第一講　名詞和冠詞
語法項目(一)
名詞　　　　　　　　
[考綱解讀·定方向]
語法填空題對名詞的考查主要包括名詞的單復數(shù)和所有格，以及給出動詞、形容詞等提示詞要求寫出適當?shù)拿~形式。短文改錯重點考查名詞的單復數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞、名詞與其他詞類的詞性轉化等。解答有關名詞的題目時，一定要注意名詞前的修飾成分，如數(shù)詞、量詞、常修飾可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞的詞或短語等，來判斷其是需要可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式、復數(shù)形式還是不可數(shù)名詞；有的還要結合語境分析句子成分，來判斷是否需要作主語、賓語、表語或定語的名詞。



如何確定填單復數(shù)、所有格還是派生為名詞
[思考趨向]
1．填名詞的單復數(shù)
若提示詞是名詞，分析句子成分后發(fā)現(xiàn)詞性不需要改變，此時應考慮填名詞的單復數(shù)。
2．填名詞的所有格
提示詞為名詞時，如果作定語表示“……的”，則一般考查名詞的所有格。
3．派生為名詞
[典例感悟]
[典例1](2017·全國卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several ____________ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
解析：invitations　invitation“邀請”是可數(shù)名詞，其前有several修飾，應用復數(shù)形式。
[典例2](2019·湖南師大附中模擬)This could be ____________ (Mary) motto——the expression that best captures her spirit.
解析：Mary's　此題考查名詞的所有格，根據語境應該表示“瑪麗的格言”。
[典例3](2017·浙江卷11月)Of course you have to work at it.You wouldn't think that a few ____________ (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough for the rest of your life，and that's also true for building your vocabulary—you have to keep at it daily，and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary.
解析：months　考查名詞的數(shù)。根據空前的a few及month為可數(shù)名詞可知，此處表示“幾個月的鍛煉”，故用month的復數(shù)形式。
[典例4](2017·全國卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her ____________(educate)．
解析：education　根據空格前的修飾語定答案。前面由形容詞性物主代詞her(她的)修飾，故用educate的名詞形式，education是不可數(shù)名詞。
　　　　名詞單數(shù)變復數(shù)的技法
　牢記名詞變復數(shù)的5種變化形式
[實例體驗]
1．(2018·浙江卷6月)Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese ____________ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.
解析：dishes　[考查名詞的數(shù)。dish是可數(shù)名詞，其前無限定詞，故用其復數(shù)形式dishes。]
2．(2018·福州期末)A hutong is an ancient city street typical in Beijing.Surrounding the Forbidden City，many were built during the Yuan，Ming and Qing ____________ (dynasty)．
解析：dynasties　[考查名詞的數(shù)。根據該句中的“Yuan，Ming and Qing”可知，此處指三個朝代，dynasty為可數(shù)名詞，故用其復數(shù)形式。]
3．(2017·浙江卷6月)Last October，while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small ____________ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.
解析：carrots　[carrot是可數(shù)名詞，根據a handful of“一把”可知，應用其復數(shù)形式。]
4．(2020·江西重點中學盟校聯(lián)考)____________ (tomato) and potatoes took some time to become popular.
解析：Tomatoes　[and連接并列主語，由potatoes可知tomato應用復數(shù)形式。]
5．(2020·四川龍泉模擬)They may let you surf the Internet，listen to music and take ____________ (photo) wherever you are.
解析：photos　[take photos意為“拍照”。]
6．(2020·湖北宜昌葛洲壩中學月考)Not only have the fables themselves lived for nearly 1,500 years，but ____________ (express) from them have entered various languages.
解析：expressions　[句意： 不僅這些寓言本身存在了近1 500年，而且里面的一些詞語已經被收錄到各種語言中了。設空處表示“詞語”之意，在句中作主語，需用名詞形式；根據設空處后的have entered可推知設空處需用名詞復數(shù)形式，故填expressions。]
7．(2019·福建廈門期末)The 17th-century philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon declared that nothing had changed the world more deeply than three great ____________ (invention)：gunpowder，printing and the compass.
解析：inventions　[句意：17世紀的哲學家兼政治家弗朗西斯·培根宣稱：任何東西都不如火藥、印刷術和指南針這三項偉大的發(fā)明對世界造成的變化大。根據設空處前的three可知設空處填名詞復數(shù)形式。]
8．(2019·河北五個一名校聯(lián)盟二模)The site is constantly updated with news，often about exciting ____________ (finding) that change how we view the world.
解析：findings　[考查名詞的數(shù)。finding 為可數(shù)名詞，其前無限定詞修飾，且定語從句中謂語動詞為“change”，為復數(shù)概念，所以應用finding的復數(shù)形式。]
[重點強化]
規(guī)則名詞的6種復數(shù)變化形式
變化規(guī)則
例詞
一般情況下
在詞尾直接加-s
mouth→mouths
以-s，-x，-ch，-sh結尾的名詞
在詞尾加-es
glass→glasses match→matches
以輔音字母＋-y結尾的名詞
變y為i再加-es
country→countries factory→factories
以元音字母＋-y結尾的名詞
在詞尾直接加＋-s
holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys
以o結尾的名詞
一般在詞尾加-s
有些在詞尾加-es
photo→photos potato→potatoes
以f，fe結尾的名詞[來源:學&科&網][來源:學,科,網][來源:學.科.網Z.X.X.K]
一般要變f或fe為v＋-es[來源:Zxxk.Com]
self→selves wolf→wolves
少數(shù)直接加-s
belief→beliefs

　牢記不規(guī)則變化的名詞復數(shù)形式
[實例體驗]
1．(2019·福建高三質檢)“Alaya，you don't have to do this if you don't want to.Nobody is forcing you.”Though I said I wasn't going to do it，my ____________ (foot) carried me toward the pool.
解析：feet　[由空格前的my確定空格處應填名詞。由常識可知應是我的雙腳帶著我朝一個池塘走去，故應填foot的復數(shù)形式feet。]
2．(2019·江西重點中學協(xié)作體聯(lián)考)Now，these ____________ (child) may have a high-tech friend to help feel less alone.
解析：children　[由空格前的these確定空格處應填child的復數(shù)形式children。]
3．(2019·山西省實驗中學模擬) ____________ (woman) are starting to take power in more and more important positions in recent years.
解析：Women　[由空格后的are確定空格處應用woman的復數(shù)形式women作主語。]
[重點強化]
不規(guī)則名詞的3種復數(shù)變化形式
變化規(guī)則
例詞
單復數(shù)同形
deer，sheep，means，series，Chinese，Swiss，aircraft，spacecraft
變內部元音
foot→feet，tooth→teeth，man→men，woman→women
外來名詞
medium→media　媒體phenomenon→phenomena　現(xiàn)象analysis→analyses　分析

　　　　　派生出來的名詞
[實例體驗]
1．(2019·衡水期末)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires，Asia's biggest building，and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me ，pandas are its top ____________ (attract)．
解析：attraction　[空格前有形容詞和物主代詞，因此要用名詞形式。]
2．(2019·九江模擬)“The most efficient way is to decrease the local population to reduce the ____________ (possible) of causing harm to the heritage，”Wang said.
解析：possibility　[前有定冠詞the修飾，所以用名詞形式。]
3．(2019·濰坊一模)The book gives a detailed ____________ (explain) of the origin，the processing skills and the classification of bony fish.
解析：explanation　[根據空格前的不定冠詞a以及形容詞detailed可知，空格處被不定冠詞和形容詞修飾，故用explain的名詞形式。]

[重點強化]
運用構詞法知識，掌握派生出來的名詞
1．動詞變名詞的后綴
后綴
例詞
-ion/
-tion/
-sion/
-ation
correct→correction改正 lebrate→celebration慶祝；慶祝會 tract→attraction吸引 aduate→graduation畢業(yè) onclude→conclusion結論；結束 iscuss→discussion討論；辯論 cide→decision決定 mit→admission接納；準許入學 vite→invitation邀請 lain→explanation解釋 ect→expectation期望
-er/-or
drive→driver 機；駕駛員 her→gatherer 收集者；采集者 ch→teacher 老師announce→announcer 廣播員conduct→conductor 指揮；售票員
-ment
punish→punishment懲罰 achieve→achievement功績；成就 gue→argument辯論；論據 treat→treatment對待；治療 equip→equipment裝備；設備govern→government政府
-ance/
-ence
appear→appearance　　出現(xiàn)，外貌 guide→guidance 指引；指導
perform→performance 表演；節(jié)目 exist→existence 存在，生存
prefer→preference 偏愛 refer→reference 參考；查閱
-ing
hear→hearing　　 聽力；聽覺 begin→beginning 開始
-ure/
-ture
fail→failure　　失?。坏归] press→pressure 壓力
depart→departure 離開；出發(fā) mix→mixture 混合；混合物
-y
recover→recovery　恢復；痊愈 discover→discovery 發(fā)現(xiàn)
其他
choose→choice　　選擇 vary→variety 多樣化；種類
tend→tendency 趨向；趨勢
2．形容詞變名詞的后綴
后綴
例詞
-age
short→shortage 　　不足，短缺
-cy
efficient→efficiency　效率；功效 fluent→fluency 流利，流暢
accurate→accuracy 準確性 private→privacy 隱私；私密
-dom
free→freedom　　 自由；自主 wise→wisdom 明智；智慧
-ence
different→difference　差異 silent→silence 沉默
-ness
weak→weakness　　 虛弱；弱點 kind→kindness 仁慈；好意
careless→carelessness 粗心大意
-th
strong→strength　　 力氣；強項 warm→warmth 溫暖；熱情
-y/
-ty/
-ity
honest→honesty　　誠實 difficult→difficulty 困難
cruel→cruelty 殘酷；殘暴 safe→safety 安全
disable→disability 無能；傷殘 responsible→responsibility 責任
3．表示“人”的名詞后綴
在某些形容詞、名詞或動詞后面加后綴變成具有某種職業(yè)或動作的人。常見的表示“人”的后綴有：
后綴
例詞
-er
clean→cleaner清潔工 report→reporter記者
strange→stranger陌生人
-or
invent→inventor發(fā)明者 visit→visitor游客
direct→director導演
-ar
lie→liar說謊者 beg→beggar乞討者，乞丐
-ee
employ→employee雇員 interview→interviewee參加面試者
train→trainee受訓者，學員
-ess
host→hostess女主人 act→actress女演員
-ian
music→musician音樂家 politics→politician政治家
history→historian歷史學家
-ist
art→artist藝術家 science→scientist科學家
piano→pianist鋼琴家
-ant
serve→servant仆人 participate→participant參加者
assist→assistant助手，圖書管理員


可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)的誤用
解題
攻略
1.可數(shù)名詞單復數(shù)的錯用：一般考查錯把復數(shù)用作單數(shù)，有時也考查錯把單數(shù)用作復數(shù)。
2.根據限定語判定名詞單復數(shù)。
典
例
1
(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)After supper，we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.
[分析]　詞法錯誤。of all sorts各種各樣的，為固定詞組，故sort改為sorts。
典
例
2
(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)Last winter when I went there again，they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.
[分析]　詞法錯誤。dozens of許多，修飾可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)。故chicken改為chickens。
典
例
3
(2019·太原階段測評)It is one of the official language of the United Nations to develop more effective communication.
[分析]　考查固定用法?！皁ne of＋可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)”為固定用法，故此處應用名詞復數(shù)形式。故language改為languages。
典
例
4
(2020·合肥第一次質量檢測)My favourite sport is swimming，so I decided to go swimming in the sea one afternoon with my friend，Wang Fei and Li Lei.
[分析]　考查名詞單復數(shù)。根據該句中的“Wang Fei and Li Lei”可知，作者和兩個朋友一起去游泳了。friend 為可數(shù)名詞，故用復數(shù)形式。故friend改為friends。

　　可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的誤用
解題
攻略
1.不可數(shù)名詞單復數(shù)的錯用：不可數(shù)名詞沒有復數(shù)形式；因此熟記不可數(shù)名詞是解題關鍵。不可數(shù)名詞如advice，news，progress，housework，information等。
2.可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞混淆：有些詞既可用作可數(shù)名詞也可用作不可數(shù)名詞，應注意具體語境。
典
例
1
(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)Besides，they often get some useful informations from the Internet.
[分析]　考查名詞。information為不可數(shù)名詞，無復數(shù)形式，故informations改為information。
典
例
2
(2016·四川卷)Mom has a full-time job，but she has to do most of the houseworks.
[分析]　考查可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的混用。housework“家務”，為不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復數(shù)。故houseworks改為housework。
典
例
3
(2020·贛州十四縣市聯(lián)考)Looking back on the progresses that I have made so far，I really，appreciate your support.
[分析]　考查名詞。progress是不可數(shù)名詞，故沒有復數(shù)形式。故progresses改為progress。
典
例
4
(2020·廣州調研)Although the bed was broken into piece，the man was surprisingly unhurt.
[分析]　考查固定搭配。break sth.into pieces意為 “把某物打破成碎片”，故piece改為pieces。

名詞的所有格
解題
攻略
有些名詞常常漏掉名詞所有格，在表示“……的”時常用名詞所有格。
典
例
1
(全國卷Ⅰ)When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes.
[分析]　表示“在朋友家”，用所有格。故friend改為friend's。
典
例
2
(2020·福州質檢)Once I broke a neighbor window.Seeing nobody around，I ran away immediately.
[分析]　表示“……的”，應用所有格形式。此處用名詞所有格形式作定語，修飾名詞window。故neighbor改為neighbor's。
典
例
3
(2020·福州質量檢測)But with my teammates encouragement，I was able to communicate smoothly with them.
[分析]　考查名詞所有格。分析句子結構可知此處作定語，修飾encouragement，意為“隊友的鼓勵”，表示人的名詞變所有格時，在該名詞后加's或'，故teammates改為teammates'。
典
例
4
(2020·江西五校第一次聯(lián)考)In addition，the hostess cooking will guarantee you a wonderful chance of tasting delicious Chinese food.
[分析]　考查名詞所有格。這里指女主人的廚藝，應用名詞所有格。故hostess改為hostess'。

語法項目(二)
冠詞　　　　　　　　
[考綱解讀·定方向]
冠詞是語法填空的?？键c，經?？疾椴欢ü谠~a，an和定冠詞the的基本用法和固定搭配。解答冠詞類題目時，首先需要明確設空處是表示特指還是泛指，如果是前者用the，后者則需要再判斷用a還是an。短文改錯中的冠詞類題目，除了判斷是表示特指還是泛指外，還需要注意單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前必須有冠詞。同時對常見的固定搭配中的冠詞也要熟練掌握。

　　　　　如何確定冠詞
解題
攻略
如果空格后有名詞(短語)而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含義，或者有序數(shù)詞、最高級、表示特指意義的比較級等形式，那么空格處一般是填冠詞。
典
例
1
(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ____________ past 25 years，while rice has increased only 7 percent.
[分析]　“over/in/during the past/last＋時間段”為固定結構，特指過去的多長時間里。
典
例
2
(2017·全國卷Ⅰ)As ____________ result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
[分析]　as a result為固定搭配，意為“結果”。故填a。
典
例
3
(2020·溫州六校協(xié)作體聯(lián)考)That night she told me her son loved me.It was such ____________ unforgettable moment.
[分析]　此處表示“這是一個如此令人難忘的時刻”?？蘸髐nforgettable 是以元音音素開頭的詞，所以用冠詞an。
　　　　　冠詞的解題技法
　　　冠詞簡約不簡單，特指泛指需分辯
[實例體驗]
1．(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road，laying the track and then building a strong roof over ____________ top.
解析：the　[由空格前的the road，the track順承下來應該填the top。]
2．(2019·福州期末)In order to establish the strongest power，emperors planned the city and arranged the residential areas.____________center of the city Beijing was the royal palace—the Forbidden City.
解析：The　[由center后的of the city Beijing確定對center進行了限定，故填定冠詞the。]
3．(2020·西安模擬)Robert Bruce，leader of the Scots in ____________ 13th century，was hiding in a cave from the English.
解析：the　[在序數(shù)詞前應加定冠詞the。]
4．(2020·合肥第一次檢測)Chinese brush calligraphy or “shufa” in Chinese is one of ____________ most important art forms in China.
解析：the　[最高級前要加定冠詞the。]
5．(2020·太原階段測評)Society even glorifies “ burning the candle at both ends” as ____________ sign of our devotion to work and family.
解析：a　[此處表示泛指，意為：“作為對工作和家庭獻身的一種標志”。]
6．(2020·陜西質量檢測一)Like other world famous universities，Harvard too has many colleges and Harvard Business School is one of them.There is ____________ saying in education that Harvard is the crown of American education and Harvard Business School is the shining diamond on it.
解析：a　[此處表示泛指。]
7．(2020·石家莊質量檢測一)According to William Hanson, ____________ expert in ceremony，there's a very good reason for this—and it has nothing to do with fashion，but rather a royal tradition that dates back to the sixteenth century.
解析：an　[此處表示泛指，且expert的發(fā)音以元音音素開頭，故填an。]
8．(2020·四川成都診斷)I visited Hangzhou for the first time in the summer of 2016.It is so attractive that I decided to go there for ____________ second time next year.
解析：a　[此處表示“又一；再一”的意思，故填a。]
[重點強化]
1．牢記定冠詞the的用法
(1)定冠詞the特指某人或某物；
(2)在最高級或序數(shù)詞前面或由only，very，same等修飾的名詞前面用定冠詞the；
(3)定冠詞the和形容詞、過去分詞連用，表示一類人或事物；
(4)定冠詞用在年代或用于逢十的數(shù)詞前，也用在表示世紀的某個年代前；
(5)在世界上獨一無二的事物、西洋樂器以及發(fā)明物的名詞前要用定冠詞，如play the violin/piano拉小提琴/彈鋼琴。
2．不定冠詞a，an表泛指規(guī)則要記清
(1)不定冠詞有兩種形式
①有些單詞開頭的輔音字母并不發(fā)音，該單詞實際上是以元音音素開頭的，要使用an，如an hour，an honest man；
②有些單詞以元音字母開頭，但該單詞實際上是以輔音音素開頭，要使用a，如a university，a European country。
(2)不定冠詞a/an放在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，泛指一個人或一個事物。
(3)具有某些特征、狀態(tài)或情感的抽象名詞在表示具體的概念時，可以與不定冠詞連用。如a success一個成功的人或一件成功的事。
(4)序數(shù)詞前用不定冠詞表示“另一個”或“又一個”。
　　　　　根據固定句式、固定搭配選擇冠詞
[實例體驗]
1．(2018·全國卷Ⅲ)I'm walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic.Unexpectedly，I'm face-to-face with the gorilla，who begins screaming at ____________ top of her lungs.That makes her baby scream，and then a 400-pound male appears.
解析：the　[考查冠詞。at the top of在……的頂部，為固定搭配。]
2．(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed，____________ other is with mum—she never suspects.
解析：the　[one...the other...意為“一個……另一個……”，為固定用法。]
3．As you know，science plays ____________ very important role in our education.
解析：a　[考查冠詞。play an important role in...為固定搭配，意為“在……中扮演重要角色(發(fā)揮重要作用)”，因為空后有發(fā)音以輔音音素開頭的very，故填冠詞a。]
4．(2020·石家莊檢測一)I have known from Gu Yu that from tiny street stands to large chains，____________ huge number of people accept mobile payment，mostly through popular apps Alipay and WeChat.
解析：a　[考查固定短語。a huge number of是固定短語，意思是“許多”，修飾可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)。]
5．(2020·成都模擬)Recently when he took ____________ look at his collection of books，he discovered the old book borrowed 61 years ago.
解析：a　[take a look (at...)，為固定短語，意為“看一看”。句意為：最近，當他查看他的藏書時，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了那本61年前借的舊書。]
6．(2020·蘭州一模)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for ____________ while，exercising，or doing something you enjoy.
解析：a　[for a while是固定短語，意為“片刻，一會兒”。]
[重點強化]
謹記?？嫉囊恍┕潭ù钆?br /> 1．含不定冠詞的固定搭配
as a result因此　　　　 as a rule通常
as a whole總體上 at a loss不知所措
in a hurry匆忙 in a word總之
pay a visit to拜訪 put an end to結束
once in a while偶爾 once upon a time從前
all of a sudden突然 be on a diet節(jié)食
in a short while不久 have/catch a cold感冒
make a living 謀生 have/take a rest休息
as a matter of fact事實上 in a sense 在某種意義上
in a way 在某種程度上 keep an eye on 照看，留意
have a gift for 在某方面有天賦
give sb.a lift 讓某人搭便車
2.含定冠詞的固定搭配
in the end 最后　　　　　 　in the way擋道
in the distance在遠處 the way 順便說一下
on the whole總的來說 at the same time同時
to tell the truth說實話 for the time being暫時
on the spot在現(xiàn)場 not in the least一點也不
the other day前幾天 take the place of代替
at the moment此刻，目前 to the point中肯，切題
make the most/best of 充分利用
on the other hand 另一方面
in the middle of 在……中間
3.含零冠詞的固定搭配
at present目前　　　　　 　take part in 參加
in peace平靜 by chance/accident碰巧
on purpose故意 lose heart灰心
out of control失控 out of work失業(yè)
ahead of time提前 in advance提前
by law 根據法律 by mistake由于差錯
under repair處于維修中 day and night整日整夜
at risk有危險 in danger處于危險之中
from morning till night 從早到晚
on second thoughts 再一想


冠詞的錯用
解題
攻略
1.a和an的錯用：元音音素前用an，輔音音素前用a。
2.不定冠詞和定冠詞的錯用：表示特指時用定冠詞the；表示泛指時用不定冠詞a(n)。注意固定搭配中冠詞的使用情況。
典
例
1
(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)They live far from the school，and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.
[分析]　hour雖然以輔音字母開頭，但h不發(fā)音，發(fā)音是以元音音素開頭，故將a改為an，或將a改為one，one hour 也表示一個小時，故hour前的a改為an/one。
典
例
2
(2020·溫州六校聯(lián)考)My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time.
[分析]　句意：我叔叔說他從來沒有夢想過在短時間內致富。in a short period of time為固定搭配，表示“在短時間內”。故the 改為a。
典
例
3
(2020·廈門調研)At an age of 8 she made up her mind to become a doctor.
[分析]　句意：她8歲時就下定決心要成為一名醫(yī)生。at the age of為固定搭配，意為“在……歲時”。故an改為the。

冠詞的缺失
解題
攻略
單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前冠詞的缺失：一般來說，單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前應有適當?shù)墓谠~，表示泛指用a(n)，表示特指用the。以及一些固定詞組中冠詞的缺失。
典
例
1
(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday，I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.
[分析]　countryside意為“農村；鄉(xiāng)下”，與the連用。故countryside前加the。
典
例
2
(2017·全國卷Ⅰ)In the summer holiday following my eighteenth birthday，I took driving lessons.I still remember how hard first day was.
[分析]　由于序數(shù)詞first前應該用定冠詞the 或者用限定詞進行修飾，故在first前加the或my。故first前加the/my。
典
例
3
(2020·石家莊檢測)But I failed to get one.I was really upset，I felt like failure.
[分析]　考查冠詞。句意：“我”感覺自己像是一個“失敗的人”。failure作“失敗的人或事”時為可數(shù)名詞，此處表泛指且failure的發(fā)音以輔音音素開頭，故failure前加a。
典
例
4
(2016·四川卷)I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen.
[分析]　此處表示特指“我”家的廚房，故應用定冠詞the。故kitchen前加the。
典
例
5
(2016·全國卷Ⅱ)If we stay at home，it is comfortable and there is no need to spend money.But in that case，we will learn little about world.
[分析]　冠詞漏用。world是獨一無二的事物，前面要加定冠詞the。故world前加the。
冠詞的多余
解題
攻略
冠詞的多余：可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞表示泛指時不用冠詞。以及一些固定詞組也不需用冠詞。
典
例
1
(2020·沈陽質檢一)At the first，I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.
[分析]　句意：起初我以為我什么都知道，并且可以自己做決定。at first為固定短語，意為“起初”。故去掉the。
典
例
2
(2020·重慶調研一)How are you doing？Here is an exciting news for you.
[分析]　news是不可數(shù)名詞，不可以用不定冠詞修飾。所以把冠詞an去掉。
典
例
3
(2019·濟寧二模)Energetic and responsible，I am a captain of our school football team.
[分析]　此處表示我是學校足球隊的隊長，頭銜名詞前不用冠詞。故去掉captain前的a。
典
例
4
(2020·合肥聯(lián)考)When I was young，I was terribly poor in the Chinese.
[分析]　句意：當我年輕的時候，我的中文非常差。此處Chinese指“漢語”，應把前面的the去掉。故去掉the。

[小題夯基練]
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1．But without sunlight and good soil，soon the leaves began to fall down and the ____________ (branch)began to dry.
解析：branches　[由空前的the可知，此處應用名詞形式，且根據常識可知，樹上不止一根樹枝，而branch是可數(shù)名詞，故填branches。]
2．Now，Sanzhenzhai has approximately 100 ____________ (outlet)across the country.
解析：outlets　[根據設空處前的數(shù)字100可推知空處需填名詞復數(shù)形式。]
3．The little boy ate so many ____________ (potato) and so much meat that he threw up at dawn.
解析：potatoes　[potato前有many修飾，故用名詞的復數(shù)形式。]
4．Buckingham Palace is a great tourist ____________ (attract)，drawing millions of visitors every year.
解析：attraction　[句意為：白金漢宮是一個著名的旅游景點，每年都吸引上百萬游客前去參觀。tourist attraction旅游景點，是固定短語。]
5．There are many students living at school；the ____________ (child) houses are all far from school.
解析：children's　[由students可以判斷出橫線處應填復數(shù)，且作houses的定語，所以應用其所有格形式，故答案為children's。]
6．Trust us.It might make you ____________ genius.
解析：a　[考查不定冠詞。句意：相信我們，它可能會讓你成為一個天才。genius是可數(shù)名詞，此處表示泛指用a。]
7．We should treasure every moment of sincerity and gratefulness because ____________ best things will be gone very easily.
解析：the　[句意：我們應該珍惜每一個真誠和感激的時刻，因為最好的東西會很容易消失。形容詞最高級前要用定冠詞the。]
8．Until last year he was still ____________ unknown singer，but now his name has become ____________ household name.
解析：an；a　[由語境可知這兩個空都表示泛指，且其后均為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，故用不定冠詞，又因第一空后的unknown的發(fā)音以元音音素開頭，故填an；第二空后的household的發(fā)音以輔音音素開頭，故填a。]
9．I usually go to my workplace coffee shop to place ____________ order but this Wednesday，it was slightly different.
解析：an　[place an order為固定搭配，意為“下訂單”，order“訂單”是可數(shù)名詞，它的發(fā)音是以元音音素開頭的，故其前填an。]
10．He answered the question on ____________ spot.
解析：the　[on the spot為固定搭配，意為“當場”。]

Ⅱ.單句改錯(每句一錯)
1．In China，I always spend the Spring Festival with Chinese family，eating dumplings，laughing and joking.____________
解析：family→families　[family意為“家庭”時為可數(shù)名詞，設空處前沒有不定冠詞，故需用名詞復數(shù)形式表示泛指。]
2．Words came that the damaged electricity lines had been repaired.____________
解析：Words→Word　[word 意為“消息，信息”時，為不可數(shù)名詞。故把Words改為Word。]
3．My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.____________
解析：honest→honesty　[主語是key，表語與其構成同位關系，并非對主語的描述，應用名詞。故將honest改為honesty。]
4．Mom has a full-time job，but she has to do most of the houseworks.____________
解析：houseworks→housework　[housework為不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復數(shù)形式。故將houseworks改為housework。]
5．When I was a very young children，my father created a regular practice I remember well years later.____________
解析：children→child　[根據語境可知，此處表示當“我”還是一個非常小的孩子時。由主語I及冠詞a都能看出表語的中心詞應用單數(shù)名詞child。]
6．She smiled and told me I was good boy even if I didn't feel like one then.____________
解析：good前加a　[此處表示她微笑著告訴我我是一個好孩子。boy是可數(shù)名詞，此處表示“一個好孩子”，表泛指，其前應用不定冠詞。]
7．Later，my teacher，who realized my problem，had the face-to-face talk with me.____________
解析：the→a　[句意：后來，我的老師意識到了我的問題，和我進行了一次面對面的交談。此處talk“交談”是可數(shù)名詞，表示泛指而非特指。]
8．Some Americans belong to reading groups on Internet.____________
解析：Internet前加the　[句意：一些美國人屬于網上閱讀團體。on the Internet為固定搭配，表示“在網上”。]
9．Tomorrow she is going to attend a important meeting，at which she will be given a medal for her outstanding deeds.____________
解析：a→an　[important的發(fā)音是以元音音素開頭的，其前用不定冠詞時，要用an。]
10．It is known to us that life is not a smooth journey，which is full of ups and downs，so never lose the heart.____________
解析：刪除heart前的the　[lose heart為固定搭配，意為“喪失信心”。]
[大題提能練]
Ⅰ.語法填空——名詞專練(用所給詞的適當形式填空)
A young man in Wuhan，Hubei Province has become the latest Internet sensation after a video showing his heart-warming act on a subway train went viral on social 1.____________(medium) recently.
In the video，the man can be seen holding his mobile phone in his hand after falling asleep on a Metro，with a message in large font on the screen which reads，“Please wake me if you need my seat.”
The video was recorded by a fellow passenger who posted it on Weibo.The video，whose 2.____________(long)was just seven seconds，has been viewed more than 19 million 3.____________(time) in just two days.Chinese netizens were greatly touched by the young 4.____________(man) act and greeted him with a storm of 5.____________(applaud) for his kind 6.____________ (behave)．A web 7.____________ (use) even commented，“I only needed seven 8.____________ (second) to fall in 9.____________ with this young man.”
The humble man refused an interview 10.____________ (invite) after becoming an Internet star and said that he just did what he felt he should.In a Weibo post，he thanked netizens for their love and praise.He said he would always fall asleep when he had nothing to do on the train but worried others may need the seat，so he got the idea of making a message on his phone screen.
[語篇解讀]　文章講述了武漢市一名年輕男子在地鐵上播放了一段感人的視頻，視頻在社交媒體上迅速走紅。
1．解析：media　[考查名詞的數(shù)。泛指各種媒體，用復數(shù)形式。]
2．解析：length　[考查詞性轉換。前有作定語的關系代詞whose修飾，表示video的長度，用名詞形式。]
3．解析：times　[考查名詞的數(shù)。time在這里為可數(shù)名詞，意為“次數(shù)”。前有19 million修飾，故用復數(shù)形式。]
4．解析：man's　[考查名詞的所有格。作定語修飾act，用所有格。句意為：中國的網民被這位小伙子的行為深深地打動，并對他的這個善舉報以熱烈的掌聲。]
5．解析：applause　[考查詞性轉換。空格所填詞和前面的of一起構成of所有格形式，修飾前面的名詞storm作定語。所以用名詞形式。]
6．解析：behavio(u)r　[考查詞性轉換。前有“his kind(他善良的)”作定語修飾，指他善良的行為，故填名詞形式。]
7．解析：user　[考查詞性轉換。由語境和句子結構可知，該空作主語，意為“用戶”。句意為：一位微博用戶甚至評論道：我只要七秒就愛上了這個年輕人。]
8．解析：seconds　[考查名詞的數(shù)。second在此用作名詞，意為“秒”，是可數(shù)名詞，前有數(shù)詞seven修飾，用復數(shù)形式。]
9．解析：love　[考查固定搭配。fall in love with 為固定搭配，意為“喜歡上，愛上”。]
10．解析：invitation　[考查詞性轉換。這里指的是采訪邀請，用名詞形式，前有an修飾，用單數(shù)形式。]
Ⅱ.短文改錯——冠詞專練(文中共有10處錯誤)
In traditional Chinese culture，tai chi is often related to a Chinese idea of yin and yang，an idea that one can see two sides in everything.Once upon time，Taoist(道家的)Zhang Sanfeng saw a bird attacking a snake in the Wudang Mountains in Hubei Province.A snake's defense inspired him to create an set of 72 movements，which used softness and power from inside to defeat violent force.
For those who do it，tai chi can be practiced any time and anywhere without an equipment or a gymnasium.And learning to do it correctly gives us the practical way to achieve such things as balance，motor control and rhythm(節(jié)奏)of movement.So it is believed that practicing tai chi can in some way help us stand，walk，move and run better.
Tai chi's benefits certainly go beyond physical ones.For Marleni Calcina from Peru，who has done tai chi for over 10 years，it's not only a sport，but also way of life.And it is tai chi that has helped her make the sense of the value of “going slowly”．Now，practicing tai chi is like speaking with her the soul.
答案：


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