高考二輪語法回顧與訓練---特殊結(jié)構(gòu)1.倒裝：在英語中，主語和謂語的語序通常是主語在前，謂語在后。但有時謂語的全部或一部分提到主語的前面，這種語序叫做“倒裝”。 倒裝有兩種：部分倒裝和完全倒裝。部分倒裝是指將助動詞 (do, does, did, have, has)、情態(tài)動詞或be動詞提到主語前面。完全倒裝是指將整個謂語提到主語前面。強調(diào)：強調(diào)句型的被強調(diào)內(nèi)容必須是對that / who后句子的某一成分表示強調(diào)，如果把it is / was…that / who去掉，句子成分、意思應該完整。省略：省略句是英語的一種習慣用法。按照語法的分析，句子應該具備的成分，有時在句中并不出現(xiàn)，這種句子叫做省略句。2.考點歸納一、倒裝1. 完全倒裝（Full Inversion）謂語動詞完全放在主語之前的句子便是完全倒裝句。這類句型主要有：（1）表示方式、方位的副詞或介詞短語（如here, there, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall…）置于句首，且主語是名詞時，用完全倒裝。There lies a temple near our cottage.Down came the rain and up went the umbrella.Out rushed the children. 孩子們沖了出去。South of the river lies a small factory. 一個小型工廠坐落在河的南岸。In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor. 在英格蘭一所大學的講堂里坐著一位教授。（2）主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的表語位于句首時，用完全倒裝。句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：表語 + 連系動詞 + 主語。表語可以是：形容詞 / 介詞短語 / 現(xiàn)在分詞 / 過去分詞 / 不定式。Outside the doctor’s clinic were 20 patients.Present at the meeting were Professor Zhang and many other guests. 張教授和許多其他客人出席了會議。（3）such置于句首時，用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century's greatest scientist. 這就是艾伯特?愛因斯坦，一個樸實的人，也是20世紀最偉大的科學家。2. 部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)只把謂語的一部分（助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或者be動詞）置于主語之前的句子叫部分倒裝句。（1）否定副詞never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely, rarely等置于句首時。Little does he realize how important this meeting is. Never before have I seen such a moving film. = I have never seen such a moving film before. 以前我從未看過這么感人的電影。Not a single mistake did he make. = He didn’t make a single mistake. 他一個錯也沒犯。（2）當not only…but also…連接兩個分句時，前一個分句使用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，而后一個分句不倒裝。Fortunately, not only did I smooth away these difficulties ultimately, but I also learnt how to team up with others. 幸運的是，最終我不僅消除這些困難，而且我也學會了如何與他人合作。During those days, not only did we get our oral English or Chinese improved, but we also learned the significance of cooperation and communication. 那些日子里，不僅我們的英語、漢語口語得到提升，我們也（3）“so / such…that…”句型中，當such / so位于句首時，主句用部分倒裝，that引導的從句不倒裝。 So clearly does he speak Japanese that he can always make himself understood.（4）No sooner…than …; Hardly …when…; scarcely…when…（一…就…）的倒裝。No sooner had Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.（5）表示“絕不”的短語置于句首時其后要用部分倒裝。如by no means, in no case, in no way, at no time, on no account, in / under no circumstances等。By no means will I lend him money. 無論如何我絕不會借錢給他了。（6）在Not until…結(jié)構(gòu)中，當Not until位于句首時，主句要部分倒裝，從句不倒裝。Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才離開這房間。（7）當“only + 狀語（副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句）”位于句首時，其后要用部分倒裝。Only then did we find out the truth. 只有那時，我們才查明了真相。Only in this way can we learn English well. 只有以這種方法，我們才能學好英語。From the meaningful activity, I also learnt that only when we are armed with faith and devotion can we get over obstacles. 從這次有意義的活動中，我也學會了只有當我們具備了信念，更加地投入，我們才能克服障礙。only開頭的倒裝句使用特點：◆在only開頭的部分倒裝句中，如果謂語部分無助動詞，則須找助動詞來“幫助”它構(gòu)成倒裝句。如：(×) Only after the war learned he the sad news.(√) Only after the war did he learn the sad news. ◆only修飾狀語從句時，從句不可倒裝。如：(×) Only when did he return did we find out the truth.(√) Only when he returned did we find out the truth.◆only修飾主語時，句子不可倒裝。如：(×) Only can he answer the question.(√) Only he can answer the question. （8）由so, neither, nor引起的句子，表示前面的情況也適用于另一人（或事物）的倒裝。當前后主語一致時只能用nor, 不能用neither。- I am a student.  - So am I.She hasn’t read it and nor / neither have I. I couldn’t find him, nor did I know where he had gone. （9）as / though表示“盡管”，引導讓步狀語從句時，部分倒裝。其結(jié)構(gòu)為：名詞（無冠詞）/ 形容詞 / 副詞 / 分詞 + as / though + 主語 + 謂語 + 主句；動詞（實義動詞）+ as / though + 主語 + 助動詞 + 主句。Much as / though I like it, I will not buy it．Exhausted as / though he was, there was no hope of his being able to sleep.Try as you may, he won’t listen to your advice on the potential dangers of smoking. 盡管你可以嘗試，他不會聽你關(guān)于吸煙潛在危險的建議。Try as he might, he didn’t pass the exam. 盡管他嘗試了，他沒有通過考試。（10）當if引導的虛擬條件從句中含有had, were, should時，將if省略，將had, were, should移到主語前，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果他懂一些電腦知識的話，我們已經(jīng)聘用他來這里工作了。Were she here, she would agree with us. （=If she were here…）如果她在這兒的話，她會同意我們的。Were it to rain tomorrow, they would not go out. （=If it were to rain…）如果明天下雨，他們不會出去。   Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. （=If he shoud agree…）要是他答應去的話，我們就派他去。二、強調(diào)句1. 強調(diào)句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：It is (was) + 被強調(diào)的部分 + that…It was your hospitality and consideration on everyday basis that made me feel at home. 你的殷勤好客和生活中的細致貼心讓我感覺賓至如歸。It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do that benefits / that is of benefit to our work most. 不是我們做了多少，而是對我們所做的事情投入多少情感最有利于我們的工作。2、強調(diào)句的一般疑問句：Was it (Is it) + 被強調(diào)的部分 + that…？Is it on a lonely island that he was saved one month after the boat went down？3、強調(diào)句的特殊疑問句：Who / What / When…+ was / is it + that…？- What was it that made Tom wild with joy?- That he succeeded in passing the A-level exam this year. 4、賓語從句中的強調(diào)句：主語 + 動詞 + who / what / when…it was / is that…Do you know why it was that your parents chose to settle down in this city? 5、含有not…until 結(jié)構(gòu)的強調(diào)句：It was not until…that…It was not until he got to the office that he remembered leaving the key at home.三、省略句1. 定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞that, which, whom?？梢允÷?。- Did you remember the days when we studied in the university?- Certainly. Especially the hard times (which) we spent together.2. 動詞不定式的省略。（1）單獨使用不定式符號to，代替動詞不定式后被省略的動詞，常用在be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等。I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to.（2）否定形式的省略用not to。- Shall I go instead of him? 我可以代替他去嗎？- I prefer you not to. 我寧可你不去。（3）如果不定式中含有be, have, have been, 通常保留be, have和have been。- Are you a sailor? 你是個海員嗎？- No, but I used to be. 不是，但我以前是。- He hasn’t finished yet. 他還沒完成。- Well, he ought to have. 哦，他早該完成了。3. 狀語從句中的省略（1）當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致，且從句中含be動詞時，可以省略狀語從句中的主語和be動詞。Once (he was) a teacher, he now works in a government office.While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called. 當我正在沿著大街走時，我聽見有人叫我的名字。The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected. 展覽比預料的更有趣。He opened his lips as if (he were) to speak. 他張了張嘴好像有話要說。When (she was) asked about her opinion of Professor Smith’s lecture, she said that never had she heard a better one than his.（2）當從句中的主語是it，謂語動詞中又含有系動詞be時，可以把it和系動詞be一起省略。此時構(gòu)成連詞(if, unless, when, whenever) + 形容詞。Unless (it is) necessary, you’d better not refer to the dictionary. 如果沒必要，你最好別查詞典。另外，我們還可以用so或not代替上文內(nèi)容，此時可有“if so / not”省略句式。He may not be at home then. If so (If he is not at home), leave him a note. 他那時也許不在家。如果不在家的話，給他留下個便條。（3）如果if條件從句中有were，had或should時，可省略連詞if，同時將were, had或should提至主語前。（詳見部分倒裝10）4. 賓語從句中的省略（1）由which, when, where, how和why引導的賓語從句，可全部或部分省去，只保留引導詞。Please pass me one of these books, I don’t care which (you pass me). 請遞給我一本書，隨便哪一本。He will come back, but he doesn’t know when (he will come back). 他會回來的，但他不知道什么時候回來。（2）由that引導的賓語從句，連詞that可省略；若帶有多個賓語從句，只有第一個that可省略，其余不能省。I didn’t realize (that) she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 他說這篇課文非常重要，我們應該背下來。強化訓練一、填空：在空白處填入適當?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。1. Had you consulted your close friends, they ________ (offer) a helping hand.2. It is our parents ________ have devoted their ________ (condition) love to us, which indeed deserves our ________ (appreciate) and reward.3. Not once ________ it occur to Michael that he could one day become a top student.4. It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic ________ Zheng He ________ (sail) to East Africa.5. Hearing the dog ________ (bark) fiercely, away________ (flee) the thief.6. He kept a little notebook, in which __________ (write) the names and addresses of his friend.7. ________ I you, I would communicate with them patiently, ________ (tell) them how ________ (serious) it will hurt me when my secrets are exposed.8. The exhibition is more interesting than ________ (expect).9. - Why didn’t you come to the party?  - I had meant ________, but something ________ (expect) happened. 10. Were you ________ come, I would be your guide and show you ________ the places of interest in China, such as the Great Wall, the Summer Palace and so on.11. Present at the activity ________ (be) all the students who took delight in it.12. The ________ (hard) you work, the more you will achieve.13. There ________ (be) five students, a teacher and the headmaster who attended the special problem-solving meeting.二、改錯：每句錯誤最多有兩處。錯誤涉及到一個單詞的增加、刪除和修改。1. Give me a chance, I will give you a wonderful surprise.2. Not until did he arrived home he find that this wallet had been stolen.3. Was it because of Jack came late for school why Mr. Smith got angry?4. Only after talking to two students did I discovered having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.5. If parents never expect their children to be helpful at home, they are sure not to.6. If is possible, I am scheduled to pay a visit to my grandpa on next Monday.7. The doctor announced that if treating in a proper way, the man, injured in the accident, is more likely to be saved.8. I’ve tried hard to improve my Maths. But by no means is the teacher not satisfied with my progresses.9. So great progress did he make what he was highly praised. 10. At last, on behalf of all the students in our school, I hope you will have a safe and happy journey home and there will be more program like this in the future.11. It was not until at midnight that they reached the camp site.12. It is not short cut but persistent efforts that determines where you can go and who you are.三、翻譯1. 你的周到安排讓這個活動既棒又難忘。（強調(diào)）2. 更糟糕的是， 盡管我努力嘗試，我的努力白費了。（倒裝）3. 不可否認，如果設(shè)計得當，這本雜志會是個巨大的成功。（省略）4. 我不僅能使我的伙伴了解美國文化，必要時，我也能夠幫他們。（倒裝）5. 你只有一步一步遵循我以上所說，你才會發(fā)現(xiàn)英語學習有趣、富有成效。（倒裝）6. 我流暢的英語口語、對美國文化的精通會讓我在眾多申請者中脫穎而出。（強調(diào)）7. 我從來沒有經(jīng)歷過像這樣好的活動。（倒裝）8. 這不是我所訂購的顏色，聲音質(zhì)量也難以達到我的期望。（倒裝）9. 你絕不應該和父母爭吵。（倒裝）  參考答案：一、填空1. would have offered  2. who/that; unconditional; appreciation  3. did  4. that; had sailed  5. barking; fled  6. were written  7. were; telling; seriously  8. expected  9. to; unexpected  10. to; around  11. were  12. harder  13. were二、改錯1. give - giving或and I    2. did刪除; did he3. of刪除；why - that    4. is - was; discovered - discover5. to be       6. It is或者刪除is; 刪除on7. treating - treated; is - was   8. 刪除not; progresses - progress9. so - such; what - that       10. and that; programs11. 刪除at      12. determines - determine三、翻譯1. It is your considerate arrangement that makes the activity wonderful and unforgettable.2. Worse still, hard as I try, my efforts turn out to be fruitless.3. Admittedly, the magazine will be a great success if designed properly.4. Not only can I keep my partners informed of the American culture, but I am also capable of helping them when necessary.5. Only if you follow what I mentioned above will you find your English study enjoyable and fruitful.6. It is my fluent oral English and knowledge of American culture that will make me stand out among the applicants. 7. Never have I experienced a fantastic activity like this. 8. The color isn’t the one that I ordered, nor does its sound quality live up to my expectations.9. On no account should you quarrel with your parents.

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