2024 年北京高考英語閱讀理解試題題材廣泛，涵蓋人與自我、人與社會和人與自然等多個主題語境，貼近時代、貼近社會、貼近生活、貼近學(xué)生。試題依托語篇，全面考查學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力，突出高階思維的考查，引導(dǎo)中學(xué)教學(xué)回歸課標(biāo)、回歸課堂。閱讀理解的選材注重價值引領(lǐng)，體現(xiàn)學(xué)科的育人功能。例如，有的文章講述了作者在一次考試失敗后，不斷突破自我、鍥而不舍追逐夢想的歷程；有的文章指出人類應(yīng)停止“宇宙是不是模擬”的爭論，依托新的科技成果，創(chuàng)造性地探索未知世界；還有的文章從科學(xué)的視角探討道德規(guī)范的根源。這些文章不僅有助于考生獲取有效信息，正確認(rèn)識世界和中國發(fā)展大勢，還能培養(yǎng)考生的國際意識和文化素養(yǎng)。
閱讀理解題型多樣，包括細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題等。試題考查考生對語篇內(nèi)容、語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的理解和把握，以及對語篇內(nèi)容的分析、闡釋和評價。
主旨大意題主要考查同學(xué)們對文章中心思想或作者意圖的掌握程度。
常見的提問方式有：What is the main idea f this passage?What is the best title f this passage? 在解答這類題時，同學(xué)們可以采用快讀方法。先從頭到尾把文章瀏覽一遍，這樣可以使注意力集中于文章的整體思路及要點(diǎn)之間的聯(lián)系，因?yàn)檩^慢的閱讀會使你過分注意細(xì)節(jié)，甚至是個別單詞，從而影響對主題的概括。
大家要特別注意仔細(xì)閱讀文章的開頭段和結(jié)尾段，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)文章的中心思想都會出現(xiàn)在這兩個段落里。
主旨大意題
一篇文章一般表達(dá)一個中心或主題。這個中心或主題通常用一個句子來概括，此句叫主題句，這類題主要考查讀者把握全文內(nèi)容或理解中心思想的，也包括分析歸納文章段落大意、重要情節(jié)、人物特征、寫作特點(diǎn)的。一般說來說明文和議都有主題句，而且多位于文章的開頭，有時也位于文章的中間或末尾。但有時不能直接在文章中直接找到主題句，在弄清段與段之間邏輯關(guān)系的根底上自己歸納總結(jié)。主題句必須能簡潔明了地概括全文的主要內(nèi)容，具有高度的綜合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是對主題句的進(jìn)一步的解釋、說明、論證或拓展。
題型01 段落大意題
【題型詮釋】
一、常見設(shè)問方式
? What des the authr tell us in Paragraph
? The main idea f the secnd paragraph prbably is ________.
? The first paragraph is mainly abut ________.
? Which f the fllwing can best summarize Para.1?
? What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
二、首尾兼顧法尋找主題句：
1.段首段尾：段首--主題句多為段首一兩句(觀點(diǎn)或?qū)ο?；段尾--主題句也常為段尾句(結(jié)論或總結(jié))。
2.段中：主題句有時在段中(前面的話是為引出主題）。
3.無主題句：有時沒有主題句，需根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容自己概括。
解答段落大意題，最關(guān)鍵的是要找到段落主題句。段落主題句可出現(xiàn)在段首或段尾。這類文章一般段內(nèi)層次較為分明，多采用“總—分”或“分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)。但有時主題句會出現(xiàn)在段落的中間，這時段落結(jié)構(gòu)一般是：細(xì)節(jié)—主題—細(xì)節(jié)。請?zhí)貏e關(guān)注段落內(nèi)起過渡作用的詞匯，如hwever、but、and、als、fr example、in cnclusin、n the cntrary等。
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）Fd packaging frm arund the wrld cntains at least 68 “frever chemicals” that can seep int what we eat. a new study finds. And 61 f them are nt even suppsed t be used in such prducts. “It’s nt clear why the latter chemicals, which are nt n lists f thse authrized fr use in fd cntainers, are in such packaging.” says the study’s authr Birgit Geueke.
The study fcused n a class f chemicals called perfluralkyl and plyflurnlkyl substances (PFASs), which are smetimes called “frever chemicals” because they dn’t break dwn readily in the envirnment r in the bdy. That’s because their characteristic carbn-flurine bnd is ne f the strngest in nature. Fr decades, these substances have been used in a wide range f cnsumer prducts, frm ckware t pesticide s t csmetics, because they are prf against water and grease.
Geueke and her team fund a mismatch between what they detected in actual prducts and a database f PFAS chemicals authrized fr use in fd packaging. Abut 140 PFASs are knwn t be used in fd packaging, but nly seven f the 68 chemicals in the study were n this list. Geueke says it’s unclear hw r why the ther 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and txiclgist at a nnprfit envirnmental advcacy rganizatin, suggests it’s pssible that unknwn impurities emerged during the manufacturing f the authrized chemicals r that the authrized PFASs degrade ver time. This class f chemicals includes many lng-chain mlecules, and they can break int shrter chains that are simply different types f PFASs.
PFASs have been fund in human bld and breast milk, drinking water, sil and ther startling places arund the wrld. Expsure t sme f the mst studied PFASs has been assciated with cancer. reprductive prblems and lessened respnses t vaccines. “There’s an incredible bdy f scientific evidence linking PFAS chemicals t health harm,” says Andrews. Many cuntries are evaluating restrictins f PFASs in fd packaging.
Chemical industry representatives have advcated fr dealing with PFASs as individual chemicals. Befre publishing the new study. Scientific American reached ut t the American Chemistry Cuncil (ACC), a chemistry industry trade assciatin, abut it, but the rganizatin did nt reply. On its dedicated PFAS webpage. ACC ntes that “all PFASs are nt the same. Each individual chemical has its wn unique prperties and uses.”
Andrews and Geueke bth say the presence f unknwn PFASs in fd packaging is gd reasn t regulate these chemicals as a single class—a psitin shared with many ther scientific experts and envirnmental prtectin grups. There are mre than 12,000 knwn PFASs, and scientists dn’t knw much abut mst f them. “Only sme PFASs have ever been tested fr txicity,” Geueke says, and “there are prbably ther ways t prduce fd packaging.”
14．Paragraph 3 is mainly abut ______.
A．the ptential usage f the unknwn impurities
B．the authrizatin f fd packaging chemicals
C．the likely transfrming prcess frm PFASs int new chemicals
D．the pssible explanatin fr the presence f unauthrized PFASs
【答案】 14．D
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了世界各地的食品包裝中至少含有68種“永久化學(xué)物質(zhì)”，它們會滲入我們所吃的食物中。一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。其中61種甚至不應(yīng)該用于此類產(chǎn)品。對此科學(xué)家進(jìn)行了研究。
14．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段“Geueke and her team fund a mismatch between what they detected in actual prducts and a database f PFAS chemicals authrized fr use in fd packaging. Abut 140 PFASs are knwn t be used in fd packaging, but nly seven f the 68 chemicals in the study were n this list. Geueke says it’s unclear hw r why the ther 61 chemicals turned up. David Andrews, a chemist and txiclgist at a nnprfit envirnmental advcacy rganizatin, suggests it’s pssible that unknwn impurities emerged during the manufacturing f the authrized chemicals r that the authrized PFASs degrade ver time. This class f chemicals includes many lng-chain mlecules, and they can break int shrter chains that are simply different types f PFASs.( Geueke和她的團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們在實(shí)際產(chǎn)品中檢測到的PFAS化學(xué)物質(zhì)與授權(quán)用于食品包裝的PFAS化學(xué)物質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)庫不匹配。已知約有140種全氟辛烷化合物用于食品包裝，但研究中68種化學(xué)物質(zhì)中只有7種在清單上。Geueke說，目前還不清楚其他61種化學(xué)物質(zhì)是如何或?yàn)槭裁闯霈F(xiàn)的。非營利環(huán)保組織的化學(xué)家和毒理學(xué)家戴維·安德魯斯認(rèn)為，可能是在生產(chǎn)授權(quán)化學(xué)品的過程中出現(xiàn)了未知的雜質(zhì)，或者是授權(quán)的全氟辛醚隨著時間的推移而降解。這類化學(xué)物質(zhì)包括許多長鏈分子，它們可以分解成不同類型的PFASs的短鏈)”可知，第3段主要是關(guān)于存在未經(jīng)授權(quán)的PFASs的可能解釋。故選D。
題型02 文章大意題
【題型詮釋】
一、提問方式
? What’s the main idea/pint f the passage?
? The passage is mainly abut ________.
? The passage is mainly cncerned abut ________.
? Which f the fllwing best states the main idea f the passage?
? Which f the fllwing statements best expresses the main idea/theme f the passage?
? In this passage the authr discusses primarily ________.
? The subject discussed in this text is ________.
? The general/main idea f the passage is abut ________.
二、主旨大意歸納法：
1.略讀法：讀文章標(biāo)題；讀首尾段落；讀段落首尾句；留意表句段關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞之后的內(nèi)容。
2.文體法：新聞報道、議論文和說明文--主題句在首段；記敘文、議論文--主題句一般在尾段。
3.詞語法：在文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的主題詞。
4.概括法：無主題句的文章，需讀者自己概括大意。
?找主題句的技巧：
1. 段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如hwever, but, in fact, actually等)時，該句很可能是主題句。
2. 首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3. 作者有意識地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。
4. 表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefre, thus, in shrt, cnclude, cnclusin等詞，通常是主旨。
全文大意題考查考生能否分辨主題和細(xì)節(jié)，是否具有提綱挈領(lǐng)的能力。做這類題時，要求考生能理解全文細(xì)節(jié)，然后運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯方法對文章進(jìn)行總結(jié)。常用的技巧有：
1. 尋找主題句。文章的主題句通常出現(xiàn)在文章第一段或最后一段，而有些文章需要通過歸納總結(jié)每段的段落大意獲得主題句。
2. 抓住高頻詞。選項(xiàng)形式為一兩個單詞或一個短語時，文中被反復(fù)提到的概念或名稱多是正確選項(xiàng)。
3. 看選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)。正確選項(xiàng)通常不含表示絕對意義的詞，而且不能只是概括某個細(xì)節(jié)或表述局部觀點(diǎn)，也不能包括文章沒有提及的內(nèi)容。
【典例】
（23-24高一上·北京西城·期末）Bed rtting — the practice f spending lng perids f time just staying under the cvers with snacks, screens and ther creature cmfrts — is gaining ppularity n scial media. Sme Generatin Z trend fllwers are nw viewing it as a frm f self-care, but dctrs warn t much culd be “sign f depressin”. Are these extended breaks really wise fr ne’s mental health — r culd they be a cause fr cncern?
Dr. Ryan Sultan, a prfessr at Clumbia University in New Yrk, wh treats many yung peple, called the bed rtting trend attractive. “In ur culture tday, with t much t d, t many expectatins and t much prductivity, many yung individuals (個人) are feeling burned ut and ften aren’t getting enugh sleep. It’s easy t see why taking time ff t lie arund is attractive,” Sultan said. “In many ways, this is beneficial. It’s a chance t get away frm real-life prblems and clear yur head befre returning t life in a better state f mind, ” he added.
Fr the dwnside, hwever, he said a lng-term need r desire fr bed rtting culd d harm t ne’s physical health. Spending t many daytime hurs in bed — awake r nt — culd destry sleep schedules. Our brains are fine-tuned fr sleep in darkness and alertness in light. Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will wrsen sleep schedules — nce that happens, it is a challenge t fix. It culd als lead t bld pressure prblems and besity (肥胖).
Lng-term need r desire fr bed rtting culd als be a warning sign f depressin, accrding t a mental health expert. Dr. Marc Siegel, prfessr f medicine at NYU Langne Medical Center and a Fx News medical cntributr, agreed that while sme dwntime can be useful in terms f de-stressing and rejuvenatin (更新), t much bed rtting is a bad health practice. In additin t increasing the risk f depressin, it cntributes t decreased mtivatin (動力) as well.
Instead f bed rtting, Siegel recmmends regular exercise as a better frm f de-stressing. While the ccasinal lazy day can be beneficial, t much culd have the ppsite effect. If it happens every day, that’s a fairly sensitive test fr depressin. Thse wh lack the mtivatin t get ut f bed culd als try calling r texting a family member fr supprt, scializing with clse friends, finding a small task t cmplete, r reaching ut t a medical prfessinal fr help.
8．What is the passage mainly talking abut?
A．Different pinins n hw t becme mtivated.
B．Main causes f the lng-term need fr bed rtting.
C．Practical suggestins fr yung peple t deal with stress.
D．Pssible prblems frm lying in bed fr extended perids f time.
【答案】 8．D
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了年輕人喜歡躺尸來逃避壓力，但專家指出長期需要或渴望躺尸
8．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Sme Generatin Z trend fllwers are nw viewing it as a frm f self-care, but dctrs warn t much culd be “sign f depressin”. Are these extended breaks really wise fr ne’s mental health — r culd they be a cause fr cncern?(一些Z世代的潮流追隨者現(xiàn)在將其視為一種自我保健方式，但醫(yī)生警告說，過度躺尸可能是“抑郁癥的征兆”。這些延長的休息時間真的對一個人的心理健康有益嗎？還是會引起人們的擔(dān)憂？)”結(jié)合接下來的分析內(nèi)容可知，文章主要說明了年輕人喜歡躺尸來逃避壓力，但專家指出長期需要或渴望躺尸可能會損害一個人的身體健康?？芍@篇文章主要講的是長時間躺在床上可能產(chǎn)生的問題。故選D。
題型03 標(biāo)題歸納題
【題型詮釋】
一、提問方式
? The best title f the passage is ________.
? Which f the fllwing is the best title f the passage?
? What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
? The mst apprpriate title f the passage is ______.
二、文章標(biāo)題四大特性：
1.概括性：概括全文，體現(xiàn)主旨；
2.針對性：內(nèi)涵相符，范圍一致；
3.新穎性：新穎奇特，吸引眼球；
4.簡短性：名詞短語,動名詞短語或祈使句。
文章標(biāo)題干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：斷章取義(僅為文中一細(xì)節(jié))；以偏概全；離題太遠(yuǎn)。
方法：
1、中心句法：根據(jù)文章中心句，提煉主題詞充當(dāng)文章標(biāo)題。
2、當(dāng)文章的寫作對象特點(diǎn)較多時，常用寫作對象的名稱充當(dāng)文章的標(biāo)題。
3、將文章的寫作對象和其主要特點(diǎn)、意義或影響整合充當(dāng)文章的標(biāo)題。
標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)：
概括性：抽象、準(zhǔn)確、簡短，常用一個短語或一句話。
針對性：標(biāo)題外延恰當(dāng)，與文章內(nèi)容相符，避免以偏概全。
醒目性：新穎奇特，激發(fā)讀者的閱讀興趣。
注意排除標(biāo)題干擾項(xiàng)：
(1)片面性：概括不夠。所給選項(xiàng)只概括了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)或個別字詞作為選項(xiàng)，或以次要信息作為標(biāo)題。
(2)過于籠統(tǒng)或過渡概括：所給選項(xiàng)概括的范圍過大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容。
【典例】
（23-24高二上·北京朝陽·期末）If the great dinsaurs hadn’t gne extinct, wuld they have dminated Earth tday? There has been a debate abut this pssibility fr decades. Recently tw analyses have put the surprising cgnitive (認(rèn)知) abilities f dinsaurs — and their ptential limitatins — in a new light.
In ne study, Suzana Herculan-Huzel at Vanderbilt University calculated the likely number f neurns (神經(jīng)細(xì)胞) in dinsaurs’ pallium, a brain structure that is respnsible fr advanced cgnitive functins. Research suggests that it is the number f neurns in these areas, rather than the brain size, that indicates an animal’s cgnitive ptential. Fr example, despite having a very small head, birds have mre densely packed brain cells than many mammals (哺乳動物) and s can pssess rughly as many neurns as mnkeys. The result is that sme birds shw great cgnitive abilities, cmparable t the smartest nn-human mammals. And it is precisely birds, being the nly surviving lineage (宗系) f dinsaurs, that are Herculan-Huzel’s fundatin. By cmparing the relatinship between brain size, number f neurns and bdy size in numerus existing birds and available fssils f dinsaurs, Herculan-Huzel cncludes that a large dinsaur such as T. rex culd have hused tw billin t three billin neurns in its pallium. If s, dinsaurs culd have had the capacity fr tl use and planning fr the future.
But neurns’ number may nt be enugh. Fr intelligence, brain architecture als matters. And this culd be the weakness f dinsaurs, argues Antn Reiner frm the University f Tennessee. Over 350 millin years f separate evlutin, mammals and dinsaurs fund tw rather different ways t rganize cgnitive functins. The mammalian neurns are rganized in a relatively thin layer frmed by cmpact clumns. In each clumn, different parts can cmmunicate with ne anther ver shrt distances. In cntrast, in the dinsaurs that survive tday, namely birds, the rganizatin is less cmpact. Accrding t Reiner, expanding brain capabilities beynd a certain pint culd make the structure far mre cmplex and less efficient than it is in humans. If this were the case, an increase in brain size wuld crrespnd t a greater distance between different parts f the brain, slwing dwn their cmmunicatin.
The issue remains pen t debate. Herculan-Huzel and Reiner each published a paper with rejectins t the ther’s argument. Meanwhile, ther scientists have entered the fight. Fr example, neurbilgist Girgi Vallrtigara assumes that speed in transmitting infrmatin between netwrks f neurns is prbably ne f dinsaurs’ strengths.
Whatever the truth is, understanding hw and if brain architecture impses limits n the develpment f cgnitin culd reveal much abut the evlutin f abilities and behavirs f varius animals. Als, this debate may tell us mre abut ur wn species than abut dinsaurs.
4．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Are Dinsaurs Cmparable t Humans in Intelligence?
B．Are Dinsaurs with Bigger Brains the Ultimate Geniuses?
C．Hw Smart Were Dinsaurs? New Studies Fuel the Debate
D．Can Dinsaurs Outsmart Birds? Researches Cast a New Light
【答案】 4．C
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文，文章主要介紹了關(guān)于恐龍智力的最近的兩項(xiàng)研究，新的研究加劇了爭論。
4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容，結(jié)合第一段“If the great dinsaurs hadn’t gne extinct, wuld they have dminated Earth tday? There has been a debate abut this pssibility fr decades. Recently tw analyses have put the surprising cgnitive (認(rèn)知) abilities f dinsaurs — and their ptential limitatins — in a new light.(如果大恐龍沒有滅絕，它們今天會已經(jīng)統(tǒng)治了地球嗎？關(guān)于這種可能性的爭論已經(jīng)持續(xù)了幾十年。最近有兩項(xiàng)分析對恐龍驚人的認(rèn)知能力及其潛在的局限性有了新的認(rèn)識)”可知，對于恐龍智力的爭論已經(jīng)持續(xù)了幾十年，文章主要介紹了關(guān)于恐龍智力的最近的兩項(xiàng)研究，C項(xiàng)“恐龍有多聰明？新的研究加劇了爭論”為最佳標(biāo)題，故選C。
【高考真題】
【2024北京卷】
Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因紐特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (規(guī)范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Acrss CulturesB. The Values f Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against ChasD. The Rts f Mrality
【答案】 34. D
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要圍繞人類道德規(guī)范的起源進(jìn)行討論，介紹了早期人類道德準(zhǔn)則的形成過程及其如何根植于人類基本需求及共同的社會學(xué)習(xí)和問題解決機(jī)制中。
【34題詳解】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因紐特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans.(弗朗茲·博厄斯對19世紀(jì)因紐特人生活的描述說明了早期人類可能的道德準(zhǔn)則)”以及文章內(nèi)容可知，本文圍繞人類道德規(guī)范的起源進(jìn)行討論，主要介紹了早期人類道德準(zhǔn)則的形成過程及其如何根植于人類基本需求及共同的社會學(xué)習(xí)和問題解決機(jī)制中，所以“道德的起源”適合作為文章標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)。
【2023北京卷】
What is life? Like mst great questins, this ne is easy t ask but difficult t answer. The reasn is simple: we knw f just ne type f life and it’s challenging t d science with a sample size f ne. The field f artificial life-called ALife fr shrt — is the systematic attempt t spell ut life’s fundamental principles. Many f these practitiners, s-called ALifers, think that smehw making life is the surest way t really understand what life is.
S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化). This is the capacity fr a system t create essentially endless cmplexity, t be a srt f “nvelty generatr”. The nly system knwn t exhibit this is Earth’s bisphere. If the field f ALife manages t reprduce life’s endless “creativity” in sme virtual mdel, thse same principles culd give rise t truly inventive machines.
Cmpared with the develpments f Al, advances in ALife are harder t recgnize. One reasn is that ALife is a field in which the central cncept — life itself — is undefined. The lack f agreement amng ALifers desn’t help either. The result is a diverse line f prjects that each advance alng their unique paths. Fr better r wrse, ALife mirrrs the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混亂的) prgressin is a striking parallel (平行線) t the evlutinary struggles that have shaped Earth bisphere.
Undefined and uncntrlled, ALife drives its fllwers t repurpse ld ideas and generated nvelty. It may be, f curse, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising r singular. They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething：perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.
34．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?
B．Life Evlves. Can AI Help ALife Evlve, T?
C．Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?
D．Life Evlves. Can Attempts t Create ALife Evlve, T?
【答案】 34．D
【導(dǎo)語】本文為說明文。文章主要探討了ALife是否也在不斷地進(jìn)化的問題。
34．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段“They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething: perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.(它們可能普遍適用于所有進(jìn)化行為。最終，ALife可能沒有什么特別的。但即使是這種否定也表明了一些事情：也許，就像整個宇宙中的生命本身一樣，ALife的崛起將被證明是不可避免的)”結(jié)合文章主要探討了ALife是否也在不斷地進(jìn)化。D選項(xiàng)“生命在進(jìn)化。創(chuàng)造ALife的嘗試也能進(jìn)化嗎？”是最合適的標(biāo)題。故選D。
【2022年北京卷】
Quantum ( 量子 ) cmputers have been n my mind a lt lately. A friend has been sending me articles n hw quantum cmputers might help slve sme f the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve als had exchanges with tw quantum-cmputing experts. One is cmputer scientist Chris Jhnsn wh I see as smene wh helps keep the field hnest. The ther is physicist Philip Taylr.
Fr decades, quantum cmputing has been little mre than a labratry curisity. Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin.” This is the srt f hype ( 炒作 ) that annys Jhnsn. He wrries that researchers are making prmises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Jhnsn wrte, “is that millins f dllars are nw ptentially available t quantum cmputing researchers.”
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
After I read the bk, Taylr patiently answered my questins abut it. He als answered my questins abut PyQuantum, the firm he c-funded in 2016. Taylr shares Jhnsn’s cncerns abut hype, but he says thse cncerns d nt apply t PyQuantum.
The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”
Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers. But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Is Jhnsn Mre Cmpetent Than Taylr?
B. Is Quantum Cmputing Redefining Technlgy?
C. Will Quantum Cmputers Ever Cme int Being?
D. Will Quantum Cmputing Ever Live Up t Its Hype?
【答案】34. D
34.【解析】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二自然段“Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin. This is the srt f hype ( 炒作 ) that annys Jhnsn.”（ 現(xiàn)在，大型科技公司和許多小型公司都在量子計(jì)算領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行了投資。據(jù)《商業(yè)周刊》報道，量子機(jī)器可以幫助我們“治愈癌癥，甚至采取措施將氣候變化轉(zhuǎn)向相反的方向。這種炒作讓約翰遜感到惱火?！保币约白詈笠欢巍癈uld PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所說的那樣“以巨大的優(yōu)勢”領(lǐng)先所有競爭對手嗎？我不知道。我當(dāng)然不會建議我的朋友或其他人投資量子計(jì)算機(jī)。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任約翰遜一樣。）”可知，本文主要論述了“量子計(jì)算真的會像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家克里斯·約翰遜和物理學(xué)家菲利普·泰勒分別闡明了自己的觀點(diǎn)。所以短文的最佳標(biāo)題為“量子計(jì)算真的會像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”。故選D。
【2021年北京卷】
Early fifth-century philspher St．Augustine famusly wrte that he knew what time was unless smene asked him．Albert Einstein added anther wrinkle when he therized that time varies depending n where yu measure it．Tday's state-f-the-art atmic（原子的） clcks have prven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．
Frget abut time as an abslute．What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy,we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（節(jié)奏） f human life？We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（調(diào)節(jié)）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．What if ur definitin f time reflected that？
Recently，I cnceptualized a new apprach t timekeeping that's cnnected t circumstances n ur planet，cnditins that might change as a result f glbal warming．We're nw building a clck at the Anchrage Museum that reflects the ttal flw f several majr Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive t lcal and glbal envirnmental changes．We've prgrammed it t match an atmic clck if the waterways cntinue t flw at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future n average，the clck will get ahead f standard time．If they run slwer，yu'll see the ppsite effect．
The clck registers bth shrt-term irregularities and lng-term trends in river dynamics．It's a srt f bservatry that reveals hw the rivers are behaving frm their wn tempral frame（時間框架），and allws us t witness thse changes n ur smartwatches r phnes．Anyne wh pts t g n Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmny with the planet．Anyne wh cnsiders river time in relatin t atmic time will encunter a majr imbalance and may be mtivated t cunteract it by cnsuming less fuel r supprting greener plicies．
Even if this methd f timekeeping is nvel in its particulars，early agricultural scieties als cnnected time t natural phenmena．In pre-Classical Greece，fr instance，peple“crrected”fficial calendars by shifting dates frward r backward t reflect the change f seasn．Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival．Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability t define time， he highlighted ne f time 's mst nticeable qualities：Time becmes meaningful nly in a defined cntext．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praisewrthy as its purpse．
31 What is the main idea f Paragraph 1？
A. Timekeeping is increasingly related t nature．
B. Everyne can define time n their wn terms．
C. The qualities f time vary with hw yu measure it．
D. Time is a majr cncern f philsphers and scientists．
【答案】31. B
【分析】本文是議論文。文章通過討論時間的定義，講述了人們應(yīng)該和大自然和諧相處，保護(hù)環(huán)境。
【31題詳解】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．(即使是先進(jìn)的物理學(xué)也不能決定性地告訴我們時間是什么，因?yàn)榇鸢溉Q于你要問的問題)”以及上文列舉的哲學(xué)家St．Augustine和愛因斯坦對于時間的定義可推斷，第一段主要講述每個人都可以用自己的話來定義時間。故選B項(xiàng)。
【2020北京卷】
Fr the past five years, Paula Smith, a histrian f science, has devted herself t re-creating lng-frgtten techniques. While ding research fr her new bk, she came acrss a 16th-century French manuscript（手稿）cnsisting f nearly 1,000 sets f instructins, cvering subjects frm tl making t finding the best sand.
The authr's intentin remains as mysterius（神秘）as his name; he may have been simply taking ntes fr his wn recrds. But Smith was struck mainly by the fact that she didn't truly grasp any f the skills the authr described. "Yu simply can't get an understanding f that handwrk by reading abut it," she says.
Thugh Smith did get her hands n the best sand, ding things the ld-fashined way isn't just abut playing arund with French mud. Recnstructing the wrk f the craftsmen（工匠）wh lived centuries ag can reveal hw they viewed the wrld, what bjects filled their hmes, and what went n in the wrkshps that prduced them. It can even help slve present-day prblems: In 2015, scientists discvered that a 10th-century English medicine fr eve prblems culd kill a drug-resistant virus.
The wrk has als brught insights fr museums, Smith says. One must knw hw n bject was made in rder t preserve it. What's mre, recnstructins might be the nly way t knw what treasures lked like befre time wre them dwn. Schlars have seen this idea in practice with ancient Greek and Rman statues. These sculptures were painted a rainbw f striking clurs. We can't appreciate these kinds f details withut seeing wrks f art as they riginally appeared-smething Smith believes yu can d nly when yu have a rad map.
Smith has put the manuscript's ideas int practice. Her final gal is t link the wrlds f art and science back tgether: She believes that bringing the ld recipes t life can help develp a kind f learning that highlights experimentatin, teamwrk, and prblem slving.
Back when science—then called “the new philsphy”—tk shape, academics lked t craftsmen fr help in understanding the natural wrld. Micrscpes and telescpes were invented by way f artistic tinkering（修補(bǔ)）, as craftsmen experimented with glass t better bend light.
If we can rediscver the values f hands-n experience and craftwrk, Smith says, we can marry the best f ur mdern insights with the handiness f ur ancestrs.
41. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. Craftsmen Set the Trends fr Artists
B. Craftsmanship Leads t New Theries
C. Craftsmanship Makes Better Scientists
D. Craftsmen Reshape the Future f Science
【答案】 41. C
【分析】本文是一篇記敘文。主要講述科學(xué)家Paula Smith致力于對古代手工技能的研究，認(rèn)為科學(xué)家如果能夠把古代的手工技能和現(xiàn)代的科學(xué)方法結(jié)合起來，就能夠創(chuàng)造更大成就。
【41題詳解】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“If we can rediscver the values f hands-n experience and craftwrk, Smith says, we can marry the best f ur mdern insights with the handiness f ur ancestrs. ”史密斯說，如果我們能重新發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)和工藝的價值，我們就能將現(xiàn)代的最好見解與我們祖先的靈巧結(jié)合起來。由此可知本文的中心思想就在于如果科學(xué)家能把古代的手工技巧同現(xiàn)代的理論結(jié)合起來，就能夠獲得更多的成就。C選項(xiàng)Craftsmanship Makes Better Scientists工藝造就了更好的科學(xué)家，符合文章主題，適合做標(biāo)題，故選C。
【點(diǎn)睛】標(biāo)題猜測題。屬于主旨大意題的一種，標(biāo)題應(yīng)位于文章之首，概括文章內(nèi)容，點(diǎn)明文章主題。它可以是單詞，短語，或句子。確定文章標(biāo)題，第一，標(biāo)題要與主題密切相關(guān)；其次，看標(biāo)題是否能概括全文內(nèi)容，不能只概括短文中的某些事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)；第三，標(biāo)題范圍不應(yīng)太大或太小；最后，標(biāo)題應(yīng)新穎，概括性強(qiáng)并且精煉。小題4中C選項(xiàng)概括文中主旨大意，與主題密切相關(guān)，故選C。
【最新模考】
【2024·北京大興·三?！?br>We nw live in an age f instant images and emji, when 10,000 cpies f a picture can be spread arund the wrld in secnds by sliding a finger half an inch acrss a phne screen. This wuld have been unbelievable and unimaginable 20 years ag. But it is in the wrld f hand-cpied manuscripts (手稿) 1,000 years ld r mre that the digital revlutin has had sme f its mst prfund and bvius beneficial effects. What may have taken three years t write ut can tday be printed ut in three secnds. There are nw tens f thusands f nce unique dcuments which have been digitized and placed nline fr anyne t access all arund the wrld, and this is a vast, demcratizing wnder.
Take the Parker Library in Cambridge, which cntains the schlarly wrks during the Refrmatin (宗教改革時期) and cllected by Matthew Parker. It has been digitized in a prject with Stanfrd University, and in 2018 the site was pened t all cmers t brwse after 10 years behind schlarly paywalls. What is astnishing is nt just the texts themselves, but the pictures: the illuminatins (插圖) n sme f the manuscripts shw ff the fertility and vividness f the medieval imaginatin.
Digitized cllectins f these srts cannt entirely substitute fr real libraries. T tuch with yur wn hand a parchment (羊皮紙) frm a medieval mnk is an experience n screen can ffer, but it is ne which must always be restricted t a lucky few. There are sme things s ld and fragile that even being lked at may damage them. The caves at Lascaux had t be clsed t prtect the paintings frm the breath f turists and replaced by a virtual display.
Yet in sme ways these cpies are better than the riginals. Reprductins f a high enugh quality make bvius detail that’s invisible t the native eye. What’s mre, digital cllectins can be gathered n ne screen frm acrss the glbe. The Internatinal Dunhuang Prject reunites n screen tens f thusands f Buddhist scrlls and artifacts in western China. What is pssible with this ne cllectin shuld fairly sn be pssible with all the schlarly digitized manuscripts f the wrld. The hpe is t bring them under ne system f classificatin s that they can quickly be searched and srted n matter where they came frm and where they nw are stred.
The wrld may always prefer cat gifs t ancient manuscripts, but the translatin frm parchment t pixels (像素) reminds us f the humanistic ptimism with which the web came int the wrld, and shws that much f it was nt misplaced at all.
76．Which wuld be the best title f the passage?
A．The Impact f Digital Revlutin Era
B．The New Era f Traditinal Manuscripts
C．Accessibility f Old Manuscripts All Arund the Wrld
D．Digital Revlutin Brings Manuscripts T life
【答案】 76．D
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了數(shù)字技術(shù)如何使古老手稿得以快速傳播，以帕克圖書館為例，展示手稿數(shù)字化的成果。雖無法取代實(shí)物，數(shù)字化讓更多人能接觸珍貴文獻(xiàn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)全球資源共享，保護(hù)脆弱文物，是人文研究領(lǐng)域的重大進(jìn)步。
76．主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是由文章第二段中“Take the Parker Library in Cambridge, which cntains the schlarly wrks during the Refrmatin (宗教改革時期) and cllected by Matthew Parker. It has been digitized in a prject with Stanfrd University, and in 2018 the site was pened t all cmers t brwse after 10 years behind schlarly paywalls. What is astnishing is nt just the texts themselves, but the pictures: the illuminatins (插圖) n sme f the manuscripts shw ff the fertility and vividness f the medieval imaginatin. (以劍橋大學(xué)的帕克圖書館為例，里面有宗教改革時期的學(xué)術(shù)著作，由馬修·帕克收藏。在斯坦福大學(xué)的一個項(xiàng)目中，該網(wǎng)站已被數(shù)字化，并于2018年向所有人開放，此前10年該網(wǎng)站一直處于學(xué)術(shù)收費(fèi)墻之下。令人驚訝的不僅是文字本身，還有圖片：一些手稿上的插圖展示了中世紀(jì)想象力的豐富性和生動性)”可知，文章主要探討了數(shù)字技術(shù)如何使古老的手稿以數(shù)字形式廣泛傳播，使全球范圍內(nèi)的訪問成為可能，同時強(qiáng)調(diào)了這一過程對保護(hù)和研究古代文獻(xiàn)的重要意義。由此可知，D選項(xiàng)“Digital Revlutin Brings Manuscripts T life (數(shù)字革命使手稿栩栩如生)”適合作本文最佳標(biāo)題。故選D。
【2024·北京東城·二?！?br>Yu might nt think that an AI capable f making music wuld stimulate yur emtin, but thers think differently, particularly thse wh gathered at Mexic City’s Symphny Hall in 2019 fr Schubert’s Unfinished Symphny, which I finished using meldies generated by an AI.
As the rchestra (管弦樂團(tuán)) finished Schubert’s riginal wrk and began the music the AI and I had written, I culd feel the crwd’s energy shift frm astnishment t indignatin and fear. They seemed afraid that an AI might be able t make emtinal symphnic music. Yu can see their pint: an AI that makes emtinal music culd affect the emtinal lives f thusands r even millins f peple in a small, but prfund way, just like a human musician des.
Psitive and negative, peple reacted very strngly t AI’s symphnic debut (首秀). Even thugh mst peple dn’t believe that AI can create smething enjyable, they, at least partly, did enjy the Unfinished Symphny.
Enjyment in music implies that there’s smething in the music that the listener cnnects t, a perceptin f shared emtin. But, in the case f AI music, an emtin shared with wh? AI, as f yet, has n emtins. S what is the meaning f music made withut an emtinal cmpser? The unsatisfying answer is that music has n bjective meaning. A cmpser can decide hw a piece f music sunds, but it’s the listener that decides what it means.
N matter hw it’s created, music desn’t exist in a vacuum (真空) t the listener. The meaning we assign t music depends n its cntext — hw the piece cnnects t ther elements in ur lives. Withut cntext, music is like the results f a game whse rules have been lst. The cntext fr a music is part f wh yu are. The music is emtinal t yu because yu have the cntext t appreciate it. As it cntinues t evlve, AI music will develp its wn cntext. Certainly, it’ll be different frm human-made music. It’ll mix existing genres t create new nes; it’ll cmbine instruments that we wuldn’t think f cmbining. Its rules will be different.
I’m nw always asked the same questin: “Wh put the emtin in that music: yu, the cmpser, r the AI?” But that’s nt the questin they really want t ask, thugh. There’s a deeper questin that mst peple are t afraid t ask right nw: “Are my emtins s simple that they can be maneuvered by a machine?”
In my experience, this culd be pssible ne day. If a mdestly capable music AI in 2019 culd stir up emtins f an audience, maybe AI can have a mre pwerful effect n ur emtinal lives than we’d like t admit.
12．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Are Cmpsers T Be Replaced?
B．Wuld AI Music Be a Rising Trend?
C．Culd AI Make Music That Mves Yu?
D．Was the Unfinished Symphny Successful?
【答案】 12．C
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇議論文。文章主要討論了人工智能是否能創(chuàng)作出富含情感的音樂的問題，論述了作者對于音樂中情感的看法。
12．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段“Psitive and negative, peple reacted very strngly t AI’s symphnic debut (首秀). Even thugh mst peple dn’t believe that AI can create smething enjyable, they, at least partly, did enjy the Unfinished Symphny.(不管是正面還是負(fù)面，人們對AI的交響樂首演反應(yīng)非常強(qiáng)烈。盡管大多數(shù)人不相信人工智能可以創(chuàng)造出令人愉快的東西，但他們（至少在一定程度上）確實(shí)喜歡《未完成的交響曲》)”結(jié)合文章主要討論了人工智能是否能創(chuàng)作出富含情感的音樂的問題，論述了作者對于音樂中情感的看法?？芍?，C選項(xiàng)“人工智能能做出打動你的音樂嗎？”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。
【2024·北京·三?！?br>Is it pssible t persuade mankind t live withut war? War is an ancient institutin, which has ccurred ever since men were rganized int units larger than the family. In the past human race managed t survive it. Why shuld it nt cntinue t survive even if wars g n ccurring frm time t time? Mrever, peple like war, and will feel frustrated withut it. And withut war there will be n adequate pprtunity fr herism r self-sacrifice.
Mdem technlgy has changed this. Either man will ablish war, r war will ablish man. Fr the present, it is nuclear weapns that cause the mst serius danger, but bacterilgical r chemical weapns may, befre lng, ffer an even greater threat. If we succeed in ablishing nuclear weapns, ur wrk will nt be dne. It will never be dne until we have succeeded in ablishing war. T d this, we need t persuade mankind t lk upn internatinal questins in a new way, nt as cntests f frce, in which the victry ges t the side which is mst skillful in killing peple, but by arbitratin (通過仲裁) in accrdance with agreed principles f law. It is nt easy t change very ld mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.
There are thse wh say that the adptin f this r that idelgy (意識形態(tài)) wuld prevent war. I believe this t be a big errr. All idelgies are based upn dgmatic (武斷的) statements that are, at best, dubtful, and at wrst, ttally false. Their fllwers believe in them s fanatically that they are willing t g t war in supprt f them.
The mvement f wrld pinin during the past few years has been very largely such as we can welcme. It has becme a cmmnplace that nuclear war must be avided. Of curse very difficult prblems remain in the wrld, but the spirit in which they are being apprached is a better ne than it was sme years ag. It has begun t be thught, even by the pwerful men wh decide whether we shall live r die, that negtiatins shuld reach agreements even if bth sides d nt find these agreements whlly satisfactry. It has begun t be understd that the imprtant cnflict nwadays is nt between different cuntries, but between man and the atm bmb.
16．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．War r N War, That Is A Questin
B．Nuclear Weapns Bring the End f Human Race
C．Twards a Future Withut War: A Call fr Glbal Arbitratin
D．Frm Idelgy t Negtiatin: A New Apprach t Internatinal Cnflicts
【答案】 16．C
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。在當(dāng)前的國際形勢之下，作者闡述人類應(yīng)該以一種新的方式看待國際問題，而不是把它看作武力的較量。這種方式就是通過根據(jù)公認(rèn)的法律原則進(jìn)行仲裁。
16．主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容，特別是第二段“T d this, we need t persuade mankind t lk upn internatinal questins in a new way, nt as cntests f frce, in which the victry ges t the side which is mst skillful in killing peple, but by arbitratin (通過仲裁) in accrdance with agreed principles f law .”（要做到這一點(diǎn)，我們需要說服人類以一種新的方式看待國際問題，而不是將其視為武力的較量，在這種較量中，勝利屬于最善于殺人的一方，而是通過根據(jù)商定的法律原則進(jìn)行仲裁。）可知，作者呼吁人們以新的方式看待國際問題，通過仲裁來解決問題，以此來廢除戰(zhàn)爭，因此，C選項(xiàng)“Twards a Future Withut War: A Call fr Glbal Arbitratin”（走向無戰(zhàn)爭的未來：全球仲裁的呼吁）最能概括全文內(nèi)容。故選C。

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