高考二輪語法回顧與訓練---定語從句一、基本概念1. 在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。2. 被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。3. 引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞，它代替前面的先行詞，且在定語從句中充當一個成分。它包括關系代詞和關系副詞。The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 該句中，who is shaking hands with my father是定語從句，修飾先行詞the man, “who”是引導定語從句的關系詞，代替先行詞the man, 在定語從句中作主語。二、基本結構先行詞（名詞、代詞）+（關系代詞、關系副詞）+ 陳述句語序。The reason (that) he gave for being late was just an excuse.三、關系代詞和關系副詞的區(qū)別關系代詞（that / who / whom / whose / which / as）代替先行詞在定語從句中做主語、賓語、表語、定語。關系副詞（when / where / why）代替先行詞在定語從句中做時間狀語、地點狀語和原因狀語，在有些情況下可分解成：介詞+ which。 I’ll never forget the days which / that we spent in the remote village. I’ll never forget the days when / during which we stayed in the remote village. 考點歸納一、只能用that 不能用which的情況1. 當先行詞是“人 + 物”時，關系代詞用that。2. 先行詞是不定代詞（all / everything / something / anything / little / much / the one等）時，關系代詞多用that。3. 先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞或限定詞the only / the very / all / every / any / few / no等修飾時，關系代詞一般用that，如果先行詞指人也可以用who。They talked of things and persons that they remembered in school.Australia is the only country that is also a continent.二、不能用that的情況1. that不能引導非限定性定語從句。2. 介詞后不用that（介詞后指人用whom，指物用which）。Spam（垃圾郵件）, which once meant a not-so-good kind of canned meat, now stands for unwanted junk email. Spam曾經(jīng)用來指不好的罐裝肉，現(xiàn)在代表不想要的垃圾郵件。John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are family members.三、whose引導的定語從句whose可以指人或物，在定語從句中作定語，后跟名詞。whose + 名詞 = 名詞 + of which / whom = of which / whom + 名詞Look out! Don’t get close to the house whose roof is being repaired.The teacher had a careful talk with Tom, the major problem of whom is poor study habits.四、“介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句中介詞的選擇。在確定其中的介詞時，可從以下三方面入手：1. 句子的意思；2. 先行詞的意義；3. 從句中的動詞固定搭配。He was educated at a local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.This is the farm on which he worked two years ago.In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help.五、一些特殊的先行詞當situation, point, case, activity, scene, atmosphere, condition, stage及period, festival, occasion等作先行詞時，要注意具體情況具體分析：先行詞在從句中作主語、賓語和表語時，用關系代詞that / which引導從句；先行詞在從句中作狀語時，用關系副詞where / when或“介詞 + which”引導從句，表示在某種特定的情形下。I had reached a point in my career where I needed to decide which way to go.What are some situations where body language is the only form of communication?六、as 的用法1. 用在固定搭配the same …as；as...as； such…as；so...as中。This is the same bag as I lost last week. This is such a difficult problem as I can’t work out.2. as引導非限定性定語從句，意思為“正如”常見習慣用語有：as often happens 正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣 as is often the case 通常情況是這樣as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的 as is known / as we know 眾所周知As is mentioned above, the number of senior high school students is increasing.As I have pointed out, it is important to include vegetables in our diet.七、注意way（方式）后接定語從句時的引導詞先行詞是way，當引導詞在從句中作狀語時，關系詞用in which, that或者省略；當引導詞在從句中作主語或賓語時，用that/which引導（作賓語時，引導詞也可以省略）。比較：The way (that / which) he explained to us was quite simple. (把從句補充完整：he explained the way to us，可以看出引導詞在從句中作explained的賓語。)The way (that / in which) he explained the sentence was simple.(把從句補充完整：he explained the sentence in the way，可以看出引導詞在從句中作狀語。)八、that引導同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別在定語從句中，定語從句對先行詞起修飾作用，引導詞that在從句中作主語或賓語；在同位語從句中, 同位語從句對同位名詞內(nèi)容起解釋說明作用，引導詞that不作任何成份。The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. （同位語從句）The idea that he put forward surprises many people. （定語從句） 九、定語從句中的主謂一致1. 關系代詞作從句的主語時，從句中謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要與先行詞保持一致，先行詞是句子時，從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。2. “one of + 復數(shù)名詞”作先行詞時，關系代詞在從句中作主語，從句的謂語動詞常用復數(shù)，但當代詞前有the, the only, the very等修飾時，從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Titanic is the only of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.China Today attracts a worldwide readership, which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. 強化訓練一、填空：在空白處填入適當?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。1. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of _________has been proved.2. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, _________the weather may be better.3. I live next door to a couple _________children often make a lot of noise.4. Many young people, most of _________were well-educated, _________ (head) for remote regions to chase their dreams.5. It is a truly delightful place, _________looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.6. Opposite is St.Paul’s Church, _________you can hear some lovely music.7. The number of smokers, _________is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.8. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _________his employees enjoy their work.9. Please send us all the information _________ you have about the candidate for the position.10. Happiness and success often come to those _________are good at recognizing their own strengths.11. I don’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade, _________I went up to rescue a kite that _________ (stick) in the branches of a tree.12. He wrote a letter _________he explained what had happened in the accident.13. He was generous with his time, _________ which I was very grateful. 14. One concern relates to a lack of control over _________appears on the Internet. 15. Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(退黑激素), _________ has been proven to help people feel _________ (sleep) and reduce_________ (anxious)二、改錯：每句錯誤最多有兩處。錯誤涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除和修改。1. English is a language sharing by several diverse cultures, each of them uses it differently.2. Students should involve themselves in community activities which they can gain experience for growth.3. The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especial at work which a good impression is a must.4. A company which profits from home markets is declining may seek opportunities abroad. 5. Finally he reached a lonely island where was completely cut off from the outside world. 6. There are three stage in study - preview, study in class and review, among them review is the most important. 7. It is not only a city with the long history but also has many places of interest, which you can enjoy yourself. 8. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, it made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams came true.9. We woke up early and then walked on the country road, what was extremely quiet.10. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time which he should be able to be independence.三、翻譯。（用定語從句翻譯下列各句）1. 他把成功歸功于那些經(jīng)驗豐富而又貼心的老師，從他們身上他不僅學到了知識，還學到了做一個優(yōu)秀人才的藝術。2. 接觸不同文化真的是很好的經(jīng)歷。它一定會拓寬我們的視野甚至使我們未來的發(fā)展受益匪淺。3. 這是一個很有用的網(wǎng)站，提供許多網(wǎng)上課程。4. 在那個重大日子，二十個選自全國各地的優(yōu)秀高中生將在體育館就所給話題進行演講。5. 我校將舉行一個中學生攝影展，主題是環(huán)境保護。6. 最后，使用移動設備會減少紙的使用，這對環(huán)境有好處。7. 最后，我要表示對主辦方的真誠感謝。沒有他我們不可能有這么寶貴的經(jīng)歷。8. 另外，你們的技藝精湛，對中國學生印象深刻。9. 競賽按計劃在下午四點開始，將持續(xù)一個小時，在此期間有六位選手將輪流比賽。10. 你在上封信中提到的幾個欄目正是我愛。11. 開幕式上會有各種節(jié)目展示，包括舞蹈、唱歌和一場足球秀，旨在培養(yǎng)我們對足球的興趣。      參考答案：一、填空1. which  2. when  3. whose  4. whom, headed  5. which  6. where  7. as  8. where  9. that  10. who 11. when; was stuck  12. where / in which  13. for  14. what  15. which; sleepy; anxiety二、改錯 1. sharing - shared; them - which     2. which - where  3. especial - especially; which - where  4. which - whose; is - are   5. where - which        6. stage - stages; them - which7. the - a; which - where       8. it - which; came - come9. what - which         10. which - when; independence - independent三、翻譯（用定語從句翻譯下列各句）1. He owed his success to those experienced and thoughtful/considerate teachers, from whom he learned not only knowledge, but the art of being an excellent person.2. Being exposed to diverse cultures is really a great experience, which definitely extends our horizons and even benefits our future development a lot.3. It is a helpful website where a variety of online courses are provided.4. On the big day, twenty outstanding/distinguished high school students who have been selected from all parts of China will deliver their speeches on the given topic in the stadium.5. Our school is scheduled to hold a High School Student Photography Show, the theme of which is environmental protection.6. Finally, using mobile devices will reduce the use of paper, which will be good for the environment.7. Last but not least, I’d like to express my sincere gratitude to the host, without whom we couldn’t have had the valuable experience.8. In addition, your art skills are excellent and admirable, which are really impressive to us Chinese students.9. The contest is scheduled to start at 4:00 pm and lasts about an hour, during which time six participants will compete in turn.10. Some of the columns which/that you mentioned in your last letter are my cup of tea.11. There will be all kinds of programmes in the opening ceremony, including dancing, singing and a football talent show, the purpose of which is to develop our interest in football.

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