高考二輪語法回顧與訓(xùn)練---非謂語動詞一、非謂語動詞的定義非謂語動詞是指在句子中不是謂語的動詞，主要包括不定式to do、v.-ing和v.-ed。二、非謂語動詞的功能：在句中充當除謂語之外的其他成分（主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語等）。注意: 過去分詞done 不能充當主語和賓語；having (been) done不能作主語或定語。三、非謂語動詞的含義：1. to do 表“為了做”、“結(jié)果（常指意料外的結(jié)果）”時，常做目的狀語和結(jié)果狀語；表“要去”、“將要”時，常做定語或表語等。2. doing 帶有“主動”或“正在 / 一直進行中”的含義；表情緒的v.-ing常表“令人感到…”的含義。3. done 帶有“被動”或“已經(jīng)完成”的含義；表情緒的v.-ed常表“感到…”的含義。考點歸納一、不定式to do與v.-ing作主語除固定句型外，v.-ing作主語和不定式to do作主語無重大區(qū)別，只是側(cè)重點有所不同。v.-ing常表示泛指的、一般的行為；不定式to do常表示某次具體的行為或?qū)淼膭幼鳌?/span>Sometimes shopping from one location to another makes you wait in line.（泛指一般的、通常的行為）It took years of work to reduce the industrial pollution and clean the water. （特指一次具體行為）?？脊潭ň湫停?/span>（1）It’s no use / good / fun / pleasure doing sth.It’s no use complaining that you don’t have an opportunity to land an ideal job.（2）It’s +adj. + (for / of sb.) + to do sth.能搭配of或者for的形容詞有哪些？歸納如下，請牢記！It’s kind / brave / polite / careless / honest / clever of you to do…=You are kind / brave / polite / careless / honest / clever to do…It’s important / difficult / necessary / easy for you to do…（不能說You are important / difficult / necessary / easy to do…）It’s brave of you to rescue the child from the burning house. It’s difficult for me to handle the problem. 二、不定式to do與v.-ing作賓語1. 常接不定式作賓語的動詞，即afford / agree…to do sth，（請重點記憶）：afford, agree, aim, bother, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, intend, manage, offer, pretend, refuse, threatenI cannot afford to pay such a price.We decided not to go out because of the weather.2. 常接v.-ing作賓語的動詞（短語），即admit / advise…doing sth，請重點記憶：admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, delay, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, mind, miss, practice / practise, quit, risk, resist, stand, suggest, tolerate, feel like, cannot help / resist, be busy, be worth…They couldn’t help / resist laughing when they heard the joke. 他們聽到這個笑話不禁大笑起來。The movie is worth watching.部分動詞后即可接不定式也可接v.-ing作賓語，但意思有很大差別： remember to do sth. 記住要做某事（未做）remember doing sth. 記得做過某事（已做） forget to do sth. 忘記去做某事（未做）forget doing sth. 忘記做過某事（已做）regret to do sth. 遺憾要做某事（未做）regret doing sth. 后悔/抱歉做過某事（已做） try to do sth. 努力做某事try doing sth. 嘗試做某事mean to do sth. 計劃做某事mean doing sth. 意味著做某事can’t help to do sth. 不能幫助做某事can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)做另一件事go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做同一件事stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事stop doing sth. 停下正在做的事情4. 一些動詞后即可接不定式也可接v.-ing作賓語，意義基本無差異。如：begin doing / to do, start doing / to do, like doing / to do, continue doing / to do等。I like reading / to read English novels.5. 常考考點：pretend to do (假裝要做)；pretend to be doing (假裝正在做)；pretend to have done (假裝做了)happen to do (碰巧要做)；happen to be doing (碰巧正在做)； happen to have done (碰巧做了)seem / appear to do（似乎要做）/ to be doing（似乎正在做）/ to have done（似乎做了）As many people do, you often pretend to be working when / while actually you are just wasting time online. 三、不定式、v.-ing、v.-ed作表語1. 不定式、v.-ing作表語無本質(zhì)區(qū)別，一般可以互換。My hobby is collecting / to collect ancient coins.v.-ing和v.-ed作表語相當于形容詞，但要注意二者的區(qū)別：v.-ed表“感到…”，一般修飾人；v.-ing表“令人…”，一般修飾物。      I am confused with this confusing question.She was really frightened because the news is frightening.3. ?？伎键c：sth remains to be done …（某事）有待做It still remains to be seen whether the differences appear to cause big problems. 四、不定式、v.-ing、v.-ed作定語1. 不定式做定語放在所修飾的名詞后，表示未發(fā)生的動作或通常發(fā)生的某一動作。He is always the first to come and the last to leave.2. v.-ing做定語，常常表示主動或正在進行的動作。The travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong. The building being built now is our stadium.3. v.-ed作定語表示被動、或完成的意義。The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras returned to our shop for quality problems.4. v.-ed和v.-ing作定語相當于形容詞的區(qū)別：v.-ed表“感到…”；v.-ing表“令人…”。an interesting movie 一部有趣的電影  a frightened girl一個害怕的女孩但v.-ed可用在表示情緒的詞語中，需特別記憶：a puzzled expression困惑的表情   a determined look一個堅定的眼神an excited scream激動的尖叫聲   a satisfied smile滿意的微笑After hearing the frightening news, she let out a frightened cry.5. 比較下列不定式、v.-ing、v.-ed作定語并表示被動的區(qū)別The problem to be discussed at the next meeting is of great significance. 下次會議上將要討論的問題很重要。（不定式做定語 = The problem which is to be discussed at the next meeting is…）The problem being discussed at the meeting is of great significance. 正在會議上討論的問題很重要。（v.-ing做定語 = The problem which is being discussed at the meeting is…）The problem discussed at the meeting yesterday was of great significance. 昨天會議上討論的問題很重要。（v.-ed做定語 = The problem which was discussed at the meeting yesterday was…） 五、不定式、v.-ing、v.-ed作賓語補足語1. 多數(shù)動詞后常跟帶符號to的不定式做賓語補足語：如ask, tell, want, wish, order, instruct, persuade, advise, allow, warn, encourage, cause, require等，即 ask sb. (not) to do等結(jié)構(gòu)。其被動結(jié)構(gòu)為：sb be asked (not) to do sth.My reply made him smile, and he asked me to write an essay on that subject.The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.2. 部分動詞后需使用不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語，如感官動詞see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe和使役動詞let, have, make，即see sb. do等結(jié)構(gòu)，常表示動作的整個過程；但在被動語態(tài)中仍需使用帶to的不定式。He was made to sit in a front seat for his poor eyesight.They were observed to open the window and jump into the house.注意：（1）let / have sb. do結(jié)構(gòu)(僅限主動語態(tài))，表達“讓/使某人做…”。（2）get sb. to do sth.“使 / 讓某人做…”。3. 常考考點： （1）see / notice / watch / observe / hear + 賓語 + do（全過程）/ doing（正在進行）/ done（被動）（2）have / get / make / leave / keep + 賓語 + done 使…被做          （3）leave / keep + 賓語 + doing… 使…一直做…（4）find sb / oneself + doing…（表主動、進行）發(fā)現(xiàn)某人自己…         find sb / oneself + done （表被動）         （5）catch sb + doing…  抓到某人正在做…（6）with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：→ with + 賓語 + doing 表示主動、正在進行的動作→ with + 賓語 + done 表示被動、完成的動作→ with + 賓語 + to do 表示尚未進行的動作（無被動）（7）make oneself done使某人自己被…The fans burst into scream the minute they saw Micheal Jackson dancing to the music on the stage.With time passing by, he almost forgot everything in the past. He sat on the chair, with his hands tied behind his back.With a lot of work to complete, she was not allowed to ask for a leave.If you want to make yourself understood, you may as well give an adequate explanation for being late.  六、不定式、v.-ing、v.-ed作狀語1. 不定式作狀語通常表示：（1）原因（多用在表示喜、怒、哀、樂等形容詞后面）。When scientists inspected the bones, they were surprised to find that these dinosaurs could not only run like the others but also climb trees. 當科學家們檢查骨骼的時候，他們驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)這些恐龍不僅能夠像其他動物一樣跑而且能夠爬樹。（2）目的（可用so as to, in order to替換，但so as to不能用于句首）。Parents and children should communicate more often to narrow the gap between them so that they can understand each other better. 父母和孩子應(yīng)該多交流，縮小他們之間的隔閡，以便于他們能更好的理解彼此。（3）結(jié)果（only to do表出乎意料的結(jié)果）。He hurried to the train station, only to be told the train had left. 結(jié)果被告知…（4）?？嫉脑u論性狀語（插入語），請牢記：to be frank / honest坦率地說   to be sure毫無疑問to be short長話短說    to tell the truth說實話to make matters worse更糟糕地是 to begin with首先to sum up總的來說To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you.2. v.-ing做狀語可表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨、方式、目的以及作評論性狀語等。它與句子的主語構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系。（1）作時間狀語v.-ing的一般式（doing）作時間狀語，往往表示動作與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或相繼發(fā)生。v.-ing的完成式（having done）作時間狀語，往往表示動作先于謂語動詞發(fā)生。Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.Having finished his speech, he answered our questions.（2）作原因狀語Living far from the school, I have to get up early in the morning. （3）作結(jié)果狀語，常位于句尾，前面的主句表示原因，后面的分詞短語表示直接造成的結(jié)果，基本相當于which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。The fire lasted a whole night, causing great damage. （4）作伴隨或方式狀語，表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的另一動作。Now there is a system where the waste is disposed of (處理) using the principles of ecology.Following Tom, we started to climb.People at that time probably cooked their food in large pots, using twigs樹枝to remove it.（5）作評論性狀語，有些慣用的分詞短語在句中可以獨立存在，它們用來修飾全句，表明說話者的態(tài)度、觀點等。常見的評論性狀語，請牢記：generally speaking一般說來          strictly / technically speaking嚴格地說來honestly / frankly speaking說實話     allowing for / considering 考慮到roughly speaking 大致說來          judging from / by 由…判斷Generally speaking, a good listener participates in the conversation, offering ideas and raising questions to keep the talk flowing freely. 一般而言，善于傾聽的人在談話的時候，往往會提出想法和問題，從而使得談話能順暢地進行下去。Judging from / by her accent, she must come from Australia.3. v.-ed在句中可作時間、原因、條件、伴隨、方式狀語。它與句子的主語構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系。(When) asked about his address, he didn’t make a response.The pop star hurried up to her car, followed by her fans.Infected with the H1N1, the little boy was separated from the other children.4. 某些v.-ed已經(jīng)形容詞化，常常出現(xiàn)于一些系表結(jié)構(gòu)中，或單獨拿出來作狀語。此時這些過去分詞既不表示被動，也不表示完成，而表示一種狀態(tài)。這樣的詞有：lost迷路的，seated坐，hidden躲，lost / absorbed in沉溺于，dressed in穿著，tired of感到厭倦… Absorbed in his book, he didn’t notice me enter the room.Lost in the mountains for a week, we were finally saved by the local police.強化訓(xùn)練一、填空：在空白處填入適當?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的適當形式。1. When _________ (visit) London on holiday in 1906 he was surprised _________ (find) most of the city’s department stores were no match for their American competitors.2. Many child-development experts agree that _________ (tie) a child’s allowance to chores can be a slippery slope.3. Scientists say thousands of animals get trapped in the floating waste, _________ (result) in death or _________ (injure).4. Dad would work _________ the farm, _________ (ease) the economic and physical burdens grandpa carried.5. What’s the best way _________ (prevent) diseases _________ (cause) by biting insects?6. I heard a passenger behind me _________ (shout) to the driver, but he refused _________ (stop) until we reached the next stop. 7. _________ (punish) by his boss several times, he was in _________ very bad mood.8. Deeply _________ (move) by what he said, I felt like _________ (say) something, but I couldn’t speak out a word.9. _________ (represent) our university’s student association, we went to the Capital International Airport _________ (meet) this year’s international students.10. _________ (hear) her coughing bitterly one night, I decided _________ (pull) her from local swim team.11. It was difficult for her _________ (accept) that she wasn’t a _________ (win).12. With so many people _________ (come) to pick up their children, traffic jams are frequent near our school gate, _________ (cause) a lot of inconvenience to us.二、改錯：每句錯誤最多有兩處。錯誤涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除和修改。1. At that time, hunger was a disturbed problem in the countryside, making him disturbing.2. A small book explained how to cut the death rate from having and cared for babies caught my eye.3. As time going on, many people are convinced that use a computer is a must in the modern world.4. When faced a problem, I cannot simple shrug my shoulders and give up.5. After he heard from the bad news, his face took on a worrying expression.6. He went out to play, left his homework unfinished, that made him punished by his teacher.7. With the help of Tom, a roommate of me, I’ve soon got used to live without my parents around.8. Quantities of classes teaching in English provides students with a better environment.9. Technically spoken, it’s worthwhile improve working conditions for factory workers.10. Today we use chemicals in almost every part of our lives, hoped to make life faster, convenient or just better.三、翻譯。1. 在我看來，參加英語演講比賽對我來說是一個好機會。2. 我寫信建議取消“課堂禁止使用智能手機等其他移動設(shè)備”的禁令。3. 看到你的廣告后，我想更多了解關(guān)于你六周英語課程的細節(jié)。4. 為了更好地利用我們讀過的書籍，我們可以自由交換書籍。5. 被邀請參加聚會是我的榮幸。6. 不采取行動只是抱怨是沒有用的。7. 期望被一所重點大學錄取，我意識到學好英語的重要性。8. 為了激發(fā)我們的興趣，開闊我們的視野，我們校報將開辦一個新的欄目。9. 在網(wǎng)上買書是節(jié)省時間和金錢最好的方式之一。10. 由于老師對他所做的事情很滿意，于是在班上表揚了他。    參考答案：一、填空1. visiting; to find  2. tying  3. resulting; injury  4. on; easing  5. to prevent; caused  6. shouting; to stop  7. Having been punished; a  8. moved; saying  9. Representing; to meet  10. Hearing; to pull  11. to accept; winner  12. coming; causing二、改錯1. disturbed - disturbing; disturbing - disturbed2. explained - explaining; cared-caring3. going - goes或as-with; use - using4. faced后加with或faced - facing; simple - simply5. 去掉from; worrying - worried6. left - leaving; that - which7. me - mine; live - living8. teaching - taught; provides - provide9. spoken - speaking; improve前加to或improve - improving10. hoped - hoping; convenient前加more三、翻譯1. As far as I am concerned, it’s a good chance for me to participate in the English Speaking Competition.2. I am writing to suggest lifting/abolishing/cancelling/calling off the ban on using smart phones and other mobile devices in class.3. Having seen / After seeing your ad, I’d like to know more details about your six-week English course.4. To make full use of the books we had/have read, we could/can exchange books freely.5. It’s an honor for me to be invited to attend the party.6. It’s no use complaining without taking action.7. Expecting to be admitted to a key university, I am aware of the importance of studying English well.8. In order to arouse our interests and broaden our horizons, our school newspaper will start a new column.9. Buying books on the Internet is one of the best ways to save time and money.10. Satisfied with what he did, the teacher praised him in class.

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