語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目(一)
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)　　　　　　　
[考綱解讀·定方向]
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)的必考點(diǎn)，考生在答題時(shí)如果分析不到位或相關(guān)知識(shí)欠缺，則容易誤填答案。解答時(shí)一定要注意句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞及隱含的語(yǔ)境，從而找到解題的突破口，同時(shí)要考慮動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式和完成式適當(dāng)形式的變化。

如何確定填謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
[思考趨向]
若句中找不到謂語(yǔ)，則所給動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該作謂語(yǔ)。一個(gè)句子無(wú)論是主句還是從句，必須要有謂語(yǔ)。一般來(lái)講，空格所在的句子中無(wú)其他動(dòng)詞，那么這個(gè)空就應(yīng)填謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需考慮時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、主謂一致等。
[典例感悟]
[典例1](2019·江蘇卷)A few months after he had arrived in China，Mr.Smith____________ (fall) in love with the people and culture there.
解析：fell　[句意：他到中國(guó)幾個(gè)月后，就喜歡上了那里的人和文化。發(fā)生在had arrived之后的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。]
[典例2](2018·江蘇卷)Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other，for we ____________(develop) more convenient electronic communication tools by then.
解析：will have developed　[句意：在2025年我們有望不再互相發(fā)電子郵件了，因?yàn)榈侥菚r(shí)我們就已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)出更便捷的電子交流工具了。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)by then(相當(dāng)于by 2025)可知，設(shè)空處需用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。]
[典例3](2017·北京卷)People ____________ (have) better access to health care than they used to，and they're living longer as a result.
解析：have　[句意：相比以前，人們(現(xiàn)在)能得到更好的醫(yī)療服務(wù)，因此他們的壽命更長(zhǎng)一些。本題考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)題干中的than they used to可知，這是在比較過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的醫(yī)療狀況，所以設(shè)空處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。]
[典例4](2017·天津卷)I ____________ (drive)down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
解析：was driving　[句意：我正在開(kāi)車前往倫敦的路上，就在那時(shí)我突然發(fā)現(xiàn)走錯(cuò)路了。根據(jù)句意可知此處是be doing...when...句型，表示“正在做……這/那時(shí)……”。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。]
　　謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)之解題技法
慧眼識(shí)標(biāo)志詞
[實(shí)例體驗(yàn)]
1．(2018·北京卷)China's high-speed railways ____________ (grow) from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.
解析：have grown　[分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該句中的主語(yǔ)為China's high-speed railways，故所給動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)。句意：在過(guò)去的幾年里，中國(guó)的高鐵已經(jīng)從9 000千米發(fā)展到了25 000千米。根據(jù)題干中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in the past few years 可知，句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。]
2．(2017·北京卷)—____________ (do) you call that company to see how they think of our product yesterday?
—Yes.They are happy with it.
解析：Did　[句意：——你昨天給那家公司打電話了解他們對(duì)我們的產(chǎn)品的看法了嗎？——打了，他們很滿意?？疾橐话阋蓡?wèn)句。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)yesterday可知，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，所以要用助動(dòng)詞do的過(guò)去式did。]
3．(福建卷)—Where is Peter？I can't find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and ____________ (write) his essay there ever since.
解析：has been writing　[句意：——彼得在哪里？我到處都找不到他?！赃^(guò)早飯后去了圖書(shū)館，從那時(shí)起一直在那里寫文章。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)ever since可知設(shè)空處表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且還在進(jìn)行，故用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。]
4．(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school____________ (come) first.
解析：comes　[由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)at the moment 可知，這里是指現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的事情，因此用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。]
5．(2019·重慶第一次調(diào)研)Now，I'd like to share what I ____________ (learn) through Travelling Guide a few weeks ago.
解析：learned/learnt　[考查時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)本句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“a few weeks ago”可知，該空應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。]
6．(2019·合肥第一次質(zhì)量檢測(cè))Since Zhangjiajie ____________ (improve) its transportation and service for long，the city now can receive 36,200 tourists per day.
解析：has been improving　[考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：由于張家界長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)不斷地改善它的交通和服務(wù)，這個(gè)城市現(xiàn)在每天可以接待36 200名游客。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for long可知，此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并將繼續(xù)下去。]
[重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化]
有些題目本身就帶有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要學(xué)會(huì)利用這些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)解題。
1．看到always，every time，now and them，often，seldom，sometimes，usually 等表示頻率的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；
2．看到y(tǒng)esterday，last week，two days ago，the other day，in 1998，just now，once upon a time等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；
3．看到tomorrow，next year，in a week等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用一般將來(lái)時(shí)；
4．看到the next day/morning，the next/following week/month/year等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)；
5．看到all the time，now，at 4 o'clock，at this moment，at present等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)；
6．看到at that time，at this time yesterday，at five yesterday，the whole morning等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；
7．看到at this time tomorrow，from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)；
8．看到since，recently，lately，already，in/for/during the last/past few years，so far，up to now，during the past/last＋時(shí)間段等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；
Progress has been very good so far and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.
到目前為止，工作進(jìn)展得很順利，我們確信一定會(huì)按時(shí)完工。
9．看到by that time，by the end of＋過(guò)去時(shí)間，before 2000，by the time＋一般過(guò)去時(shí)的從句，要想到用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；
10．看到by the time＋一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，by the end of＋將來(lái)時(shí)間的名詞，by＋將來(lái)時(shí)間名詞等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，要想到用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。
　　　　瞻前顧后找并列[來(lái)源:Zxxk.Com]
[實(shí)例體驗(yàn)]
1．(2017·浙江卷6月)Pahlsson and her husband ____________ (search) the kitchen，checking every corner，but turned up nothing。
解析：searched　[根據(jù)句意和but turned up nothing可知，search的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，所以填searched。]
2．(重慶卷)I felt very tired when I got home，and I ____________ (go) straight to bed.
解析：went　[and 連接的兩個(gè)分句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)一致。前后分句都表示過(guò)去的情況，故都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。]
3．(2019·福州四校聯(lián)考)It always ____________ (lift) my spirits，but now I know that it's because it is an act of gratitude(感激) to the musicians and the music.
解析：lifts　[考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。由but可知，此處是對(duì)一般情況的敘述，空處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故填lifts。]
4．(2019·石家莊檢測(cè))My purchase cost 6 yuan and ____________ (take) just a few seconds.At a nearby coffee shop，its owner scanned a QR code on my phone.
解析：took　[考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)句子的主語(yǔ)My purchase及謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞cost 可知，and連接的并列謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)，所以填took。]
5．(2019·浙江湖州期末考試)One day，when I was drawing diagrams on the balcony and he ____________(bathe) inside，the volcano erupted unexpectedly.
解析：was bathing　[由前面的“I was drawing diagrams”可知，本句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，而且and連接的并列句要保持時(shí)態(tài)一致。]
6．(2019·聊城檢測(cè))Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also ____________ (give) us a sense of fair play and team spirit.
解析：gives　[考查時(shí)態(tài)。not only...but also連接兩個(gè)平行結(jié)構(gòu)，因此所填動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與makes一致，故填gives。]
[重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化]
并列連詞and，but，or，as well as，or else，both...and..，neither...nor...，either...or...，not only...but (also)．..，rather than等以及從屬連詞than可連接兩個(gè)平行的結(jié)構(gòu)。平行的另外一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)與所選謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的先后關(guān)系，決定著所選動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。
　　　主從時(shí)態(tài)須呼應(yīng)
[實(shí)例體驗(yàn)]
1．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever，the review says it ____________ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling，or swimming.
解析：is　[says后跟的是賓語(yǔ)從句，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故從句也是敘述現(xiàn)在的情況，空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)is。]
2．(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Later，engineers ____________ (manage)to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道)，which became known as the Tube.
解析：managed　[考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。因?yàn)閑ngineers與manage之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，而且是發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情，所以填managed。]
3．(2017·江蘇卷)He's been informed that he ____________ (do) not qualify for the scholarship because of his academic background.
解析：does　[句意：他被告知由于他的學(xué)術(shù)背景，他沒(méi)有資格獲得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。本題考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，賓語(yǔ)從句中所陳述的是現(xiàn)在的情況，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。]
4．(北京卷)Jack ____________ (work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
解析：was working 　[句意：杰克正在實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作這時(shí)停電了。本題考查“be doing sth.when...”句型。根據(jù)題干中的occurred(一般過(guò)去時(shí))可知，設(shè)空處用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。]
5．(安徽卷)Just as I got to the school gate，I realized I ____________ (leave)my book in the cafe.
解析：had left　[句意：就在我到達(dá)校門口的時(shí)候，我才意識(shí)到我把書(shū)落在咖啡館里了。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知leave的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在realized之前，所以用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。]
6．(重慶卷)James has just arrived，but I didn't know he ____________ (come) until yesterday.
解析：was coming/would come　[句意：詹姆斯剛到，但是直到昨天我才知道他會(huì)來(lái)。主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)，根據(jù)句意可知該空表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，所以要用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。]
7．(2019·泰安檢測(cè))Mr.White ____________ (teach) in our school for nearly forty years before he retired last month.
解析：had taught　[根據(jù)“for nearly forty years”可知用完成時(shí)，由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句“before he retired last month”可知用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。]
[重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化]
解決從句涉及的時(shí)態(tài)題時(shí)，要通過(guò)考慮主句和從句的關(guān)系和動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間等確定時(shí)態(tài)。
　　　　細(xì)心體會(huì)辨語(yǔ)境
[實(shí)例體驗(yàn)]
1．(2018·北京)Susan had quit her well-paid job and ____________ (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
解析：was working　[句意：我去年去看望Susan的時(shí)候，她已經(jīng)辭去了高薪工作，正在社區(qū)做志愿者。本題考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。從題干when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句可知整句話描述的都是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情，看望Susan的時(shí)候她正從事志愿者服務(wù)工作，應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示。]
2．(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Fast food ____________ (be) full of fat and salt；by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
解析：is　[此處表示客觀事實(shí)，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故填is。]
3．(北京卷)—Excuse me，which movie are you waiting for?
—The new Star Wars.We ____________ (wait) here for more than two hours.
解析：have been waiting　[句意：——打擾了，你們?cè)诘饶牟侩娪?？——新拍的《星球大?zhàn)》。我們已經(jīng)在這兒等了兩個(gè)多小時(shí)了。本題考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。設(shè)空處表示該動(dòng)作從兩個(gè)多小時(shí)前一直持續(xù)到說(shuō)話時(shí)，而且還在進(jìn)行，因此用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。]
4．(北京卷)—Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house?
—Not really.She ____________ (give) us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.
解析：had given　[句意：——你們找到Ann的家有困難嗎？——沒(méi)什么困難。她已經(jīng)清楚地告訴我們?cè)趺醋吡?，我們很容易就找到她家了。?dòng)詞give表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“were able to find”之前，表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。]
5．(北京卷)—Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment.
—All right.I ____________ (call) him later.
解析：will call　[句意：——杰克遜博士現(xiàn)在不在辦公室。——好的。我稍后給他打電話。本句表示“臨時(shí)決定”，故用“will＋動(dòng)詞原形”。]
6．(重慶卷)—Is Peter coming?
—No，he ____________ (change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.
解析：changed　[句意：——彼得要來(lái)嗎？——不來(lái)了。在最后時(shí)刻接了一個(gè)電話后他改變了主意?？疾閯?dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知“改變主意”應(yīng)該發(fā)生在對(duì)話前的某一時(shí)間，即在過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。]
[重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化]
高考對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)的考查更注重對(duì)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的具體運(yùn)用，即將語(yǔ)法知識(shí)置于一定的語(yǔ)境中，要求考生在實(shí)際語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中填寫正確答案?？忌鲱}時(shí)要樹(shù)立全局觀念，根據(jù)提供的語(yǔ)境，挖掘題中隱含的信息，從而找到解題的突破口。
　　　固定句式要牢記
[實(shí)例體驗(yàn)]
1．(2017·天津卷)I ____________ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
解析：was driving　[此處是be doing...when...結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“正在做……這時(shí)(突然)……”。由從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞found可知，主句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。]
2．(2020·沈陽(yáng)監(jiān)測(cè))This was the first time I ____________ (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in one again.
解析：had experienced 　[考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)“This was the first time”可知，從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。]
3．(2020·梧州一模)I say to him with a cheerful smile，“Go to exercise and you ____________ (feel) better.”
解析：will feel　[考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。祈使句＋and/or＋陳述句，陳述句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。]
4．(2019·河北邯鄲一模)It has been a long time since we ____________ (meet)in China last time.
解析：met　[It has been＋一段時(shí)間＋since...句式中，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用過(guò)去時(shí)。]
5．(2019·濟(jì)寧模擬)Hardly had I got home when the rain ____________ (pour) down.
解析：poured　[hardly...when...意為“剛……就……”，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。]
[重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化]
1．看到no sooner...than...或hardly...when...，要想到主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.
演講者一結(jié)束他的講話，觀眾就不停地向他提問(wèn)。
2．看到并列連詞when，要想到was/were doing sth.when...；be about to do sth.when...等句式。
One day，I was about to do some shopping when he telephoned me.
一天，我正要去購(gòu)物這時(shí)他給我打電話了。
3．看到It/This/That is＋the＋序數(shù)詞＋time＋that從句，要想到從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
This is the third time that you have been late this month.
這是本月你第三次遲到。
4．看到It/This/That was＋the＋序數(shù)詞＋time＋that從句，要想到從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
That was the first time that I had gone abroad.
那是我第一次出國(guó)。
5．在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
I will go to the cinema as soon as I finish my homework.
我一完成作業(yè)就去電影院了。[來(lái)源:學(xué)科網(wǎng)ZXXK]
6．在由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果主句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自從他來(lái)到我們學(xué)校，他學(xué)習(xí)就一直非常努力。
7．看到“祈使句＋and/or＋陳述句”，要想到陳述句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
Keep on trying and you will succeed.
繼續(xù)嘗試，你會(huì)成功的。

上下文時(shí)態(tài)是否一致
解題
攻略
1.通讀全文，搞清文中動(dòng)詞的主體時(shí)態(tài)。
2.結(jié)合語(yǔ)境，靈活掌握五種基本時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
典
例
1
(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday，I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.I find a big change there.
[分析]　時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤。文章講述的是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故find改為found。
典
例
2
(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.
[分析]　時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)主句的謂語(yǔ)didn't realize和until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)entered可知，此處說(shuō)的是過(guò)去的事情，故are改為were。
典
例
3
(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ) I had grown not only physically，but also mentally in the past few years.
[分析]　由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in the past few years可知，此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。故had 改為have。
典
例
4[來(lái)源:學(xué)§科§網(wǎng)]
(2019·福州質(zhì)量檢測(cè))This summer，I attended a journalism-themed summer camp，where I learn a lot.
[分析]　考查時(shí)態(tài)，根據(jù)上下文可知，learn所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，故learn改為learned/learnt。
典
例
5
(2019·石家莊質(zhì)量檢測(cè))When I was in high school，I wanted to get a scholarship to a university.I liked singing，so I try out for a scholarship for music.
[分析]　這里講述的是作者在中學(xué)的時(shí)候發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故try改為tried。
典
例
6
(2019·鄭州第一次質(zhì)量預(yù)測(cè))Anyway，after we left Barcelona，we come to spend several days in Granada.
[分析]　考查時(shí)態(tài)。此處敘述的是過(guò)去的事情，應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故come改為came。

　　　并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是否一致
解題
攻略
上下文的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致；并列連詞所連接的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致；并列句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)也應(yīng)保持一致。
典
例
1
(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was taken，I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.
[分析]　考查時(shí)態(tài)。主句時(shí)態(tài)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，and連接并列謂語(yǔ)，entered為過(guò)去時(shí)，故become改為became。
典
例
2
(全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.
[分析]　and后的動(dòng)詞和saw是并列關(guān)系。故形式需要和saw保持一致。故telling改為told。[來(lái)源:學(xué)科網(wǎng)ZXXK]
典
例
3
(2019·長(zhǎng)沙第一次聯(lián)考)I step to the front quickly and began to repeat the story with confidence.
[分析]　時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤。此處講述的是過(guò)去的事，故應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。step的過(guò)去式是雙寫結(jié)尾的p，然后再加-ed。故step改為stepped。

　過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞形式是否正確
解題
攻略
寫準(zhǔn)動(dòng)詞三種形式：要寫準(zhǔn)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞；重點(diǎn)記牢不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的變化形式，如write－wrote－written－writing等。
典
例
1
(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)It was Monday morning，and the writing class had just begin.
[分析]　本句講述的是過(guò)去的事。由“寫作課剛剛開(kāi)始”可知，動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的過(guò)去，因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，即had done形式。故begin改為begun。
典
例
2
(四川卷)Both Dad and I planned to do something on Mother's Day.We get up early in the morning.
[分析]　根據(jù)上句中的planned可知，事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去，故應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故get改為got。
典
例
3
(2019·湖北武漢高三調(diào)考)Then we go to a KTV bar where we sang many popular songs.
[分析]　由從句中的sang可知此處是講述發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情，故應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故go改為went。
典
例
4
(2019·洛陽(yáng)第一次統(tǒng)考)They laughed out happily when they read the short story I write about robots.
[分析]　考查時(shí)態(tài)。此處講述的是過(guò)去的事情，且根據(jù)“l(fā)aughed out”為一般過(guò)去時(shí)可知，此處也應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故write改為wrote。

語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目(二)
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)　　　　　
[考綱解讀·定方向]
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)已成為語(yǔ)法填空的必考內(nèi)容之一。高考語(yǔ)法填空對(duì)語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查主要集中在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查，因此，結(jié)合語(yǔ)境理清時(shí)態(tài)，確定主謂關(guān)系是解決動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)的關(guān)鍵。

　　如何確定所填謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)
[思考趨向]
先判定句子是否缺少謂語(yǔ)，然后判斷主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，如果確定是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，則確定是考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)。
[典例感悟]
[典例1](2018·浙江卷6月)I still remember visiting a friend who'd lived here for five years and I ____________(shock) when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.
解析：was shocked　[考查時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處表示“我感到很震驚”，shock與主語(yǔ)I 為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，同時(shí)根據(jù)后面的learnt可知，時(shí)態(tài)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，所以填was shocked。]
[典例2](2018·北京卷)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ____________ (trap) in the mountains for two days.
解析：had been trapped　[句意：一位救援人員冒著生命危險(xiǎn)營(yíng)救了兩名已經(jīng)在山中被困兩天的游客。根據(jù)句中主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞risked可知事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去，而“被困”發(fā)生在risked之前，故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是two tourists，與從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞trap之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此設(shè)空處應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。]
[典例3](2018·天津卷)My washing machine ____________ (repair) this week，so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
解析：is being repaired　[句意：本周我的洗衣機(jī)正在維修中，因此我不得不用手洗我的衣服。根據(jù)后面“用手洗我的衣服”可知這里表示“洗衣機(jī)正在維修中”，故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)；My washing machine與repair為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，需用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。因此，設(shè)空處需用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。]
[典例4](2017·天津卷)Nowadays，cycling，along with jogging and swimming，____________ (regard)as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
解析：is regarded　[三種鍛煉形式與動(dòng)詞regard之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；主語(yǔ)后有along with連接的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與主語(yǔ)保持一致，即與cycling一致，此處謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式，故填is regarded。]
　　理清主謂關(guān)系，主謂動(dòng)賓要分明
[實(shí)例體驗(yàn)]
1．(2018·江蘇卷)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ____________ (carry) out in the past two years.
解析：had been carried　[句意：上個(gè)月我被派到這個(gè)村子來(lái)檢查那個(gè)發(fā)展計(jì)劃在過(guò)去的兩年中的實(shí)施情況。考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。設(shè)空處表示的動(dòng)作應(yīng)該發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞was sent之前，屬于“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，且表示被動(dòng)，所以要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。]
2．(2017·北京卷)In the 1950s in the USA，most families had just one phone at home，and wireless phones ____________ (invent) yet.
解析：hadn't been invented　[句意：在20世紀(jì)50年代的美國(guó)，大多數(shù)家庭家中只有一部電話，而且無(wú)線電話還沒(méi)有被發(fā)明出來(lái)。設(shè)空處是句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，與主語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有完成，故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。]
3．(2017·江蘇卷)He hurried home，never once looking back to see if he ____________ (follow)．
解析：was being followed　[句意：他匆忙往家趕，從未回頭看看是否有人跟著他。本題考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)及主謂一致。根據(jù)句意可知，設(shè)空處需用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，且表示當(dāng)時(shí)正在被跟蹤，從句中主語(yǔ)為he，故填was being followed。]
4．(北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ____________ (reward) with success in the end.
解析：will be rewarded　[句意：學(xué)生們一直都很努力學(xué)習(xí)功課，最終回報(bào)他們努力的將是成功。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知設(shè)空處需用一般將來(lái)時(shí)；their efforts與reward 之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。綜上所述，答案應(yīng)為一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。]
5．(天津卷)Despite the previous rounds of talks，no agreement ____________ (reach) so far by the two sides.
解析：has been reached　[句意：盡管之前進(jìn)行了多輪談判，但到目前為止雙方?jīng)]有取得一致意見(jiàn)?？疾閯?dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。根據(jù)題干中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)so far 可知此處應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而agreement 與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。]
6．(北京卷)—Did you enjoy the party?
—Yes.We ____________ (treat) well by our hosts.
解析：were treated　[句意：——你們?cè)诰蹠?huì)上玩得愉快嗎？——是的，我們被主人們招待得很好。本題考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。根據(jù)對(duì)話內(nèi)容可知所談事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去，且主語(yǔ)We與動(dòng)詞treat之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。]
7．(全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Unless some extra money ____________ (find)，the theatre will close.
解析：is found　[句意：除非找到一些額外資金，否則這家劇院就得關(guān)門。由主句中的will可知unless引導(dǎo)的從句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表將來(lái)，且money和find之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故答案為is found。]
[重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化]
有時(shí)做題時(shí)我們對(duì)于時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題比較關(guān)注，但往往忽略了語(yǔ)態(tài)，因此我們可以采用“先語(yǔ)態(tài)、后時(shí)態(tài)”的方式，理清主謂/動(dòng)賓關(guān)系是解決語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵。
1．被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的運(yùn)用
時(shí)態(tài)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
am/is/are done
一般過(guò)去時(shí)
was/were done
一般將來(lái)時(shí)
shall/will be done
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
am/is/are being done
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
was/were being done
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
have/has been done
過(guò)去完成時(shí)
had been done
將來(lái)完成時(shí)
shall/will have been done
To my delight，I was chosen from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.使我高興的是，我從成百上千申請(qǐng)參加開(kāi)幕儀式的人員中當(dāng)選。
2．只有及物動(dòng)詞或相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不及物動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。?？嫉牟患拔飫?dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)有l(wèi)ast，cost，spread，happen (to)，take place，belong to，break out，go out，run out，work out。
3．系動(dòng)詞不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
這類詞如look，seem，feel，taste，sound，smell，prove，appear等。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
你的理由聽(tīng)起來(lái)很合理。

　　　主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的混用
解題
攻略
短文改錯(cuò)?？疾橹鲃?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的混用。
(1)首先判斷動(dòng)詞和其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
(2)識(shí)別是敘述什么時(shí)候的事情，進(jìn)而判斷出時(shí)態(tài)。
(3)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成錯(cuò)誤：其構(gòu)成形式應(yīng)為“be＋過(guò)去分詞”。
典
例
1
(全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.
[分析]　句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，oil和use之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故應(yīng)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故using改為used。
典
例
2
(全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.
[分析]　studies與show之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，不需要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故去掉been。
典
例
3
(2019·廣西桂林、百色模擬)I finally realized that something necessary had to done.It was time for a change.
[分析]　考查語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意：我終于意識(shí)到，必須要做一些必要的事情。是時(shí)候該改變了。不定代詞“something”和動(dòng)詞“do”之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示“被做”，故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故在to后加be。
典
例
4
(2019·昆明檢測(cè))I would thank those who encouraged me to experience this kind of act.All the cards，candies and clothes donated by them.
[分析]　考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。donate sth.意為“捐贈(zèng)某物”，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該句應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；講述發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情，故應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故在donated前加were。


[小題夯基練]
Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．He ____________ (learn) more than 6,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 17.
解析：had learned　[由when引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句可知，他在17歲以前就學(xué)會(huì)了6 000多個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。]

2．—Have you seen my e-mail about our TESL project?
—Yes.Luckily I checked my e-mails yesterday.Normally I ____________ (not open)my e-mail box for days.
解析：don't open 　[open這一動(dòng)作表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。]
3．Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future ____________ (belong) to the well-educated.
解析：belongs　[belong to意為“屬于”，沒(méi)有進(jìn)行和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。]
4．It is the first time that he ____________ (leave) his native land.
解析：has left　[在It is the first time that...句式中，that后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。]
5．I'm tired out.I ____________ (shop) all afternoon and I don't seem to have finished anything.
解析：have been shopping　[由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)all afternoon可知，此處表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在而且還有可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。]
6．This morning，the computer crashed while I ____________ (sort) the reading materials downloaded from some websites.
解析：was sorting　[根據(jù)while可知，電腦死機(jī)發(fā)生在“正在分類”之時(shí)，需用進(jìn)行時(shí)，而crashed則暗示過(guò)去時(shí)，故用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。]
7．After being lost in a storm，a member of the navvy team ____________ (rescue)two days later.
解析：was rescued　[a member與rescue之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且句中的two days later 也暗示是對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的描述，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。]
8．I haven't visited him since I ____________ (come) here.
解析：came　[主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示，強(qiáng)調(diào)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作。]
9．—Hello，I ____________(phone) to ask if I can book two tickets for tonight's film.
—Sorry，we've already sold out.
解析：am phoning　[表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。]
10．He said that he ____________ (not go) with us if he ____________ (be) too busy.
解析：wouldn't go；was　[由題干中的said可知，賓語(yǔ)從句中的主句用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，if從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。]
Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每句一錯(cuò))
1．Over the past decade，social scientists discovered more benefits of regular exercise.____________
解析：discovered 前加have　[由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)over the past decade可知謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)到說(shuō)話時(shí)間為止的動(dòng)作。]
2．I found the lecture hard to follow because it started when I arrived.____________
解析：started前加had　[根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，arrived用的是過(guò)去時(shí)，而講座在我到來(lái)之前就已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了，故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。]
3．Excuse me，I don't realize I was blocking your way.____________
解析：don't →didn't　[本題中雖然沒(méi)有明確的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但實(shí)際上“沒(méi)有意識(shí)到擋路”是在說(shuō)話前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。]
4．When I was in high school，I was weighed 70kg.____________
解析：去掉第二個(gè)was　[weigh意為“重量為……”，后跟具體的重量，一般不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。]
5．—You have found your lost umbrella，haven't you?
—Yes.I have found it behind the door this afternoon.____________
解析：去掉第二個(gè)have　[由題干中的this afternoon可知，動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。]
6．It was the first time that he left his homeland.____________
解析：left前加had　[在“It was the first time that...”結(jié)構(gòu)中，that后的從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。]
7．—Mike，did you see Mr.Johnson in the office just now?
—Yes，he was interviewed，and he looked a little bit nervous.____________
解析：interviewed前加being　[he指代Mr.Johnson，和interview之間存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系，由句意可知表示“剛才”正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，故用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。]
8．The turkey was tasted good when I put tomato sauce on it.____________
解析：去掉was　[taste是系動(dòng)詞，表示“嘗起來(lái)”的意思，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。]
9．Fools will learn nothing from wise men，but wise men learn much from fools.____________
解析：去掉will　[題干中敘述的是客觀真理，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示。]
10．Stored goods have a fixed price，but how to measure the discount hasn't decided yet.____________
解析：decided前加been　[主語(yǔ)how to measure the discount與動(dòng)詞decide之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且由yet可知?jiǎng)幼鹘刂沟秸f(shuō)話時(shí)間為止，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。]
[大題提能練]
Ⅰ.語(yǔ)法填空——謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)專練
When he was a little boy，Christopher Cockerell once 1.____________ (watch) his mother turning the wheel of her sewing-machine with her hand.
“Wouldn't it work quicker if a machine turned the wheel for you？”he asked.
“I suppose it would，”said his mother，without paying him any attention.
Christopher 2.____________ (know) she always had a lot of work，and he wanted to help her.
Up in his bedroom there was a toy steam-engine which his father 3.____________ (buy) him as a gift.“I 4.____________ (make) better use of it，”little Christopher said to himself.So，when his mother 5.____________ (not，use) her sewing-machine，he fixed the toy steam-engine onto it.When the job 6.____________ (finish)，he was quite pleased，thinking his mother 7.____________ (like) it.
“Very clever，”his mother said，when she 8.____________ (see) it.Then she sat down and went on turning the wheel by hand.“I 9.____________ (work) like this for too many years，”she explained.
This taught Christopher Cockerell the lesson that anyone who tries to improve anything 10. ____________ (have) to learn：Many people don't like new ideas.
[語(yǔ)篇解讀]　 文章講述了Christopher Cockerell改進(jìn)了媽媽的縫紉機(jī)，使其工作更快，但是媽媽卻不想用的故事。該故事告訴我們一個(gè)道理；很多人不喜歡新的觀點(diǎn)。
1．解析：watched　[由前面的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) When he was a little boy可知，應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。]
2．解析：knew　[文章整體是敘述的過(guò)去的事，應(yīng)該用過(guò)去時(shí)。]
3．解析：had bought　[buy這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在there was 這個(gè)動(dòng)作之前，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。]
4．解析：shall/will make　[句意為：我將要更好地利用它。表示一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，應(yīng)該用將來(lái)時(shí)。]
5．解析：was not using　[句意為：當(dāng)他的媽媽不用縫紉機(jī)的時(shí)候，他將玩具蒸汽機(jī)固定在了上面。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知此處應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。]
6．解析：was finished　[job與finish之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，時(shí)態(tài)用過(guò)去時(shí)，故填was finished。]
7．解析：would like　[根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處表示過(guò)去的將來(lái)，故過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。]
8．解析：saw　[由his mother said可知，應(yīng)該用過(guò)去時(shí)。]
9．解析：have been working　[由for many years 可知，這個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，有可能延續(xù)下去，故用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。]
10．解析：has　[此處表示一個(gè)客觀的事實(shí)，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。]
Ⅱ.短文改錯(cuò)
(2019·河南八市重點(diǎn)高中三檢)My high school life has made me learn many things.Between them teamwork is the most significantly for me.In fact，I didn't realize its importance after I was elected monitor.In the begin，I did almost all the duties myself.However，others students cared little about class activities.Therefore，I worn out and depressed.Then I turned to my teacher but he advised me to cooperate with others.Gradually，I realized the strengths of my classmates and managed to have everyone to play a part in class.It is working in teams instead of on my own which has freed me of trouble and make my work more efficient.
答案：


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