語法項(xiàng)目(一)
定語從句　　
[考綱解讀·定方向]
定語從句是高考考查的重點(diǎn)，也是必考點(diǎn)之一，語法填空主要考查關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞的選用，故分清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，搞清定語從句部分缺少何種成分至關(guān)重要。語法填空考查形式均為無提示詞型填空。短文改錯(cuò)主要考查引導(dǎo)詞的誤用。定語從句的重要性還體現(xiàn)在書面表達(dá)上，它屬于高級句式，對提升文章的檔次起著舉足輕重的作用。

　如何確定填關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞
[思考趨向]
1．依據(jù)句子成分，先確定是定語從句還是名詞性從句，然后判定先行詞，再判定關(guān)系詞在從句中所作成分，最后確定填關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。
2．知曉并列句與定語從句的主要區(qū)別在于：并列句是由and，but等并列連詞連接，這時(shí)就不能再用引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞了。

[典例感悟]
[典例1](2018·浙江卷6月)Many westerners ____________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
解析：who/that　[此處缺少引導(dǎo)定語從句并在定語從句中作主語的關(guān)系代詞，故用who 或that。]
[典例2](2018·江蘇卷)Self-driving is an area____________China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
解析：where　[句意：無人駕駛是一個(gè)中國和世界上其他國家處于同一條起跑線上的領(lǐng)域。考查定語從句。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，修飾先行詞an area。將先行詞代入定語從句后為China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line __in_the_area__.由此可知先行詞與表地點(diǎn)的介詞in一起在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，所以要用關(guān)系副詞where。]
[典例3]①They live in a small house，in front of ____________ stands an orange tree.
②They live in a small house，and in front of ____________ stands an orange tree.
解析：①which；②it　[兩句的區(qū)別是連詞and，句①逗號(hào)后為非限制性定語從句，空格處為引導(dǎo)詞表示物，故填which；句②and連接兩個(gè)并列分句，空格處指代前面分句中的a small house，故填it。]
[典例4]①The old man has three sons，none of ____________ is a doctor.
②The old man has three sons，but none of ____________ is a doctor.
解析：①whom；②them　[兩句的區(qū)別是連詞but，句①逗號(hào)后為非限制性定語從句，空格處為引導(dǎo)詞表示人，故填whom；句②but連接兩個(gè)并列分句，空格處指代前面分句的three sons，故填them。]
　 　定語從句解題技法
尋找先行詞，辨別人與物
[實(shí)例體驗(yàn)]
1．(2018·天津卷)Kate，________sister I shared a room with when we were at college，has gone to work in Australia.
解析：whose　[考查定語從句。句意：凱特去澳大利亞工作了。上大學(xué)期間我和她妹妹住同一房間。先行詞為Kate，將先行詞代入定語從句后為：I shared a room with Kate's sister when we were at college.由此可見，關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作定語，先行詞指“人”，故填關(guān)系代詞whose。]
2．(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program ____________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
解析：that/which　[根據(jù)語境“...gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers”修飾“a soil-testing program”，先行詞表示物，關(guān)系代詞作定語從句的主語，用that或者which。]
3．(2017·全國卷Ⅲ)But Sarah，____________has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
解析：who　[所填詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，并在從句中作主語，指人，故用who。]
4．(2017·北京卷)The little problems____________we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
解析：that/which　[所填詞引導(dǎo)定語從句，并在從句中作賓語， 先行詞為The little problems，因此用that或which。]
5．(四川卷)The books on the desk，____________ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.
解析：whose　[句意：桌上那些封面閃閃發(fā)亮的書是我們的獎(jiǎng)品。本題考查定語從句。先行詞為The books，與從句中的covers為所屬關(guān)系，故答案為whose。]
[重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化]
關(guān)系代詞的使用規(guī)則
關(guān)系代詞[來源:Zxxk.Com]
引導(dǎo)的定[來源:學(xué)_科_網(wǎng)]
語從句
who，whom，that代替的先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語，賓語等，其中whom只能作賓語，介詞提前時(shí)，指人只能用whom；that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句[來源:Zxxk.Com]
which，that代替的先行詞是表示物的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語、賓語等
whose用來指人或物，在從句中作定語
只用that的情況
先行詞是all，some，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代詞時(shí)
先行詞被the only，the very，all，every，some，any，few，no，little等修飾時(shí)
先行詞是形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞或被形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)
先行詞既包括人又包括物時(shí)
只用which
的情況
介詞提前時(shí)，指物只能用which
在非限制性定語從句中，指物只用which

　　　判斷所缺成分，選擇關(guān)系副詞
[實(shí)例體驗(yàn)]
1．(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，________ I was the first Western TV reporter...
解析：when　[先行詞 the mid-1980s在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，故應(yīng)用when引導(dǎo)。]
2．(天津卷)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ____________ his employees enjoy their work.
解析：where　[句意：該公司的老板在努力營造一種輕松的氛圍，在這種氛圍中，他的員工們可以享受工作的樂趣。先行詞為atmosphere，將先行詞代入定語從句后為：His employees enjoy their work __in_the_easy_atmosphere.__由此可見關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，故答案為where。]
3．(2019·青島二模)The reason ____________ we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
解析：why　[先行詞為the reason，定語從句中缺少狀語，故用why 引導(dǎo)。]
[重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化]
關(guān)系副詞的使用規(guī)則
關(guān)系副詞
引導(dǎo)的定
語從句
when，where，why的先行詞分別是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的名詞，并且在從句中作狀語
特殊
用法
當(dāng)先行詞為一些表示抽象地點(diǎn)的名詞，如point，situation，case，stage等時(shí)，如果引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語，常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句
先行詞occasion當(dāng)“時(shí)機(jī)”講時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞when；當(dāng)“場合”講時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞where
當(dāng)先行詞way意為“方法，方式”，且在從句中作狀語時(shí)，可用that，in which或省略關(guān)系詞這三種形式

　　　識(shí)別特殊定語從句，分清限制性、
非限制性定語從句
[實(shí)例體驗(yàn)]
1．(2017·天津卷)My eldest son，____________work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.
解析：whose　[句意：我的大兒子現(xiàn)在在紐約，他的工作讓他走遍世界各地。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞son，空格處在從句中作定語修飾work，所以要用關(guān)系代詞whose。]
2．(天津卷)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，____________the weather may be better.
解析：when　[句意：我們將把在公園的野餐推遲到下周，屆時(shí)天氣可能會(huì)更好。先行詞為next week，將先行詞代入定語從句后為：The weather may be better __next_week__.由此可見，先行詞在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，故答案為when。]
3．(北京卷)Opposite is St. Paul's Church, ____________ you can hear some lovely music.
解析：where　[句意：你們在對面的圣保羅教堂能聽到一些動(dòng)聽的音樂。先行詞為St.Paul's Church，將先行詞代入定語從句后為：You can hear some lovely music __in_St.Paul's_Church__.由此可知關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，故用where。]
4．(江蘇卷)The number of smokers, ____________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
解析：as　[句意：正如報(bào)道的那樣，吸煙的人數(shù)僅在一年內(nèi)就已經(jīng)減少了百分之十七。本題考查非限制性定語從句。先行詞為整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容，關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語，故填as。as is reported正如報(bào)道的那樣。]
[重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化]
1．定語從句分為限制性和非限制性兩種，如果在先行詞的后面出現(xiàn)逗號(hào)的，即為非限制性定語從句。
(1)that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
(2)which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可以代表主句的全部或者部分內(nèi)容。
Tom failed again in the match，which was a great pity.
湯姆在比賽中又一次失利了，這是一個(gè)非常大的遺憾。
2．a(chǎn)s和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別。
as 和which都可引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，代表主句的內(nèi)容。as在句中的位置比較靈活，意為“正如，正像”；which只能用在句中，意為“這，這一點(diǎn)”。
The mother tried to persuade her son to give up smoking，which didn't help.
母親竭力說服兒子放棄吸煙，但沒有效果。
“You can't judge a book by its cover，”as the old saying goes.
正如老話所說的那樣：“人不可貌相”。
　　　介賓結(jié)構(gòu)記心中
[實(shí)例體驗(yàn)]
1．(2017·江蘇卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of ____________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
解析：whose　[句意：1963年，聯(lián)合國成立了世界糧食計(jì)劃署，它的目標(biāo)之一是減緩全球范圍的饑荒。本題考查定語從句。定語從句的先行詞是the World Food Programme，與定語從句中的purposes是所屬關(guān)系，即the World Food Programme's purposes，故填whose。]
2．(浙江卷)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of ____________ has been proved.
解析：which　[句意：就人類為什么哭出眼淚科學(xué)家提出了許多理論，但沒有一項(xiàng)理論得到過證明。先行詞為theories，將先行詞代入定語從句后為：None of __the_theories__ has been proved.由此可見先行詞(指“物”)在定語從句中作介詞of的賓語，故答案為which。]
3．(江蘇卷)Many young people，most of ____________ were well-educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
解析：whom　[句意：很多年輕人都去了偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)追求自己的夢想，他們中大部分都受過良好的教育。先行詞為young people，指人，將先行詞代入定語從句后為：Most of __the_young_people__ were well-educated.由此可見先行詞在定語從句中作介詞of的賓語，且介詞已被提前，故答案為whom。]
4．(安徽卷)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon ____________ school education depends.
解析：which　[句意：一些專家認(rèn)為閱讀是學(xué)校教育所依賴的基本技能。先行詞為skill，將先行詞代入定語從句后為：School education depends upon __the_fundamental_skill__.由此可見關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作介詞upon的賓語；本句中介詞upon已被提前，故答案為which。]
5．(2019·濰坊二模)In his small house，there is a bookshelf，the top of ____________ is filled with poetry books.
解析：which　[空處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，并且前面有介詞of，指代物，故用which。]
[重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化]
“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”的使用規(guī)則
構(gòu)成
用法
介詞(短語)＋which/whom
介詞提前時(shí)，指物只能用which，指人只能用whom
數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級/不定代詞＋of＋which/whom
表示部分與整體的關(guān)系
the＋名詞＋of＋which/whom
表示所屬關(guān)系，可轉(zhuǎn)化為“whose＋名詞”


牢記what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句：that不能
引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句
[實(shí)例體驗(yàn)]
1．(全國卷Ⅰ)Maybe you have a habit ____________ is driving your family crazy.
解析：that/which　[定語從句的先行詞為前面的habit，在定語從句中作主語，故填that/which。注意：此處不能用what。]
2．(2019·河南、河北七所名校聯(lián)考)The shelter，____________ is designed for the thousands of traders and shoppers at Bangkok's night market，has become an attraction itself.
解析：which　[考查定語從句。先行詞是The shelter，空處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，且在從句中作主語，故用which。]
[重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化]
1．what只能用于名詞性從句中，而不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。
2．牢記指物時(shí)，that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，只能用which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的錯(cuò)用或缺失
解題
攻略
確定關(guān)系詞之“三看”
一看先行詞和從句之間有無逗號(hào)隔開，有逗號(hào)為非限制性定語中從句，不可以用that引導(dǎo)；
二看關(guān)系詞在從句中所作的成分是主語、賓語、表語(用關(guān)系代詞who/whom/whose/which/that/as)還是狀語(用關(guān)系副詞when/where/why)；
三看先行詞的屬性(是指人還是指物，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)還是原因)。
典
例
1
(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
[分析]　本句是含有定語從句的復(fù)合句，先行詞是pond，關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語，相當(dāng)于in which，故which改為where 或在其前加in。
典
例
2
(2020·陜西西安八校聯(lián)考)I am a 25-year-old young man which graduated from the Foreign Languages Department of Jilin University.
[分析]　本句中含有定語從句，先行詞為man，指人，且在從句中作主語，應(yīng)用who或that引導(dǎo)。故which改為who/that。
典
例
3
(2020·重慶西北狼教育聯(lián)盟第一次聯(lián)考)There are many people think that wealth is better than health.
[分析]　考查定語從句或現(xiàn)在分詞。分析該句結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該句為定語從句，先行詞為many people，故用who引導(dǎo)該定語從句；因many people和think為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞thinking 作many people的后置定語。故think前面加who或think改為thinking。
典
例
4
(2019·吉林省吉大附中模擬)From this experience I have learnt that questioning can serve as a bridge helps us to seek the truth.
[分析]　由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，本句主語為I，謂語為have learnt，that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句，作learnt的賓語，can serve為從句的謂語，與helps之間無連詞連接，由此可判斷，bridge后為定語從句，先行詞為bridge，指物，在從句中作主語，故用that或which引導(dǎo)該從句。故bridge后加that/which。
典
例
5
(2019·江西名校聯(lián)盟5月檢測)One day，Margaret told me her grandma was coming and her parents would want my basement room back，what didn't surprise me.
[分析]　由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，應(yīng)用which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代前面整句話的內(nèi)容，且在從句中作主語，what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。故what改為which。


對限制性和非限制性定語從句關(guān)系詞的考查
解題
攻略
牢記指物時(shí)that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，要用which；指人時(shí)whom 不能單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，要用who。
典
例
1
(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house.
[分析]　由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為非限制性定語從句，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語，指代their garden，應(yīng)用which。故that改為which。
典
例
2
(2020·廣東七校聯(lián)合體第二次聯(lián)考)This woman has set a good example to her son，whom is a really lucky guy.
[分析]　考查定語從句。由該句結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為非限制性定語從句，先行詞為her son，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語，故whom改為who。
典
例
3
(2019·湖北八校第一次聯(lián)考)Altogether I had five roommates，two of which arrived later.
[分析]　考查定語從句。由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，應(yīng)用whom，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，在從句中作介詞of的賓語，指代先行詞five roommates。故which改為whom。
典
例
4
(2019·河南豫南九校質(zhì)量考評)A blog will be opened on the website of our school，that aims to help students to communicate better.
[分析]　句意；在我們校網(wǎng)站上將開辟一個(gè)博客，旨在幫助學(xué)生更好地溝通。逗號(hào)后是非限制性定語從句，先行詞為前面一句話，關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語，故that改為which。

　定語從句與名詞性從句引導(dǎo)詞的錯(cuò)用
解題
攻略
1.牢記what不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。
2.分析句子成分，判定是定語從句還是名詞性從句。
典
例
1
(四川卷)The dishes what I cooked were Mom's favorite.
[分析]　先行詞dishes在定語從句中作賓語，故應(yīng)用that或which引導(dǎo)，也可省略關(guān)系代詞。故what改為that/which或去掉what。
典
例
2
(2019·湖北武漢高三2月調(diào)考)At noon，we play Room Escape，an interesting game what challenged our IQ and teamwork.
[分析]　句中先行詞是game，引導(dǎo)詞代替先行 詞并在句中作主語，用that或which。故what改為that/which。
典
例
3
(2019·福州縣市一中聯(lián)考)Besides，we should actively participate in some activities that are related to reading，what we can not only get our knowledge enriched but also gain a lot of pleasure.
[分析]　考查定語從句。分析該句結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為非限制性定語從句，先行詞為some activities，關(guān)系詞指代先行詞且在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，where引導(dǎo)該定語從句。故what 改為where。
典
例
4
(2019·山東日照一模)It's a black square suitcase，what is just as big as a school bag.
[分析]　考查非限制性定語從句。句意：那是一個(gè)黑色方形手提箱，恰好和書包一樣大。先行詞為suitcase，指“物”，在定語從句中作主語，故what改為which。

語法項(xiàng)目(二)
名詞性從句
[考綱解讀·定方向]
通過近五年語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)試題分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，名詞性從句是考查的重點(diǎn)。語法填空考查形式為無提示詞型填空，重點(diǎn)考查名詞性從句引導(dǎo)詞，尤其是對what，that，who 的考查。短文改錯(cuò)主要考查引導(dǎo)詞的誤用和多余。

如何確定名詞性從句
[思考趨向]
分析句子成分，確定主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句，再根據(jù)在從句中的成分確定填連詞(that，whether，if)或連接代詞(what，who，whom，which，whatever，whoever，whichever)，或連接副詞(when，why，where，whenever，wherever，how)。
[典例感悟]
[典例1](2018·北京卷)Without his support, we wouldn't be____________we are now.
解析：where　[考查表語從句。句意：要是沒有他的幫助，我們就不會(huì)是現(xiàn)在的情形了。根據(jù)句意可知，設(shè)空處意為“情形，情況，形勢”，應(yīng)用where引導(dǎo)。]
[典例2](2018·天津卷)The gold medal will be awarded to________wins the first place in the bicycle race.
解析：whoever　[考查賓語從句。句意：這塊金牌將頒發(fā)給在這場自行車比賽中獲得第一名的人?！癬___________ wins the first place in the bicycle race”為賓語從句，該從句缺少主語，且設(shè)空處表示“任何人”，故填whoever，相當(dāng)于anyone who。]
[典例3](2018·江蘇卷)By boat is the only way to get here, which is ____________we arrived.
解析：how　[句意：坐船是到達(dá)這里的唯一方式，我們就是坐船到達(dá)這里的?？疾楸碚Z從句。which引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，其中設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)的是表語從句，結(jié)合語境和By boat 可知，此處表示到達(dá)這兒的方式，所以要用how引導(dǎo)。]
　　名詞性從句解題技法
　
缺少主/賓/表語，用連接代詞(who，which，
what，whatever，whichever，whoever等)
[實(shí)例體驗(yàn)]
1．(2017·北京卷)Every year____________makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
解析：whoever　[句意：每年，在風(fēng)箏節(jié)上制作出最漂亮的風(fēng)箏的人會(huì)贏得一份獎(jiǎng)品。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)主語從句，從句中缺少主語成分，且表示“無論誰”，故填whoever。]
2．(北京卷)Your support is important to our work.____________ you can do helps.
解析：Whatever　[句意：你的支持對我們的工作很重要。你能做的任何事情都有幫助。本題考查主語從句。“____________ you can do”為主語從句，該從句缺少賓語，且表示“任何事情”，故答案為Whatever(相當(dāng)于Anything that)。]
3．(浙江卷)If you swim in a river or lake be sure to investigate ____________ is below the water surface. Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.
解析：what　[句意：如果你在河里或湖里游泳，一定要查明水下的狀況。經(jīng)常會(huì)有巖石或樹枝隱藏在水中?！癬___________ is below the water surface”為賓語從句，作動(dòng)詞investigate 的賓語，該從句中缺少主語且表示“事物”，故答案為what。]
4．(安徽卷)A ship in harbor is safe, but that's not ____________ ships are built for.
解析：what　[____________ ships are built for為表語從句，該從句中缺少賓語且表示“事物”，故答案為what。]
[重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化]
連接代詞(who，which，what，whatever，whichever，whoever等)在名詞性從句中作主語、賓語、表語等成分。
We promise whoever attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.(賓語從句，whoever在從句中作主語)
我們保證，任何參加這個(gè)聚會(huì)的人都有機(jī)會(huì)與那個(gè)電影明星合影。

　　　　缺少狀語，用連接副詞(when，where，how，
why，while，as，if/whether，before，since等)
[實(shí)例體驗(yàn)]
1．(2017·北京卷)Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street，not knowing ____________ she was heading.
解析：where　[句意：Jane在綠樹成蔭的街道上漫無目的地走著，不知道她要去哪里。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)賓語從句，從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語成分，故用where引導(dǎo)。]
2．(2017·天津卷)She asked me____________I had returned the books to the library，and I admitted that I hadn't.
解析：whether/if　[句意：她問我是否已經(jīng)把書還給圖書館，我承認(rèn)我還沒有歸還。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，根據(jù)句意可知該賓語從句要用whether/if引導(dǎo)。]
3．(北京卷)____________ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
解析：How　[句意：我們理解事物的方式與我們的認(rèn)知有很大關(guān)系?！癬___________ we understand things”為主語從句，該從句中缺少方式狀語(如何)，故用How。]
4．(重慶卷)We must find out ____________ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.
解析：when　[句意：我們必須弄清楚卡爾什么時(shí)候來，以便我們可以為他預(yù)訂房間。“____________ Karl is coming”為賓語從句，作動(dòng)詞短語find out的賓語，該從句中缺少時(shí)間狀語，故答案為when。]
5．(福建卷)—I wonder ____________ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.
—By working out every day.
解析：how　[句意：——我想知道這么些年來瑪麗是如何保持體形的?！ㄟ^每天鍛煉身體。“____________ Mary has kept her figure after all these years”為賓語從句，該從句中缺少方式狀語，故答案為how。]
6．(四川卷)The exhibition tells us ____________ we should do something to stop air pollution.
解析：why　[句意：這個(gè)展覽告訴我們?yōu)槭裁次覀儜?yīng)該做一些事情來阻止空氣污染?！癬___________ we should do something to stop air pollution”為賓語從句，該從句中缺少原因狀語，故答案為why。]
[重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化]
牢記在主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句中缺少狀語時(shí)考慮連接副詞(when，where，how，why，while，as，if/whether，before，since等)，再根據(jù)連接副詞的含義確定答案。
Grandma pointed to the hospital and said，“That's where I was born.”(表語從句，where作地點(diǎn)狀語)
“那就是我出生的地方。”奶奶指著那家醫(yī)院說。

　　　　 不缺任何成分，常用that引導(dǎo)同位
語從句或表語從句
[實(shí)例體驗(yàn)]
1．(北京卷)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ____________ one can be entirely free from dust.
解析：that　[句意：雨季最令人愉快的事情就是人們可以完全免受塵土的影響。本題考查表語從句?！癬___________ one can be entirely free from dust”為表語從句，該從句中不缺少成分，意思完整，故用that引導(dǎo)該表語從句。]
2．(天津卷)The manager put forward a suggestion ____________ we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.
解析：that　[句意：經(jīng)理提出一個(gè)建議，我們應(yīng)該有個(gè)助手。有太多的工作要做。本題考查同位語從句?！癬___________ we should have an assistant”為同位語從句，說明suggestion的內(nèi)容，應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)該同位語從句。that只起連接作用，不作成分。]
3．(江蘇卷)It is often the case ____________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
解析：that　[句意：對于那些不放棄希望的人來說，發(fā)生任何事情都是有可能的，這是很常見的?？疾橹髡Z從句。本句中it為形式主語，“____________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope”為真正的主語；該從句結(jié)構(gòu)完整，故由that引導(dǎo)。]
4．(2019·福州八縣市一中聯(lián)考)Word has come ____________ Basi's body will be put in Basi Museum，which is under construction at present.
解析：that　[考查同位語從句。分析該句結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)同位語從句，抽象名詞Word和從句Basi's body will be put in Basi Museum為同位關(guān)系，且從句意義與結(jié)構(gòu)完整，故用that引導(dǎo)該同位語從句。]

[重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化]
that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，表語從句不作任何成分，沒有任何意義，只起連接作用，但不可省略。
When the news came that the war broke out，he decided to serve in the army.(同位語從句)
當(dāng)戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)的消息傳來時(shí)，他決定參軍。
　
　　　 　it作形式主語或形式賓語的名詞性
從句要牢記
[實(shí)例體驗(yàn)]
1．(2019·昆明質(zhì)量檢測)Kenney said，“____________ is good news that this public health problem has a simple solution.”
解析：It　[考查名詞性從句。分析該句結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該句為包含that引導(dǎo)的主語從句的主從復(fù)合句，It 作形式主語，真正的主語是that引導(dǎo)的主語從句。]
2．(2019·山東師大附中一模)His favorite food is fried snacks and soft drinks.It is no surprise ____________ losing weight is just his dream.
解析：that　[句意：他最喜歡的食物是油炸類小吃和軟飲料。減肥只是他的夢想一點(diǎn)都不令人吃驚。It 是形式主語，真正的主語是that引導(dǎo)的主語從句。從句中結(jié)構(gòu)及句意完整，故用that引導(dǎo)。]
3．(2019·昆明調(diào)研)If you are an experienced traveler wanting to explore China fully，it is recommended ____________ you should travel to Dunhuang，Zhangye，Jiayuguan，Turpan，Kashi and Urumqi to follow the footprint of Marco Polo.
解析：that　[考查主語從句。本句為“It is recommended＋that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)，that從句的謂語用(should＋)動(dòng)詞原形。]
[重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化]
當(dāng)句子作主語或賓語時(shí)往往顯得“頭重腳輕”，故常用it作形式主語或形式賓語，而把真正的主語或賓語放在后面。It had never occurred to him that he might be falling in love with her.
他從來沒有想到過他也許愛上了她。
The teacher made it clear that ice cream is junk food.
老師使大家明白了冰激凌是垃圾食品。





that，what，which連接代詞的誤用
解題
攻略
that在名詞性從句中不作任何成分，what，which作主語、表語、賓語。
典
例
1
(2020·柳州模擬)We should make full use of time to do that should be done.
[分析]　do后為賓語從句，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語。故that改為what。
典
例
2
(2020·開封質(zhì)檢)It is cheerful what the local authorities have promised them to shorten the time of obtaining it.
[分析]　It為形式主語，cheerful后面的句子為主語從句，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中不作任何成分也無任何意義。故what改為that。
典
例
3
(2019·臨汾一中等聯(lián)考)It's not easy for us to accept the fact which we are going to leave our beloved school.
[分析]　在名詞性從句中that為連詞，不作任何成分，而which為連接代詞，需要作成分表示“哪一個(gè)”。本句中the fact后為同位語從句，后面的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中不作任何成分。故which改為that。
典
例
4
(2019·湖南師大附中模擬)When I went to the kitchen to get my breakfast，I was astonished at which I saw.
[分析]　在名詞性從句中which和what都為連接代詞，但which表示“哪一個(gè)”，而what表示“……的事情”。故which改為what。

　　that，what與連接副詞的誤用
解題
攻略
1.根據(jù)從句的位置，確定從句的類型。
2.掌握名詞性從句引導(dǎo)詞在用法上的區(qū)別，尤其是that，what，which在用法上的區(qū)別。
3.明晰連詞功能，確定答案不用懷疑。如：how，when，where是副詞，作狀語；what是代詞，可作主語和賓語。
典
例
1
(全國卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
[分析]　to后為賓語從句，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，表示“靠近我居住的地方”。故that改為where。
典
例
2
(全國卷Ⅱ)After looking at the toy for some time，he turned around and found where his parents were missing.
[分析]　從句his parents were missing中不缺少成分且意思完整，故where改為that或去掉where。
典
例
3
(全國卷Ⅱ)My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.
[分析]　從句中的do是及物動(dòng)詞，故應(yīng)用連接代詞what作動(dòng)詞do的賓語。故how改為what。
典
例
4
(2019·銀川九中模擬)I'm writing to tell you how is going on in our school—a basketball match to be held next month.
[分析]　tell you 后為賓語從句，從句缺少主語，應(yīng)用連接代詞引導(dǎo)。故how改為what。

if與whether的誤用
解題
攻略
whether 和if意為“是否”時(shí)在賓語從句中可互換，但在其他名詞性從句中或出現(xiàn)or not時(shí)只能用whether。
典
例
(2019·湖南師大附中模擬)I was in such a hurry that I paid no attention to if the milk was hot or not.
[分析]　if和whether都可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，意為“是否”，但if受到很多限制，例如不能位于句首，介詞后的賓語從句不能用if引導(dǎo)，不能與or not連用等。故if改為whether。


[小題夯基練]
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1．Life is like a long race ____________ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
解析：where　[先行詞為race，代入定語從句則為：we compete with others to go beyond ourselves in the long race.明顯可見，in the long race在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，故填where。]
2．Tom's best memory is of last year，____________ the club gave a dancing party for his birthday.
解析：when　[先行詞是last year，帶入從句后作時(shí)間狀語，故從句用關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。]
3．Recently，we have seen the film you mentioned，the figures of ____________ are used in many restaurants to attract consumers.
解析：which　[根據(jù)句意可推知從句想表達(dá)“此影片的許多人物被多家餐廳引用來吸引消費(fèi)者”。先行詞為the film，指物，且空處位于介詞of后，故填which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。]
4．On Sundays there were many children playing in the park, ____________ parents were seated together joking.
解析：whose　[本空填whose，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句并在從句中作定語 。]
5．This is Mr.Smith，____________ I think has something interesting to tell you.
解析：who　[非限制性定語從句修飾前面指人的先行詞Mr.Smith，且定語從句中缺少主語，故用who引導(dǎo)。]
6．At the beginning of the new term，my teacher said ____________ broke the rules would be punished.
解析：whoever　[這里whoever引導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中作主語，意為“無論是誰”。]
7．I am afraid she's more of a talker than a doer，which is ____________ she never finishes anything.
解析：why　[which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，其中“...she never finishes anything.”為表語從句，且表原因，故此表語從句用why引導(dǎo)。]
8．It is obvious to the refugees ____________ they should get well prepared to evacuate.
解析：that　[本句中it是形式主語，真正的主語是后面由that引導(dǎo)的從句。]
9．The mystery is ____________ he ever went there or not.
解析：whether　[is后的表語從句中成分齊全，空格處意為“是否”，且由句末的or not可知用whether。]
10．I have no idea ____________ you're talking about—can you explain it please?
解析：what　[idea后為同位語從句，該從句中的talking about后缺少賓語，且意為“……的事情”，故用what引導(dǎo)。]
Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每句一錯(cuò))
1．The 2022 Winter Olympics are to be held in Beijing，where brings excitement to us.____________
解析：where→which　[關(guān)系詞指代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容，并在定語從句中作主語，故用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)該非限制性定語從句。]
2．English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of that uses it somewhat differently.____________
解析：that→which　[先行詞為“several diverse cultures”，關(guān)系詞在從句中作“each of”的賓語，故用關(guān)系代詞which。]
3．The twins are similar not only in appearance but also in the way which they smile and talk.____________
解析：去掉which/which→that/which前加in　[此處the way后面為定語從句，關(guān)系詞在句中作狀語，相當(dāng)于“用這種方法或方式”，習(xí)慣上用that或in which引導(dǎo)定語從句，that可省略。]
4．He is the only student in the class that have been selected to take part in the meeting.____________
解析：have→has　[本題的先行詞為“the only student”，表示單數(shù)含義，故定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。]
5．The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those who lives were affected.____________
解析：who→whose　[those后為定語從句，先行詞是指人的those，并在定語從句中作lives的定語，故用whose引導(dǎo)。]
6．The reason why I didn't go to France was because I got a new job.____________
解析：because→that　[The reason why...was/is that...為固定句型，that在此引導(dǎo)表語從句，且不能省略。]
7．Now more and more have come to realize why serious air pollution is.____________
解析：why→how　[根據(jù)serious可知，應(yīng)用how來引導(dǎo)賓語從句，表示程度，而why表示原因，與句意不符。]
8．It's a great pity which we can't finish the task on time.____________
解析：which→that　[此處是“It＋be＋名詞＋主語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)，從句結(jié)構(gòu)、意義完整，故用that引導(dǎo)。]
9．—He is eager to try something he has never tried before.
—Oh，I see.That's what he is different from others.____________
解析：what→where/why　[該表語從句中已經(jīng)有主語和表語，故可將what改為where/why，充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語或原因狀語。]
10．Everyone in the village is very friendly.It doesn't matter when you have lived there for a short or a long time.____________
解析：when→whether　[主語從句不缺少任何成分，但表示“是否”之意，故用whether引導(dǎo)。when在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語。]
[大題提能練]
Ⅰ.語法填空(一)——定語從句專練
Yangshuo，China
It was raining lightly when I arrived in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didn't care.A few hours before，I'd been at home in Hong Kong，____1____ I breathed its choking smog.Here，the air was clean and fresh，even with the rain.
I'd skipped nearby Guilin，____2____ is a dream place for tourists ____3____ seek the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ____4____ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.Instead，I'd headed straight for Yangshuo.For those ____5____ fly to Guilin，it's only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city.
Yangshuo is really beautiful.A study of travelers ____6____ was conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations ____7____ are famous in the world.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people and their families ____8____ are in Asia.Abercrombie & Kent，____9____ is a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people ____10____ live in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
答案：1.where　2.which　3.who/that　4.that/which　5.who　6.that/which　7.that/which　8.that/who　9.which　10.who/that
Ⅱ.語法填空(二)——名詞性從句專練
1____ worries my classmate Mary a lot these days is ____2____ she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill.She has some doubts ____3____ she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar.Also，with the College Entrance Examination approaching，she becomes more stressful and she can't sleep well these days.Maybe this is ____4____ she becomes fatter these days，she thinks.____5____ she becomes slimmer and healthier has been her main task.So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions.But where she could get better suggestions and ____6____ will give her better advice also puzzle her.It is her parents' suggestion ____7____ she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital.Professor Wang suggests ____8____ she keep a balanced diet first.She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber，vitamin and protein.What's more，if she wants to lose weight，she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day.Mary asked Professor Wang ____9____ she should take exercise.Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 o'clock in the afternoon.That is ____10____ she will have more time to do sports.It is with the help of Professor Wang that Mary has become much healthier now.
答案：1.What　2.that　3.whether　4.why　5.How　6.who　7.that　8.that　9.when　10.because
Ⅲ.短文改錯(cuò)
(2020·皖江名校聯(lián)考)It's reported that there have eighty million disabled people in our country.If our government has done a lot for them，it's not enough.
As student，what should we do for the disabled？To begin with，we should respect them and treat them good.We shouldn't look down them or ignore their value to the society.Additionally，we should care for them and try our best to help them，make their life easier.Lastly，it's necessary for us to help develop our confidence，which is the first step to succeed.
In conclusion，if everyone does his or her best，the disabled are sure to live a happy life but they will make a great contribution.
答案：

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