專(zhuān)題03 閱讀理解詞義猜測(cè)題- 高考英語(yǔ)二輪熱點(diǎn)題型歸納與變式演練（北京專(zhuān)用）-試卷下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

2024 年北京高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解試題題材廣泛，涵蓋人與自我、人與社會(huì)和人與自然等多個(gè)主題語(yǔ)境，貼近時(shí)代、貼近社會(huì)、貼近生活、貼近學(xué)生。試題依托語(yǔ)篇，全面考查學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力，突出高階思維的考查，引導(dǎo)中學(xué)教學(xué)回歸課標(biāo)、回歸課堂。閱讀理解的選材注重價(jià)值引領(lǐng)，體現(xiàn)學(xué)科的育人功能。例如，有的文章講述了作者在一次考試失敗后，不斷突破自我、鍥而不舍追逐夢(mèng)想的歷程；有的文章指出人類(lèi)應(yīng)停止“宇宙是不是模擬”的爭(zhēng)論，依托新的科技成果，創(chuàng)造性地探索未知世界；還有的文章從科學(xué)的視角探討道德規(guī)范的根源。這些文章不僅有助于考生獲取有效信息，正確認(rèn)識(shí)世界和中國(guó)發(fā)展大勢(shì)，還能培養(yǎng)考生的國(guó)際意識(shí)和文化素養(yǎng)。
閱讀理解題型多樣，包括細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題等。試題考查考生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容、語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)的理解和把握，以及對(duì)語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容的分析、闡釋和評(píng)價(jià)。
詞義猜測(cè)題主要考查同學(xué)們?cè)诰唧w文章中，根據(jù)上下文理解某個(gè)詞或某個(gè)短語(yǔ)的意義的能力。這類(lèi)題型中所出現(xiàn)的單詞，大多是同學(xué)們未曾見(jiàn)過(guò)的生詞。
在做題時(shí)，大家可在該詞出現(xiàn)的上下文中去尋找線(xiàn)索，通過(guò)上下文的語(yǔ)境，推斷出該詞的真正含義。最后，記得要將“釋義”代入文中，進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)、比較，直到得出該詞的確切含義。
（1）通過(guò)因果關(guān)系猜詞
如果生詞附近出現(xiàn)了because，as，since，fr，s，thus，as a result，f curse，therefre等關(guān)聯(lián)詞，同學(xué)們可以通過(guò)找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，推斷生詞的詞義。例如：Yu shuldn't have blamed him fr that，fr it wasn't his fault.其中，通過(guò)fr引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的錯(cuò)），大家便可猜出blame的詞義是“責(zé)備”。
（2）通過(guò)同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞
同義詞猜詞適用于兩種情況。一種是由and或r連接的同義詞詞組，如。happy and gay，即使我們不認(rèn)識(shí)gay這個(gè)詞，也可以知道它是“愉快”的意思。另一種是在進(jìn)一步解釋的過(guò)程中使用的同義詞，如，Man has knwn smething abut the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help f spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均為生詞，但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個(gè)詞都屬于“行星”這一義域。
反義詞猜詞，與因果關(guān)系猜詞的方法類(lèi)似。這類(lèi)方法適用于句中有表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞，如but，while，hwever等，或是與nt搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語(yǔ)。如，He is s hmely，nt at all as handsme as his brther.根據(jù)nt at ，我們不難推測(cè)出hmely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮。
（3）通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法猜詞
在閱讀文章時(shí)，我們還會(huì)遇上這一類(lèi)新的詞匯，它們有時(shí)很難根據(jù)上下文來(lái)推斷其詞意，但其對(duì)文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用。此時(shí)，我們可以利用一些常見(jiàn)的詞根、前綴、后綴等語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，對(duì)其進(jìn)行拆分、推測(cè)。
（4）通過(guò)定義或釋義關(guān)系來(lái)推測(cè)詞義
如，But smetimes，n rain falls fr a lng lng time. Then there is a dry perid，r drught.從drught所在句子的上文我們得知，“很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的時(shí)期，即drught，由此可見(jiàn)，drught意為“久旱、旱災(zāi)”。而a dry perid和drught是同義語(yǔ)。這種同義或釋義關(guān)系常由is，r，that is，in ther wrds，be called或破折號(hào)等來(lái)表示。
（5）通過(guò)句法功能來(lái)推測(cè)詞義
如，Bananas，ranges，pineapples，ccnuts and sme ther kind f fruit grw in warm areas.假如pineapples和ccnuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個(gè)詞在句中所處的位置來(lái)判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出，pineapples，ccnuts和bananas，ranges是同類(lèi)關(guān)系，同屬fruit類(lèi)，因此，它們是兩樣水果，準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，是菠蘿和椰子。
詞義猜測(cè)題
詞義猜測(cè)題常用解題方法：定義法、對(duì)比法、因果法、常識(shí)聯(lián)想法、例舉法、語(yǔ)境線(xiàn)索法、構(gòu)詞法等。猜詞題可以使用以下口決：
1.指代詞：出現(xiàn)指代往前找，單復(fù)人物要看好；
2.半熟悉詞，利用構(gòu)詞法：半生不熟看構(gòu)詞，結(jié)合語(yǔ)境來(lái)把持；
3.純生詞，則利用邏輯關(guān)系、同義解釋、上下文語(yǔ)境：同義語(yǔ)境和邏輯，上下求索尋真義。
題型01 構(gòu)詞法
【題型詮釋】
構(gòu)詞法是通過(guò)詞根、前綴、后綴等來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義的方法。
例如，在句子“Encuraging this kind f thinking has a dwnside.”中，可以通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法知道“dwnside”是由“dwn”和“side”兩個(gè)單詞組成，意為“缺點(diǎn)、不利方面”。
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京昌平·期末）Our planet has just seen its httest mnth n recrd, with many places n fire r flded. The likelihd f extreme weather keeps increasing—and peple are nticing. Hwever, nt everyne ntices r feels this threat t the same extent.
Based n a representative sample f 1,071 survey respndents frm acrss the UK, we fund that peple in rural areas shwed higher degrees f place attachment than peple living in cities, as we expected. Hwever, we were surprised t see that the perceived threat f climate change in: mst rural lcatins was lwer. We had nt expected that utcme, s we started t dig a little deeper fr pssible reasns.
Rural peple may be mre resilient t change. Rural peple may experience climate change like everyne else, but they may have better ways f cping with it than city residents because f their clser relatinship with nature. This may have taught them t be mre flexible in hw they deal with change. After all, nature changes a lt and that culd make them less wrried abut the majr changes happening arund them.
Peple in rural areas may nt be as aware f climate change as peple in cities. Lking mre clsely, the effect is mstly dwn t educatin rather than whether peple live in rural areas r nt. Research shws that general levels f climate awareness in the UK are quite high. But this des nt necessarily crrespnd t readiness fr actin r behaviural change. It is well dcumented, thugh, that rural inhabitants tend t have mre cnservative views, which culd affect the way climate change is interpreted. Cnservative views are ften assciated with less cncern abut the climate.
Peple in rural areas may nt experience climate change in the same wav as peple in cities. This is because rural areas have higher levels f green space than urban areas. Fr example, yu will feel the heat less when yu are surrunded by trees.
S, althugh we were surprised that the higher degree f place attachment in peple living rurally did nt necessarily lead t a higher perceptin f climate change threat, we can see there are gd reasns fr that.
24．What des the wrd “resilient” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Easy t adapt.B．Ready t illustrate.
C．Difficult t ntice.D．Willing t challenge.
【答案】24．A
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了農(nóng)村地區(qū)的人們相比于城市居民來(lái)說(shuō)對(duì)氣候變化的感知度較低，并分析了其中的原因。
24．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Rural peple may experience climate change like everyne else, but they may have better ways f cping with it than city residents because f their clser relatinship with nature.(農(nóng)村人可能會(huì)像其他人一樣經(jīng)歷氣候變化，但他們可能比城市居民有更好的應(yīng)對(duì)方式，因?yàn)樗麄兣c自然的關(guān)系更密切。)”可知，農(nóng)村人可能更能適應(yīng)氣候變化，所以推斷劃線(xiàn)詞的意思是“容易適應(yīng)”。故選A項(xiàng)。
題型02 定義詞或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)
【題型詮釋】
通過(guò)尋找定義、同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句等來(lái)獲取詞義。
利用定義表達(dá)如同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句或由…is, r, that is (t say), in ther wrds, be called，be knwn as，means等詞匯或破折號(hào)來(lái)表示。
如在 If yu have a juicer, yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sft serve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children’s party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw. 中，通過(guò)后面的定義性描述、解釋知道“a juicer”指的是“榨汁機(jī)”。
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京海淀·期末）A theme at this year’s Wrld Ecnmic Frum (WEF) meeting was the perceived need t “accelerate breakthrughs in research and technlgy”. Sme f this framing was mtivated by the climate emergency, sme by the pprtunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in varius cnversatins, it seemed t be taken fr granted that t address the wrld’s prblems, scientific research needs t mve faster.
The WEF mindset resnates (產(chǎn)生共鳴) with the Silicn Valley dictate — usually credited t Mark Zuckerberg — t mve fast and break things. But what if the thing being brken is science? Or public trust?
The WEF meeting tk place just a frtnight after Harvard University President Claudine Cay stepped dwn after cmplaints were made abut her schlarship. Gay’s trubles came n the heels f the resignatin f Stanfrd University President Mare Tessier-Lavigne, after an internal investigatin cncluded that his neurscience research had “multiple prblems”. In respnse. Gay requested crrectins t several f her papers; Tessier-Lavigne requested retractin (撤回) f three f his. Althugh it may be impssible t determine just hw widespread such prblems really are, it’s hard t imagine that the spectacle f high-prfile schlars crrecting and retracting papers has nt had a negative impact n public trust in science and perhaps in experts bradly.
In recent years we’ve seen imprtant papers, written by prminent scientists and published in prestigius jurnals, retracted because f questinable data r methds. In ne interesting case, Frances H. Arnld f the Califrnia Institute f Technlgy, wh shared the 2018 Nbel Prize in Chemistry, vluntarily retracted a paper when her lab was unable t replicate her results — but after the paper had been published. In an pen aplgy, she stated that she was “a bit busy” when the paper was submitted and “did nt d my jb well”. Arnld’s hnesty is admirable, but it raises a questin: Are schlars at super cmpetitive places really taking the time t d their wrk right?
The prblem is nt unique t the U. S. In Eurpe, frmal research assessments — which are used t allcate future funding — have fr years judged academic departments largely n the quantity f their utput. Due t the fact that the existing system has created a cunterincentive t advancement in science, a refrm is underway urging an emphasis n quality ver quantity.
Gd science takes time. Nearly a century passed between bichemist Friedrich Miescher’s identificatin f the DNA mlecule and suggestin that it might be invlved in inheritance and the elucidatin f its duble-helix structure in the 1950s. And it tk just abut half a century fr gelgist and gephysicists t accept gephysicist Alfred Wegener’s idea f cntinental drift.
There’s plenty f circumstantial evidence that scientists and ther schlars are pushing results ut far faster than they used t. Sme f this grwth is driven by mre scientists and mre c-authrship (papers, but it als suggests that the research wrld has priritized quantity ver quality. Researched may need t slw dwn — nt speed up — if we are t prduce knwledge wrthy f trust.
11．The underlined wrd “cunterincentive” in Paragraph 5 refers t a (n) ______ factr.
A．unfairB．indecisiveC．discuragingD．irratinal
【答案】 11．C
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要說(shuō)明了如今科學(xué)研究存在急于發(fā)表論文，過(guò)于注重?cái)?shù)量導(dǎo)致了很多問(wèn)題。
11．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線(xiàn)詞后文“t advancement in science, a refrm is underway urging an emphasis n quality ver quantity”可知，正在進(jìn)行重質(zhì)量、輕數(shù)量的改革，說(shuō)明現(xiàn)行制度對(duì)科學(xué)進(jìn)步的作用令人沮喪。故劃線(xiàn)詞意思是“令人沮喪的”。故選C。
題型03 連接詞
【題型詮釋】
通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、并列等連接詞來(lái)推斷詞義。常見(jiàn)連接詞有：
1. 表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞常有but, while, hwever, instead f , rather than , unlike, yet, thugh , t…t等；
2. 表因果的連接詞: because, as, since, fr, s, as a result, s … that, such … that, therefre；
3. 表并列或選擇的連接詞: and，r。
如在句子“The fur trade kept nutria in check fr decades, but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.”中，通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)折詞“but”可以推斷出“cllapsed”的意思是“崩潰、暴跌”。
【典例】
（23-24高一上·北京西城·期末）Bed rtting — the practice f spending lng perids f time just staying under the cvers with snacks, screens and ther creature cmfrts — is gaining ppularity n scial media. Sme Generatin Z trend fllwers are nw viewing it as a frm f self-care, but dctrs warn t much culd be “sign f depressin”. Are these extended breaks really wise fr ne’s mental health — r culd they be a cause fr cncern?
Dr. Ryan Sultan, a prfessr at Clumbia University in New Yrk, wh treats many yung peple, called the bed rtting trend attractive. “In ur culture tday, with t much t d, t many expectatins and t much prductivity, many yung individuals (個(gè)人) are feeling burned ut and ften aren’t getting enugh sleep. It’s easy t see why taking time ff t lie arund is attractive,” Sultan said. “In many ways, this is beneficial. It’s a chance t get away frm real-life prblems and clear yur head befre returning t life in a better state f mind, ” he added.
Fr the dwnside, hwever, he said a lng-term need r desire fr bed rtting culd d harm t ne’s physical health. Spending t many daytime hurs in bed — awake r nt — culd destry sleep schedules. Our brains are fine-tuned fr sleep in darkness and alertness in light. Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will wrsen sleep schedules — nce that happens, it is a challenge t fix. It culd als lead t bld pressure prblems and besity (肥胖).
Lng-term need r desire fr bed rtting culd als be a warning sign f depressin, accrding t a mental health expert. Dr. Marc Siegel, prfessr f medicine at NYU Langne Medical Center and a Fx News medical cntributr, agreed that while sme dwntime can be useful in terms f de-stressing and rejuvenatin (更新), t much bed rtting is a bad health practice. In additin t increasing the risk f depressin, it cntributes t decreased mtivatin (動(dòng)力) as well.
Instead f bed rtting, Siegel recmmends regular exercise as a better frm f de-stressing. While the ccasinal lazy day can be beneficial, t much culd have the ppsite effect. If it happens every day, that’s a fairly sensitive test fr depressin. Thse wh lack the mtivatin t get ut f bed culd als try calling r texting a family member fr supprt, scializing with clse friends, finding a small task t cmplete, r reaching ut t a medical prfessinal fr help.
6．What des the wrd “fine-tuned” underlined in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Quickly-activated.B．Well-trained.C．Badly-needed.D．Ill-equipped.
【答案】 6．B
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要說(shuō)明了年輕人喜歡躺尸來(lái)逃避壓力，但專(zhuān)家指出長(zhǎng)期需要或渴望躺尸
6．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線(xiàn)詞前文“Spending t many daytime hurs in bed — awake r nt — culd destry sleep schedules. (白天在床上呆太長(zhǎng)時(shí)間——不管醒不醒——都會(huì)破壞睡眠時(shí)間安排。)”和后文“Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will wrsen sleep schedules — nce that happens, it is a challenge t fix.(白天躺在床上半睡半醒會(huì)使睡眠時(shí)間安排變差——一旦出現(xiàn)這種情況，就很難解決了)”以及“fr sleep in darkness and alertness in light”可推斷，我們的大腦被訓(xùn)練為在黑暗中睡覺(jué)，在光明中保持警覺(jué)。故劃線(xiàn)詞意思是“訓(xùn)練有素的”。故選B。
題型04 常識(shí)和語(yǔ)境
【題型詮釋】
在僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系和語(yǔ)境無(wú)法猜出詞義時(shí)，我們可以借助生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。閱讀題文段題材豐富，涉及社會(huì)、科普、政治、文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)、歷史、生活、風(fēng)俗等多方面知識(shí)。
運(yùn)用生活常識(shí)和上下文語(yǔ)境來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義。例如，在句子“suck：t take liquid, air, etc. int yur muth by using the muscles f yur lips”中，可以通過(guò)常識(shí)知道“suck”的意思是“吮吸”。
【典例】
（23-24高二上·北京朝陽(yáng)·期末）If the great dinsaurs hadn’t gne extinct, wuld they have dminated Earth tday? There has been a debate abut this pssibility fr decades. Recently tw analyses have put the surprising cgnitive (認(rèn)知) abilities f dinsaurs — and their ptential limitatins — in a new light.
In ne study, Suzana Herculan-Huzel at Vanderbilt University calculated the likely number f neurns (神經(jīng)細(xì)胞) in dinsaurs’ pallium, a brain structure that is respnsible fr advanced cgnitive functins. Research suggests that it is the number f neurns in these areas, rather than the brain size, that indicates an animal’s cgnitive ptential. Fr example, despite having a very small head, birds have mre densely packed brain cells than many mammals (哺乳動(dòng)物) and s can pssess rughly as many neurns as mnkeys. The result is that sme birds shw great cgnitive abilities, cmparable t the smartest nn-human mammals. And it is precisely birds, being the nly surviving lineage (宗系) f dinsaurs, that are Herculan-Huzel’s fundatin. By cmparing the relatinship between brain size, number f neurns and bdy size in numerus existing birds and available fssils f dinsaurs, Herculan-Huzel cncludes that a large dinsaur such as T. rex culd have hused tw billin t three billin neurns in its pallium. If s, dinsaurs culd have had the capacity fr tl use and planning fr the future.
But neurns’ number may nt be enugh. Fr intelligence, brain architecture als matters. And this culd be the weakness f dinsaurs, argues Antn Reiner frm the University f Tennessee. Over 350 millin years f separate evlutin, mammals and dinsaurs fund tw rather different ways t rganize cgnitive functins. The mammalian neurns are rganized in a relatively thin layer frmed by cmpact clumns. In each clumn, different parts can cmmunicate with ne anther ver shrt distances. In cntrast, in the dinsaurs that survive tday, namely birds, the rganizatin is less cmpact. Accrding t Reiner, expanding brain capabilities beynd a certain pint culd make the structure far mre cmplex and less efficient than it is in humans. If this were the case, an increase in brain size wuld crrespnd t a greater distance between different parts f the brain, slwing dwn their cmmunicatin.
The issue remains pen t debate. Herculan-Huzel and Reiner each published a paper with rejectins t the ther’s argument. Meanwhile, ther scientists have entered the fight. Fr example, neurbilgist Girgi Vallrtigara assumes that speed in transmitting infrmatin between netwrks f neurns is prbably ne f dinsaurs’ strengths.
Whatever the truth is, understanding hw and if brain architecture impses limits n the develpment f cgnitin culd reveal much abut the evlutin f abilities and behavirs f varius animals. Als, this debate may tell us mre abut ur wn species than abut dinsaurs.
2．What des the wrd “cmpact” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Tight.B．Light.C．Large.D．Wide.
【答案】 2．A
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文，文章主要介紹了關(guān)于恐龍智力的最近的兩項(xiàng)研究，新的研究加劇了爭(zhēng)論。
2．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線(xiàn)詞下一句“In each clumn, different parts can cmmunicate with ne anther ver shrt distances.(在每一柱中，不同的部分可以在短距離內(nèi)相互通信)”可知，不同的部分可以在短距離內(nèi)相互通信，說(shuō)明柱狀結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)是很緊湊，由此推知?jiǎng)澗€(xiàn)詞所在句意為“哺乳動(dòng)物的神經(jīng)元組織在一個(gè)由緊湊的柱狀結(jié)構(gòu)組成的相對(duì)較薄的層中”，cmpact意為“緊湊的”，故選A。
題型05 指代
【題型詮釋】
通過(guò)尋找指代詞的前后文來(lái)確定詞義。如在句子“Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the US, the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins. It's Jasn Mran's jb t help change that... ”中，“that”指代的是前文提到的“jazz being less ppular with the yung”。
題型 06 例子
【題型詮釋】
通過(guò)一些例子說(shuō)明生詞的詞義, 用such as, fr example, like, fr instance等來(lái)引出。在特定的情況下，作者通過(guò)一連串同一類(lèi)型或范疇的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)其思想，如果有一生詞就在一系列同范疇的詞語(yǔ)中，可以通過(guò)這些詞的特征和語(yǔ)義范圍來(lái)推斷出生詞的詞義范圍。
通過(guò)例子來(lái)推斷詞義。在句子“… In recent centuries, trade, industrialisatin, the develpment f the natin-state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.”中，通過(guò)例子可以推斷出“dminant”的意思是“強(qiáng)大的”。
【典例】
（23-24高二下·北京東城·期末）When climate activists glued themselves t the frame f a cpy f The Last Supper at Lndn’s Ryal Academy f Arts, they received a fairly sympathetic hearing. “N painting is wrth mre than my six-mnth-ld nephew’s life,” said a prtester, criticizing the British gvernment’s supprt f the fssil fuel industry during the urgent climate crisis. But when prtesters threw tmat sup at Van Ggh’s Sunflwers, and mashed ptates at Haystacks by Mnet — the censure rse.
“Abslutely absurd,” said the culture minister f France. “We have been deeply shaken by their risky endangerment,” read a statement frm the Internatinal Cuncil f Museums.
The prtesters are targeting wrks that are prtected behind glass — at least fr nw — s actual damage has been minimal. And perhaps the anger greeting their acts prves their pint: that peple care mre abut the threatened destructin f a painting than the actual destructin f the planet. But as the attacks wear n, and their impact decreases, they risk changing int a jke.
What’s especially misguided abut the prtests is their binary nature. “What is wrth mre, art r life?” a prtester asked. Why chse? “It’s pssible t blame bth envirnmental vandalism (蓄意破壞) and cultural vandalism at the same time,” Mark Pasnik, chair f the Bstn Art Cmmissin, said.
Art is nt the prblem here. In fact, cntemprary artists are making quite effective wrks abut the climate crisis, precisely using art as activism. Maya Lin’s Ghst Frest, a climate change memrial she created in a New Yrk City park, is nly ne example. “I believe that art can help us imagine and map sustainable future scenaris (設(shè)想), and, in ding s, give peple a way t see and hpe fr a different future,” Lin said.
The climate activists are surely crrect that the pace f refrm is far t slw, as the planet burns and deadly strms intensify. But they casually dismiss the sincere effrts f millins f peple wrking n the issue. It wuld be easier t respect the yung prtesters at Just Stp Oil, Last Generatin, and the rest f the splash grups if they were t spend their time and energy n the unexciting but essential plitical wrk arund climate change: legislatin, regulatin, and winning hearts and minds.
Perhaps predictably, the debates caused by the prtests have nt been abut climate change, but abut the prtests themselves. Given hw little they’ve dne t generate serius discussin r engage peple t the cause, the art attacks seem less like vital acts f lawbreaking than mere theatre.
20．What des the underlined wrd “censure” in Paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A．Apprval.B．Criticism.C．Stress.D．Spirits.
【答案】20．B
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，討論了氣候活動(dòng)家通過(guò)攻擊藝術(shù)品來(lái)抗議氣候變化的行為，以及這種行為的效果和影響。
20．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段“But when prtesters threw tmat sup at Van Ggh’s Sunflwers, and mashed ptates at Haystacks by Mnet — the censure rse(但當(dāng)抗議者向梵高的《向日葵》扔番茄湯，向莫奈的《干草堆》扔土豆泥時(shí)，censure高漲)”可知，當(dāng)抗議者向名畫(huà)投擲食物時(shí)，引起了人們的強(qiáng)烈反應(yīng)，這里“censure”指的是對(duì)這種行為的批評(píng)和指責(zé)，故選B項(xiàng)。
【高考真題】
【2024北京卷】
The ntin that we live in smene else’s vide game is irresistible t many. Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模擬假說(shuō)) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin —— a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (認(rèn)知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (實(shí)證的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin?” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隱喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.
29. What des the phrase “cntingent n” underlined in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Accepted by.B. Determined by.C. Awakened by.D. Discvered by.
【答案】 29. B
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要討論了哲學(xué)家對(duì)于宇宙的認(rèn)知和信息時(shí)代下的作者對(duì)于宇宙爭(zhēng)論的看法。
【29題詳解】
詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段“If e.mpirical (實(shí)證的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.(如果經(jīng)驗(yàn)不能揭示現(xiàn)實(shí)，推理也不會(huì)揭示現(xiàn)實(shí)，因?yàn)樗蕾?lài)于cntingent n我們的社會(huì)、文化和心理歷史的概念和詞語(yǔ))”可知，句中that引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，指代先行詞cncepts and wrds，且結(jié)合常識(shí)，概念和詞語(yǔ)取決于我們的社會(huì)、文化和心理歷史，推測(cè)劃線(xiàn)短語(yǔ)表示“取決于”，與determined by意義相近。故選B項(xiàng)。
【2023北京卷】
What is life? Like mst great questins, this ne is easy t ask but difficult t answer. The reasn is simple: we knw f just ne type f life and it’s challenging t d science with a sample size f ne. The field f artificial life-called ALife fr shrt — is the systematic attempt t spell ut life’s fundamental principles. Many f these practitiners, s-called ALifers, think that smehw making life is the surest way t really understand what life is.
S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化). This is the capacity fr a system t create essentially endless cmplexity, t be a srt f “nvelty generatr”. The nly system knwn t exhibit this is Earth’s bisphere. If the field f ALife manages t reprduce life’s endless “creativity” in sme virtual mdel, thse same principles culd give rise t truly inventive machines.
Cmpared with the develpments f Al, advances in ALife are harder t recgnize. One reasn is that ALife is a field in which the central cncept — life itself — is undefined. The lack f agreement amng ALifers desn’t help either. The result is a diverse line f prjects that each advance alng their unique paths. Fr better r wrse, ALife mirrrs the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混亂的) prgressin is a striking parallel (平行線(xiàn)) t the evlutinary struggles that have shaped Earth bisphere.
Undefined and uncntrlled, ALife drives its fllwers t repurpse ld ideas and generated nvelty. It may be, f curse, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising r singular. They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething：perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.
31．Regarding Alan Smith’s defence f ALife, the authr is .
A．supprtiveB．puzzledC．uncncernedD．dubtful
32．What des the wrd “enamred” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Shcked.B．Prtected.C．Attracted.D．Challenged.
33．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．ALife hlds the key t human future.B．ALife and AI share a cmmn feature.
C．AI mirrrs the develpments f ALife.D．AI speeds up the prcess f human evlutin.
34．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?
B．Life Evlves. Can AI Help ALife Evlve, T?
C．Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?
D．Life Evlves. Can Attempts t Create ALife Evlve, T?
【答案】32．C
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文為說(shuō)明文。文章主要探討了ALife是否也在不斷地進(jìn)化的問(wèn)題。
32．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線(xiàn)詞上文“Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化).(人工智能可能被認(rèn)為是ALife的表親，因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域的研究人員都被一個(gè)叫做開(kāi)放進(jìn)化的概念enamred)”可知，人工智能可能被認(rèn)為是ALife的表親，說(shuō)明人工智能和ALife二者間有共同之處，可推測(cè)是因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域的研究人員都被一個(gè)叫做開(kāi)放進(jìn)化的概念所吸引，所以才有了這種觀(guān)點(diǎn)。故劃線(xiàn)詞意為“吸引”。故選C。
【2022年北京卷】
Quantum ( 量子 ) cmputers have been n my mind a lt lately. A friend has been sending me articles n hw quantum cmputers might help slve sme f the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve als had exchanges with tw quantum-cmputing experts. One is cmputer scientist Chris Jhnsn wh I see as smene wh helps keep the field hnest. The ther is physicist Philip Taylr.
Fr decades, quantum cmputing has been little mre than a labratry curisity. Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin.” This is the srt f hype ( 炒作 ) that annys Jhnsn. He wrries that researchers are making prmises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Jhnsn wrte, “is that millins f dllars are nw ptentially available t quantum cmputing researchers.”
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
After I read the bk, Taylr patiently answered my questins abut it. He als answered my questins abut PyQuantum, the firm he c-funded in 2016. Taylr shares Jhnsn’s cncerns abut hype, but he says thse cncerns d nt apply t PyQuantum.
The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”
Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers. But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.
33. What des the underlined wrd “prne” in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A. Open.B. Cl.C. Useful.D. Resistant.
【答案】 33. A
33.【解析】
詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三自然段“But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.”（但約翰遜表明，量子計(jì)算的某些方面使得它特別 prne被炒作，可能是因?yàn)椤傲孔印贝砹艘恍┠悴粦?yīng)該理解的酷東西?！保笨芍?，本句中含有一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)椤啊傲孔印贝砹艘恍┠悴粦?yīng)該理解的酷東西”，所以它特別容易被炒作。故prne意為“易于……的”。A. Open.開(kāi)放的；易受損害的；B. Cl. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故選A。
【2021北京卷】
Hundreds f scientists, writers and academics sunded a warning t humanity in an pen letter published last December: Plicymakers and the rest f us must engage penly with the risk f glbal cllapse. Researchers in many areas have prjected the widespread cllapse as “a credible scenari(情景) this century”.
A survey f scientists fund that extreme weather events, fd insecurity, and freshwater shrtages might create glbal cllapse. Of curse, if yu are a nn-human species, cllapse is well underway.
The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins. Nt very lng ag, it was als unthinkable that a virus wuld shut dwn natins and that safety nets wuld be prven s disastrusly lacking in flexibility.
The internatinal schlars’ warning letter desn't say exactly what cllapse will lk like r when it might happen. Cllapselgy, the study f cllapse, is mre cncerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers f everyday civilizatin. Amng the signatries(簽署者) f the warning was Bb Jhnsn, the riginatr f the “eclgical ftprint” cncept, which measures the ttal amunt f envirnmental input needed t maintain a given lifestyle. With the current ftprint f humanity, “it seems that glbal cllapse is certain t happen in sme frm, pssibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Jhnsn said in an email.
“Only if we discuss the cnsequences f ur biphysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hpe t reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine. As a pet wrte,
Man is a victim f dpe(麻醉品)
In the incurable frm f hpe.
The hundreds f schlars wh signed the letter are intent(執(zhí)著) n quieting hpe that ignres preparedness. “Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”
28. What des the underlined wrd “germane” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Scientific.B. Credible.
C. Original.D. Relevant.
【答案】28. D
【分析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文，文章闡述了全球崩塌（glbal cllapse）的概念。數(shù)百名科學(xué)家、作家和學(xué)者在去年12月發(fā)表的一封公開(kāi)信中向全人類(lèi)發(fā)出了警告：政策制定者和我們每個(gè)人必須直面“全球崩塌”的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。文章具體闡釋了學(xué)者們對(duì)這一概念的定義、理解和它的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
【28題詳解】
詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)該詞所在的具體語(yǔ)境，第三段第一句“The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins.”（呼吁公眾對(duì)世界不確定性的關(guān)注，尤其與此時(shí)此刻的情況密切相關(guān)：此時(shí)此刻，在世界上技術(shù)最先進(jìn)的國(guó)家，仍處于無(wú)法控制流行病和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的泥潭中），下文也提到，一場(chǎng)病毒肆虐，一個(gè)國(guó)家社會(huì)停止了運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，大流行無(wú)法控制，經(jīng)濟(jì)下行，這樣的事情在不久之前都是無(wú)法想象，不可思議（unthinkable）的，即世界充滿(mǎn)了不確定性。而此時(shí)此刻呼吁人們對(duì)這種unthinkable加以關(guān)注，正是和此時(shí)此刻的世界實(shí)況密切相關(guān)。A. Scientific科學(xué)的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原來(lái)的，原創(chuàng)的；D. Relevant相關(guān)的，有重大關(guān)系的。根據(jù)上面的分析，僅有D符合語(yǔ)境，故選D。
現(xiàn)，理解文章后可知，作者有明顯的態(tài)度傾向，作者對(duì)于這首詩(shī)表達(dá)的信息是贊同的，故選B。
【2020年北京卷】
Certain frms f AI are indeed becming ubiquitus. Fr example, algrithms (算法) carry ut huge vlumes f trading n ur financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing n city streets, and ur smartphnes are translating frm ne language int anther. These systems are smetimes faster and mre perceptive than we humans are. But s far that is nly true fr the specific tasks fr which the systems have been designed. That is smething that sme AI develpers are nw eager t change.
Sme f tday’s AI pineers want t mve n frm tday’s wrld f “weak” r “narrw” AI, t create “strng” r “full” AI, r what is ften called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In sme respects, tday’s pwerful cmputing machines already make ur brains lk weak. A GI culd, its advcates say, wrk fr us arund the clck, and drawing n all available data, culd suggest slutins t many prblems. DM, a cmpany fcused n the develpment f AGI, has an ambitin t “slve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their missin statement reads, “we believe this will be ne f the mst imprtant and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”
Since the early days f AI, imaginatin has utpaced what is pssible r even prbable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Gd predicted the eventual creatin f an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities f any man, hwever clever.” Gd went n t suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” culd be “the last inventin that man need ever make.”
Fears abut the appearance f bad, pwerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinfrced (強(qiáng)化) by many wrks f fictin — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminatr film series, fr example. But if AI des eventually prve t be ur dwnfall, it is unlikely t be at the hands f human-shaped frms like these, with recgnisably human mtivatins such as aggressin (敵對(duì)行為). Instead, I agree with Oxfrd University philspher Nick Bstrm, wh believes that the heaviest risks frm A GI d nt cme frm a decisin t turn against mankind but rather frm a dgged pursuit f set bjectives at the expense f everything else.
The prmise and danger f true A GI are great. But all f tday’s excited discussin abut these pssibilities presuppses the fact that we will be able t build these systems. And, having spken t many f the wrld’s fremst AI researchers, I believe there is gd reasn t dubt that we will see A GI any time sn, if ever.
42. What des the underlined wrd “ubiquitus” in Paragraph I prbably mean?
A. Enrmus in quantity.B. Changeable daily.
C. Stable in quality.D. Present everywhere.
【答案】42. D
【分析】這是一篇議論文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性進(jìn)行了論述。
【42題詳解】
詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線(xiàn)詞所在句后面的Fr example, algrithms (算法) carry ut huge vlumes f trading n ur financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing n city streets, and ur smartphnes are translating frm ne language int anther(例如，算法在我們的金融市場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行大量交易，自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)出現(xiàn)在城市街道上，我們的智能手機(jī)正在從一種語(yǔ)言翻譯成另一種語(yǔ)言)可知，人工智能在我們生活中用處十分廣泛。由此推知，劃線(xiàn)詞所在句意為“某些形式的人工智能確實(shí)正在變得無(wú)處不在”，即劃線(xiàn)詞與D選項(xiàng)“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故選D項(xiàng)。
【最新?？肌?br>【2024·北京海淀·二?！?br>The idea that aging reduces adults’ ability t imagine, a cmmn theme in children’s literature, is cntradicted by psychlgical research. While children are ften prtrayed as mre imaginative, research indicates that adults nt nly keep this ability but smetimes surpass children in imaginative thinking.
Children are frequently celebrated fr bundless imaginatin. Yet, research reveals that their make-believe games ften center arund realistic scenaris, such as cking and cleaning, as demnstrated in a 2020 study published in Jurnal f Cgnitin and Develpment. Anther study, lasting fr fur decades, als suggests that children are nt naturally mre imaginative than adults; their limitatins result frm a lack f knwledge and expertise t effectively use their imaginative capacity as adults.
Imaginatin may have evlved fr cnsidering alternatives t reality, but we use it mst naturally t explre clse alternatives, like preparing a different meal, rather than far alternatives, like riding n cluds. When we use imaginatin t envisin far alternatives — t innvate r invent — we’re nt digging int an inbrn appreciatin f the extrardinary; we’re using a tl designed t explre the rdinary. When cnsidering alternatives t reality, we fix ur attentin n pssibilities that are physically reasnable, statistically prbable, scially cnventinal and mrally permissible. When tld abut pssibilities that vilate such regularities, we usually deny they culd happen. Generally speaking, ur ideas abut what culd happen are firmly rted in what we expect t happen.
This mindset is als particularly apparent in yung children. In a 2018 study I c-designed with psychlgist Jnathan Phillips, 4-year-lds were asked t help a distressed girl wh disliked ging t schl due t missing her mther. Amng all the slutins given, they perceived the nly pssible slutin was fr her mther t d smething special after schl t ease her cncerns. Unexpected alternatives, such as snapping fingers and making it Saturday, wearing pajamas t schl r lying abut schl being clsed, were all regarded impssible. Frm this, we can cnclude that children’s earliest intuitins (直覺(jué)力) abut pssibility cnfuse what culd happen with what shuld happen.
Histrically, the imprbable event f traveling faster than a hrse was cnsidered impssible, as was traveling by air r traveling int space. Befre the arrival f trains and planes, there were gd reasns t think that peple culd travel nly s far and nly s fast. But these reasns were empirical (經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的), nt lgical. Imaginatin, n its wn, lumps the imprbable with the impssible, but we can cmbine imaginatin with ther abilities — namely, knwledge and reflectin — t separate the tw. While imaginatin in children ften subjects t expectatin, adults can cntrl their imaginative capacity fr innvatin by integrating it with accumulated knwledge and reflective thinking.
56．The underlined wrd “l(fā)umps” in the last paragraph prbably means _________.
A．mixB．matchC．cmpareD．replace
【答案】 56．A
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。這篇短文主要指出心理學(xué)研究反駁了老年人想象力下降的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，實(shí)際上成年人在某些方面可能比兒童更有想象力。研究表明，兒童的想象游戲通常圍繞現(xiàn)實(shí)場(chǎng)景，并非天生比成人更具想象力，而是受限于知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。人們傾向于用想象力探索與現(xiàn)實(shí)相近的可能性，而非遙遠(yuǎn)的不切實(shí)際的事物。研究還顯示，兒童對(duì)可能性的理解容易與期望混淆。最后，文章強(qiáng)調(diào)成人可以通過(guò)結(jié)合知識(shí)和反思來(lái)控制想象力，從而進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新。
56．詞句猜測(cè)題。由最后一段中“But these reasns were empirical (經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的), nt lgical. Imaginatin, n its wn, lumps the imprbable with the impssible, but we can cmbine imaginatin with ther abilities — namely, knwledge and reflectin — t separate the tw. (但這些原因都是經(jīng)驗(yàn)的，而非邏輯的。想象力本身就lumps不大可能（還有機(jī)會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)）和大不可能（絕無(wú)可能實(shí)現(xiàn)），但我們可以把想象力與其他能力——即知識(shí)和反思——結(jié)合起來(lái)，把兩者分開(kāi))”可知，but后講人們可以通過(guò)將想象力與其他能力，即知識(shí)和反思相結(jié)合，將不大可能（還有機(jī)會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)）和大不可能（絕無(wú)可能實(shí)現(xiàn)）分開(kāi)，說(shuō)明想象力本身會(huì)將不大可能（還有機(jī)會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)）和大不可能（絕無(wú)可能實(shí)現(xiàn)）混為一談，劃線(xiàn)詞lumps意為“混合”。故選A項(xiàng)。
【2024·北京昌平·二?！?br>In 1992, Edward de Bn argued that “creativity is the mst imprtant human resurce f all.” But might cmputers have the capacity t be creative? Culd artificial intelligence utperfrm us in even the mst human f phenmena? These questins have mved t the frefrnt f sciety with the launch f ChatGPT and DALL-E, tw pwerful deep learning mdels capable f creating art.
Where human creativity cmes frm is a cmplex and heavily-debated tpic. One thery suppses that creativity emerges frm slving prblems in new ways. The game designer Mark Rsewater explains that “if yu use the same neural pathways, yu get t the same answers, and with creativity, that’s nt yur gal.” But studies frm the University f Virginia suggest humans mst default (默認(rèn)) t slving prblems by building n knwn slutins, restricting riginality. Sme neurscientists prpse anther thery regarding creativity. Research frm the University f Calgary reveals that when being creative, humans dn’t use the same brain regins assciated with thught and prblem-slving, implying that creativity is primarily an uncnscius prcess. Accrding t this thery, the brain slves prblems best when nt directly fcusing n them using the frntal lbe (前額葉) , instead letting the ther parts f the brain take ver.
A．I. cannt currently emulate (仿真) the full cmplexity f the human mind. D these deep learning netwrks even have the required cmpnents that we use when we are creative? Duglas Hfstadter explains hw “emergent phenmena,” such as creativity, crrespnd t cnnectins between levels within mental systems. Similar cnnectins culd exist in artificial neural netwrks, even if the mechanics differ. Fr example, mdern artificial intelligence emplys attentin circuits that may cause it t behave similarly t the frntal lbe where mst f the brain’s fcusing tendencies cme frm.
The emergent nature f creativity pens the dr fr similar tendencies in machines, but they are tuned s carefully t cpy existing ideas that it may nt be enugh fr true riginality. Mr. Rsewater’s thery n creativity suggests that fr A．I. t be creative, it shuld be able t slve prblems in new ways, which is difficult because A．I. is based s heavily n already existing ideas. Alternatively, if creativity is an uncnscius prcess as the University f Calgary research suggests, then it ccurs mstly utside the frntal lbe and may nt exist in machine learning netwrks. Either way, current A．I. prbably lacks the capacity fr genuine creativity and riginality, but it can cmbine existing ideas in interesting ways.
The questin f machine creativity has repercussins in many areas, such as develping law regarding A．I. wrks, cnsidering A．I. submissins in art cntests, and determining the use f ChatGPT as a tl fr schl assignments. Creativity may be, at least fr nw, a unique human quality. Cmputers are nt yet starting revlutinary artistic mvements, but they are already cmbining what exists int smething new, challenging us t lk deeper int ur wn creativity.
67．What des the underlined wrd “repercussins” in Paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A．Influences.B．Objectins.C．Dubts.D．Causes.
【答案】 67．A
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文一篇說(shuō)明文。文章討論了人工智能是否具備創(chuàng)造力，與人類(lèi)創(chuàng)造力的對(duì)比，探討了創(chuàng)造力的起源及其與問(wèn)題解決的關(guān)系，認(rèn)為雖然人工智能能夠結(jié)合現(xiàn)有的想法創(chuàng)造新的作品，但其缺乏真正的創(chuàng)造力和原創(chuàng)性。
67．詞句猜測(cè)題。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)和劃線(xiàn)詞后“in many areas, such as develping law regarding A. I. wrks, cnsidering A. I. submissins in art cntests, and determining the use f ChatGPT as a tl fr schl assignments (在許多領(lǐng)域，例如制定有關(guān)人工智能作品的版權(quán)法，考慮藝術(shù)比賽中的人工智能在提交的作品，以及確定將ChatGPT用作完成學(xué)校作業(yè)的工具)”可推知，人工智能創(chuàng)造力的問(wèn)題會(huì)對(duì)下文列舉的這些領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)生影響，故劃線(xiàn)詞repercussins與influences同義。故選A項(xiàng)。
【2024·北京西城·二?！?br>When peple hear “artificial intelligence,” many envisin “big data.” There’s a reasn fr that: sme f the mst imprtant AI breakthrughs in the past decade have relied n enrmus data sets. But AI is nt nly abut large data sets, and research in “small data” appraches has grwn extensively ver the past decade—with s-called transfer learning as an especially prmising example. Als knwn as “fine-tuning,” transfer learning is helpful in settings where yu have little data n the task f interest but abundant data n a related prblem. The way it wrks is that yu first train a mdel using a big data set and then retrain slightly using a smaller data set related t yur specific prblem.
Research in transfer learning appraches has grwn impressively ver the past 10 years. In a new reprt fr Gergetwn University’s Center fr Security and Emerging Technlgy (CSET), we examined current and prjected prgress in scientific research acrss “small data” appraches. Our analysis fund that transfer learning stands ut as a categry that has experienced the mst cnsistent and highest research grwth n average since 2010. This grwth has even utpaced the larger and mre established field f reinfrcement learning, which in recent years has attracted widespread attentin.
Small data appraches such as transfer learning ffer numerus advantages ver mre data-intensive methds. By enabling the use f AI with less data, they can blster prgress in areas where little r n data exist, such as in frecasting natural disasters that ccur relatively rarely r in predicting the risk f disease fr a ppulatin set that des nt have digital health recrds.
Anther way f thinking abut the value f transfer learning is in terms f generalizatin. A recurring challenge in the use f AI is that mdels need t “generalize” beynd their training data. Because transfer learning mdels wrk by transferring knwledge frm ne task t anther, they are very helpful in imprving generalizatin in the new task, even if nly limited data were available.
Mrever, by using pretrained mdels, transfer learning can speed up training time and culd als reduce the amunt f cmputatinal resurces needed t train algrithms (算法). This efficiency is significant, cnsidering that the prcess f training ne large neural (神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的) netwrk requires cnsiderable energy.
Despite the grwth in research, transfer learning has received relatively little visibility. The existence f techniques such as transfer learning des nt seem t have reached the awareness f the brader space f plicy makers and business leaders in psitins f making imprtant decisins abut AI funding and adptin. By acknwledging the success f small data techniques like transfer learning—and distributing resurces t supprt their widespread use—we can help vercme sme f the cmmn miscnceptins regarding the rle f data in AI and facilitate innvatin in new directins.
69．What des the underlined wrd “blster” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Prmte.B．Seek.
C．Track.D．Mnitr.
【答案】69．A
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要講述了小數(shù)據(jù)在人工智能領(lǐng)域的重要性，特別是轉(zhuǎn)移學(xué)習(xí)的作用和價(jià)值。
69．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章第三段的“such as in frecasting natural disasters that ccur relatively rarely r in predicting the risk f disease fr a ppulatin set that des nt have digital health recrds.”（例如預(yù)測(cè)罕見(jiàn)的自然災(zāi)害或預(yù)測(cè)沒(méi)有數(shù)字健康記錄的人群的疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。）可知，通過(guò)使人工智能能夠使用較少的數(shù)據(jù)，他們可以在幾乎沒(méi)有數(shù)據(jù)的領(lǐng)域推動(dòng)進(jìn)步。blster在這里的意思是“推動(dòng)”。故選A。

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