第09講：閱讀理解C篇與長(zhǎng)難句剖析-2025年春季高考英語(yǔ)沖刺總復(fù)習(xí)（上海專用）-試卷下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

知識(shí)梳理
演練
【考情鏈接】
高考閱讀文章均選自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其閱讀C篇除了生詞量大、篇幅長(zhǎng)、信息量大以外．就是文中句子結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，攙雜了大量的長(zhǎng)難句，對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句的理解會(huì)直接影響我們的閱讀成績(jī)。那么如何破解閱讀理解中的長(zhǎng)難句？長(zhǎng)難句構(gòu)成特征如下：
EQ \\ac(◇,●) 帶有較多成分的簡(jiǎn)單句
EQ \\ac(◇,●) 含有多個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句
EQ \\ac(◇,●) 含有插入成份的句子
EQ \\ac(◇,●) 含有省略成份的句子
EQ \\ac(◇,●) 含有倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句
【要點(diǎn)梳理】
破解長(zhǎng)難句方法
找謂語(yǔ)，定主語(yǔ)
一般情況下，一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)形式的動(dòng)詞對(duì)應(yīng)其動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者（主語(yǔ)），我們可以根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的意義來(lái)確定其主語(yǔ)。而且，如果一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的謂語(yǔ)形式的動(dòng)詞，則該句可以是并列句或復(fù)合句（并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的情況除外）。如
Declaring that he was ppsed t using this unusual animal husbandry technique t clne humans, he rdered that federal funds nt be used fr such an experiment --- althugh n ne had prpsed t d s and asked an independent panel f experts chaired by Princetn President Harld Shapir t reprt back t the White Huse in 90 days with recmmendatins fr a natinal plicy n human clning.
【簡(jiǎn)析】此句中的謂語(yǔ)形式的動(dòng)詞及其對(duì)應(yīng)的主語(yǔ)有： was ppsed --he; rdered--he; (shuld) nt be used ---federal--funds; had prpsed --- n ne; asked--he (asked前面有and, 說(shuō)明asked與前面某個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞并列，根據(jù)邏輯意義asked應(yīng)與rdered并列)。這一句的主干為 “he rdered... asked ”, “Declaring that...”作狀語(yǔ)。
句意：他宣布自己反對(duì)使用這種非同尋常的蓄牧繁殖技術(shù)來(lái)克隆人類，并下令不準(zhǔn)聯(lián)邦政府基金用于做此類試驗(yàn)——盡管還沒(méi)有人建議這么做——他還請(qǐng)一個(gè)普林斯頓大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)Harld Shapir 為首的獨(dú)立專家組在90天內(nèi)向白宮匯報(bào)關(guān)于制定有關(guān)克隆人的國(guó)家政策的建議。
提主干，去枝葉（從句等）
一般情況下，一個(gè)句子中的主句所表達(dá)的信息為主要信息，從句所表達(dá)的信息為次要信息。若句子的主干提煉不出來(lái)，就不能完全把握句子的核心意義，從而導(dǎo)致思維混亂，主次不分。如：
First put frward by the French mathematician Pierre de Frmat in the 17th century，the therem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French wman scientist wh made a majr advance in wrking ut the prblem，and wh had t dress like a man in rder t be able t study at the Ec-lab Ply technique.
【簡(jiǎn)析】本句夾雜分詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞及兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。 “First put frward by the French mathematician Pierre de Frmat in the 17th century”為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ);“including...”為介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ);“wh wh had t...”為兩個(gè)并列的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾a French wman scientist。所以句子的主干為the therem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds此為主要信息。
句意：這個(gè)定理，先是由十七世紀(jì)法國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)家Pierre de Frmat提出，曾使一批杰出的數(shù)學(xué)大師為難，其中包括一個(gè)法國(guó)女科學(xué)家，她在解決這個(gè)難題方面取得了重大的進(jìn)展。為了能夠在Ec-lab Ply technique理工學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)她曾女扮男裝。
尋關(guān)聯(lián)，辨邏輯
一些長(zhǎng)句其實(shí)是由若干分句組成的并列句或復(fù)合句。而這些并列句或復(fù)合句之間需要一些關(guān)聯(lián)詞來(lái)連接。如果我們找準(zhǔn)這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞，就能夠分辨出句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，分別弄清主句的意義和從句的意義，則長(zhǎng)句就容易對(duì)付得多了。要掌握此方法必須對(duì)英語(yǔ)中的常見的關(guān)聯(lián)詞諳熟于心。
Whereas a wman’s clsest female friend might be the first t tell her t leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual t hear a man say he didn’t knw his friend’s marriage was in serius truble until he appeared ne night asking if he culd sleep n the sfa.
【簡(jiǎn)析】“whereas”提示前后對(duì)比; nt unusual=usual; 直到……才……。
句意：一個(gè)女人最親密的女性朋友最可能是第一個(gè)告訴她離開一次失敗的婚姻的人;而聽見一個(gè)男人說(shuō)，直到他的朋友一天晚上問(wèn)他是否可以睡在他家的沙發(fā)上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，這是很平常的事。
看搭配，防隔離
有時(shí)一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句或難句是由一個(gè)或多個(gè)搭配構(gòu)成，而且這些搭配中常常出現(xiàn)分隔現(xiàn)象。讀者若受分隔現(xiàn)象的干擾而看不清句子的本來(lái)面目，則對(duì)句意的理解就會(huì)發(fā)生偏差。如：
Sme cmpanies have made the manufacturing f clean and safe prducts，t sme degree，their main selling pints and emphasize it in their advertising.
【簡(jiǎn)析】其實(shí)本句是一個(gè)“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”句型“make+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)”，即“使……成為……”，只不過(guò)賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)被“t sme degree”隔開而已。
句意：一些公司把生產(chǎn)的衛(wèi)生的、安全的產(chǎn)品，從某種程度上說(shuō)，當(dāng)作他們的賣點(diǎn)，并在廣告中強(qiáng)調(diào)這一點(diǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞，抓線索
有時(shí)某些句子句意模糊，讀者理不清頭緒，這時(shí)讀者只能依靠關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)抓，從而在大體上搞清楚句意。總之，在碰到長(zhǎng)句和難句時(shí)，要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況靈活運(yùn)用上述方法，在平時(shí)閱讀過(guò)程中要加強(qiáng)對(duì)長(zhǎng)句和難句的句法分析訓(xùn)練。有時(shí)要幾種方法綜合使用才能正確理解句意。如：
We even have different wrds fr sme fd，meat in particular, depending n whether it is still ut in the fields r at hme ready t be cked,which shws the fact that the Saxn peasants were ding the farming, while the upper class Nrmans were ding mst f the eating.
【簡(jiǎn)析】本句夾雜多種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，而且包含對(duì)比。句子的主干為“We even have different wrds fr sme fds，meat in particular”;“depending n...”為分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ);“whether it is still ut in the fields r at hme ready t be cked”作depending n的賓語(yǔ);“which”引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句指代上述內(nèi)容“the fact”后為其同位語(yǔ)，即同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明fact的具體內(nèi)容。
句意：我們甚至對(duì)某些食物用不同的單詞表達(dá)，特別是肉類，這取決于它是長(zhǎng)在田野時(shí)，還是在家里準(zhǔn)備煮著吃，這就表明一個(gè)事實(shí)，即薩克森農(nóng)民在農(nóng)田干活，而上層階級(jí)的諾曼人在大口地吃。
閱讀理解答題技巧（以C篇說(shuō)明文或議論文為例）
高考閱讀理解常見的設(shè)題形式有：詞義猜測(cè)題、細(xì)節(jié)題、推斷題、作者態(tài)度題和主旨大意題。題型不同，答題技巧也就有差異。下面就不同題型的答題技巧作一點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)分析。
1、詞義猜測(cè)題技巧
在高考閱讀題中，考生遇到的最大障礙往往有兩個(gè)：一是被已認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞的某一熟知含義所誤導(dǎo)；二是被完全不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞的意思所阻礙，從而出現(xiàn)理解偏差或理解困難，影響閱讀的速度。其實(shí)解決這兩個(gè)困難的一個(gè)重要法寶是考生在心目中樹立起上下文觀念，要學(xué)會(huì)"順藤摸瓜"，通過(guò)構(gòu)詞，語(yǔ)法，定義，同位，對(duì)比，因果，常識(shí)，上下文等線索確定詞義。此類考題目要求考生能根據(jù)上下文確定某一特定的詞或短語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確含義。一般提問(wèn)方式如下：
1) The wrd “ABC” in the passage prbably means ________.
2) The underlined wrd “ABC” in the passage refers t/means _______.
3) Which f the fllwing is clsest in meaning t the underlined wrd in the secnd paragraph？
4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____．
5) The wrd "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers t ____．
【例題】
（2024金山一模C篇）It’s nt unheard f fr ne event t kick ff a whle new field f scientific inquiry. Still it’s rare. When Lrimer’s paper came ut in the jurnal, it was nt surprising that many were skeptical. “Smetimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discvery turns ut t be an errr in the data,” sme cmmented.
63. Which f the fllwing has the clsest meaning t the underlined wrd in paragraph 3?
A. Optimistic.B. Curius.C. Supprtive.D. Dubtful.
【答案】63. D
【解析】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞后文“Smetimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discvery turns ut t be an errr in the data(有時(shí)候，看似了不起的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，其實(shí)是數(shù)據(jù)上的錯(cuò)誤)”可知，許多人對(duì)洛里默的論文持懷疑態(tài)度，認(rèn)為是數(shù)據(jù)上的錯(cuò)誤。故劃線詞意思是“懷疑的”。故選D。
【例題】
（2024年普陀區(qū)一模C篇）What is the pint f lking decades int space and struggling t explre the vastness f the universe? The develpment f the space industry has brught humans many benefits, the mst imprtant f which is the spread f infrmatin. The cell phne signal and TV signal peple use nw are all benefiting frm the develpment f the space industry. The ultimate gal f mankind is t g deeper int space, and t explre mre unknwn wrlds, that is, the Mn, Mars and beynd, and what humanity is eager t achieve is a cmmn hme f freedm and equality.
66. What des the underlined phrase in the last paragraph mean?
A. Studying space fr cuntless years.B. Living in space fr many years.
C. Explring space fr sme ten years.D. Observing space fr several ten years.
【答案】 66. A
【66題詳解】
詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞后文“and struggling t explre the vastness f the universe”可知，此處指研究太空很多年，努力探索浩瀚的宇宙，故劃線詞意思是“研究太空很多年”。故選A。
2、細(xì)節(jié)題技巧
細(xì)節(jié)題的破解一般采用尋讀法，即先看試題，再讀文章。對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、對(duì)比，有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。此法加強(qiáng)了閱讀的針對(duì)性，提高了做題的準(zhǔn)確率，節(jié)省了寶貴的時(shí)間。尋讀法還特別適用于對(duì)圖形表格類題材的理解。做此類型的題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關(guān)系。此類考題主要針對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)，一般提問(wèn)方式如下：
Which f the fllwing is NOT true accrding t the infrmatin in the passage?
Which f the fllwing statements is crrect accrding t the passage?
Which f the fllwing is nt mentined?
Chse the right rder f this passage.
Accrding t the passage, when (where, why, hw, wh, etc. ) ...
Frm this passage we knw that ________.
In the passage, the authr states that ______.
【例題】
（2024黃埔一模C篇）①A grup f 41 states and the District f Clumbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent cmpany f Facebk, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the cmpany knwingly used features n its platfrms t cause children t veruse them. The accusatins in the lawsuit raise a deeper questin abut behavir: Are yung peple becming addicted t scial media and the internet? Here’s what the research has fund.
63.What was Meta accused f?
A. It added prblematic features t its platfrm.
B. It started a discussin t mislead yung peple.
C. It tempted children t use scial media t much.
D. It cnducted illegal research n its parent cmpany.
【答案】63.C
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文章第一段講到“A grup f 41 states and the District f Clumbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent cmpany f Facebk, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the cmpany knwingly used features n its platfrms t cause children t veruse them. (41個(gè)州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)開始對(duì)Facebk、Instagram、WhatsApp和Messenger的母公司Meta提起訴訟，堅(jiān)稱該公司故意使用其平臺(tái)上的功能，導(dǎo)致兒童過(guò)度使用這些功能。)”可知，Meta被指控使用平臺(tái)上的功能引起兒童過(guò)度使用它們，因此選擇C。
3、推斷題技巧
推理是在既有信息的基礎(chǔ)上得出合乎文章內(nèi)容的內(nèi)涵意義，即某一問(wèn)題、某一觀點(diǎn)沒(méi)有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行間，要求通過(guò)文中信息分析推出某種符合作者思想、符合文章邏輯的內(nèi)涵意義。推斷則是指通過(guò)對(duì)文章進(jìn)行符合邏輯的綜合分析，推出文章未直接陳述的言外之意。推斷題推斷得正確與否，很大程度上取決于是否能正確把握作者潛隱在字里行間的語(yǔ)氣及觀點(diǎn)。此類考題一般針對(duì)短文內(nèi)容和考生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)，文章中雖然沒(méi)有明確的答案，但考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上可以進(jìn)行推理和判斷其答案。一般提問(wèn)方式如下：
1) The authr implied（suggested）that．．．
2) We can infer frm the text that _______.
3) It can be inferred frm the text that ______.
4) It may be cncluded frm the passage that．．．
5) Which f the fllwing statements des the passage supprt？
6) The paragraph fllwing the passage will mst prbably be ___.
【例題】
（2024閔行一模C篇）Undeniably, peple may succeed in faking their way thrugh the prcess. And there may be mre rm fr interviewers’ prejudice t emerge. Finding smene annying may be a signal that smene lacks scial skills. But it may als mean that they are nervus r that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set t change and is unlikely t becme less challenging.
66. What can be implied frm the last tw paragraphs?
A. Integrating sft skills assessment int a hiring prcess wn’t intrduce side effects.
B. Emplyees in lwer psitins may prvide useless insights int applicants’ sft skills.
C. Interviewers’ prejudice may influence their fair assessments and perceptins f candidates.
D. There is n pssibility f individuals successfully deceiving thers during the interview.
【答案】66. C
【解析】推理判斷題。由文章最后一段“Undeniably, peple may succeed in faking their way thrugh the prcess. And there may be mre rm fr interviewers’ prejudice t emerge. Finding smene annying may be a signal that smene lacks scial skills. But it may als mean that they are nervus r that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set t change and is unlikely t becme less challenging. (不可否認(rèn)的是，人們可能會(huì)通過(guò)欺騙的方式成功地通過(guò)這個(gè)過(guò)程。而且面試官的偏見可能會(huì)有更大的空間出現(xiàn)。發(fā)現(xiàn)某人令人討厭可能是一個(gè)缺乏社交技巧的信號(hào)。但這也可能意味著他們很緊張，或者面試官脾氣不好。招聘勢(shì)必會(huì)發(fā)生變化，而且不太可能變得不那么具有挑戰(zhàn)性。)”可知，面試官的偏見可能會(huì)影響他們對(duì)候選人的公正評(píng)價(jià)和看法。故選C。
4、作者態(tài)度題技巧
這一類考題大都要求考生就作者對(duì)論述對(duì)象持什么樣的態(tài)度做出推斷，如作者對(duì)所陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對(duì)，還是猶豫不定，對(duì)記述或描寫的人、物或事件是贊頌、同情、冷漠，還是厭惡。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來(lái)，而往往隱含在字里行間。因此，進(jìn)行這種推斷時(shí)，我們既要依靠短文的主題思想作為推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辭，尤其是形容詞一類的修飾語(yǔ)。此類題目的主要提問(wèn)方式是一般提問(wèn)方式如下：
What's the writer's/authr's attitude t/twards ... ?
The authr’s tne wuld be best described as _______ .
The attitude f ... t/twards ... is .
【例題】
（2024奉賢一模C篇）Deep cean samples revealed significant climate change arund 66.3 millin years ag. But this als cincides with a large vlcanic eruptin in India called the Deccan vlcanism, which prduced sme f the lngest lava (熔巖) flws n Earth. “We’ve always wed that transitin t the carbn dixide released by the Deccan vlcanism and the increase f greenhuse gases,” says Jhnsn. “There are tw things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan vlcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. S that wuld be an example f cincidental climate change.”
66. Which f the fllwing statements des Kirk Jhnsn mst prbably agree with?
A. A magnetic reversal desn’t necessarily cause climate change.
B. A magnetic reversal is accmpanied with significant climate change
C. The extinctin f the dinsaurs is due t the magnetic reversal.
D. Climate change is nt relevant t the carbn dixide emissin.
【答案】66. A
【解析】情感態(tài)度推斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“‘We’ve always wed that transitin t the carbn dixide released by the Deccan vlcanism and the increase f greenhuse gases,’says Jhnsn. ‘There are tw things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan vlcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. S that wuld be an example f cincidental climate change.’(‘我們一直把這種轉(zhuǎn)變歸功于德干火山活動(dòng)釋放的二氧化碳和溫室氣體的增加，’約翰遜說(shuō)?！袃杉抡诎l(fā)生：磁場(chǎng)正在變化，德干火山活動(dòng)正在發(fā)生，氣候正在變暖。所以這將是巧合氣候變化的一個(gè)例子?！?”可知，柯克·約翰遜認(rèn)為磁場(chǎng)正在變化、德干火山活動(dòng)正在發(fā)生與氣候正在變暖只是巧合；由此可知，他最可能同意的觀點(diǎn)是磁倒轉(zhuǎn)并不一定會(huì)導(dǎo)致氣候變化。故選A。
附：閱讀理解中表示作者態(tài)度的高頻詞匯
5、主旨大意題技巧
這種題型要求考生能夠把握文章的總體，并真正理解主題和中心；要求能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法解題，難度較大，屬于高層次題。一般主旨大意題可以分為兩類：1．確定文章的標(biāo)題和主題(title r tpic)；2.主題句（tpic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括。
常見的標(biāo)題型題干：
1) The best title/ headline fr this passage might be________.
2) The text (passage) culd be entitled ______.
3) What is the best title fr the passage?
4) What’s the tpic f the article?
常見的主題句和主旨型題干：
1) What is the tpic sentence f the passage?
2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________.
3) What is the main purpse f the passage?
4) Which f the fllwing is the main idea f the passage?
【例題】
（2024年松江區(qū)一模C篇）Antibitics, which can destry r prevent the grwth f bacteria and cure infectins, are vital t mdern medicine. Their ability t kill bacteria withut harming the patient has saved billins f lives and made surgical prcedures much safer. But after decades f veruse, their pwers are fading. Sme bacteria have evlved resistance, creating a grwing army f superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrbial (抗菌的) resistance, expected t kill 10 millin peple a year by 2050 up frm arund 1 millin in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many.
66. What is the main idea f the passage?
A. Gvernments fail t stp the use f antibitics.
B. Phages culd help prevent an antibitics crisis.
C. Develpment f antibitics is limited by phages.
D. Antimicrbial resistance calls fr new antibitics.
【答案】66. B
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Antibitics, which can destry r prevent the grwth f bacteria and cure infectins, are vital t mdern medicine. Their ability t kill bacteria withut harming the patient has saved billins f lives and made surgical prcedures much safer. But after decades f veruse, their pwers are fading. Sme bacteria have evlved resistance, creating been seen as a crisis by many.(抗生素對(duì)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)至關(guān)重要，它可以消滅或阻止細(xì)菌的生長(zhǎng)，并治愈感染。它們?cè)诓粋Σ∪说那闆r下殺死細(xì)菌的能力挽救了數(shù)十億人的生命，并使外科手術(shù)更加安全。但經(jīng)過(guò)幾十年的過(guò)度使用，它們的力量正在減弱。一些細(xì)菌已經(jīng)進(jìn)化出了耐藥性，產(chǎn)生了越來(lái)越多的超級(jí)細(xì)菌，而目前幾乎沒(méi)有有效的治療方法?？刮⑸锼幬锬退幮员辉S多人視為一場(chǎng)危機(jī)。預(yù)計(jì)到2050年，每年將導(dǎo)致1000萬(wàn)人死亡，而2019年約為100萬(wàn)人)”以及文章內(nèi)容可知，文章主要解釋了噬菌體可以替代問(wèn)題多多的抗生素，有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，建議政府多方面采取措施推動(dòng)推廣，所以本文的主旨是噬菌體可以幫助預(yù)防抗生素危機(jī)。故選B。
課堂精練
演練
（市西中學(xué)2024學(xué)年第一學(xué)期期中考試）
A few weeks ag, a well-meaning prfessr tried t explain the physilgical prcess behind viruses and the human bdy in a tweet and was immediately criticized fr a mistake in his infrmatin. He then issued an aplgy and deleted his errneus tweet.
Cmmunicating science beynd the academic bubble is necessary t augmenting (增加) public understanding f health and envirnmental issues and helping individuals make well-infrmed persnal decisins.
Hwever, scientists wh engage in science cmmunicatin must acknwledge that even in their area, their expertise is deep but narrw. They need t recgnize the cnstraints in their wn knwledge. That is nt t suggest that they nly write r present n their wn research, but rather, that they cnsult with an expert if the tpic is utside f their discipline. Fact-checking with a scientist wh wrks in the specialty will prevent the unintentinal spread f misinfrmatin, and the prcess f ding s may yield tiny pieces f interesting new infrmatin that can be incrprated.
Sme have argued that the public is nt educated enugh t understand scientific infrmatin, especially fr any cmplex phenmena, but this is absurd. Science instructin can be fund at all levels f public educatin with mst secndary schls ffering classes n bilgy, physics, and chemistry. If anything, scial media has shwn that the public craves knwledge based n a slid scientific fundatin. Even the public discurse (話語(yǔ)) that fllws mst scientific articles shws that nline readers can understand even the mst puzzling f scientific principles.
It is equally necessary t emphasize that being an expert n a tpic des nt autmatically make a schlar qualified t cmmunicate it t a nnscientific audience. A number f scientists recently have been ffering public-aimed explanatins f scientific phenmena. Even thugh they have apprpriate credentials, they ften d very little in the way f explaining. One bilgist shared a cmplex analgy(類比)invlving a library, bks, paper, a recipe, ingredients, and a cake t explain the prcess behind vaccines. Any explanatin that requires a written key t keep track f what each item represents is nt a clear example fr public cnsumptin.
Science cmmunicatin is a science in and f itself. It requires rigrus training and instructin. A scientist shuld take cmmunicatin curses that can teach a persn hw t identify and eliminate jargn (術(shù)語(yǔ)) and hw t develp effective analgies t explain cmplex cncepts. One cannt assume cmmunicatin expertise-imagine if smene just decided that they were a physicist and started trying t cntribute t the field withut the necessary backgrund. Ding a pr jb cmmunicating science t the public will nly create cnfusin and widen the gap between science and sciety, a gap that scientists are trying t clse.
43. What des the authr advise scientists d t deal with tpics utside f their specialty?
A. Write r present n them frm new angles.
B. Utilize infrmatin frm diverse surces.
C. Turn t a specialist fr prfessinal help.
D. Fact-check with clleagues in-their field.
44. What can be learned frm Paragraph 4?
A. A slid academic fundatin is essential t understanding puzzling scientific principles.
B. Mdern technlgy has facilitated cmmunicatin between scientists and the public.
C. Scientific articles have gained increasing ppularity amng the general public.
D. The public’s understanding f science is much better than sme have claimed.
45. What des the example f the bilgist wh shared an intricate analgy shw?
A. It is helpful t use illustratins in explaining scientific phenmena.
B. It is imperative t have apprpriate titles t explain scientific issues.
C. A learned schlar is nt necessarily a qualified science cmmunicatr.
D. A nnscientific audience cannt crrectly understand principles f science.
46. What des the authr suggest scientists d t clse the gap between science and sciety?
A. Develp cmmunicatin skills.
B. Make apprpriate use f scientific terms.
C. Take curses in public speaking.
D. Explain cmplex cncepts scientifically.
課后反饋
演練
（2024年寶山區(qū)二模）
Pretty much everyne has, at sme pint, made excuses t avid wrking n a task they fear. But sme peple d this mre ften than thers, which can result in disastrus cnsequences. Regularly putting ff difficult r unpleasant tasks can lead t lw grades at schl, pr perfrmance at wrk and financial cnsequences, such as late fees. Prcrastinatin can als harm relatinships and even affect yur health, as it increases stress levels, smetimes resulting in illness.
It's pssible t prcrastinate by binge-watching (大量觀看) yur favrite shw r ding ther mindless activities, but prcrastinatin desn't always lk like laziness. Sme peple prcrastinate t avid difficult tasks by wrking n easier but less imprtant tasks. This can make them feel prductive even as they neglect the mst imprtant items n their t-d lists.
In rder t vercme prcrastinatin, yu must first understand why yu prcrastinate. Perhaps yu are a perfectinist, s yu find nt cmpleting a task less upsetting than ding it badly. Perhaps the task is cmplicated r cnfusing, and yu dn't knw where t begin. Or perhaps yu are waiting t feel inspired t cmplete the task r believe that yu becme better under pressure.
Crrecting yur thinking can aid yu in vercming prcrastinatin. Yu prbably tend t verestimate hw quickly yu can finish tasks and hw mtivated yu will feel later. Mst wrk des nt need t wait until yu feel inspired, and if yu begin the task, feelings f inspiratin may fllw. Further, research shws that despite sme peple's perceptins (感知), mst individuals d nt actually prduce better wrk under pressure.
If yu are prcrastinating because a task seems t verwhelming r t cmplicated, break it up int smaller pieces that feel mre manageable. This can mean ding a part f the task, r dedicating a set amunt f time - say, 15 minutes - t wrking n it.
It may help t think abut why the task is imprtant. Hw will it cntribute t yur gals? Hw will it affect ther peple? What negative cnsequences culd cme frm nt ding it in a timely manner?
Scheduling when yu will wrk n tasks can be helpful as well, and s can ruthlessly eliminating distractins. Yu may need t put away yur phne r g t a quiet rm.
Overcming prcrastinatin is a challenge, but ding s leads t benefits in many areas f life.
63. The wrd prcrastinate in the secnd paragraph mst prbably means ______.
A. keep ffB. get ffC. put ffD. take ff
64. Accrding t the passage, hw many kinds f cnsequences may result frm prcrastinatin?
A. 5.B. 2.C. 6.D. 7.
65. What can we cnclude frm the passage?
A. Nbdy can entirely avid prcrastinatin in his persnal life.
B. Ding easier r unimprtant tasks can make us mre prductive.
C. The mre pressure we have, the mre prductive we will becme.
D. It's generally mre subjective than bjective t prcrastinate in life.
66. The best title fr the passage may be ______.
A. The challenges f prcrastinatin and strategies t slve it
B. The reasns f prcrastinatin and the ways f aviding it
C. The advantages and disadvantages f prcrastinatin in life
D. The causes and prcess f prcrastinatin in cmmunicatin
（2024年崇明區(qū)二模）
Fr a lng time, psychlgists agreed with the findings f Ry Baumeister, whse research shwed that willpwer was a limited resurce that culd easily be exhausted thrugh use. His bk, Willpwer: Rediscvering the Greatest Human Strength, has lng been seen as the typical handbk n this subject. Plus, hundreds f experiments shwed that when peple had t cmplete tw back-t-back tasks which bth required willpwer, they wuld demnstrate less willpwer n the secnd task.
Frm this research willpwer came t be understd as a “brain muscle” that wuld grw mre tired the lnger yu used it. With adequate rest and recvery, the muscle’s energy wuld be restred, and willpwer levels wuld return t nrmal. This made sense and even pened the dr fr an ptimistic lng-term apprach t willpwer: Yu culd imprve yur willpwer by using it regularly, just as yu can strengthen a muscle thrugh exercise.
Hwever, just because an idea sunds gd desn’t mean it’s true. Later research failed t find Baumeister’s willpwer exhaustin effect. And ther research even shwed that willpwer exhaustin can be reversed if yu have a psitive belief abut what hard wrk des fr yu. If yu believe using willpwer is draining, yu’ll experience it as draining, but if yu believe it energizes yu, yu’ll be energized. In ther wrds, what yu believe abut willpwer might be a self-fulfilling prphecy.
The truble is that studying a psychlgical quality like willpwer in the lab is very difficult. Willpwer experiments greatly versimplify the human experience and dn’t reflect hw willpwer is used in the real wrld. Sample sizes are usually small because f limited funding, and it’s difficult t find diverse subjects. It almst certainly matters hw meaningful the willpwer-requiring task is t the persn ding it, and labratry experiments generally dn’t ask participants t perfrm meaningful tasks.
Furthermre, there are a great many factrs that can affect hw much willpwer an individual has. Willpwer levels change frm mment t mment and day t day. Smene wh has excellent willpwer in ne situatin might have terrible willpwer in anther. Yu might have high self-cntrl ne day and lw self-cntrl anther.
S we just dn’t knw hw willpwer really wrks, and we might never knw. Peple may r may nt have a limited amunt f willpwer. Believing yu have unlimited willpwer might help yu wrk harder than yu therwise wuld, r it might lead t vercnfidence.
63. Ry Baumeister’s bk, Willpwer: Rediscvering the Greatest Human Strength, is mentined at the beginning f the passage in rder t shw that _____.
A. willpwer as a limited resurce has been widely accepted
B. his bk is very ppular amng peple in varius fields
C. willpwer is essential in cmpleting back-t-back tasks
D. a great many experiments has been dne n willpwer
64. By “a self-fulfilling prphecy” in paragraph 3, the authr means that _____.
A. with enugh rest, willpwer can recver itself
B. with the right attitude, we can wn ur willpwer
C. we can fulfil ur dream as lng as we have willpwer
D. there is a fixed amunt f willpwer if we think psitively
65. The authr implies in the passage that we shuld _____.
A. view willpwer as unlimited t fully cultivate ur ptential
B. try ding different tasks when ur willpwer levels change
C. stp ding research n willpwer since it is t changeable
D. treat willpwer critically as it’s hard t get a full picture f it
66. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the passage?
A. The Definitin f WillpwerB. The Great Willpwer Debate
C. The Imprtance f WillpwerD. Strategies t Increase Willpwer

（2024學(xué)年第一學(xué)期敬業(yè)中學(xué)高三階段檢測(cè)）
The budget line is an elementary cncept that mst cnsumers can understand withut a need fr graphs and equatins (圖表及等式) — it’s the husehld budget, fr example. Taken infrmally, the budget line describes the line f affrdability fr a given budget and specific gds. This same cncept — ne that mst cnsumers make many times each day with reflectin n it — is the basis f the mre frmal budget line cncept in ecnmics.
One f the interesting ways the study f ecnmics relates t human behavir generally is that a lt f ecnmics thery is the frmalizatin f the kind f simple cncept — a cnsumer’s infrmal understanding f the amunt she has t spend and what that amunt will buy. In the prcess f frmalizatin, the cncept can be expressed as a mathematical equatin r a graph that can be applied generally.
T understand this, think f a graph where the vertical axis (眾軸) quantifies hw many mvie tickets yu can buy and where the hrizntal axis des the same fr crime nvels. Yu like ging t the mvies and reading crime nvels and yu have $150 t spend. In the example belw, assume that each mvie csts $10 and each crime nvel csts $15. The mre frmal ecnmics term fr these tw items is budget set.
If mvies cst $10 each, then the maximum number f mvies yu can see with the mney available is 15. T nte this yu make a dt at the number 15 (fr ttal mvie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side f the chart. This same dt appears at the extreme left abve “0” n the hrizntal axis because yu have n mney left fr bks — the number f bks available in this example is 0.
Yu can als graph the ther extreme — all crime nvels and n mvies. Since crime nvels in the example cst $15 and yu have $150 available, if yu spend all the available mney crime nvels, yu can buy 10. S yu put a dt n the hrizntal axis at the number 10. Yu’ll place the dt at the bttm f the vertical axis because in this instance yu have $0 available fr mvie tickets.
If yu nw draw a line frm the highest, leftmst dt t the lwest, rightmst dt yu’ll have created a budget line. Any cmbinatin f mvies and crime nvels that falls belw the budget line is affrdable. Any cmbinatin abve it is nt.
43. What is this passage mainly abut?
A. Guidelines fr husehld purchase.B. The descriptin f a daily phenmenn.
C. Ways f presenting research data.D. The explanatin f an ecnmic cncept.
44. The authr uses the purchase f mvie tickets and crime nvels as an example f _________.
A. the frmalizatin f the budget lineB. the frmatin f vertical and hrizntal axes
C. an infrmal understanding f the budget lineD. a cmbinatin f budget set
45. What can be inferred frm the passage abut the budget line?
A. The dts shwing the maximum use f a budget can nly be fund n it.
B. It is intended t indicate ne’s husehld needs fr specific gds.
C. Graphs can interpret it mre precisely than equatins.
D. It is used t explain cnsumers’ shpping habits.
46. In the example mentined in the passage, if yu want t buy 10 mvie tickets and 10 crime nvels with the same budget, where shuld yu make the dt?
A. On the hrizntal axis.B. On the vertical axis.
C. Abve the budget line.D. Belw the budget line.
【2023年1月春考(C篇)】
T tell the age f mst layered rcks, scientists study the fssils these rcks cntain. Fssils prvide imprtant evidence t help determine what happened in Earth histry and when it happened.
The wrd “ fssil” makes many peple think f dinsaurs. Dinsaurs are nw featured in bks, mvies, and televisin prgrams, and the bnes f sme large dinsaurs are n display in many museums. These reptiles were dminant animals n Earth fr well ver 100 millin years frm the Late Triassic thrugh the Late Cretaceus. Many dinsaurs were quite small, but by the middle f the Meszic Perid, sme species weighed as much as 80 tns. By arund 65 years ag all dinsaurs were extinct.
In spite f all f the interest in dinsaurs, they frm nly a small fractin f the millins f species that live and have lived n Earth. The great bulk f the fssil recrd is dminated by fssils f animals with shells and micrscpic remains f plants and animals, and these remains are widespread in sedimentary rcks. It is these fssils that are studied by mst palentlgists.
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English gelgist and engineer William Smith and the French palentlgists Gerges Cuvier and Alexandre Brngniart discvered that rcks f the same age may cntain the same fssils even when the rcks are separated by lng distances. They published the first gelgic maps f large areas n which rcks cntaining similar fssils were shwn. By careful bservatin f the rcks and their fssils , these men and ther gelgists were able t recgnize rcks f the same age n ppsite sides f the English Channel.
William Smith was able t apply his knwledge f fssils in a very practical way.He was an engineer building canals in England, which has lts f vegetatin and few surface expsures f rck. He needed t knw what rcks he culd expect t find n the hills thrugh which he had t build a canal. Often he culd tell what kind f rck was likely t be belw the surface by examining the fssils that had erded frm the rcks f the hillside r by digging a small hle t find fssils. Knwing what rcks t expect allwed Smith t estimate csts and determine what tls were needed fr the jb.
Smith and thers knew that the successin f life frms preserved as fssils is useful fr understanding hw and when the rcks frmed. Only later did scientists develp a thery t explain that successin.
63. What is the purpse f scientists in studying fssils?
A. T clarify the categry f the layered rck.
B. T utilize the structure f the layered rck.
C.T determine the time f presence f the layered rcks.
D.T mdify the envirnment with a layered rck.
64. Which f the fllwing statements is true abut dinsaurs?
A. The mystery f the extinctin f the dinsaurs is still unreslved.
B. Dinsaurs have existed arund the wrld fr abut 6.5 millin years.
C.The dinsaurs were extinct in the Meszic Perid.
D.There was n crrelatin between dinsaurs and fssils.
65. What can we learn abut William Smith?
A. He is a famus French palentlgist.
B. He can predict the types f rck beneath the surface.
C.He can identify rcks f the same age arund the wrld.
D.He needs t turn t prfessinals t estimate the explratin csts.
66. What is this article mainly talking abut?
A.New fssils fund by gelgists.
B. The frmatin f the dinsaur fssils.
C. Tls required t develp the sedimentary rcks.
D. Fssils in the rcks facilitating related research advances.
【2022年1月春考(C篇)】
Cnservatinists g t war ver whether humans are the measure f nature's value. New Cnservatinists argue such trade-ffs are necessary in this human dminated epch. And they supprt “re-wilding", a cncept riginally prpsed by Sule where peple curtail ecnmic grwth and withdraw frm landscapes, which then return t nature.
New Cnservatinists believe the withdrawal culd happen tgether with ecnmic grwth The Califrnia-based Breakthrugh Institute believes in a future where mst peple live in cities and rely less n natural resurces fr ecnmic grwth.
They wuld get fd frm industrial agriculture. including genetically mdified fds, desalinatin intensified meat prductin and aquaculture, all f which have a smaller land ftprint. And they wuld get their energy frm renewables and natural gas.
Driving these prfund shifts wuld be greater efficiency f prductin, where mre prducts culd be manufactured frm fewer inputs. And sme unsustainable cmmdities wuld be replaced in the market by ther, greener nes---natural gas fr cal, fr instance, explained Michael Heisenberg., president f the Breakthrugh Institute. Nature wuld, in essence, be decupled frm the ecnmy.
And then he added a caveat:"We are nt suggesting decupling as the paradigm t save the wrld, r that it slves all the prblems r eliminates all the trade- ffs.
Cynics( 悲觀者) may say all this sunds t utpian, but Breakthrugh maintains the wrld is already n this path tward decupling. Nwhere is this mre evident than in the United Sates, accrding t Idd Wernick, a research schlar at the Rckefeller University, wh has examined the natin’s use f 100 main cmmdities.
Wemck and his clleagues lked at data carefully frm the U.S. Gelgical Survey Natinal Minerals Infrmatin Center , which keeps a recrd f cmmdities used frm 1900 thrugh the present day. They fund that the use f 36 cmmdities ( sand, ire re , cttn etc.) in the U. S. Ecnmy had peaked.
Anther 53 cmmdities (nitrgen,timber, beef, etc. ) are being used mre efficiently per dllar value f grss dmestic prduct than in the pre-1970s era. Their use wuld peak sn, Wernick said.
Only 11cmmdities (industrial diamnd, indium, chicken, etc.) are increasing in use (Greenwire, Nv.6), and mst f these are emplyed by industries in small quantities t imprve systems prcesses.Chicken use is rising because peple are eating less beef, a desirable develpment since pultry cultivatin has a smaller envirnmental ftprint.
The numbers shw the United States has nt intensified resurce cnsumptin since the1970s even while increasing its GDP and ppulatin, said Jesse Ausubel f the Rckefeller University.
“It seems like the 20th-century expectatin we had, we were always assuming the future entailed greater cnsumptin f resurces," Ausubel said. "But what we are seeing in the develped cuntries is, f curse, peaks.”
63.What des the underlined wrd"trade-ffs"refer t in the first paragraph?
A. The balance between human develpment and natural eclgy
B. The prfitability f imprt and exprt trade.
C.The cnsumptin f natural resurces by industrial develpment
D. The difficult plight f ecnmies grwth.
64.Which fthe fllwing is true f the views f the new envirnmentalists?
A.They believe that mankind shuld live in frests with rich vegetatin
B.They believe that mankind will need mre natural resurces in the future.
C.They believe that mankind is the master f the whle universe.
D. They believe that mankind shuld limit ecnmic grwth
65.What can we infer frm the last paragraph f the passage?
A.Natural resurces cannt supprt ecnmic develpment.
B.Mre resurce cnsumptin will nt ccur in a certain perid f time.
C.Excessive resurce cnsumptin will nt affect the eclgical envirnment
D. All resurce cnsumptin in develped cuntries has reached a peak
66. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. Urbanizatin and re-wildness.
B. Human existence and industrial develpment
C.Sciecnmic develpment and resurce cnsumptin
D. Cmmdity trading and raw material develpmentpsitive 肯定的,積極的
passive 被動(dòng)的，消極的
negative 消極的
supprtive 支持的
disapprving 不贊成的
critical 批評(píng)的
cnservative 保守的
suspicius 可疑的，懷疑的
puzzled/ cnfused 困惑的
subjective 主觀的
bjective 客觀的
neutral 中立的
cncerned 關(guān)心的，有關(guān)的
ptimistic 樂(lè)觀的
pessimistic 悲觀的
indifferent 漠不關(guān)心的
uncncerned 不關(guān)心的

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