Learning bjectives
By the end f this sectin, yu will be able t:1. find ut the wrds that have been mitted t avid repetitin in sentences;2. grasp the use f ellipsis in English;3. apply ellipsis in certain cntext.
Which ne is cmmn in ur daily cnversatin?What rhetrical devices are used here?
Lk and think.
(1)A: I’m hungry.B: Are yu?A: Yeah. Didn’t have lunch tday.B: Want sme sandwiches?A: Are there any?B: Yeah. Just made sme.
(2)A: I’m hungry.B: Are yu hungry?A: Yeah. I didn’t have lunch tday.B: D yu want sme sandwiches?A: Are there any?B: Yeah. I’ve just made sme.
Ellipsis (省略)
Read the fllwing sentences and find the wrds that have been mitted tavid repetitin.
1. A: Oh, I just lve nachs! Mexican crn chips cvered in cheese!B: Me, t.2. A: S it’s the fd f many different cultures, all in ne dish?B: Exactly.3. A real mix f cultures here!4. Can’t wait!
I lve nachs
and they are
it’s the fd f many different cultures, and they are all in ne dish.
Rewrite the sentences by taking ut the unnecessary parts.
1. Yu mean yu are planning a trip acrss the Atlantic fr a hliday? It sunds like a gd idea.2. He tried t slve his financial prblems, but he culdn’t slve the prblems.3. If it is necessary, I’ll finish my reprt n American petry as sn as it is pssible.4. Are yu ging t dress like that? Wearing a dress might be better than wearing jeans and bts.5. Sme wild mushrms are pisnus and sme are nt pisnus.6. I really like that paper flding bk, and my sn likes that paper flding bk, t.
but culdn’t.
A dress might be better than jeans and bts.
Simple sentences:Cmpund sentences (并列句):Cmplex sentences (復(fù)合句):
1 (Questins/Answers)
2 (but); 5 (and); 6 (and)
3 (if necessary); 4 (than)
Ellipsis is ften used in public signs, headlines, diaries, ntes, r infrmal letters. Rewrite these sentences using ellipsis.
1. Taking phts is nt allwed here.2. Yu shuld nt walk n the grass.3. There will be radwrks ahead.4. There may be children crssing the rad ahead.5 The sner it happens, the better it will be.6. A millinaire was pisned in his hme in Beverly Hills.7. The plane crash in Clrad last week claimed 15 lives.8. There is an exhibitin f fine china at the museum.
Stay / Keep ff the grass.
Radwrks ahead.
Children crssing ahead.
The sner, the better.
Millinaire pisned (in Beverly Hills).
Plane crash claim 15 lives.
Exhibitin f fine china.
Ellipsis (省略)一、 概述：在英語中，為了使語言簡(jiǎn)潔、緊湊、重點(diǎn)突出，常常省略句中的一個(gè)或多個(gè)成分，這種語法現(xiàn)象稱為省略。二、分類：1. 詞法上的省略（1）介詞的省略一些與動(dòng)詞、名詞或形容詞搭配的介詞常常可以省略，而保留介詞后的V-ing。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：have difficulty/truble (in) ding sth.；be busy (in) ding sth.；spend sme time (in) ding sth.；stp/prevent sb. (frm) ding sth.The heavy rain prevented him (frm) arriving there n time. 大雨使得他沒能按時(shí)到達(dá)那里。He spent fur hurs (in) reviewing his lessns. 他花了4個(gè)小時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)功課。
（2）替代性省略在某些情況下，當(dāng)我們省略掉某個(gè)詞、詞組或句子時(shí)，還需要用某個(gè)替代詞。① 省略的動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞加其他成分可以用d來代替。He speaks English mre fluently than yu d. 他說英語比你說得流利。② 在believe, expect, suppse, think和it appears/seems之后，表示同意前面說過的話時(shí)可以用s代替單詞（形容詞、副詞）、詞組或句子；表示對(duì)前面說過的話加以否定時(shí)，可以用nt或nt ... s。— Can yu finish yur wrk tday? 你今天能完成工作嗎？— I think s. /I dn’t think s. /I think nt. 我認(rèn)為能。/ 我認(rèn)為不能。注意：hpe, guess, be afraid的否定形式只能用nt的形式，不能用nt ... s的形式?！?The bys are nt ding a gd jb at all, are they?這些男孩們工作做得一點(diǎn)兒也不好，是嗎？— I guess nt. 我猜是沒做好。③ “S/Nr (Neither)+謂語/助動(dòng)詞+主語”這一句型用來替代前面提到的情況，表明它也適用于后者。— I dn’t think I can walk any further. 我認(rèn)為我不能再行走了?！?Neither can I. Let’s stp here fr a rest. 我也不行了。我們?cè)谶@兒停下來休息一下吧。④ the same可代替名詞詞組、形容詞詞組、從句或比較結(jié)構(gòu)?！?I lst my bike last mnth.我上個(gè)月把自行車弄丟了。— The same happened t me. 我也丟了一輛自行車。
（3）不定式（短語）的省略① 有些動(dòng)詞（詞組），如want, wish, expect, hpe, wuld like, try, frget等后面接不定式（短語）作賓語時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)t后面的內(nèi)容常常被省略。I asked him t eat ut, but he didn’t want t. 我讓他去外面吃，但他不想去。② 兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句法作用相同的不定式（短語）并列時(shí)，第一個(gè)帶t，后面的不定式（短語）可以省去t。I’m really puzzled abut what t think r say. 我真不知該怎么想、怎么說。③ 當(dāng)不定式（短語）在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allw, permit, tell, expect, frce, invite, beg等動(dòng)詞后面充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，常保留不定式符號(hào)t，而省略后面的動(dòng)詞。She wants t cme but her parents wn’t allw her t. 她想來，但她的父母不會(huì)允許她來。特別提醒：當(dāng)省略的動(dòng)詞不定式（短語）內(nèi)含有be或作助動(dòng)詞用的have的任何形式時(shí)，t后要保留be或have。
④ 跟在感官動(dòng)詞（詞組）see, lk at, hear, listen t, watch等和使役動(dòng)詞make, let, have等后面作賓補(bǔ)的不定式（短語）要省略t，但在此類動(dòng)詞（詞組）的被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，t不可省略。They made the by g t bed early. = The by was made t g t bed early. 他們讓這個(gè)男孩兒早睡。⑤ 作介詞but, except, besides的賓語，且前面又有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞d的任何形式時(shí)，后面的不定式（短語） 常省略t。All he culd d was nthing but wait. 他所能做的只有等待。⑥ 某些形容詞pleased, glad, happy等后面常省略不定式（短語），但t要保留?！?Will yu jin the game?你愿意參加這個(gè)游戲嗎？— I’d be glad t. 我愿意。⑦ why/why nt用于特殊疑問句，表示“干嗎要/不，為什么要/不”時(shí)，后跟省略t的動(dòng)詞不定式（短語）。Why talk s much abut it? 何必大談這件事呢？
2. 句法上的省略（1）簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略① 感嘆句中常省略主語和謂語。What a ht day (it is)! 多熱的天?。、?在口語中，某些句子成分可以省略。(Are yu) Ready? 準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？(Is there) Anything else t say? 還有別的要說嗎？（2）并列句中的省略① 省略共同的主語或賓語。All these stadiums are still functinal, (all these stadiums are) still pen and (all these stadiums are) still hsting the biggest events in wrld sprt. 所有這些體育場(chǎng)館仍在使用，仍在開放，仍在舉辦世界體育盛事。② 若主語不同而助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞相同，則省略后面的助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。Jack must have been playing ftball and Mary (must have been) ding her hmewrk. 杰克肯定一直在踢足球，瑪麗肯定一直在做作業(yè)。③ 若主語與謂語相同，則省略后面的主語和謂語。His advice made me happy, but (his advice made) Jim angry. 他的建議使我高興，卻使吉姆生氣。④ 若主語不同，但謂語及后續(xù)部分相同，則省略主要?jiǎng)釉~及后續(xù)部分。I was brn in winter in 2003 and Bb (was brn in winter) in 2004. 我出生于2003年的冬天，而鮑勃出生于2004年的冬天。
（3）狀語從句中的省略① 在when, while, whenever, till, as sn as, if, unless, as if/as thugh, as, whether等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中， 若從句謂語是be動(dòng)詞的某種形式，而從句主語又跟主句的主語相同或從句主語是it時(shí)，則從句中 的主語和be動(dòng)詞常被省略。Lk ut fr cars when (yu are) crssing the street. 橫穿街道的時(shí)候要當(dāng)心車輛。His pinin, whether (it is) right r wrng, wuld be cnsidered. 他的意見，無論對(duì)錯(cuò)，都會(huì)被考慮。② 在if it is pssible, when it is necessary等類似結(jié)構(gòu)中，it is?？墒÷?。I want t avid the rush hur traffic if (it is) pssible. 如果可能的話，我想避開交通高峰期。
（4）定語從句與名詞性從句中的省略① 在限制性定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語且不位于介詞之后的關(guān)系代詞whm, which, that等可省略；that在先行詞way后的從句中作方式狀語時(shí)可省略。He is the man (whm/wh/that) yu can depend n.他是你能信賴的人。I dn’t like the way (that) yu treat the girl.我不喜歡你對(duì)待這個(gè)女孩的方式。② 在knw, think, cnsider, suppse, find, believe, say, decide等動(dòng)詞后面所接的賓語從句中，連接詞 that可以省略；若帶有多個(gè)賓語從句，只有第一個(gè)that可以省略，其余的則不能省略。He said (that) the text was very imprtant and that we shuld memrize it. 他說這篇課文非常重要，我們應(yīng)該把它記住。③ 在由which, when, where, hw, why等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，有時(shí)引導(dǎo)詞后的成分可全部或部分省略。She will cme back, but he desn’t knw when (she will cme back). 她會(huì)回來的，可是他不知道她什么時(shí)候會(huì)回來。④ 在與suggest, request, rder, advise（表示建議、要求、命令時(shí)）等相關(guān)的名詞性從句中，應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，即從句謂語動(dòng)詞用“shuld+動(dòng)詞原形”的形式，shuld可以省略。It is suggested that we (shuld) g t see the film. 有人建議我們?nèi)タ催@部電影。
Read these sentences. In pairs, decide which wrds can be left ut.
1. A: Hw can we make Italian vegetable sup?B: I dn’t knw hw we can make it.2. A: When did yu get t Flrence?B: I gt t Flrence yesterday.3. A: Are yu a student f English literature?B: N, thugh I wish I were a student f English literature.4. A: Did he g t Egypt?B: He said he wuld g, but he didn’t g.5. A: Wuld yu like t try n this pair f jeans?B: Yes, I wuld like t try n that pair f jeans.
B: I dn’t knw.
B: Yesterday.
B: N, thugh I wish I were.
B: He said he wuld, but didn’t.
B: Yes, I wuld like t.
Match the questins t the mst likely answers. Ntice hw ellipsis is used in the answers.
Questins1. D yu think it’s ging t rain this afternn? ____2. We were quite surprised after we saw the paintings in the gallery. ____3. Will yu jin ur trip t Suth Africa? ____4. Will the flight t Rme take ff n time? ______5. Wuld yu mind using a diagram t explain these percentages t me? ____6. Has Lily ever been t the Luvre Museum? ____
AnswersA. Why s?B. Nt at all.C. I hpe nt.D. I’m afraid nt.E. Maybe nt.F. I’d lve t. / I’d be glad t.
Read the cnversatin. Find ut which wrds have been left ut.
Justin: Linlin, I’m ging t Guizhu Prvince next mnth. I’m super excited! Any recmmendatins fr places t visit?Linlin: Ww, cl! Guizhu is a prvince with a lt f cultural diversity. Places t visit ... well, definitely the Huanggushu Waterfall first. Justin: What’s special abut the waterfall?Linlin: Well, have yu ever heard f the Chinese nvel Jurney t the West?Justin: Yes, I have. Why?Linlin: In the back f the waterfall, yu will find a cave, which is the hme f the Mnkey King.Justin: Really? Cl! I’ll definitely check it ut.Linlin: And I strngly recmmend the ethnic minrity villages. Yu’ll find Chinese culture is much mre diverse than yu thught.Justin: Sunds great, thanks!
D yu have any recmmendatins fr places t visit in Guizhu Prvince?
, that’s cl!
What are sme places t visit in Guizhu?
definitely the Huanggushu Waterfall is the first place t visit in Guizhu Prvince.
Yes, I have heard f the Chinese nvel Jurney t the West. Why d yu ask if I have heard f the Chinese nvel Jurney t the West?
In the back f the Huanggushu Waterfall, ..., the Mnkey King frm Jurney t the West.
That’s really true? It’s cl!
And I strngly recmmend the ethnic minrity villages n yur trip t Guizhu Prvince.
... diverse than yu thught it was.
This all sunds great, thanks!
Read Gerge’s first diary entry and underline the parts where ellipsis is used.
Mnday, 12th JuneArrived early this mrning by bus. Went straight t htel t drp ff my luggage, shwer, and shave. Went explring afterwards.Tk a ride n a cable car first. Gt a spectacular view f San Francisc Bay and the city. Learnt that Andrew Hallidie invented the cable car system in 1873 in rder t find a frm f transprt better than hrse-drawn trams. He’d been shcked after seeing a series f events in which a tram’s brakes failed, the cnductr culdn’t cntrl
the situatin, and the tram slipped dwn the hill dragging the hrses with it. Hrrible accident indeed!Had a late lunch at Fisherman’s Wharf, the district where Italian fishermen first came t San Francisc and set up the fishing industry. Nw it’s a turist area with lts f shps, restaurants, and bakeries. Did s much explring at Fisherman’s Wharf.Exhausted and dn’t feel like ding anything else. Early night tnight!
__________________
Revise his secnd diary entry using ellipses when pssible.
Wednesday, 14th JuneI hpped n a ferry t Angel Island this mrning. I had a gd view f the Glden Gate Bridge n the way.I read that frm 1882 t 1940, Angel Island was a famus immigratin statin where many Chinese immigrants applied t live in the USA. The cells in the statin were very small, cld, and damp; sme did nt even have light, but the immigrants had nwhere else t g. Their miserable stay felt like
punishment rather than justice and freedm. They wrte pems n the walls abut lneliness, and murned their earlier life in China. The civil authrities refrmed the system in 1940, and many mre Chinese tk the pprtunity t settle in the USA.The visit t Angel Island made me think abut my life. I am thankful fr my easy life tday.
They wrte pems n the walls abut lneliness, and murned their earlier life in China. Civil authrities refrmed the system in 1940, and many mre Chinese tk pprtunity t settle in USA.Angel Island made me very thughtful. Thankful fr my easier life tday.
Wednesday, 14th JuneHpped n a ferry t Angel Island this mrning. Had a gd view f Glden Gate Bridge n the way.Read that 1882 – 1940, Angel Island was a famus immigratin statin where many Chinese applied t live in USA. Cells were very small, cld and damp; sme did nt even have light but immigrants had nwhere else t g. Their miserable stay mre like punishment than justice and freedm.
Wrds and Expressins
He tried t slve his financial prblems, but he culdn’t slve the prblems. (P30) 他試圖解決他的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，但他解決不了這些問題。financial /fa??n?n?l/ adj. 財(cái)政的；財(cái)務(wù)的；金融的 搭配financial services 金融服務(wù)an independent financial adviser 獨(dú)立財(cái)務(wù)顧問例句In this financial crisis, freign trade enterprises bear the brunt.在這場(chǎng)金融危機(jī)中，外貿(mào)企業(yè)首當(dāng)其沖。拓展financially adv. 經(jīng)濟(jì)上；財(cái)政上She is still financially dependent n her parents.她在經(jīng)濟(jì)上仍然依靠父母。

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