高考二輪語法回顧與訓(xùn)練---動詞的時態(tài)語態(tài)1.動詞時態(tài)就是動作行為的時間狀態(tài)。時間有現(xiàn)在、過去、將來、過去將來；動作分一般、完成、進(jìn)行、完成進(jìn)行，這樣就構(gòu)成了16種時態(tài)。語態(tài)則分為主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)，英語中的被動語態(tài)由“be + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成，be為助動詞，有時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化主要體現(xiàn)在謂語動詞的變化。課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)只要求高中生掌握以下常見的10種時態(tài)用法。2.考點歸納一、一般現(xiàn)在時1. 一般現(xiàn)在時用動詞原形（do）（主語是第三人稱單數(shù)用does）和be動詞（is，am，are）構(gòu)成。2. 第三人稱單數(shù)謂語動詞變化規(guī)則是：（1）一般情況加“-s”。eat - eats; move - moves; read - reads; show - shows; spend - spends; work - works; write - writes（2）以輔音加“y”結(jié)尾的詞把“y”改成“i”，再加“-es”（但元音字母加“y”結(jié)尾的則直接加“-s”）。bury - buries; carry - carries; clarify - clarifies; copy - copies; cry - cries; fly - flies; fry - fries; hurry - hurries; rely - relies; study - studies; try - tries; worry - worries。（這些詞是元音字母加“y”結(jié)尾）betray - betrays; convey - conveys; delay - delays; destroy - destroys; enjoy - enjoys; obey - obeys; pay - pays; play - plays; pray - prays; stay - stays。（3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”結(jié)尾的詞加“-es”。do - does; go - goes; pass - passes; guess - guesses; fix - fixes; approach - approaches; catch - catches; teach - teaches; watch - watches; wash - washesbrush - brushes; finish - finishes; push - pushes; punish - punishes; publish - publishes; rush – rushes（注意：以“th”結(jié)尾的詞只加“s”。如：month - months）3、一般現(xiàn)在時的用法。（1）一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和always, often, usually, sometimes, every day等時間狀語連用。On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.      （2）一般現(xiàn)在時表示客觀事實、客觀規(guī)律或客觀真理。    “Life is like walking in the snow,” Granny used to say, “because every step shows.”（3）在時間或條件狀語從句中，須用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)，而不用一般將來時。Whenever you buy a present, you should think about it from the receiver’s point of view.     （4）一般現(xiàn)在時?？杀硎居媱澔虬才藕玫膶淼膭幼鳎嘤糜?/span>go, come, arrive, leave, start, open, close等動詞，通常與表示將來的時間狀語連用。We leave London on 15th July, and we’ll be flying to Morocco, in northern Africa. 二、一般過去時1、一般過去時用動詞過去式（did）（be動詞用was; were）構(gòu)成。2、行為動詞加-ed的規(guī)則：（1）一般情況下動詞詞尾加 ed。ask - asked; destroy - destroyed; exist - existed; finish - finished; happen - happened; played - played; remain - remained; want - wanted; work - worked（2）以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾動詞，動詞詞尾加d。advise - advised; change - changed; decide - decided; decline - declined; desire - desired; face -faced; force - forced; judge - judged; like - liked; live - lived; require - required; urge - urged; wipe - wiped（3）以輔音字母 + y結(jié)尾的動詞，把y變?yōu)?/span>i，再加-ed。bury - buried; carry - carried; copy - copied; cry - cried; empty - emptied; hurry - hurried; justify - justified; rely - relied; study - studied; try - tried; try - tried; worry - worried（4）以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)動詞，雙寫詞尾輔音字母，再加-ed。admit – admitted; ban - banned; drag - dragged; drop - dropped; grab - grabbed; occur - occurred; permit – permitted; plan - planned; stop - stopped; scan - scanned; shop - shopped; sob - sobbed; swap - swapped; trap - trapped （5）不規(guī)則動詞的過去式變化規(guī)律性不強(qiáng)，須多加記憶。3、一般過去時的用法。（1）一般過去時主要表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和a moment ago, half an hour ago, just now, yesterday, last week, in 2005, in those days, at that time, in the past, the other day等表示過去的時間狀語連用。Last year, however, nearly twenty billion tons of rice was produced.（2）表示過去時間內(nèi)連續(xù)發(fā)生的幾個動作。He checked the evidence, read the article and passed it on to the copy-editor.（3）表示過去時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常的或習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài)。I lived in London for many years, but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China.   三、一般將來時１. 一般將來時一般由“shall / will + 動詞原形”構(gòu)成，表示將來要發(fā)生的事。Next month we will have our school open day, which makes everyone excited.2. “be going to + 動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算做某事或即將發(fā)生某事。The speech is going to be at 3 p.m. on 9th October.3. “be to + 動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)表示即將發(fā)生某事，或按計劃安排要發(fā)生的事。We are to finish this experiment in two months at most.四、過去將來時過去將來時一般由“should / would + 動詞原形”構(gòu)成，表示從過去某一時間看，即將發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。They always told us that one day we would move into a house, a real house that would belong to us.     五、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時1. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時由“am / is / are + v.ing”構(gòu)成。2. 行為動詞加-ing的規(guī)則：（1）一般情況直接加-ing。enjoy - enjoying; paint - painting; pass - passing; read - reading; watch - watching; work - working（2）以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的要去e加-ing。hope - hoping; introduce - introducing; move - moving; shave - shaving; taste - tasting; write - writing （3）以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)動詞，要雙寫詞尾輔音字母，再加-ing。begin - beginning; control - controlled; cut - cutting; drop - dropping; equip - equipping; get - getting; hit - hitting; plan - planning; prefer - preferring; put - putting; refer - referring; run - running; sit - sitting; set - setting; stop - stopping （4）以ie結(jié)尾的動詞要改ie為y，再加-ing。die - dying; lie - lying; tie - tying3. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的用法：（1）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示說話時正在進(jìn)行的動作或發(fā)生的事情。Because my brother is filling in an application form for a new job, we don’t bother him with these simple questions.   （2）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作，但說話時不一定正在進(jìn)行。Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing sharply.（3）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時常與always, forever, constantly等副詞連用，帶有厭惡、贊揚(yáng)等感情色彩。That she is always changing her mind often annoys others.六、過去進(jìn)行時1. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時由“was / were + 動詞-ing”(v.-ing)構(gòu)成。2. 過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某時刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動作，常與at this / that time yesterday, the whole evening, all day yesterday等時間狀語連用。Jim was watching a late night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank.          七、將來進(jìn)行時1. 將來進(jìn)行時由“shall / will be + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。2. 將來進(jìn)行時表示將來某一時間正在進(jìn)行的動作，一般與表示將來的時間狀語連用，如soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, at this time tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。Daniel’s family will be enjoying their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.八、現(xiàn)在完成時1. 現(xiàn)在完成時由“have / has + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成。現(xiàn)在完成時表示：（1）它表示動作發(fā)生在過去，但其結(jié)果影響到現(xiàn)在。（2）表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還可能持續(xù)下去。現(xiàn)在完成時的標(biāo)志詞有以下一些：since; since then; already; yet; lately; recently; of late; so far; till now; up to now; in / over / for / during the past days / weeks / months / yearsThe marathon has been an Olympic even since the modern games started in 1896.2. 現(xiàn)在完成時的特殊句型：（1）It is the first / second time that sb + have / has + 過去分詞。It is the second time that John has held an art exhibition.  （2）It / This is the + 形容詞最高級 + 名詞 +（that）… have / has + 過去分詞。This is the most interesting book that I have read.  九、過去完成時1、過去完成時由“had + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成。過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”，常與by, before, when, until等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用。Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.2、過去完成時的特殊用法：（1）It was the first / second time that sb + had + 過去分詞。It was the first time in a year and a half that I had seen the night face to face.（2）It / That was the + 形容詞最高級 + 名詞 +（that）sb had + 過去分詞。He said it was the most expensive meal that he had had.   （3）hope, expect, mean, intend, plan, suppose, think, want等動詞的過去完成時表示過去未實現(xiàn)的愿望、計劃或打算。I had meant to accompany my son last Saturday, but I had to work extra hours to prepare the examination paper. （= I meant to have accompanied my son…）（4）過去完成時還用于兩個常用句型的主句中：hardly / scarcely…when和no sooner…than （一…就…）。Hardly had we left the dormitory the next morning when we realized we had left our map in the room.   （5）主語 + 過去完成時 + by +（過去時間）。I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night.（6）主句（過去完成時）+ by the time + 從句（過去時）。Steve Jobs had earned millions of dollars by the time he was fifteen.十、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時由“have / has been + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。它表示動作從過去發(fā)生，持續(xù)進(jìn)行到現(xiàn)在，可能還要進(jìn)行下去。Jack appears exhausted. He along with his two thirteen-year-old twin brothers has been painting the house, and he must finish the work tomorrow.I’m tired.I’ve been painting the living room all day. 十一、主動形式表被動意義1. 英語中有很多動詞（如break, catch, clean, drive, look, open, sell, read, write, wash等），當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時，常用其主動形式表達(dá)被動意義，主語通常是物；在這種情況下，常常和easily, well等副詞連用。特別提醒：主動語態(tài)表被動強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。This kind of cloth washes easily and sells well.2. 表示感受、感官的系動詞feel, sound, taste, look等后跟形容詞、名詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，無被動形式。The water felt cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.3. 在need, want, require, deserve等動詞、worth等形容詞的后面，動名詞用主動形式表示被動意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動詞不定式的被動形式。The house which needs repairing/to be repaired belongs to his grandfather.  4. 在某些“主語（人 / 物）/ It + be + 形容詞 + 不定式”中不定式的主動形式表達(dá)被動意義。這些形容詞有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, pleasant等。She is hard to please. Everything has to be perfect.  This English song is easy to learn.   5. “介詞in、on、under等 + 名詞”構(gòu)成介詞短語表被動意義。表示方位的介詞與含動作意義的名詞合用，含被動之意，其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動詞的被動形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞。?？嫉挠校?/span>under control受控制  under treatment在治療中  under repair在修理中under discussion在討論中 under construction在施工中The problem which is under discussion draws everyone’s attention.  注意：不及物動詞是沒有被動語態(tài)的。?？嫉挠幸韵乱恍?，請同學(xué)們用心記住。happen, occur, rise, arise, die, fail, appear, survive, remain, break out, come about, take place, run out, break out, come up, come out, belong to, date back to, date from 十二、?？嫉囊恍┍粍泳湫?/span>1. I’m fully / greatly convinced that… 我深信…2. It is generally acknowledged that… 人們普遍認(rèn)為…3. As is known to us all, … 眾所周知…4. It is said / believed / reported that… 據(jù)說/人們相信/據(jù)報道…= sb / sth is said to do sth / to be doing sth / to have done sth強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練一、語法填空：在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(一個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。1. Finally the slave trade ________ (abolish) in 1807.   2. It was the first time that Aston ________ (admit) to stealing a vehicle.3. So far all flights and high speed trains ________ (cancel) because of the typhoon.4. An amusement park is under ________ (construct). 5. At present, lots of food with medicines ________ (transport )from all over China to the earthquake- stricken areas.6. He’s a responsible writer, and he deserves ________ (respect).7. A cook ________ (fire) if he is caught ________ (smoke)in the kitchen.8. I________ (try) to phone Tom all evening, ________ I can’t seem to get ________ There must be something wrong with the network.9. He glanced quickly ________ his shoulder to see if he ________ (follow)10. The thief glanced at the newspaper headline, ________ (realize) that he ________ (want) by the police, and then he ________ (immediate) escaped.11.Hardly had it________(strike)0 o’clock on November 11________ the shopaholics（購物狂）began to shop online ________ (crazy).12. Honestly, I ________ (hurt) because I had no idea why you took no notice of what we ________ (value) before.13. Weather ________ (permit), the party ________ (hold) in the garden as scheduled.    14. The police ________ (search) for the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.  15. The Grammy Awards ________ (present) every year to those who have made great ________ (achieve) in the music industry in the United States. 二、單句改錯：每句錯誤最多有兩處。錯誤涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除和修改。1. Scientists had explored the cure of AIDS in the last 20 years.2. Last week a tennis ball hits me on the head, but I tried to neglect the pain, believed that it would go away sooner or later.3. Founding in 1852, it was one of the first and most ambitious US department store.   4. A fire broke out in the market yesterday, but fortunately no one hurt.5. Large quantities of informations as well as some timely help have offered since the organization was built.     6. One-third of the country are covered with tree and the majority of the citizens are black people.   7. No sooner had she said it when she burst out tears.8. Within ten years, she had a new leg which freed her from the pain that has troubled her for 16 years.   9. One day I saw an advertisement in a local newspaper. I ring up the company, and I given the job immediately.    10. Fortunately, by the time I got back, they have finished the tough task.三、翻譯。1. 我本打算拜訪你的，但是我正要離開的時候有人來看我。2. 這是第三次他被告知會議的變化。3. 他剛一開始說話觀眾就打斷了他。4. 過去三年來，我一直忙于照顧我的小孩以致于我沒有時間參加一些社會活動。5. 他的評論和正在討論的主題沒有關(guān)系。6. 下周一這部新電影將在新建的電影院上映7. 我們不能使用閱覽室，因為它正在維修。8. 三年前，我的父親出了一場嚴(yán)重的車禍。9. 高考的學(xué)生每天都是6點起床。10. 人們普遍認(rèn)為，閱讀能增長我們的知識，拓寬我們的視野。       參考答案：一、語法填空1. was abolished  2. had admitted  3. have been cancelled  4. construction  5. is being transported  6. respecting / to be respected  7. will be fired; smoking  8. have been trying; but; through  9. over; was being followed  10. realizing; was wanted; immediately  11. struck; when; crazily  12. was hurt; had valued  13. permitting; will be held  14. were searching  15. are presented; achievements二、單句改錯1. had - have; of - for2. hits - hit; believed - believing3. Founding - Founded; store – stores4. hurt前加was5. informations - information; offered前加been6. are - is; tree - trees7. when - than; out – into8. has - had9. ring - rang; given前was10. have - had三、翻譯1. I had meant to visit you, but I was about to leave when someone came to see me. 2. This/It was the third time that he had been informed of the changes of the meeting.3. Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.No sooner had he begun to speak than the audience interrupted him.4. Over the past three years, I have been occupied in attending to my baby so that I haven’t had time to join in some social activities.5. His remarks aren’t related to the topic under discussion.6. The new film will be put on at the newly-built cinema next Monday.7. We can’t use the reading-room, because it is being repaired/under repair.8. Three years ago, my father came across a serious accident.    Three years ago, a serious accident happened to my father.9. Senior three students get up at 6 o’clock every day.10. It is generally acknowledged that reading can increase our knowledge and broaden our horizons.

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