what I could protect it. First, under my teacher’s help, I used the equipments from the school lab to test the quality of the river water. But then, I used the data I had collected it to analyze the pollution of the river. Finally, I write a report on the pollution of the river to the local government. I also gave a presentation in class where I suggested that we must make changes to protect our water resources.
答案：
Last month our class organized a hike along the Chaobai River, which through Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin. Much to my ， I found the river was polluted. At that moment, I was determined to do what I could protect it. First, my teacher’s help, I used the from the school lab to test the quality of the river water. then, I used the data I had collected to analyze the pollution of the river. Finally, I a report on the pollution of the river to the local government. I also gave a presentation in class where I suggested that we / make changes to protect our water resources.
書面表達(dá)
(2020·安徽省示范高中模擬)假設(shè)你是李華，你的英國(guó)好友Peter打算來中國(guó)旅游，他想先學(xué)習(xí)一些中文，卻不知道如何入門。你決定幫助他，寫一封郵件告訴他你的想法。要點(diǎn)如下：
1．你給他的學(xué)習(xí)建議；
2．介紹你的幫助計(jì)劃；
3．對(duì)結(jié)果的展望。
注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右；
2．可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；
3．開頭和結(jié)尾已為你寫好，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。
Dear Peter，
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
One possible version：
Dear_Peter，
Glad to hear that you are going to take a trip to China this August. As I know, you are always interested in Chinese culture and want to learn some Chinese. Therefore, I suggest that you choose Chinese daily dialogue as a start, like greeting people, asking for directions and bargaining for souvenirs, which can help you a lot during your trip.
Learning a foreign language needs great efforts. Apparently, I’d like to be your teacher and send you an e-book with my teaching schedule later. Besides let’s have an online class over the Internet every weekend, through which I will try my best to make your learning easier and surely you can speak some fluent Chinese before your arrival.
Looking_forward_to_your_early_reply.
Yours，
Li_Hua


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