Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars
基礎(chǔ)自主檢測(cè)


閱讀識(shí)記
Ⅰ.英譯漢
1.astronomy n. 天文學(xué)
2.fundamental adj. 基本的；基礎(chǔ)的
3.acid n. 酸
4.multiply vi.& vt. 乘；增加
Ⅱ.漢譯英
1.billion pron.& n．& adj. 〈英〉萬(wàn)億；〈美〉十億
2.gravity n. 萬(wàn)有引力；重力
3.satellite n. 衛(wèi)星；人造衛(wèi)星
4.spaceship n. 宇宙飛船
高頻應(yīng)用
1.system n. 系統(tǒng)；體系；制度
2.theory n. 學(xué)說(shuō)；理論
3.atmosphere n. 大氣層；氣氛
4.chain n. 鏈子；連鎖；鎖鏈
5.thus adv. 因此；于是
6.gentle adj. 溫和的；文雅的
7.climate n. 氣候
8.crash vi.& vt. 碰撞；墜落
9.pull n．& vt. 拉(力)；拖；牽引力
10.float vi.& vt. (使)浮動(dòng)；(使)漂浮　n. 漂浮物
拓展變形
1.religion (n.) 宗教；宗教信仰→religious (adj.) 宗教上的；信奉宗教的；虔誠(chéng)的
2.globe (n.) 球體；地球儀；地球→global (adj.) 全球性的；全世界的
3.violent (adj.) 猛烈的；激烈的；強(qiáng)暴的→violence (n.) 暴力→violently (adv.) 暴力地；猛烈地
4.unlike (prep.) 與……不同；不像→like (vt.) 喜歡 (prep.) 像→dislike (vt.) 不喜歡；討厭→likely (adj.) 可能的
5.harmful (adj.) 有害的→harm (n.& vt.) 傷害→harmless (adj.) 無(wú)害的
6.reaction (n.) 反應(yīng)；回應(yīng)→react (v.) 反應(yīng)
7.exist (vi.) 存在；生存→existence (n.) 存在；生存
8.puzzle (vt.& vi.) (使)迷惑；(使)為難 (n.) 謎；難題→puzzled (adj.) 感到困惑的→puzzling (adj.) 令人困惑的
9.biology (n.) 生物學(xué)→biologist (n.) 生物學(xué)家
10.physicist (n.) 物理學(xué)家→physical (adj.) 物理的；身體的→physician (n.) 醫(yī)師，(尤指)內(nèi)科醫(yī)生→physics (n.) 物理學(xué)


1.后綴-ist高頻名詞
①biologist 生物學(xué)家
②tourist 旅游者；游客
③physicist 物理學(xué)家
④scientist 科學(xué)家
⑤psychologist 心理學(xué)家
2.un-前綴高頻形容詞
①unlike 不像的
②unfair 不公平的
③unimportant 不重要的
④unusual 不尋常的
⑤unhappy 不幸福的
⑥unfortunate 不幸運(yùn)的
3.常見(jiàn)的“n.＋ful→adj.”
①use→useful 有用的
②pain→painful 疼痛的
③peace→peaceful 和平的
④harm→harmful 有害的
⑤power→powerful 有力的
⑥doubt→doubtful 懷疑的
⑦meaning→meaningful 有意義的
⑧cheer→cheerful 高興的


一 動(dòng)詞＋介/副詞
1.prevent ... from 阻止；制止
2.depend on/upon 依靠；取決于
3.block out 擋住(光線)
4.cheer up 感到高興；感到振奮
5.break out 突發(fā)；爆發(fā)
6.watch out for 密切注意；當(dāng)心；提防
二 介詞＋名詞
7.in time 及時(shí)；終于
8.in one's turn 輪到某人
三 其他
9.give birth to 產(chǎn)生；分娩
10.now that 既然
11.get the hang of 熟悉；掌握；理解

1.“阻止/禁止某人做某事”的多種表達(dá)
(1)阻止某人做某事
①prevent sb. (from) doing sth.
②stop sb. (from) doing sth.
③keep sb. from doing sth.
(2)禁止某人做某事
④prohibit sb. from doing sth.
⑤ban sb. from doing sth.
⑥forbid sb. from doing sth.
2.“動(dòng)詞＋out”短語(yǔ)薈萃
①block out 擋住(光線)　　　 ②break out 突發(fā)；爆發(fā)
③find out 查出；弄明白
④look/watch out 當(dāng)心；提防
⑤put out 撲滅 ⑥r(nóng)un out 用完
⑦let out 泄露；發(fā)出(聲音) ⑧die out 滅絕


1.whether ... or not “是否……”
The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not (是否). (教材P25)
2.make it＋adj./n. for sb./sth. to do sth.
This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop (使生命發(fā)展成為可能). (教材P26)
3.as ... as 比較結(jié)構(gòu)
..., but it will not be as strong a pull as (像……一樣強(qiáng)) the earth's. (教材P31)
4.“倍數(shù)＋as＋adj./adv.＋as”句型
But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth (是地球上的兩倍遠(yuǎn)) and fell over. (教材P31)
5.now that 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句
... walking does need a bit of practice now that (既然) gravity has changed. (教材P31)


單句語(yǔ)法填空
1.According to a widely (accept) theory, the universe began with a “Big Bang” threw matter in all directions.
答案：accepted; that
2. is even more important is that the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.
答案：What; as
3.It was not immediately obvious water was to be fundamental the development of life.
答案：that; to
4. many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve (harm) gases and acids into the oceans and seas.
答案：What; harmful
5.They produced young generally laying eggs.
答案：by
6. a result of this, many scientists believe the earth may become too hot (live) on.
答案：As; to live
7. life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
答案：Whether
8.Last month I was lucky enough (have) a chance (make) a trip into space with my friend.
答案：to have; to make
9.I might even grow (tall) if I stay here long enough.
答案：taller
10.Leaving the moon's gravity (be) not as painful as leaving the earth's.
答案：was

考點(diǎn)步步?jīng)_關(guān)

1 harmful　adj. 有害的
What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.(P26)
很多科學(xué)家相信，由于地球上長(zhǎng)期有水存在，使地球得以把有害氣體和酸性物質(zhì)溶解在海洋里。
(1)be harmful to sb./sth. 對(duì)某人/某物有害
(2) 對(duì)某人有害
(3) 做某事沒(méi)有壞處

即時(shí)練1
單句語(yǔ)法填空
①As we all know, a bad eating habit is (harm) to one's health.
②As far as I'm concerned, there is no harm making an apology to him first.
答案：①harmful?、趇n
一句多譯
有些男生對(duì)玩電腦游戲簡(jiǎn)直到了癡迷的程度，這對(duì)他們的健康非常有害。
③Some boys are too crazy about playing games on the computer, . (定語(yǔ)從句)
④Some boys are too crazy about playing games on the computer, and .(并列句)
答案：③which is very harmful to their health?、躨t does great harm to their health

2 exist　vi.存在；生存
They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.(P26)
它們也生蛋，在地球上生存了一億四千多萬(wàn)年。
(1)exist on靠……生存/生活
exist in存在于……之中
There exist(s) ... 某地有……；存在……
(2)come into existence產(chǎn)生；成立；開(kāi)始存在
in existence現(xiàn)存；存在
(3)existing adj.現(xiàn)存的；現(xiàn)行的
[名師點(diǎn)津]　(1)exist只用作不及物動(dòng)詞，因此沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，且通常不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。
(2)There exists ... 表示“存在；有”，there不可用it替換。

即時(shí)練2
單句語(yǔ)法填空
①They can't exist the money he's earning.
②Large amounts of Calcium exist milk.
③ exists a generation gap between the young and the old.
④Pakistan came into (exist) as an independent country after the war.
答案：①on?、趇n　③There?、躤xistence

3 pull　n．& vt.拉(力)；拖；牽引力
As the rocket rose into the air, we were pushed back into our seats because we were trying to escape the pull of the earth's gravity.(P30)
隨著火箭的升空，由于我們?cè)谂昝摰厍虻囊?，我們被向后推在座位上?br /> pull away (車輛等)駛離；開(kāi)走
pull in (車輛等)進(jìn)站；?？?br /> pull down 拆除；使受挫；使虛弱
pull off (成功地)完成；駛離
pull on (匆忙地)穿上
pull out 駛出車站；撤離
pull through 恢復(fù)健康；渡過(guò)難關(guān)
pull up 停車
pull together (使)齊心協(xié)力

即時(shí)練3
用pull相關(guān)短語(yǔ)的適當(dāng)形式填空
①The train and all the passengers got off.
②They are some houses to make room for a new hotel.
③Everyone was very concerned about whether he would or not.
④So long as we there's no mountain top we can't conquer.
答案：①pulled in　②pulling down?、踦ull through?、躳ull together


1
in time 及時(shí)；終于；最終
教材
原句
They were in time to produce carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, ... (P25)
它們最終產(chǎn)生了二氧化碳、氮?dú)?、水蒸氣和其他多種氣體，……
(1)at a time 一次；每次
at one time 曾經(jīng)；一度
at times 有時(shí)；間或
at the same time 與此同時(shí)；然而
at no time 決不；從不
in no time 立刻；馬上
on time 按時(shí)；準(zhǔn)時(shí)
for the time being 暫時(shí)
(2)take one's time 別著急；慢慢來(lái)
all the time 始終；一直
kill time 消磨時(shí)光
[名師點(diǎn)津]　(1)in time后可接for sth./to do sth.的形式，意為“做某事及時(shí)/來(lái)得及/正好趕上做某事”。
(2)at no time等含否定意義的詞組位于句首，句子要部分倒裝；in no time意為“立刻，馬上”，無(wú)否定意義，置于句首，不引起倒裝。

即時(shí)練1
用time相關(guān)短語(yǔ)的適當(dāng)形式填空
①They ran all the way to the corner just to see the bus disappearing up the street.
②As the old saying goes, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Our efforts will pay off .
③ ， I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be free from them.
④ did I feel they were being unreasonable.
⑤We'll be there .
答案：①in time?、趇n time?、跘t one time?、蹵t no time?、輎n no time

2
in one's turn 輪到某人
教材
原句
Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet.(P26)
于是，他們接著成為了這個(gè)行星上最重要的動(dòng)物。
in turn 依次；輪流；逐個(gè)；相應(yīng)地；轉(zhuǎn)而
by turns 輪流；交替
take turns doing/to do sth. 輪流做……
It's one's turn to do sth. 輪到某人干某事
turn out to be sth. 結(jié)果是；原來(lái)是
It turns/turned out that ... 結(jié)果是……

即時(shí)練2
用turn相關(guān)短語(yǔ)的適當(dāng)形式填空
①When it is ， I am too excited to speak.
②All theories are from practice and serve practice.
③The young parents had to to look after their sick baby.
④I think to drive the kids to school this week.
⑤It that I was wrong.
答案：①in my turn?、趇n turn?、踭ake turns?、躨t's my turn?、輙urned out


1
This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.(P26)
翻譯
這就產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)連鎖反應(yīng)，使生命的發(fā)展成為可能。
句型make it＋adj./n.＋for sb. to do，其中it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而真正的賓語(yǔ)是后面的動(dòng)詞不定式。
(1)make＋it＋形容詞/名詞＋that從句
make＋it＋形容詞/名詞＋to do不定式
make＋it＋no good/no use/no value ... ＋doing sth.
(2)常用于這種句型的動(dòng)詞還有：think, consider, find, feel等。

即時(shí)練1
單句語(yǔ)法填空
①They want to make clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job.
②People in the west make it a rule (buy) Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.
③I consider it no use (quarrel) with him about it.
答案：①it?、趖o buy?、踧uarrelling
一句多譯
精通這項(xiàng)科技可能會(huì)讓我們更加有效地利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
④Mastering the technology makes it possible more effectively. (用不定式)
⑤Mastering the technology makes it possible more effectively. (用賓語(yǔ)從句)
答案：④for us to use the Internet?、輙hat we can use the Internet

2
But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.(P31)
翻譯
而當(dāng)我試著向前邁步的時(shí)候，我發(fā)覺(jué)我被送出去很遠(yuǎn)，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的兩倍，因而我摔倒了。
twice as far as ... 是一種倍數(shù)的表示方法，意為“是……的兩倍遠(yuǎn)”。as far as ... “遠(yuǎn)到……”。
英語(yǔ)中四種最常見(jiàn)的倍數(shù)表達(dá)法：
(1)倍數(shù)＋as＋原級(jí)＋as ...
(2)倍數(shù)＋比較級(jí)＋than ...
(3)倍數(shù)＋the size/length/width/height/depth ... of ...
(4)倍數(shù)＋what從句
[名師點(diǎn)津]　在表示“兩倍”時(shí)要用double或twice，三倍或三倍以上用“基數(shù)詞＋times”。倍數(shù)有時(shí)也可以用分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)、half等來(lái)替換。

即時(shí)練2
單句語(yǔ)法填空
①It is said that his new apartment is twice (large) than the old one.
②The population now in this village is five times it was ten years ago.
答案：①larger?、趙hat
一句多譯
據(jù)報(bào)道，最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的一顆行星幾乎是地球的三倍大。
③It is reported that a new planet that has been discovered recently is almost three times the earth.
④It is reported that a new planet that has been discovered recently is almost three times the earth.
⑤It is reported that a new planet that has been discovered recently is almost three times the earth.
答案：③as large as?、躭arger than?、輙he size of


主語(yǔ)從句
主語(yǔ)從句
　用作主語(yǔ)的從句稱為主語(yǔ)從句(Subject Clause)。引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞主要有三類：
(1)連詞that, whether等；
(2)連接代詞what, who, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever等；
(3)連接副詞when, where, why, how等。
①That she could come to help us made us very happy.
她能來(lái)幫我們，這使得我們很高興。
②Where the English evening will be held hasn't been decided.
英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)將在哪里舉行，還沒(méi)有決定下來(lái)。
③Whatever you do in your spare time should do no harm to others.
無(wú)論你在業(yè)余時(shí)間做什么都不應(yīng)傷害他人。
主語(yǔ)從句能用it作形式上的主語(yǔ)
　由于主語(yǔ)從句太長(zhǎng)，為了避免頭重腳輕，常常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把主語(yǔ)從句放在句末。比較常見(jiàn)的句型有：
(1)It＋be＋形容詞(important, likely, possible, clear等)＋主語(yǔ)從句；
(2)It＋be＋名詞(fact, idea, mystery, pity, pleasure, wonder等)＋主語(yǔ)從句；

(3)It＋be＋過(guò)去分詞(known, said, reported, suggested等)＋主語(yǔ)從句；
(4)It＋特殊動(dòng)詞(appear, seem, happen等)＋主語(yǔ)從句。
④It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.
很顯然，學(xué)生們應(yīng)該為自己的未來(lái)做好準(zhǔn)備。
⑤It is suggested that the old man (should) go to the countryside to have a rest.
建議這位老人到鄉(xiāng)下去休養(yǎng)。
⑥It happened that she was out when we called.
我們打電話時(shí)她碰巧不在家。

即時(shí)練
Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．Every year, makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
答案：whoever
2． we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
答案：How
3．I think impresses me about his painting is the colors he uses.
答案：what
4． the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry.
答案：That
5．It is likely babies are not born knowing this basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it.
答案：that
Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)
1．Who has helped to save the drowning girl is worthy of being praised.

答案：Who→Whoever
2．In some countries, that is called equality does not really mean equal rights for all people.

答案：that→what
3．It is really a wonder he is still alive after the crash.

答案：he前加that
4．That we were interested in was whether they managed to control the pollution here.

答案：That→What
5．How our spring sports meet will be held or not this week is not known yet.

答案：How→Whether

基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo)演練
Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．The production is now 3 times it was ten years ago.
答案：what
2．During those four years, he worked day and night, thus (improve) his theory gradually until it was complete.
答案：improving
3．Sometimes he found very hard to fall asleep at night, so he went to see the doctor.
答案：it
4．What makes me (puzzle) is why he left the country without telling anyone.
答案：puzzled
5．Many household products are potentially (harm)．
答案：harmful
6． we should work out a plan to deal with the present serious situation is important.
答案：That
7． (like) most people in the office, I don't come to work by car.
答案：Unlike
8．The argument remains extremely heated on whether there are necessary conditions of (exist) such as water on Mars.
答案：existence
9．If our parents do everything for us, we won't learn to depend ourselves.
答案：on
10．The limits of a person's intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.
答案：whether
Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)
1．Apes have flexible hands much like ours but unlike that of any other creature.

答案：that→those
2．Whenever I get in trouble, my father always encourages me, “Don't worry, my girl. I'm sure everything will get better on time.”

答案：on→in
3．The new bridge is three times width of that one built last year.

答案：width前加the
4．We hope the new machine will work faster, instead reducing our costs.

答案：instead→thus/hence/therefore
5．Teachers can help them learn to take risks in an atmosphere that they feel confident about doing so.

答案：that→where
Ⅲ.教材微寫作
A．根據(jù)提示完成句子
1．地球是火星的六倍大。(time; size)


答案：The earth is six times the size of Mars.
2．我們能登陸火星嗎？這完全取決于科學(xué)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展。 (depend on)


答案：Can we land on Mars? It all depends on the development of science and technology.
3．火星上幾乎沒(méi)有氧氣，這使生命存在成為不可能。 (make; exist)


答案：There is almost no oxygen on Mars, which makes it impossible for life to exist.
4．中午的溫度可能在50度左右，而晚上的溫度則在零下100度左右。這使得我們無(wú)法在那里生活。(prevent ... from ... )


答案：It might be about 50 degrees above zero at noon and 100 degrees below zero at night, which prevents us from living there.
5．既然火星與地球完全不同，如果我們計(jì)劃有朝一日去火星的話，我們不得不帶上我們自己的氧氣、食物、衣服和住的地方。(now that)


答案：Now that Mars is quite different from the earth, if we are to go to Mars one day, we have to take our own oxygen, food, clothing and shelter with us.
B．將以上句子連成一篇邏輯嚴(yán)密的短文，注意書寫規(guī)范

答案：The earth is six times the size of Mars. Whether we can land on Mars all depends on the development of science and technology. There is almost no oxygen on Mars, which makes it impossible for life to exist. It might be about 50 degrees above zero at noon and 100 degrees below zero at night, which prevents us from living there. Now that Mars is quite different from the earth, if we are to go to Mars one day, we have to take our own oxygen, food, clothing and shelter with us.

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