主旨大意題是閱讀理解中考生失分最多的題目,因為該類試題不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會大意的能力,也對考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求。文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù),需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進行加工概括,才能歸納出文章的主旨。此類題目可分為三大類,即標題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。要做好主旨大意題,我們首先必須了解其正確選項和干擾選項的特征。
類型一 標題歸納題
一、提問方式
·The best title f the passage is ________.
·Which f the fllwing is the best title f the passage?
·What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
·The mst apprpriate title f the passage is ______.
二、解題必備知能
(一)理解標題的3大特點
一個好的標題應(yīng)具備三大特點:
1.概括性——準確而又簡短;
2.針對性——標題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符;
3.醒目性——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。
(二)巧用3大方法確定文章標題
1.正面肯定法:在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上,揣摩哪個選項能準確概括主旨;
2.反面否定法:撇開原文,拿各個備選項去設(shè)想用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容,然后和原文章對照,一一排除不符選項;
3.研讀備選項本身:研讀備選項里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等。
例子1
Gd Mrning Britain's Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle — shwing families hw t prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget.
In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under £5 per family a day. And the Gd Mrning Britain presenter says she's been able t put a lt f what she's learnt int practice in her wn hme, preparing meals fr sns, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.
“We lve Mexican churrs, s I buy them n my phne frm my lcal Mexican takeaway restaurant,” she explains. “I pay £5 fr a prtin (一份), but Matt makes them fr 26p a prtin, because they are flur, water, sugar and il. Everybdy can buy takeaway fd, but smetimes we're nt aware hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves.”
The eight-part series (系列節(jié)目), Save Mney: Gd Fd, fllws in the ftsteps f ITV's Save Mney: Gd Health, which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.
With fd ur biggest weekly husehld expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tnight's Easter special they cme t the aid f a family in need f sme delicius inspiratin n a budget. The team transfrms the family's lng weekend f celebratin with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
27.What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A.Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B.Balancing Our Daily Diet
C.Making Yurself a Perfect Chef
D.Cking Well fr Less
[解題示范]
第一步:讀文章,概括文意
本文是一篇新聞報道?!对绨灿返墓?jié)目主持人蘇珊娜·瑞德新推出了一檔節(jié)目——Save Mney: Gd Fd,向觀眾展示如何用較少的預(yù)算做出美味營養(yǎng)的飯菜。
第二步:析選項,斟酌判斷
[答案] D
類型二 文章大意題
提問方式
·What's the main idea/pint f the passage?
·The passage is mainly abut ________.
·The passage is mainly cncerned abut ________.
·Which f the fllwing best states the main idea f the passage?
·Which f the fllwing statements best expresses the main idea/theme f the passage?
·In this passage the authr discusses primarily ________.
·The subject discussed in this text is ________.
·The general/main idea f the passage is abut ________.
二、解題必備知能
掌握尋找主題句的4個小竅門,快速確定文章大意
文章是由段落組成的。段落的主題就是段落的中心思想,具體段落的中心思想又是為文章整體中心思想服務(wù)的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。找出每小段的主題句,各段的主題句常在該段的首句或尾句,各段主題句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。有的文章無明顯主題句,主題句隱含在段意之中,這就需要進一步加工概括。觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排,理解文章的“重心”和支撐性細節(jié)。
用瀏覽法(skimming),即快速閱讀文首、文尾,或每段的首句和尾句等,搜索主題線索和主題信息的方法可以快速找到主題句。以下是找主題句的四個小竅門:
1.段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如hwever, but, in fact, actually等)時,該句很可能是主題句。
2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時,對該問句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3.作者有意識地重復(fù)的觀點,通常是主旨;反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語,一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。
4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefre, thus, in shrt, cnclude, cnclusin等詞,通常是主旨。
例子2
Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging. When the wrld was still ppulated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (聯(lián)系) grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther. Sme language experts believe that 10,000 years ag, when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisatin, the develpment f the natin-state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages, ften spken by many peple, while ht, wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers. Eurpe has nly arund 200 languages; the Americas abut 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位數(shù)) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld's languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
Already well ver 400 f the ttal f 6,800 languages are clse t extinctin (消亡), with nly a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at randm, Busuu in Camern (eight remaining speakers), Chiapanec in Mexic (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (tw r three) r Wadjigu in Australia (ne, with a questin-mark): nne f these seems t have much chance f survival.
31.What is the main idea f the text?
A.New languages will be created.
B.Peple's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C.Human develpment results in fewer languages.
D.Gegraphy determines language evlutin.
[解題示范]
第一步:讀文章,概括文意
文章介紹了世界上語言的種類隨著人類社會的發(fā)展而逐漸減少這一現(xiàn)象。
第二步:析選項,斟酌判斷
[答案] C
類型三 段落大意題
一、常見設(shè)問方式
·What des the authr tell us in Paragraph
·The main idea f the secnd paragraph prbably is ________.
·The first paragraph is mainly abut ________.
·Which f the fllwing can best summarize Para.1?
·What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
二、解題必備知能
歸納段落大意的2種方法
方法1:概括段落大意
要準確概括某段的大意,務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。
(1)如果該段是按總分順序組織,首句做總的說明,其他句子對其進行具體論述,這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首;
(2)如果按分總順序組織,主題句就在段尾;
(3)如果按分總分的順序組織,則主題句就在這段話的中間;
(4)如果按總分總的順序,段落結(jié)構(gòu)相對難度較低,我們可以很明顯的看到一段的首句和末句的內(nèi)容幾乎完全一致,正確答案就呼之欲出了;
(5)如果按并列式行文,這種結(jié)構(gòu)的段落一般會在一段中討論兩個平行的內(nèi)容,整個段落可以從中間處分開,前后是平行關(guān)系,這樣的段落結(jié)構(gòu)對應(yīng)的答案通常也會是很明顯的并列關(guān)系;
(6)如果對比各事物,那么它們的共同點或不同點就是該段大意。
方法2:揣摩段落大意
有時,作者可能不直接寫出主題句,而是通過各種方法暗示給讀者,這就需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力,揣摩段落大意。
例子3
Terrafugia Inc. said Mnday that its new flying car has cmpleted its first flight, bringing the cmpany clser t its gal f selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transitin — has tw seats, fur wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and burns 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.

28.What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A.The basic data f the Transitin.
B.The advantages f flying cars.
C.The ptential market fr flying cars.
D.The designers f the Transitin.
[解題示范]
第一步:讀文章,概括段意
該段沒有主題句,但是從以下幾個方面說明了飛車the Transitin的相關(guān)情況:
①制造商:Terrafugia Inc.
②首飛成功:cmpleted its first flight
③上市時間:within the next year
④飛車名字:the Transitin
⑤飛車構(gòu)成:tw seats, fur wheels and wings
⑥飛行時速:arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air
⑦耗油:5 gallns per hur in the air; On the grund, 35 miles per galln
由以上信息可以看出該段主要描述了飛車the Transitin的一些基本數(shù)據(jù)。
第二步:析選項,斟酌判斷
[答案] A
三、高考真題
2020年全國卷1-D
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research.Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther, emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce (電源)-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin (傳輸).
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces
D. Benefits frm green plants.
35. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Can we grw mre glwing plants?
B. Hw d we live with glwing plants?
C. Culd glwing plants replace lamps
D. Hw are glwing plants made pllutin-free?
2020年(全國卷11-B)
Sme parents will buy any high-tech ty if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
The findings were published in the jurnal Develpmental Science.
27. What is the text mainly abut?
A. A mathematical methd
B. A scientific study.
C. A wman psychlgist
D. A teaching prgram.
2020年(全國卷Ⅱ-D)
I have a special place in my heart fr libraries. I have fr as lng as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, smetimes reading up t three bks a day as a child. Stries were like air t me and while ther kids plaved ball r went t parties. I lived ut adventures thrugh the bks I checked ut frm the library.
My first jb was wrking at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years ld .It was a dream jb and I did everything frm shelving bks t reading t the children fr stry time.
As I grew lder and became a mther, the library tk n a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and bks were ur main surce(來源) f entertainment. It was a big deal fr us t lad up and g t the lcal library, where my kids culd pick ut bks t read r bks they wanted me t read t them.
I always read ,using different vices , as thugh I were acting ut the stries with my vice and they lved it !It was a special time t bnd with my children and it filled them with the wnderment f bks.
Nw, I see my children taking their children t the library and I lve that the excitement f ging t the library lives n frm generatin t generatin.
As a nvelist, I've fund a new relatinship with libraries. I encurage readers t g t their lcal library when they can't affrd t purchase a bk. I see libraries as a safe haven(避風(fēng)港) fr readers and writers, a bridge that helps put tgether a reader with a bk. Libraries, in their wn way, help fight bk piracy(盜版行為) and 1 think all writers shuld supprt libraries in a significant way when they can. Encurage readers t use the library. Share library annuncements n yur scial media. Frequent them and talk abut them when yu can.
35. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Reading: A Surce f Knwledge
B. My Idea abut writing
C. Library: A Haven fr the Yung
D. My Lve f the Library
2020年(全國卷Ⅲ11-B)
The creative team behind "Apes" used mtin-capture (動作捕捉)technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that recrds an actr's perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image (圖像). In this case, ne f a realistic-lking ape.
25. What des paragraph 2 mainly talk abut:
A. The cst f making "Apes"
B. The creatin f digitalized apes.
C. The publicity abut "Apes."
D. The perfrmance f real apes.
2020年(全國卷ⅢI-C)
With the yung unable t affrd t leave hme and the ld at risk f islatin (孤獨), mre families are chsing t live tgether.
31. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Lifestyles in different cuntries.
B. Cnflicts between generatins.
C. A husing prblem in Britain.
D. A rising trend f living in the UK.
2020年(全國卷ⅢI-D)
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptatin-nt t air r t fd, but t the cean. A grup f sea-dwelling peple in Sutheast Asia have evlved int better divers. The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in the hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally lived n husebats: in recent times, they've als built huses n stilts (支柱) in castal waters. "They are simply a stranger t the land," said Rdney C. Jubilad, a University f Hawaii researcher wh studies the Bajau.
35. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at Sea
B. Highlanders' Survival Skils
C. Basic Methds f Genetic Research
D. The Wrld's Best Divers
2020年(新高考全國卷1-B)
Jennifer Mauer has needed mre willpwer than the typical cllege student t pursue her gal f earning a nursing degree. That willpwer bre fruit when Jennifer graduated frm University f Wiscnsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family t earn a bachelr's degree.
7. What can we learn frm Jennifer's stry?
A. Time is mney.
B. Lve breaks dwn barriers.
C. Hard wrk pays ff.
D. Educatin is the key t success.
2020年(新高考全國卷1-C)
In the mid-1990s, Tm Bissell taught English as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven mnths, physically brken and having lst his mind. A few years later, still attracted t the cuntry, he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea.
His visit, hwever, ended up invlving a lt mre than that. Hence this bk, Chasing the Sea. Lst Amng the Ghsts f Empire in Central Asia, which talks abut a rad trip frm Tashkent t Karakalpakstan, where millins f lives have been destrved by the slw drying up f the sea. It is the stry f an American travelling t a strange land, and f the peple he meets n his way: Rustam his translatr, a lvely 24-year-ld wh picked up his clrful English in Califrnia, Oleg and Natasha, his hsts in Tashkent, and a string f freign aid wrkers.
This is a quick lk at life in Uzbekistan, made f friendliness and warmth, but als its darker side f sciety. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wnders. while n his way t Bukhara he gets a taste f plice methds when suspected f drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a muntain funeral (葬禮) fllwed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust strms, diseases and fishing bats stuck miles frm the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully rcanizes histrical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-runded picture f Uzbekistan, seen frm Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stmach. As the authr explains, this is neither a travel nr a histry bk, r even a piece f reprtage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid descriptin f the purest f Central Asian traditins.
11. What is the purpse f this text?
A. T intrduce a bk
B. T explain a cultural phenmenn.
C. T remember a writer.
D. T recmmend a travel destinatin.
2020年(新高考全國卷1-D)
Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and
cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake. And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins(份), it's the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid.
12. What is the recent study mainly abut?
A. Fd safety.
C. Cnsumer demand.
B. Mvie viewership.
D. Eating behavir.
2020年(天津卷-A)
Hw t Use a Mdern Public Librar
Has it been a while since yur last visit t a public library? If s, yu may be surprised t learn that libraries have changed fr the better. It's been years since they were dusty little rms with bks. They have transfrmed themselves int places where yu can develp yur lve f knwledge, meet interesting peple, r find ut hw t start a business.
40. What is the purpse f the passage?
A. T pint ut the imprtance f public libraries
B. T encurage peple t wrk in public libraries.
C. T intrduce the imprved services f public libraries.
D. T call fr the mdernizatin f public library systems.
2020年(天津卷-B)
"They tell me that yu'd like t make a statue (塑像) f me-is that crrect, Miss Vinnie Ream?"
The deep, gentle vice helped calm the nervus girl. Asking a favr f the President f the United States was n casual matter, especially fr a seventeen-year-ld girl.
"Yes, sir"” she replied, her dark eves meeting his. "I wuldn't have dared t ask yu, but my teacher, Mr. Mills, says I am ready. I plan t make it in an admirable manner.”
President Lincln smiled. "Painters, sculptrs they've all tried t make the best f this rdinary face, but I'm afraid there's nt much hpe. What did yu have in mind, Miss Ream? A bust (半身像)?"
Befre Vinnie culd say yes, the President hurried n, a shade f aplgy in his vice, "Of curse -I shuldn't have asked. A full-length pse wuld be much t big a prject fr a yung wman yur size."
Vinnie's face turned red. She realized she lked like a child, with her tiny figure. "Small des nt mean weak, sir," She defended herself, " was brn in the cuntry f Wiscnsin. I've driven teams f huses and carried water. Making a full-ength clay (粘土) figure wuld nt exhaust my strength — and that is what I intend t d!"
The President's eyes, brightened at her shw f spirit. "Srry, madam. I have underestimated yu as I didn't knw yur backgrund
But his smile faded as he rubbed his beard with bny fingers, in thught. "Miss Ream," he sighed. "I'd like t let vu d it. but as vu knw. we are in the middle f a war. Hw culd I pssibly take the time t pse fr a sculpture nw? I hardly have a minute t myself"
Vinnie glanced arund and nted the size f his ffice. "I wrk quickly," she said. Her vice was sft but cnfident as she pinted t the crner near the windws. "If I were t bring my clay here and wrk fr three hurs every afternn, I culd cmplete mst f the prject while yu are at yur desk."
The President seemed t cnsider her idea seriusly. He gt up and shk Vinnie's hand warmly, "I've heard that yu are a talented yung wman, and I have fund yu charming and intelligent as well. I cannt make my decisin immediately, but yu will hear frm me sn."
The very next day, Vinnie received an invitatin frm the President.
45. What message des the stry cnvey?
A. A strng-willed sul can reach his gal.
B. Experience helps t prmte excellence.
C. Ups and dwns make ne strng.
D. Devtin requires enthusiasm.
2020年(天津卷-C)
Fr peple wh are interested in sund, the field f sund technlgy is definitely making nise in the past, sund engineers wrked in the back rms f recrding studis, but many f tday's sund prfessinals are sharing their knwledge and experience with prfessinals in ther fields t create new prducts based n the phenmenn we call sund.
Sund can be used as a weapn. Imagine that a plice fficer is chasing thief. The thief tries t escape. And the fficer can't let him get away. He pulls ut special device, pints it at the suspect, and switches it n. The thief drps t the grund. This new weapn is called a Lng Range Acustic Device (LRAD,遠程定向聲波發(fā)射器). It prduces a deafening sund s painful that it temprarily disables a persn. The nise frm the LRAD is directed like a ray f light and travels nly int the ears f that persn. but it is nt deadly.
Fr thse wh hunger fr sme peace and quiet, sund can nw create silence. Let's say yu are at the airprt, and the little by n the seat next t yu is humming (哼唱) a shrt cmmercial sng. He hums it ver and ver again, and yu are abut t g crazy. Thanks t the Silence Machine. a British inventin, yu can get rid f the sund withut upsetting the by r his parents. One may wnder hw the Silence Machine wrks. Well, it functins by analyzing the waves f the incming sund and creating a secnd set f utging waves. The tw sets f waves cancel each ther ut. Simply turn the machine n pint it at the target, and yur peace and quiet cmes back.
Directed sund is a new technlgy that allws cmpanies t use sund in much the same way sptlights (聚光燈) are used in the theater. A sptlight lights up nly ne sectin f a stage; similarly, a "sptsund" creates a circle f sund in ne targeted area. This can be useful fr businesses such as restaurants and stres because it ffers a new way t attract custmers. Restaurants can ffer a chice f music alng with the varius fd chices n the menu, allwing custmers mre cntrl ver the atmsphere in which they are dining. Directed sund is als beginning t appear in shpping centers and even at hmes.
50. What des the passage fcus n?
A. Hw prfessinals invented sund prducts.
B. Inventins in the field f sund technlgy.
C. The grwing interest in the study f sund
D. Hw sund engineers wrk in their studis.
2020年(天津卷-D)
After years f bserving human nature, I have decided that tw qualities make the difference between men f great achievement and men f average perfrmance curisity and discntent. I have never knwn an utstanding man wh lacked either. And I have never knwn an average man wh had bth. The tw belng tgether.
55. What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A. Curius Minds Never Feel Cntented
B. Reflectins n Human Nature
C. The Keys t Achievement
D. Never T Late t Learn
2020年(江蘇卷-C)
Fr thse wh can stmach it, wrking ut befre breakfast may be mre beneficial fr health than eating first, accrding t a study f meal timing and physical activity.
64. What culd be learned frm the research?
A. A wrkut after breakfast imprves gene perfrmances.
B. T much wrkut ften slws metablic rates.
C. Lifestyle is nt as imprtant as mrning exercise.
D. Physical exercise befre breakfast is better fr health.
2020年(江蘇卷-D)
We are repeatedly willing t imagine we have fund mst f what is left t discver. We used t think that insects were the smallest rganisms (生物), and that nthing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet. when smething new turns up, mre ften than nt, we d nt even knw its name.
70. What culd be the mst suitable title fr the passage?
A. The Pssible and the Impssible
B. The Knwn and the Unknwn
C. The Civilized and the Uncivilized
D. The Ignrant and the Intelligent
2020年(浙江卷1月-C)
Tday's wrld is nt an easy adjustment fr yung adults. A key skill set fr success is persistence(毅力) characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers frm Brigham Yung University discvered that fathers are in a unique psitin t help their adlescent children learn persistence.
30. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Three Characteristics f Authritative Fathers
B. Key Skills fr Yung Adults t Succeed in Future
C. Children Tend t Learn Determinatin frm Father
D. Family Relatinship Influences Schl Perfrmance
2020年(浙江卷7月-B)
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-grwing city just east f Seattle, uses a system that is gaining ppularity arund the US: intersectin (十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time t traffic cnditins. These lights, knwn as adaptive signals, have led t significant declines in bth the truble and cst f travels between wrk and hme.
27. What can we learn frm Bellevue's success?
A. It is rewarding t try new things.
B. The ld methds still wrk tday.
C. It pavs t put thery int practice
D. The simplest way is the best way.
2020年(浙江卷7月-C)
Challenging wrk that requires lts f analytical thinking, planning and ther managerial skills might help yur brain stay sharp as yu age, a study published Wednesday in the jurnal Neurlgy suggests.
30. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Retired Wrkers Can Pick Up New Skills
B. Old Peple Shuld Take Challenging Jbs
C. Yur Tugh Jb Might Help Keep Yu Sharp
D. Cgnitive Functin May Decline As Yu Age
四、實戰(zhàn)演練
1.
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Luie cunter by herself, quietly reading her e-bk as she waits fr her salad. What is she reading? Nne f yur business! Lunch is Bechtel’s "me" time. And like mre Americans, she’s nt alne.
A new reprt fund 46 percent f meals are eaten alne in America. Mre than half(53 percent)have breakfast alne and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating tgether anymre, 74 percent, accrding t statistics frm the reprt.
"I prefer t g ut and be ut. Alne, but tgether, yu knw?" Bechtel said, lking up frm her bk. Bechtel, wh wrks in dwntwn West Palm Beach, has lunch with cwrkers smetimes, but like many f us, t ften wrks thrugh lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allws her t keep a bss frm tapping her n the shulder. She returns t wrk feeling energized. "Tday, I just wanted sme time t myself," she said.
Just tw seats ver, Andrew Mazleny, a lcal videgrapher, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phne in peace r chat up the barkeeper with whm he's n a first-name basis if he wants t have a little interactin(交流). "I reflect n hw my day's gne and think abut the rest f the week," he said. "It's a chance fr self-reflectin, Yu return t wrk recharged and with a plan."
That freedm t chse is ne reasn mre peple like t eat alne. There was a time when peple may have felt awkward abut asking fr a table fr ne, but thse days are ver. Nw, we have ur smartphnes t keep us cmpany at the table. "It desn't feel as alne as it may have befre all the advances in technlgy," said Laurie Demeritt, whse cmpany prvided the statistics fr the reprt.
8. What is the text mainly abut?
A. The trend f having meals alne.B. The imprtance f self-reflectin.
C. The stress frm wrking vertime.D. The advantage f wireless technlgy.
2.
Benjamin West, the father f American painting, shwed his talent fr art when he was nly six years f age. But he did nt knw abut brushes befre a visitr tld him he needed ne. In thse days , a brush was made frm camel's hair. There were n camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair wuld wrk instead. He cut sme fur frm the family cat t make a brush.
The brush did nt last lng. Sn Benjamin needed mre fur. Befre lng, the cat began t lk ragged (蓬亂). His father said that the cat must be sick. Benjamin was frced t admit what he had been ding.
The cat's lt was abut t imprve. That year, ne f Benjamin's cusins, Mr. Penningtn, came t visit. He was impressed with Benjamin's drawings. When he went hme, he sent Benjamin a bx f paint and sme brushes. He als sent six engravings(版畫)by an artist. These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen. In 1747, when Benjamin was nine years ld, Mr. Penningtn returned fr anther visit .He was amazed at what Benjamin had dne with his gift. He asked Benjamin's parents if he might take the by t Philadelphia fr a visit.
In the city, Mr. Penningtn gave Benjamin materials fr creating il paintings. The by began a landscape (風(fēng)景) painting. Williams, a well-knwn painter, came t see him wrk. Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him tw classic bks n painting t take hme .The bks were lng and dull. Benjamin culd read nly a little, having been a pr student. But he later said,” Thse tw bks were my cmpanins by day, and under my pillw at night.” While it is likely that he understd very little f the bks, they were his intrductin t classical paintings. The nine-year-ld by decided then that he wuld be an artist.
21. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Benjamin's visit t Philadelphia.
B. Williams' influence n Benjamin.
C. The beginning f Benjamin's life as an artist.
D. The friendship between Benjamin and Penningtn.
3.
Cities usually have a gd reasn fr being where they are, like a nearby prt r river. Peple settle in these places because they are easy t get t and naturally suited t cmmunicatins and trade. New Yrk City, fr example, is near a large harbur at the muth f the Hudsn River. Over 300 years its ppulatin grew gradually frm 800 peple t 8 millin. But nt all cities develp slwly ver a lng perid f time. Bm twns grw frm nthing almst vernight. In 1896, Dawsn, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gld was discvered there in 1897, and tw years later, it was ne f the largest cities in the West, with a ppulatin f 30,000.
Dawsn did nt have any f the natural cnveniences f cities like Lndn r Paris. Peple went there fr gld. They travelled ver snw-cvered muntains and sailed hundreds f miles up icy rivers. The path t Dawsn was cvered with thirty feet f wet snw that culd fall withut warming. An avalanche(雪崩) nce clsed the path, killing 63 peple. Fr many wh made it t Dawsn, hwever, the rewards were wrth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 peple wh dug fr gld, 4,000 gt rich. Abut 100 f these stayed rich men fr the rest f their lives.
But n matter hw rich they were, Dawsn was never cmfrtable. Necessities like fd and wd were very expensive. But sn, the gld that Dawsn depended n had all been fund. The city was crwded with disappinted peple with n interest in settling dwn, and when they heard there were new gld discveries in Alaska, they left Dawsn City as quickly as they had cme. Tday, peple still cme and g — t see where the Canadian gld rush happened. Turism is nw the chief industry f Dawsn City — its present ppulatin is 762.
27. What is the text mainly abut?
A. The rise and fall f a city.
B. The gld rush in Canada.
C. Jurneys int the wilderness.
D. Turism in Dawsn.
4.
Teens and yunger children are reading a lt less fr fun, accrding t a Cmmn Sense Media reprt published Mnday.
While the decline ver the past decade is steep fr teen readers, sme data in the reprt shws that reading remains a big part f many children's lives, and indicates hw parents might help encurage mre reading.
Accrding t the reprt's key findings, “the prprtin (比例) wh say they ‘hardly ever' read fr fun has gne frm 8 percent f 13-year-lds and 9 percent f 17-year-lds in 1984 t 22 percent and 27 percent respectively tday.”
The reprt data shws that pleasure reading levels fr yunger children, ages 2—8, remain largely the same. But the amunt f time spent in reading each sessin has declined, frm clser t an hur r mre t clser t a half hur per sessin.
When it cmes t technlgy and reading, the reprt des little t cunsel(建議) parents lking fr data abut the effect f e-readers and tablets n reading. It des pint ut that many parents still limit electrnic reading, mainly due t cncerns abut increased screen time.
The mst hpeful data shared in the reprt shws clear evidence f parents serving as examples and imprtant guides fr their kids when it cmes t reading. Data shws that kids and teens wh d read frequently, cmpared t infrequent readers, have mre bks in the hme, mre bks purchased fr them, parents wh read mre ften, and parents wh set aside time fr them t read.
As the end f schl appraches, and schl vacatin reading lists lm(逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance t step in and make their wn summer reading list and plan a family trip t the library r bkstre.
28. What is the Cmmn Sense Media reprt prbably abut?
A. Children's reading habits.
B. Quality f children's bks.
C. Children's after-class activities.
D. Parent-child relatinships.
5.
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank r n an airplane, surrunded by peple wh are, like us, deeply fcused n their smart phnes r, wrse, struggling with the uncmfrtable silence.
What's the prblem? It's pssible that we all have cmprmised cnversatinal intelligence. It's mre likely that nne f us start a cnversatin because it's awkward and challenging, r we think it's annying and unnecessary. But the next time yu find yurself amng strangers, cnsider that small talk is wrth the truble. Experts say it's an invaluable scial practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimprtant is easy, but we can't frget that deep relatinships wuldn't even exist if it weren't fr casual cnversatin. Small talk is the grease(潤滑劑) fr scial cmmunicatin, says Bernard Carducci, directr f the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Sutheast. “Almst every great lve stry and each big business deal begins with small talk,” he explains. “The key t successful small talk is learning hw t cnnect with thers, nt just cmmunicate with them.”
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, assciate prfessr f psychlgy at UBC, invited peple n their way int a cffee shp. One grup was asked t seek ut an interactin(互動) with its waiter; the ther, t speak nly when necessary. The results shwed that thse wh chatted with their server reprted significantly higher psitive feelings and a better cffee shp experience. “It's nt that talking t the waiter is better than talking t yur husband,” says Dunn. “But interactins with peripheral(邊緣的) members f ur scial netwrk matter fr ur well-being als.”
Dunn believes that peple wh reach ut t strangers feel a significantly greater sense f belnging, a bnd with thers. Carducci believes develping such a sense f belnging starts with small talk. “Small talk is the basis f gd manners,” he says.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Cnversatin Cunts B. Ways f Making Small Talk
C. Benefits f Small Talk D. Uncmfrtable Silence
6.
Measles(麻疹), which nce killed 450 children each year and disabled even mre, was nearly wiped ut in the United States 14 years ag by the universal use f the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a cmeback, caused by a grwing anti-vaccine mvement and misinfrmatin that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reprted in the USA, cmpared with 189 fr all f last year.
The numbers might sund small, but they are the leading edge f a dangerus trend. When vaccinatin rates are very high, as they still are in the natin as a whle, everyne is prtected. This is called “herd immunity”, which prtects the peple wh get hurt easily, including thse wh can't be vaccinated fr medical reasns, babies t yung t get vaccinated and peple n whm the vaccine desn't wrk.
But herd immunity wrks nly when nearly the whle herd jins in. When sme refuse vaccinatin and seek a free ride, immunity breaks dwn and everyne is in even bigger danger.
That's exactly what is happening in small neighbrhds arund the cuntry frm Orange Cunty, Califrnia, where 22 measles cases were reprted this mnth, t Brklyn, N.Y., where a 17-year-ld caused an utbreak last year.
The resistance t vaccine has cntinued fr decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Thse wh refuse t take that risk selfishly make thers suffer.
Making things wrse are state laws that make it t easy t pt ut(決定不參加) f what are suppsed t be required vaccines fr all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allw parents t get an exemptin(豁免), smetimes just by signing a paper saying they persnally bject t a vaccine.
Nw, several states are mving t tighten laws by adding new regulatins fr pting ut. But n ne des enugh t limit exemptins.
Parents ught t be able t pt ut nly fr limited medical r religius reasns. But persnal pinins? Nt gd enugh. Everyne enjys the life-saving benefits vaccines prvide, but they'll exist nly as lng as everyne shares in the risks.
66. What is the purpse f the passage?
A. T intrduce the idea f exemptin.
B. T discuss methds t cure measles.
C. T stress the imprtance f vaccinatin.
D. T appeal fr equal rights in medical treatment.
正確選項特征
干擾選項特征
1.涵蓋性強,覆蓋全文或全段。
2.確定的范圍恰當,既不太大,也不太小。
3.精確性強,不會改變語言表意的程度及色彩。
1.過于籠統(tǒng),不知所云
所給選項內(nèi)容概括的范圍過大,超出文章所述內(nèi)容。
2.以偏概全,主次不分
所給選項只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容,或以文章中的細節(jié)信息或個別詞作為選項的設(shè)置內(nèi)容,或以次要的事實或細節(jié)充當全文的主要觀點。
3.移花接木,偷換概念
所給選項被命題者有意識地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上,若不留神,極易選錯答案。
4.無中生有,生搬硬套
所給選項的關(guān)鍵詞語雖然在文章中談到了,但經(jīng)過仔細閱讀分析之后,發(fā)現(xiàn)選項的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系。
A
通過明智的吃來保持健康
文中雖提到有關(guān)飲食和健康方面的內(nèi)容,但這不是文章主要內(nèi)容。
以偏概全,主次不分
B
平衡我們的日常飲食
文中沒有提到平衡日常飲食。
無中生有,生搬硬套
C
讓你自己成為一個完美的廚師
文中只是提到用較少的預(yù)算做出美味的飯菜,沒有說做一個完美的廚師。
以偏概全,主次不分
D
用的少,烹飪好
文章圍繞用較少的預(yù)算做出美味的飯菜展開的。
涵蓋性強,覆蓋全文
A
新語言將會被創(chuàng)造。
文章介紹的是語言的減少而不是新語言的創(chuàng)造。
移花接木,偷換概念
B
人們的生活方式會反映到語言上。
文中沒有這種說法。
無中生有,生搬硬套
C
人類的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致語言越來越少。
文章介紹了世界上語言多樣性的發(fā)展變化以及現(xiàn)在很多語言面臨消亡的威脅這一現(xiàn)象。
涵蓋性強,覆蓋全文
D
地理決定語言的發(fā)展。
文中沒有這種說法。
無中生有,生搬硬套
A
飛車the Transitin的基本數(shù)據(jù)。
A項是對本段內(nèi)容的精煉概括和總結(jié)。
涵蓋性強,覆蓋全段
B
飛車的一些優(yōu)點。
該選項錯誤在于以下兩點:
①該段介紹了名字為the Transitin的飛車;而不是全部飛車(flying cars)。
②該段列舉的是基本數(shù)據(jù)而不是優(yōu)點。
無中生有,生搬硬套
C
飛車的潛在市場。
原文沒有提及。
無中生有,生搬硬套
D
飛車the Transitin的設(shè)計商。
該選項僅僅是文章中的一個方面。
以偏概全,主次不分

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