2020屆河南省高三英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)講義第七章非謂語動詞-教案下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

[考綱解讀·定方向]
非謂語動詞是歷年高考的必考點，是考生做好英語語法填空題和短文改錯題必須要掌握的知識。
1．語篇型語法填空對非謂語動詞的考查主要集中在非謂語動詞作定語、賓語、此外非謂語動詞作主語、表語、狀語、補語也是高考語篇型語法填空的重點。
2．短文改錯中，有動詞形式錯誤，如本該用動名詞作主語卻用了原形；在介詞或某些動詞后本該接動名詞卻用了謂語動詞形式；本該用現(xiàn)在分詞卻用了過去分詞。另外，不定式符號to的多用或少用也是?？键c。

　　　如何確定填非謂語動詞
[思考趨向]
若句中找到了謂語動詞，而又找不到連詞(并列連詞或從句連詞)時，則所給動詞一定用非謂語動詞形式。
非謂語動詞需確定是v.-ing形式、v.-ed形式還是不定式。
[典例感悟]
[典例1](2018·浙江卷6月)I still remember ____________ (visit) a friend who'd lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.
解析：visiting　[考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，remember作謂語，且空處不作并列謂語，故應(yīng)填非謂語動詞，此處考查remember doing sth.表示“記得做過某事”，故填visiting。]
[典例2](2018·天津卷)It took him a long time ____________ (acquire) the skills he needed to become a good dancer.
解析：to acquire　[句意：獲得他成為一名好舞者所需要的各項技能花了很長時間。考查非謂語動詞作主語。在It takes/took sb....to do sth.句型中，It 作形式主語，不定式短語作真正的主語。]
[典例3](2018·北京卷)Ordinary soap，____________ (use) correctly，can deal with bacteria effectively.
解析：used　[句意：普通的香皂，只要使用正確，就可以有效除菌。本題考查非謂語動詞作狀語。use與其邏輯主語為被動關(guān)系，故填過去分詞used。]
[典例4](2018·天津卷)I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph ____________ (take)．
解析：taken　[句意：我需要一個新護(hù)照，因此我得照張相片。本題考查非謂語動詞作賓語補足語。賓語my photograph與take為被動關(guān)系，且表示讓他人去做這件事，因此用過去分詞作賓補，即have sth.done結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“讓某事被做”。]
[典例5](2017·北京卷)Jim has retired，but he still remembers the happy time ____________ (spend)with his students.
解析：spent　[句意：吉姆已經(jīng)退休，但是他仍然記得和學(xué)生度過的那些快樂時光。題干中，被修飾詞the happy time 與spend為被動關(guān)系，且設(shè)空處表示完成，故用動詞的過去分詞形式spent。]

　　　非謂語動詞解題技法
　了解句法功能，判斷非謂語形式
分析句子所缺少的成分，以便選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)男问健７侵^語動詞在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、補語，理解非謂語動詞的句法功能是判斷非謂語形式的關(guān)鍵。
(一)作伴隨狀語和結(jié)果狀語時用現(xiàn)在分詞
[實例體驗]
1．(2018·江蘇卷) Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period，____________(exceed) the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.
解析：exceeding　[句意：這段時期約13 500個新工作被創(chuàng)造出來。超過了市場分析者預(yù)測的12 000個?？疾榉侵^語動詞。設(shè)空處是非謂語動詞作狀語，與Around 13,500 new jobs是主動關(guān)系，且沒有動作發(fā)生前后的關(guān)系，要用現(xiàn)在分詞。]
2．(天津卷)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows，____________ (make) air conditioning unnecessary.
解析：making　[句意：涼風(fēng)通過我們臥室的窗戶吹進(jìn)來，使得空氣調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)沒有必要了。根據(jù)句意可知，此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語，表示必然的結(jié)果。不定式雖然也可作結(jié)果狀語，但往往表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，故不可填to make。]
3．(湖南卷)When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile，she stood rooted to the ground，____________ (wonder) whether to stay or leave.
解析：wondering　[句意：當(dāng)那個職員看到一張善良而又因愧疚的微笑而出現(xiàn)皺紋的臉時，她紋絲不動地站著，不知道是去還是留。主語she與wonder間為邏輯上的主動關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語，故答案為wondering。]
4．(湖南卷)There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland，____________ (stare) at the night sky.
解析：staring　[句意：沒有比仰面躺在草地中央凝視著夜空更愜意的事情了。本題考查非謂語動詞作狀語。lying on my back in the middle of the grassland的邏輯主語與stare之間為邏輯上的主動關(guān)系，故答案為staring。]
[重點強化]
非謂語動詞作伴隨狀語、結(jié)果狀語、要想到用現(xiàn)在分詞。
The students rushed out of the classroom，laughing and talking.學(xué)生們又說又笑地沖出教室。(表伴隨)
More highways have been built in China，making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.中國又建了更多的高速公路，這使人們從一處到另一處的出行變得更容易了。(表結(jié)果)
[名師指津]　源于系表結(jié)構(gòu)的部分過去分詞作狀語，表示句子主語所處的一種狀態(tài)，常見的有：seated(坐著的)，devoted(專注的)，lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)，dressed in(穿著)等。
Absorbed in his book，he didn't notice me enter the room.他專注讀書，沒注意到我進(jìn)入房間。
(二)作目的狀語時用不定式，且只能用不定式的一般式
[實例體驗]
1．(2018·北京卷)During the Mid-Autumn Festival，family members often gather together ____________ (share) a meal，admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.
解析：to share　[句意：過中秋節(jié)的時候，家人們通常會團(tuán)聚在一起吃飯、賞月和品嘗月餅。本題考查非謂語動詞。根據(jù)句意可知家人們團(tuán)聚在一起的目的是吃飯、賞月和品嘗月餅，因此用不定式to share作目的狀語。]
2．(2017·北京卷)Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online ____________ (save) their valuable time.
解析：to save　[句意：現(xiàn)在很多航空公司允許乘客在網(wǎng)上打印登機證來節(jié)省他們寶貴的時間?？疾榉侵^語動詞作狀語。設(shè)空處表示目的，故用不定式形式。]
3．(北京卷)____________ (make)it easier to get in touch with us，you'd better keep this card at hand.
解析：To make　[句意：要想更容易地聯(lián)系到我們，你最好把這張卡片放在手邊。根據(jù)句意可知這里應(yīng)用動詞不定式作目的狀語，故答案為To make。]
4．(北京卷)____________ (catch)the early flight，we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
解析：To catch　[句意：為了趕上早班航班，我們提前預(yù)訂了出租車，并且起得很早。根據(jù)句意可知設(shè)空處為目的狀語，故用不定式形式。]
[重點強化]
1．非謂語動詞作目的狀語，要想到用不定式
(2017·浙江卷6月)Sixteen years earlier，Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.早在十六年前，Pahlsson就摘掉她的鉆戒做飯。
2．非謂語動詞作結(jié)果狀語，表示出乎意料的結(jié)果要想到用不定式，表示必然的結(jié)果要想到用現(xiàn)在分詞
He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.他匆匆趕到車站結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)離開了。(表出乎意料的結(jié)果)
3．非謂語動詞作原因狀語，表示“喜怒哀樂”的形容詞要想到用不定式；非謂語動詞作時間狀語、條件狀語和原因狀語等想到用分詞
I am only too glad to see everything settled.
看到一切問題都解決了，我很高興。
Being tired，he went to bed early.
因為很累，他很早就睡了。
(三)作介詞的賓語時用動名詞
[實例體驗]
1．(陜西卷)It's quite hot today.Do you feel like ____________ (go) for a swim?
解析：going　[句意：今天天氣好熱。你想去游泳嗎？考查非謂語動詞。feel like doing sth.想要做某事。非謂語動詞表示的動作并未在謂語動詞的動作之前發(fā)生，所以不能填having gone。]
2．(2019·沈陽質(zhì)量監(jiān)測一)You could easily pay with your smartphone by ____________ (scan) the seller's QR code.
解析：scanning　[考查非謂語動詞。介詞by后面的賓語應(yīng)用動名詞形式。]
3．(2019·淮南二中模擬)I know he is good at ____________ (work)out the difficult questions.
解析：working　[be good at“擅長”，at為介詞，故用v.-ing作賓語。]
[重點強化]
介詞和帶介詞to的固定搭配一定跟v.-ing作賓語。We can get along well by communicating with each other.通過相互交流我們彼此之間能夠相處得很好。
I'm looking forward to hearing from you as soon as early.我希望盡快收到你的來信。
(四)缺少主語常用v.-ing形式
1．(2018·北京卷)____________ (travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.
解析：Traveling　[句意：沿古老的絲綢之路旅行是一次有趣和有益的經(jīng)歷。本題考查非謂語動詞作主語。根據(jù)題干可知，____________ along the old Silk Road是主語部分，應(yīng)該用動名詞形式作主語。]
2．(安徽卷)____________ (ignore)the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
解析：Ignoring/To ignore　[句意：忽視那兩個調(diào)查結(jié)果的不同將會是你犯的最嚴(yán)重的錯誤之一。本題考查非謂語動詞作主語。設(shè)空處在句中作主語，故用不定式或動名詞形式。]
3．(湖南卷) ____________ (understand)your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
解析：Understanding　[句意：對你自己的交流需求及交流風(fēng)格加以理解和學(xué)會表達(dá)你的愛和情感一樣重要。本題考查非謂語動詞作主語。邏輯主語與understand之間為主動關(guān)系，設(shè)空處需用非謂語動詞的主動形式。]

[重點強化]
分析句子成分，如果句中缺少主語，常用v.-ing形式作主語。
Knowing basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.掌握基本的急救技能將有助于你在遇到緊急情況時迅速做出反應(yīng)。
(五)非謂語動詞作表語指物時用v.-ing，指人時用v.-ed形式
[實例體驗]
1．(2019·河南八市重點高中第二次質(zhì)檢)I felt hopeless and alone，and more ____________ (depress) than I knew was possible.
解析：depressed　[主語為人，且felt之后應(yīng)該跟形容詞形式來說明主語的狀態(tài)，故填depressed]
2．(2019·江西紅色七校一聯(lián))It is ____________ (shock) that some investment banks even judge candidates by whether they wear brown shoes.
解析：shocking　[it作形式主語，來代替真正的主語從句，此主語從句表述的為事情，故應(yīng)填shocking意為“令人震驚的”。]
[重點強化]
牢記v.-ing作表語或定語時常指物，v.-ed作表語或定語時常指人。
He was very shocked to learn the shocking news that his wife was killed in a traffic accident.得知他的妻子在交通事故中死亡這一令人震驚的消息時，他非常震驚。

利用固定搭配或用法，判定非謂語
動詞的運用
[實例體驗]
1．(2018·天津卷)I didn't mean ____________ (eat)anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn't help trying it.
解析：to eat　[考查非謂語動詞作賓語。句意：我當(dāng)時什么都不想吃，但是那款冰激凌看上去太誘人了以至于我禁不住品嘗了它。mean to do sth.打算做某事；mean doing sth.意味著做某事。此處表示打算做某事，mean后需加不定式作賓語。]
2．(2017·全國卷Ⅲ)But unlike her school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term ____________ (rest)．
解析：resting　[spend time (in) doing sth.“花費時間做某事”，為固定用法。]
3．(2017·全國卷Ⅲ)But Sarah，who has taken part in shows along with top models，wants ____________ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
解析：to prove　[want to do sth.“想要做某事”，是固定用法。]
4．(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)My ambassadorial duties will include ____________ (introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
解析：introducing　[include為及物動詞，后面應(yīng)用動名詞形式作賓語。]
5．(2020·鄭州第一次質(zhì)量預(yù)測)In my mind，they help us to become calm and consider ____________ (win) and solving real problems as well.
解析：winning　[考查非謂語動詞作賓語。句意：在“我”看來，它們有助于我們變得鎮(zhèn)靜，也幫助我們考慮贏得辯論比賽和解決真正的問題。動詞consider“考慮”后跟動詞-ing形式作賓語。]
6．(2020·石家莊檢測一)The other day，I set out ____________ (see) how far a phone would get me in the country's capital.Admittedly，I was surprised to discover how convenient it was.
解析：to see　[考查非謂語動詞。set out to do“打算/計劃做”為固定用法。]
7．(2020·福州四校聯(lián)考)This newfound appreciation is thanks to the kindness that I have been allowed ____________ (develop) here on Kindspring and from all of you KindSpringers.
解析：to develop　[考查固定搭配。allow sb.to do sth.“允許某人做某事”為固定用法，此處是其被動語態(tài)形式。]
8．(2019·山東煙臺期中) ____________ (judge)from the name，it is easy to guess that players can only join if they are fat.
解析：Judging　[考查非謂語動詞作狀語。句意：從名稱判斷，很容易猜出如果選手肥胖，他們就可報名參加。“Judging from...”為獨立成分，是一種固定用法，故填Judging。]
9．(2019·江西宜春中學(xué)一次診斷)____________ (compare) with the western medicine's high fees，TCM has a reasonable price that ordinary people can afford.
解析：Compared　[句意：與西藥的高額費用相比，傳統(tǒng)中藥的價格合理，普通人能夠承擔(dān)得起。Compared with...為固定結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作狀語，意為“與……相比”。]
10．(2019·山西重點中學(xué)協(xié)作體一模)With all the porridge ____________ (eat) up，he picked out a shoe and boiled it to eat.
解析：eaten　[句意：將粥全部喝光，他挑出了一只鞋將其煮了吃。With后的賓語porridge與eat為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系，且設(shè)空處表示完成，故在設(shè)空處填eaten。]
[重點強化]
1．牢記用v.-ing/to do形式作賓語的詞(短語)
(1)接v.-ing形式作賓語的常用動詞(短語)有：suggest，risk，imagine，mind，admit，practice，allow，avoid，delay，include，deny，escape，advise，finish，miss，forgive，consider，recommend，forbid，give up，insist on，look forward to，feel like，get down to，object to，devote one's time to，pay attention to等。[來源:學(xué)科網(wǎng)]
I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.我回避提及這個話題，以免冒犯他。
(2)接to do形式作賓語的常用動詞(短語)有：decide，refuse，promise，pretend，hesitate，manage，plan，fail，choose，desire，hope，afford，agree，learn，determine，demand，offer，make up one's mind，would like等。
(2019·湖南益陽箴言中學(xué)模擬)Nervous and anxious，Jill failed to make a good impression at the job interview.又緊張又焦慮，吉爾沒有在面試中給人留下好印象。
(3)有些動詞或動詞短語既可接不定式作賓語，也可接動名詞作賓語，但表示的含義不同。
mean
forget
regret
try
go on
remember
can't help
I regret to tell you that he didn't take your application into consideration.
我很遺憾地告訴你他沒有考慮你的申請。
I regret making rude comments on your appearance.
我很后悔對你的外表做了粗魯?shù)脑u論。
2．掌握非謂語動詞的幾種句型公式
(1)不定式作賓語補足語：
tell/order/persuade/force/warn/encourage/ask/invite＋sb.to do sth.
I'd like to invite you to take part in the activity.
我想邀請你參加這項活動。
(2)后用省略“to”的不定式作賓語補足語的動詞：“五看；三使；二聽；一感覺”。
五看：look at/watch/notice/see/observe sb.do sth；
三使；make/have/let sb.do sth.；二聽：listen to/hear sb.do sth.；一感覺；feel sb.do sth。
The boss made the workers do the work all day.
老板迫使工人們整天干活。
(3)用于it形式主語結(jié)構(gòu)中：
It ＋be＋名詞或形容詞(no good/no use/a pleasure/worthwhile/useless)＋動詞-ing；
It＋be＋形容詞(difficult/kind/clever等)＋for/of sb.to do sth.；
It＋takes＋sb.＋some time＋to do sth.
As is known to us，it's no use complaining without taking action.眾所周知，只抱怨不采取行動沒用。
3．with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中補足語的比較
with
With so many people looking at him，he felt very nervous.
那么多人看著他，他感到很緊張。
With the problem solved，the quality has been improved.問題解決了，質(zhì)量也提高了。[來源:Zxxk.Com]
4．清楚某些非謂語動詞形式的固定結(jié)構(gòu)
considering that 　　鑒于，考慮到
judging by/from 從……來看
supposing/providing/provided/assuming that...
假定，假設(shè)
compared with/to 與……相比
Michael's new house is like a huge palace，compared with his old one.
與邁克爾的舊房子比起來，他的新房子像個大宮殿。
　　
辨清邏輯關(guān)系，選用恰當(dāng)?shù)姆侵^語動詞
解答非謂語動詞題目的關(guān)鍵是能辨清非謂語動詞與主句主語之間是主動關(guān)系還是被動關(guān)系，主動關(guān)系考慮v.-ing 形式，被動關(guān)系考慮v.-ed形式。
(一)非謂語動詞作定語
[實例體驗]
1．(全國卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter ____________ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析：permitted　[此處動詞permit與所修飾的名詞reporter構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，故應(yīng)該使用其過去分詞形式permitted 作后置定語。][來源:Z,xx,k.Com]
2．(2015·北京卷)The park was full of people，____________ (enjoy) themselves in the sunshine.
解析：enjoying　[句意：公園里人山人海，人們在陽光下玩得很快樂。被修飾詞people與enjoy間為邏輯上的主動關(guān)系且表示正在進(jìn)行，故用現(xiàn)在分詞形式作定語。]
3．(全國卷)Today there are more airplanes ____________ (carry) more people than ever before in the skies.
解析：carrying　[句意：和過去相比，現(xiàn)在空中的飛機更多了，飛機的載容量也更大了。There be sb./sth.doing sth.為固定句式，其中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語。]
[重點強化]
若非謂語動詞作定語，與其邏輯主語為主動關(guān)系時用現(xiàn)在分詞時，為被動關(guān)系時用過去分詞。
“Things lost never come again！”I couldn't help talking to myself.
我不禁自言自語：“覆水難收啊！”
The man talking to Tom is his uncle.
和湯姆說話的那個男的是他的叔叔。
(二)非謂語動詞作狀語/補語
[實例體驗]
1．(2017·天津卷)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment，____________ (allow) more patients to be treated.
解析：allowing　[句意：這家醫(yī)院近期獲得了新的醫(yī)療設(shè)備，這讓更多的病人可以接受治療?？疾榉侵^語動詞作狀語。設(shè)空處動作與其邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系，所以要用v.-ing形式。]
2．(北京卷)____________ (order) over a week ago，the books are expected to arrive any time now.
解析：Ordered　[句意：這些書一個多星期前就被下訂單了，預(yù)計現(xiàn)在隨時會到。order與邏輯主語the books 之間為被動關(guān)系，且動作已經(jīng)完成，故答案為Ordered。]
3．(2015·天津卷)____________ (absorb) in painting，John didn't notice evening approaching.
解析：Absorbed　[句意：由于在全神貫注地畫畫，約翰沒有察覺到夜幕降臨了?？疾榉侵^語動詞作原因狀語。設(shè)空處動作與句子主語John之間為被動關(guān)系，再結(jié)合固定搭配be absorbed in可知答案為Absorbed。]
4．(陜西卷)Back from his two-year medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother ____________ (take) good care of at home.
解析：taken　[句意：在非洲提供了兩年的醫(yī)療服務(wù)，李醫(yī)生回來后十分高興地看到家里的母親得到了很好的照顧。本題考查非謂語動詞作賓補。賓語his mother 與動詞短語take good care of之間為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系且表示完成，故用過去分詞形式。]
5．(2019·湖南長郡中學(xué)月考)The robot is powered by a battery on its back，which can keep it____________ (operate) for an hour.
解析：operating　[句意：該機器人靠其背部的電池驅(qū)動，這塊電池可使其持續(xù)工作一小時。operate作“機器運轉(zhuǎn)”講為不及物動詞；keep sth.doing sth.表示“使某物持續(xù)做某事”，故用operating作賓補。]
[重點強化]
1．若非謂語動詞作狀語，則其邏輯主語是句子的主語。若句子的主語是分詞動作的發(fā)出者，即主謂關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞形式；若句子的主語是分詞動作的承受者，即動賓關(guān)系，則用過去分詞。
Translated into English，the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
這個句子被譯成英語后，它被發(fā)現(xiàn)有一個完全不同的語序。
Hearing the good news，they were all excited.
聽到這個消息，他們都非常激動。
2．若非謂語動詞作賓語補足語，則其邏輯主語是句子的賓語。若賓語是分詞動作的發(fā)出者，即主謂關(guān)系，且強調(diào)進(jìn)行，則用現(xiàn)在分詞形式；若賓語是分詞動作的承受者，即動賓關(guān)系，則用過去分詞。
I saw him climbing the fence just now.
我剛才看見他在爬柵欄。
A villager saw the little girl taken away by a middle-aged lady.
一位村民看見這個小女孩被一位中年婦女帶走了。
　
　　　　　根據(jù)謂語動詞與非謂語動詞發(fā)生順序定時
態(tài)，根據(jù)其與邏輯主語的關(guān)系定語態(tài)
[實例體驗]
1．(2018·浙江卷6月)While regularly eating out seems to ____________ (become) common for many young people in recent years，it's not without a cost.
解析：have become　[考查非謂語動詞。根據(jù)語境和時間狀語in recent years 可知，此處需要用不定式的完成式，故填have become。]
2．(2017·江蘇卷)Many Chinese brands，____________ (develop) their reputations over centuries，are facing new challenges from the modern market.
解析：having developed　[句意：很多中國的品牌，已經(jīng)積攢了幾百年的聲譽，正在面臨來自現(xiàn)代市場的新挑戰(zhàn)。本題考查非謂語動詞作狀語。題干中兩個逗號中間的部分為非謂語動詞短語，develop的邏輯主語是Many Chinese brands，兩者之間為主動關(guān)系，同時develop所表示的動作發(fā)生在facing所表示的動作之前，因此用having done的形式。]
3．(浙江卷)Listening to music at home is one thing，going to hear it ____________ (perform) live is quite another.
解析：being performed　[句意：在家聽音樂是一回事，去聽現(xiàn)場演奏完全是另外一回事。本題考查非謂語動詞作賓語補足語。賓語it與perform之間為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系且表示進(jìn)行，故答案為being performed。]
4．(2019·湖北荊門調(diào)研，66)We didn't speak to each other after that，and I didn't get close to anyone for fear of ____________ (hurt)again.
解析：being hurt　[句意：那次之后我們彼此沒有說過話，因為害怕再次被傷害，我不再和任何人靠近。設(shè)空處作介詞of的賓語，故用動名詞形式；設(shè)空處表達(dá)被動意思，故填being hurt。]
5．____________ (ask) to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.
解析：Having been asked　[句意：那天晚上我被要求加班，錯過了一場精彩的電影，所給動詞ask與其邏輯主語I之間是邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，且ask表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞missed的動作之前，故用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式在句中作原因狀語。]
[重點強化][來源:學(xué)#科#網(wǎng)]
非謂語動詞形式
意義
過去分詞
表示被動、完成
不定式的被動式
表示被動但尚未發(fā)生
現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式
表示被動、進(jìn)行
動名詞的被動式
表示被動
非謂語動詞的完成式
非謂語動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前
We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.
我們被邀請參加下星期五在我們俱樂部舉辦的晚會。
Having been told many times，he still couldn't understand it.
被告知了多次，他仍舊不明白。
[易混易錯]
一、4個易混點
易混點一　現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作狀語
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語表示的動作與句子主語之間為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系；過去分詞作狀語表示的動作與句子主語之間為邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。
[典例1](北京卷)Newly-built wooden cottages line the street，____________ (turn) the old town into a dreamland.
解析：turning　[句意：新建的木制小屋沿著大街排成一排，把舊城鎮(zhèn)變成了夢境。設(shè)空處作結(jié)果狀語，其邏輯主語應(yīng)是逗號前的整句話，兩者之間是主動關(guān)系，故答案為turning。]
[典例2](2019·蚌埠二中模擬)Greatly ____________ (encourage)，the team conducted another experiment，this time with water that contained bacteria.
解析：encouraged　[分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格所處的部分為非謂語動詞作狀語，encourage與主語the team之間為邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，故填encouraged。]
易混點二　現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作前置定語和表語
作前置定語和表語時，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞都相當(dāng)于形容詞，前者意為“令人……的”，后者意為“感到……的”。
[典例1](全國卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and 43. ____________ (disappoint)．
解析：disappointed　[looked后面為表語部分，此處指一些人看起來很焦急、很失望。故填disappointed。]
[典例2](2019·山西省實驗中學(xué)質(zhì)檢)Dennis Williams，the new owner of the phone number，responded to the ____________ (excite) baby news.
解析：exciting　[此處為非謂語動詞作前置定語，表示“令人興奮的有關(guān)孩子的消息”。故填exciting。]
[典例3](2019·山西長治二中等五校一聯(lián))With a ____________ (puzzle) look on my face，I pointed to myself and said，“Me？”
解析：puzzled　[句意：臉上帶著疑惑的表情，我指著自己說：“我嗎？”a puzzled look疑惑的表情；a puzzling look令人疑惑的表情。]
易混點三　不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作后置定語
不定式作后置定語表示動作尚未進(jìn)行；現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語表示主動、進(jìn)行；過去分詞作后置定語表示被動、完成。
[典例1](天津卷)I was watching the clock all through the meeting，as I had a train ____________ (catch)．
解析：to catch　[句意：我在會議期間一直看表，因為我要趕火車。設(shè)空處作定語，修飾train，語境為“要趕火車”，要用不定式表將來。]
[典例2](浙江卷)To return to the problem of water pollution，I'd like you to look at a study ____________ (conduct) in Australia in 2012.
解析：conducted　[句意：回到水污染問題，我想讓你們看一下澳大利亞在2012年進(jìn)行的研究。study與conduct之間為被動關(guān)系，且設(shè)空處表示“完成”，故用過去分詞作后置定語。]
[典例3](北京卷)Last night, there were millions of people____________(watch) the opening ceremony live on TV.
解析：watching　[句意：昨天夜里有數(shù)百萬人在電視上觀看了開幕式的現(xiàn)場直播。本題考查非謂語動詞作定語。被修飾詞people與watch之間為邏輯上的主動關(guān)系，故答案為watching。]
易混點四　不定式與動名詞作賓語
有些動詞后只限不定式作賓語，例如agree，decide，refuse，manage等；而有些動詞只跟動名詞作賓語，例如avoid，finish，mind，practise等。還有些動詞既可以跟動名詞作賓語，也可以跟不定式作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別，這些都要特別注意。
[典例1](2018·全國卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself，ducking my head to avoid____________ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel challenged.
解析：looking　[動詞avoid后需要接動名詞作賓語，表示“避免做某事”。]
[典例2](2019·江西二次聯(lián)考)As we pulled away，I felt that I needed ____________ (help) her.
解析：to help　[句意：當(dāng)我們要離開時，我感覺我需要幫助她。need to do sth.需要做某事。]
二、比較6組易混示例，理清謂語動詞和非謂語動詞
[題組一]
示
例
① He volunteered to help control traffic，____________ (donate) an hour of his time every week.
② ②He volunteered to help control traffic，and ____________ (donate) an hour of his time every week.
分
析
兩句的差別是連詞and。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，①中空格處為現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語；②中空格處與volunteered并列作謂語。故①填donating；②填donated。
[題組二]
示
例
①____________ (call) me tomorrow and I'll let you know the lab result. ②____________ (call) me tomorrow，I'll let you know the lab result.
分
析
兩句的差別是連詞and。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，①句為句式“祈使句＋and＋陳述句”；②句為分詞短語作條件狀語。故①填Call；②填Calling。
[題組三]
示
例
① The guide ____________ (lead) the way，we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
② ②The guide ____________ (lead) the way，so we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
分
析
兩句的差別是連詞so。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，①句為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作原因狀語，②句so連接兩個并列句，空格處所填詞的時態(tài)應(yīng)與第二個并列分句的謂語動詞一致。故①填leading；②填led。
[題組四]
示
例
① The party will be held in the garden，weather ____________ (permit)．
② ②The party will be held in the garden，if weather ____________ (permit).

分
析
兩句的差別是連詞if。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，①句為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作條件狀語；②句為if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。故①填permitting；②填permits。
[題組五]
示
例
①Jim was listening attentively to the lecture，and all his attention ____________ (fix) on it. ②Jim was listening attentively to the lecture，(with) all his attention ____________ (fix) on it. ③Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, ____________ (fix) all his attention on it.
分[來源:學(xué)+科+網(wǎng)]
析
三句的差別是逗號后面的部分。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，①句為and連接兩個并列句，通過時態(tài)、語態(tài)的分析，應(yīng)用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)；②句為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))；③句為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作伴隨狀語。故①填was fixed；②填fixed；③填fixing。
[題組六]
示

例
① He went into the room，____________ (sit) at the table and began to read newspapers.
② ②They walked along the stream together，____________ (talk) and laughing.
分
析
兩句看似結(jié)構(gòu)一致，但仔細(xì)分析卻是大相徑庭。①句為and連接三個并列謂語；②句為and連接兩個伴隨狀語。故①填sat；②填talking。

　　　　不定式符號to的多余與缺失
解題
攻略
熟記固定搭配用法，有些動詞，如want，decide，plan等后應(yīng)帶to的不定式作賓語。
典
例
1
(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)When summer comes，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables！
[分析]　invite sb.to do sth.意為“邀請某人做某事”。故pick前加to。
典
例
2
(2019·全國名校聯(lián)盟百校大聯(lián)考)On our way home，we couldn't help to talking about what we had experienced.
[分析]　can't help doing sth.為固定句型，意為：情不自禁地做某事。故去掉to。
　　介詞to與不定式符號to弄混
解題
攻略
不定式符號to后接動詞原形，而介詞to后需跟動詞-ing形式。to為介詞的短語有：lead to，contribute to，object to，look forward to，get used/accustomed to等。
典
例
1
(2020·重慶西北狼教育聯(lián)盟第一次聯(lián)考)So I would like to advise you not to hurt yourself to trying to make money.
[分析]　考查動詞不定式。此處是動詞不定式表目的，故to后應(yīng)用動詞原形try。故trying改為try。
典
例
2
(2019·福建福州3月質(zhì)檢)In the beginning，I wasn't used to talk to strangers.
[分析]　句意：開始時我不習(xí)慣和陌生人講話。be used to doing sth.為固定句型，意為“習(xí)慣做某事”。故talk改為talking。

　　　謂語動詞與非謂語動詞的混用
解題
攻略
誤把非謂語動詞用作謂語動詞：句中已有謂語動詞，且另一動詞不作并列謂語，則只能用非謂語動詞。
典
例
1
(2019·江西九江十校二聯(lián))After school，I went back home on time to help my parents do some housework while enjoy some light music.
[分析]　句意：放學(xué)后，我按時回家，一邊聽著輕音樂一邊幫我父母做家務(wù)。while后沒有主語，故可判斷while后需用非謂語動詞作狀語。主語I 與enjoy為邏輯上的主動關(guān)系，故enjoy改為enjoying。
典
例
2
(2019·廣州調(diào)研)They send letters to businesses，going to job interviews，and ask their friends and relatives for help.
[分析]　考查動詞。根據(jù)語境可知，該句陳述的是當(dāng)前的行為，且此處與send，ask并列，故應(yīng)用動詞原形。故going改為go。

　　　現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的錯用
解題
攻略
現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的錯用：現(xiàn)在分詞表主動、進(jìn)行；過去分詞表被動；現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)化的形容詞表示“令人……的”，常修飾物；而過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化的形容詞表示“感到……的”，常修飾人。
典
例
1
(2020·四川資陽一次診斷)Seeing from the top of the hill，the city was extremely beautiful.
[分析]　句意：從山頂上看，這座城市極其美麗。本題考查非謂語動詞作狀語。主語the city與see 為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系，故用過去分詞形式作狀語。故Seeing改為Seen。
典
例
2
(2020·贛州十四縣市聯(lián)考)However，what still makes me puzzling is how to make my dream to go to a top university come true.
[分析]　考查非謂語動詞。puzzled是過去分詞充當(dāng)形容詞，在句子作賓語補足語，修飾人，意為“困惑的”。故puzzling改為puzzled。
典
例
3
(2019·江西八所重點中學(xué)盟校4月聯(lián)考)Because we had not eaten ice cream for a long time，we got very exciting.
[分析]　句意：因為很長時間沒有吃過冰激凌了，所以我們都非常激動。本題考查非謂語動詞。exciting令人激動的；excited感到激動的。故exciting改為excited。

[小題夯基練]
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1．Many buildings in our town need repairing，but the one ____________ (repair) first is the library.
解析：to be repaired　[考查不定式的被動語態(tài)作定語。the one與repair之間為被動關(guān)系，且表示將來，故填to be repaired。]
2．I still remember ____________ (take) to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.
解析：being taken　[remember 后接動名詞作賓語表示記得已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事，接不定式表示記得要做的事；根據(jù)句意“記得被帶去過法門寺”判斷應(yīng)該用動名詞的被動形式。]
3．Listen！Do you hear someone ____________ (call) for help?
解析：calling　[賓語someone是動詞call的執(zhí)行者，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作補足語。hear sb.doing sth.意為“聽見某人正在做某事”。hear后跟不帶to的不定式作補足語，側(cè)重動作的過程，與listen提供的語境不符。]
4．So far nobody has claimed the money ____________ (discover) in the library.
解析：discovered　[money與discover是被動關(guān)系，且由句意可知動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，故用過去分詞作定語，表示被動與完成意義。]
5．—They are quiet，aren't they?
—Yes.They are accustomed to ____________ (not talk) at meals.
解析：not talking　[be accustomed to意為“習(xí)慣于”，to是介詞，后接名詞、動名詞等；由句意可知，此處應(yīng)用否定式。]
6．Harrison Ford is thought to be one of the few movie stars ____________ (work) as a carpenter before.
解析：to have worked　[不定式短語在句中作定語修飾movie stars；根據(jù)后面的before可知，work發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，故用不定式的完成式。]
7．____________ (expose) to sunlight for too much time will do harm to your skin.
解析：Being exposed　[本空在句中作主語，expose是實義動詞，意為“使暴露”，用系表結(jié)構(gòu)be exposed to表示狀態(tài)，這里用動名詞而非不定式作主語表示一般性的描述，而不是針對具體的某次行為。]
8．We had no choice but ____________ (do) what we were asked.
解析：to do　[介詞but前沒有do的任何形式，其后的不定式不能省略不定式符號to。]
9．Time ____________ (permit)，we'll go to visit the Great Wall on National Day.
解析：permitting　[Time permitting是“名詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞”式獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中充當(dāng)條件狀語。]
10．Eric went to his girlfriend's birthday party with a gift beautifully ____________ (pack)．
解析：packed　[“with＋名詞＋過去分詞”為with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，本題中a gift與動詞pack構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，故用過去分詞充當(dāng)賓補。]
Ⅱ.單句改錯(每句一錯)
1．You cannot expect like all the people you will work with.____________
解析：expect后加to　[expect to do sth.意為“期望做某事”；to不可省略，不定式to do sth.作expect的賓語。]
2．My parents have always made me to feel good about myself，even when I was thirteen.____________
解析：去掉to　[make sb.do sth.意為“讓某人做某事”，后面用不帶to的不定式作賓補。]
3．The meeting was over，I found her seated at the desk and listening to music.____________
解析：was→being　[“I found her...”為完整的句子且其前沒有連接詞，由此可知，逗號前的部分不是獨立的句子；the meeting與be over之間是邏輯上的主動關(guān)系，故用being。]
4．The president promised to keep all the board members inform of how the negotiations were going on.____________
解析：inform→informed　[board members與inform是邏輯上的被動關(guān)系，故用過去分詞作賓語補足語。keep sb.informed of意為“告知某人，使某人知情”。]
5．Though raising in a big city，the college student was more interested in village life.____________
解析：raising→raised　[the college student與raise為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系，故用過去分詞作狀語。]
6．My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy laughter.____________
解析：enjoy→enjoying　[介詞of之后用動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語。my coach and me與enjoy之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，故用enjoying。]
7．Still，you know how much I miss you and your cooking.the mere thought of the dishes you prepare makes my mouth to water.____________
解析：去掉to　[考查非謂語動詞。water在此作不及物動詞，意為“流口水”。當(dāng)非謂語動詞作使役動詞make后的賓補時，只有兩種形式：do和done。當(dāng)賓語與賓補之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時，賓補用動詞原形do；當(dāng)賓語與賓補之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時，賓補用過去分詞done。此句中賓語my mouth與補語water之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)該用動詞原形作賓補，故去掉to。]
8．After that，I got used to correct my own homework and became more independent.____________
解析：correct→correcting　[考查非謂語動詞。get used to表示“習(xí)慣于”，to是介詞，后面接動名詞作賓語，因此把correct改為correcting。注意和used to do sth.“過去常常做某事”區(qū)別開來。]
9．Apart from complete relaxation，I also plan to take an English course to improve my speaking English.____________
解析：speaking→spoken　[考查非謂語動詞。動詞speak與English構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，故用其過去分詞形式。spoken English表示“英語口語”，因此把speaking改為spoken。]
10．We've been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars.____________
解析：sing→singing　[根據(jù)固定結(jié)構(gòu)“spend some time doing sth.”判斷，此處應(yīng)把sing 改為singing。]
[大題提能練]
語法填空——非謂語動詞專練
Let children learn 1.____________ (judge) their own work.A child 2.____________ (learn) to talk does not learn by 3.____________ (correct) all the time；if 4.____________ (correct) too much，he will stop 5.____________ (talk)．He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others' language.Bit by bit，he makes the right changes 6.____________ (make) his language like other people's.In the same way，children learn to do all the other things.They learn to talk，run，climb，ride a bicycle by 7. ____________ (compare) their own behaviors with those of more 8.____________ (skill) people，and slowly make the 9.____________ (need) changes.But in school teachers never give a child a chance 10.____________ (find) out his mistakes for himself，even fewer chances for him 11.____________ (correct) himself.They do it all for him.Teachers act as if the student would fail 12.____________ (notice) a mistake if they did not point it out to him.They act as if the student would never correct it unless he was made to.Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher.Let the student do it himself.Let him work out with the help of other children if he wants 13.____________ (know) what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.
[語篇解讀]　本文講了老師應(yīng)該讓學(xué)生自己改正錯誤而不是幫他們改正。
1．解析：to judge　[固定搭配learn to do sth.]
2．解析：learning　[動詞-ing形式作后置定語，故填learning。]
3．解析：being corrected　[by doing表方式，此處表示“被改正錯誤”，故要用被動形式。]
4．解析：corrected　[correct與主句主語he為被動關(guān)系，故用過去分詞作狀語。]
5．解析：talking　[stop doing sth.停止正在做某事。]
6．解析：to make　[不定式表目的。]
7．解析：comparing　[by doing 表方式。]
8．解析：skilled　[過去分詞作定語，意為“熟練的”。]
9．解析：needed　[過去分詞作定語，表示“必要的”。]
10．解析：to find　[固定搭配give sb.a chance to do sth.。]
11．解析：to correct　[固定搭配chances for sb.to do sth.。]
12．解析：to notice　[fail to do 沒能做到。]
13．解析：to know　[want to do sth.想要做某事。]
Ⅱ.短文改錯
(2020·廣西三市調(diào)研)One day when I was on my way to school，I saw Jack，a student of Grade 3 in our school，ride along the street.Suddenly a car what was running towards him knocked her down.Jack was hurt seriously.The driver got such very a fright that he drove away quickly，leaving Jack helplessly on the spot.Fortunately I saw what had happened and remember the numbers of the car.I reported this to the police.In the same time I went up to help Jack and sent him to a nearest hospital.Now the driver has been caught and will be punished for wrong deed.
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