2020屆河南省高三英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)講義第十章構(gòu)詞法-教案下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

[考綱解讀·定方向]
正確運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法知識，是詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的重要途徑，同時也是擴(kuò)大詞匯量的一個重要方法。英語中構(gòu)詞法主要分為派生法、轉(zhuǎn)化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟練運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法知識，不僅有助于提高考生對閱讀中生詞進(jìn)行辨識的能力，使其更加靈活地應(yīng)對語法填空和短文改錯對于詞性轉(zhuǎn)化的考查。

[重點強(qiáng)化]
一、派生法
在一個詞的詞根之前或之后加上某個詞綴來生成一個新詞的構(gòu)詞法，即稱作派生法詞綴。加在詞根之前的詞綴叫做前綴，加在詞根之后的叫做后綴。
1．形容詞變名詞的后綴
后綴
例詞
-age
short→shortage　不足；短缺
-cy
efficient→efficiency效率；功效 fluent→fluency 流利；流暢
accurate→accuracy 準(zhǔn)確性 private→privacy 隱私；私密
-dom
free→freedom自由；自主 wise→wisdom 明智；智慧
-ence
different→difference差異 silent→silence 沉默
-ness
weak→weakness虛弱；弱點 kind→kindness 仁慈；好意
careless→carelessness 粗心大意 dark→darkness 黑暗
-th
stong→strength力氣；強(qiáng)項 warm→warmth 溫暖；熱情
true→truth 真實 wide→width 寬度
-y
-ty
-ity
difficult→difficulty困難 cruel→cruelty 殘酷；殘暴
safe→safety 安全 disable→disability 無能；殘疾
責(zé)任
2.動詞變名詞的后綴
后綴
例詞
-al
approve→approval 贊成；批準(zhǔn) arrive→arrival 到來；到達(dá)
survive→survival幸存 propose→proposal 提議；建議
-ance
appear→appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌 guide→guidance 指引；指導(dǎo)
perform→performance表演；節(jié)目
-ence
exist→existence存在；生存 prefer→preference 偏愛
refer→reference 參考；查閱
-ion
attract→attraction　吸引 construct→construction 建設(shè)
educate→education 教育 evaluate→evaluation 評估
graduate→graduation 畢業(yè)
-ation
expect→expectation期待；期望 explain→explanation 解釋
consider→consideration考慮 imagine→imagination 想象力
starve→starvation 挨餓 invite→invitation 邀請；請柬
-(s)
sion
discuss→discussion討論；辯論 decide→decision 決定
admit→admission 接納；準(zhǔn)許入學(xué)
-ing
hear→hearing聽力；聽覺 begin→beginning 開始
-ment
achieve→achievement功績；成就 argue→argument 辯論；論據(jù)
treat→treatment 對待；治療 equip→equipment 設(shè)備
-ure
fail→failure　　失敗 press→pressure 壓力
-ture
mix→mixture　混合；混合物 depart→departure 離開；出發(fā)
-y
recover→recovery　恢復(fù)；痊愈 discover→discovery 發(fā)現(xiàn)
其他
grow→growth　成長；發(fā)展 choose→choice 選擇
vary→variety 多樣化；種類 tend→tendency 趨向；趨勢
3.動詞、名詞變形容詞的后綴
后綴
例詞
-able
accept→acceptable　可接受的 comfort→comfortable 舒適的
fashion→fashionable 時髦的 suit→suitable 合適的
reason→reasonable 有道理的
-al
music→musical　音樂的 origin→original 最初的
person→personal個人的；私人的 center→central 中央的；中心的
nature→natural 自然的；天生的 form→formal 正式的
nation→national 全國的
-ful
doubt→doubtful懷疑的 forget→forgetful 健忘的
harm→harmful 有害的 hope→hopeful 有希望的
peace→peaceful 和平的 care→careful 細(xì)心的
use→useful 有用的 help→helpful 有幫助的
-(e)d
scare→scared恐懼的 confuse→confused 困惑的
puzzle→puzzled 迷惑的 worry→worried 擔(dān)心的
bore→bored 厭倦的 excite→excited 激動的；興奮的
underline→underlined 加下劃線的
-ing
surprise→surprising　令人驚訝的 convince→convincing 令人信服的
satisfy→satisfying 令人滿意的 worry→worrying 令人擔(dān)心的
bore→boring 令人厭倦的
-ible
access→accessible容易達(dá)到的；容易取得的 horror→horrible 可怕的；恐怖的
terror→terrible 可怕的
-ive[來源:Zxxk.Com]
act→active　積極的；活躍的 effect→effective 有效的；生效的
attract→attractive 有吸引力的 impress→impressive 給人印象深刻的
instruct→instructive 有教育意義的 expense→expensive 昂貴的
-ous
continue→continuous　不斷的；持續(xù)的 anxiety→anxious 憂慮的
caution→cautious 十分小心的；謹(jǐn)慎的 curiosity→curious 好奇的
humor→humorous 幽默的
-some
tire→tiresome令人厭倦的 trouble→troublesome 麻煩的[來源:學(xué)科網(wǎng)ZXXK]
-y
taste→tasty美味的；可口的 health→healthy 健康的
wealth→wealthy 富裕的；豐富的 dirt→dirty 有灰塵的；臟的[來源:Z,xx,k.Com]
rain→rainy 有雨的 sun→sunny 陽光明媚的
cloud→cloudy 陰天的
-ern
east→eastern東方的；向東的 west→western 西方的；向西的
-ish
child→childish 孩子氣的fool→foolish 愚蠢的；可笑的
self→selfish 自私的
-ic
science→scientific科學(xué)的 economy→economic 經(jīng)濟(jì)的
history→historic 歷史上著名的
-ary
imagine→imaginary　想象的
4.形容詞變副詞的后綴
規(guī)則
示例
一般情況加-ly
slow→slowly緩慢地 common→commonly 普通地
immediate→immediately立刻地
以“輔音字母＋-y”結(jié)尾，將y改為i然后加-ly
happy→happily　高興地 steady→steadily 穩(wěn)定地
busy→busily 繁忙地
以-le結(jié)尾，去掉e加-y
simple→simply簡單地 gentle→gently 溫柔地
terrible→terribly 可怕地 possible→possibly 可能地
以-ic結(jié)尾，加-ally
economic→economically 經(jīng)濟(jì)地 scientific→scientifically 科學(xué)地
常考容易拼錯的副詞
rudely；truly；politely；widely；nicely；closely；fortunately；surprisingly；increasingly；hurriedly；healthily
5.表示“人”的名詞后綴
在某些形容詞、名詞或動詞后面加后綴變成具有某種職業(yè)或動作的人。
后綴
例詞
-er
clean→cleaner清潔工 report→reporter記者 strange→stranger陌生人
-or
invent→inventor發(fā)明者 visit→visitor游客 direct→director 導(dǎo)演
-ar
lie→liar說謊者 beg→beggar乞討者；乞丐
-ee
interview→interviewee參加面試者 train→trainee受訓(xùn)者；學(xué)員

-ess
host→hostess女主人 act→actress 女演員
-ian
music→musician音樂家 politic→politician 政治家
history→historian 歷史學(xué)家
-ist
art→artist藝術(shù)家 science→scientist 科學(xué)家
piano→pianist鋼琴家
-ant
serve→servant仆人 participate→participant 參加者
assist→assistant助手；助理
6.表示否定或相反意義的前綴和后綴
前/后綴
例詞
前綴[來源:學(xué)+科+網(wǎng)Z+X+X+K]
dis-
agree→disagree不同意 advantage→disadvantage缺點
appear→disappear消失 comfort→discomfort 不舒適的[來源:Z&xx&k.Com]
honest→dishonest不誠實的
il-
legal→illegal不合法的 logical→illogical 不合邏輯的
im-
polite→impolite無禮的 patient→impatient 不耐煩的
moral→immoral不道德的
in-
formal→informal非正式的 convenient→inconvenient 不方便的
direct→indirect 間接引起的
ir-
regular→irregular不規(guī)則的 responsible→irresponsible 不負(fù)責(zé)任的
mis-
lead→mislead誤導(dǎo) understand→misunderstand 誤解
un-
usual→unusual不尋常的 willing→unwilling 不愿意的
happy→unhappy 不高興的 known→unknown 不出名的
后
綴
-less
hope→hopeless絕望的 end→endless 沒完沒了的
care→careless 粗心的 help→helpless 無助的
use→useless 無用的

前/后綴
例詞
前綴
en-
able→enable使能夠 large→enlarge 擴(kuò)大
rich→enrich使充實；使豐富 danger→endanger 危及
courage→encourage鼓勵
后
綴
-en
broad→broaden　使變寬 ripe→ripen 使成熟
sharp→sharpen 使尖銳 wide→widen 加寬
short→shorten 變短 deep→deepen 加深
dark→darken 使變暗 hard→harden 使變硬
-ify
class →classify把……分類 just→justify 證明……正確
simple→simplify 簡化 beauty→beautify 美化
-ize
apology→apologize　道歉 emphasis→emphasize 強(qiáng)調(diào)
memory→memorize 記住 real→realize 認(rèn)識到；實現(xiàn)

二、轉(zhuǎn)化法
轉(zhuǎn)化法是由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為一種或幾種詞類的構(gòu)詞法，這種構(gòu)詞法詞形沒有改變，轉(zhuǎn)化后的單詞在意義上通常與原單詞有密切聯(lián)系。

轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)則
例詞
注意
名詞→
動詞
Face n．臉→v.面對 shoulder n．肩→v.肩負(fù)
water n．水→v.澆水 back n．背→v.后退
name n．名字→v.命名
high，deep，wide用作副詞時表示具體，而highly，deeply，widely表示抽象
動詞→
名詞
look　　v．&n.看 try v．&n.嘗試
dream v．&n.夢想 chat v．& n. 聊天
形容詞→
動詞
empty　adj.空的→v.倒空 slow adj.慢的→v.減慢
dirty adj.臟的→v.弄臟 warm adj.暖的→v.使變暖
形容詞→
副詞
hard　adj.困難的→adv.努力 high adj.高的→adv.高
deep adj.深的→adv.深入地 wide adj.寬的→adv.廣泛地
三、合成法
把兩個或兩個以上的單詞合成一個新的單詞的構(gòu)詞法叫做合成法。以合成法構(gòu)成的單詞稱作合成詞，包括合成名詞、合成動詞、合成形容詞、合成副詞等。
1．合成名詞
構(gòu)成
例詞
名詞＋名詞
newspaper　報紙 babysitter 保姆
airport 機(jī)場 schoolmate 校友
形容詞
＋名詞
greenhouse溫室 highway 高速公路
mainland 大陸 shorthand 速記
動詞＋副詞
get-together聯(lián)歡會 breakdown 崩潰
Breakthrough突破
副詞＋動詞
outbreak爆發(fā) output 產(chǎn)量
Downfall垮臺 outcome 結(jié)果
其他構(gòu)成
well-being健康 grown-up 成年人
passer-by 路人 go-between 媒人
bride-to-be 準(zhǔn)新娘 parents-to-be 準(zhǔn)父母
son-in-law 女婿 by-product 副產(chǎn)品
2.合成形容詞
構(gòu)成
例詞
形容詞/數(shù)詞
＋名詞＋-ed
warm-hearted　熱心的 blue-eyed 藍(lán)眼睛的
absent-minded 心不在焉的 middle-aged 中年的
nine-storeyed 九層樓的 three-legged 三條腿的
one-sided 片面的
名詞/副詞
＋分詞
peace-loving 熱愛和平的 English-speaking 講英語的
meat-eating 食肉的 man-made 人造的
snow-covered 白雪覆蓋的 handmade 手工的
state-owned 國有的 well-dressed 穿著體面的
newly-built 新建的 widespread 廣泛流傳的
名詞＋
形容詞
world-famous世界著名的 ice-cool 冰冷的
snow-white 雪白的 grass-green 草綠的
tax-free 免稅的 fat-free 無脂的
trouble-free 無憂無慮的
形容詞
＋名詞
full-time全職的 part-time 兼職的
second-hand 二手的 upper-class 上層階級的；上流社會的 high-grade 品質(zhì)優(yōu)良的 large-scale 大規(guī)模的
形容詞
＋分詞
good-looking　好看的 easy-going 隨和的
slow-moving 移動緩慢的
數(shù)詞＋名詞
＋形容詞
200-meter-long 200米長的 1,000-word-long 1 000詞長的
18-year-old 18歲大的 20-meter-wide 20米寬的
3.其他合成詞
構(gòu)成
例詞
合成動詞
upset　使心煩意亂 overcome 克服
overjoy 使狂喜 overthrow 推翻
oversleep 睡過頭 undergo 經(jīng)歷
overcharge 超額收費(fèi) overbook 超額預(yù)訂
合成副詞
afterwards 以后，后來 inwards 向內(nèi)地
upwards 向上地 downwards 向下地
forward 向前；前進(jìn) upstairs 在樓上
anywhere 在任何地方 anyhow 無論如何
forever 永遠(yuǎn)
合成介詞
outside　在……外面 without 沒有
within 在……之內(nèi) into 進(jìn)入
onto 在……之上

[小題夯基練]
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1．When we handed him the bag of food，he lit up and thanked us with ____________ (water) eyes.
解析：watery　[用形容詞充當(dāng)前置定語。]
2．A travel company in Hong Kong，says it ____________ (regular)arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
解析：regularly　[用副詞修飾動詞arrange。]
3．My good performance in the job interview left me ____________ (optimism) about my future and about what I can do here.
解析：optimistic　[用形容詞充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)。]
4．With online shopping increasingly popular，the Internet is seen as an ____________ (efficiency) way of reaching target customers.
解析：efficient　[用形容詞充當(dāng)前置定語。]
5．Frank put the medicine in a top drawer to make sure it would not be ____________ (access)to the kids.
解析：accessible　[be動詞后用形容詞充當(dāng)表語。]
6．If you want to see the chairman of the department，you'd better make an ____________ (appoint) with his secretary first.
解析：appointment 　[make an appointment with sb.意為“和某人預(yù)約”。]
7．Don't jump to a ____________ (conclude) before considering all the facts or you may be easily taken in.
解析：conclusion　[jump to a conclusion意為“得出結(jié)論”。]
8．It is reported that the government is considering removing a ____________ (restrict) on immigration from other countries into its country.
解析：restriction　[remove a restriction意為“取消限制”，remove后用名詞形式充當(dāng)賓語。]
9．Great inventors don't ____________ (necessary) graduate from famous universities.Some didn't even go to university.
解析：necessarily　[用副詞修飾短語動詞graduate from。]
10．I wrote him a letter to show my ____________ (appreciate)of his thoughtfulness.
解析：appreciation　[由形容詞性物主代詞my可知空格處用名詞。]
Ⅱ.單句改錯(每句一錯)
1．Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem.____________
解析：seriously→serious　[名詞problem前應(yīng)用形容詞修飾。]
2．As an old saying goes，“A friend in need is a friend indeed.”So really friendship should be able to stand all sorts of tests.____________
解析：really→real　[作定語修飾名詞friendship，應(yīng)用形容詞。]
3．The fruits are small in size，but juicy and taste.____________
解析：taste→tasty　[與juicy并列作are的表語，應(yīng)用形容詞tasty。]
4．Today we had a chemistry test.I found the test difficulty.____________
解析：difficulty→difficult　[此處應(yīng)用形容詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，說明the test的特征。]
5．I am awfully tiring，but I know I'll never fall asleep.____________
解析：tiring→tired　[修飾人應(yīng)用tired。tiring意為“令人疲憊的”，用于修飾事物。]
6．Last night's TV news said that by then the dead of the missing people had not been proved yet.____________
解析：dead→death　[the dead意為“死者”，不符合句意。]
7．Body language is the quiet，secret and most power language of all！____________
解析：power→powerful　[most修飾形容詞或副詞，此處與形容詞quiet和secret并列，共同修飾名詞language。]
8．Some parents felt happy because they failed to get in touch with their children.____________
解析：happy→unhappy　[根據(jù)后面because從句說明的原因可知，父母無法與孩子聯(lián)系令他們“不高興”。]
9．Physical activity in that 30 minutes seems more reason when people have overworked for weeks.____________
解析：reason→reasonable　[由前面的系動詞seems可知此處應(yīng)用reason的形容詞形式作表語。reasonable意為“合理的”。]
10．The children who are addicted to playing computer games are all driven by curious at first.____________
解析：curious→curiosity　[by為介詞，其后接名詞或者動名詞充當(dāng)賓語。]
[大題提能練]
Ⅰ.語法填空——構(gòu)詞法專練
Bike to Work Day is started by the League of American Bicyclists in 1956 with the aim of promoting the bicycle as a serious choice of getting to and from work.It is ____1____ (annual) held across North America on the third Friday of May.In today's world where ____2____ (globe) warming is a serious issue，the bicycle is a perfect way of reducing our carbon footprint.Cycling to work is a____3____ (health) alternative to driving or taking public transport.It can not only save you money but also ____4____ (able) you to be more ____5____ (create) once you get to work，thus improving your ____6____(perform)．
Bicycles are the most common form of transport in the world and there are about two billion in use worldwide，making the bicycle the most popular ____7____(invent) ever.When we think of some countries，like the Netherlands，we imagine hundreds of people cycling everywhere.Even in hightech Japan，it is ____8____ (possible)not to see businessmen，farmers，mothers or workers in the streets on their bikes.Bicycles were invented in the 19th century and haven't changed much since.Today，we use bicycles for pleasure，____9____ (fit)，Olympic ____10____ (compete)，mail delivery and lots more.Without the bicycle，much of the world might stop working!
答案：1.annually　2.global　3.healthy　4.enable　5.creative　6.performance　7.invention　8.impossible　9.fitness　10.competitions
Ⅱ.短文改錯
When I was in the Grade One，I was terrible poor in English.Be sleepy in class was one of the reasons why I rarely did well in school.Once I even failed in a midterm exam.While I got the papers，I realized that things would be better if I listened to the teacher attentively.My teacher told me，“Yesterday is history.Today is a gift.If you bury you in English now，you'll make it.”I can't agree much.From then on，I began to study harder.Out of my expectation，I made great achievement soon.Today，English is which my strength lies.And I'm grateful for my English teacher.