高考二輪語法回顧與訓(xùn)練---情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語氣一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能獨(dú)立作謂語，需與其后動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語部分；情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化；情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + do / be表現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作或狀態(tài)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have (been) done表過去動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be doing表推測現(xiàn)在或?qū)碚谶M(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 2.考點(diǎn)歸納一、can, could 與be able to的用法1. can / could用來表示“一般能力”，如憑借體力、腦力或技能去做某事；be able to有多種時(shí)態(tài)，且用來表示在特定條件下的“具體能力”，尤其指通過努力才能做成某事。My grandma is over seventy, but she can still read without glasses. He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. 2. can / could表示驚訝，常用在否定句和疑問句中。How can you treat me like that?   3. can / could表示禮貌地請求別人做某事，意為“能，可以”。與man/might意義相近。Can / May I have a word with you? It won’t take long.  二、may與might1. 表示允許，意為“可以，許可”，用法基本上同can與could。May / Can I use your bicycle?      2. 表示可能性，意為“也許，可能”。According to the weather forecast, it may rain tomorrow.    3. may可以放在句首，表示祝愿。用may+動(dòng)詞原形，may須置于句首＝I wish you…May you succeed!三、mustmust表示義務(wù)、命令或必要，意為“必須”，它的否定形式mustn’t表示“禁止”，表示說話者的命令或指令，語氣比較強(qiáng)烈。“must + 動(dòng)詞原形”表示對現(xiàn)在情況的推測；“must be + 現(xiàn)在分詞”表示對現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行中的事的推測；“must have + 過去分詞”表示對過去的推測。注意：must表推測時(shí)只能用于肯定句中。Since nobody gave him any help, he must have done the research on his own. 因?yàn)闆]有人給他任何幫助，他肯定靠自己做的那項(xiàng)研究。四、shall1. 用于第一、第三人稱的疑問句中，用來征求對方的意見或請求指示。Shall we begin our new lesson today?    2. 用于第二、第三人稱的陳述句中，表示說話人的意愿，有“命令、警告、允諾、威脅、強(qiáng)制”等意思。You shall be punished for what you have done. 五、shouldshould表示勸告/建議/責(zé)任時(shí)，意為“應(yīng)當(dāng)”，常用于suggest/advise等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句當(dāng)中；表驚訝/遺憾, 意為“竟然/居然”，常用在I’m surprised; It worried me; It’s a pity; You can’t imagine等結(jié)構(gòu)中；should(n’t) have done表示對過去的虛擬，意為“本該（不該）做某事而實(shí)際沒做（做了）”。I find it quite astonishing that you should be so rude to your mother.  Our English teacher suggests that we should speak English every day.    I’m feeling sick and I shouldn’t have eaten so much chocolate. 我現(xiàn)在覺得不舒服，我不該吃那么多巧克力的。六、wouldwould可表示過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或某種傾向，常與every day, often, frequently等連用；would表示估計(jì)、猜想，或在虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)中用于對過去或?qū)淼募僭O(shè)或愿望。I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would often take me to Disneyland. This printer is of good quality. If it should break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.   七、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have done其用法歸納如下 “must+have+done”表示對過去事情的肯定推測，譯成“一定做過某事”，該結(jié)構(gòu)只用于肯定句。“can't+have+done”表示對過去事情的否定推測，譯成“不可能做過某事”。 “can+have+done”表示對過去行為的懷疑，用于疑問句，譯成“可能做過……嗎？”。 “could+have+done”是虛擬語氣，表示對過去事情的假設(shè)，意思是本來能夠做某事而沒有做。 “may+have+done”表示對發(fā)生過的事情的推測，意思是“可能已經(jīng)”或“也許已經(jīng)”，用于肯定句中。 “might+have+done”表示對過去事情的推測，might與may意思相同，但可能性更小。多用于虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)中。 “would+have+done”虛擬語氣，表示對過去事情的假設(shè)，意思是“本來會(huì)做”。“should+have+done”意思是“本來應(yīng)該做某事，而實(shí)際沒做。” “shouldn't+have+done”表示本來不應(yīng)該做某事，而實(shí)際做了。含有指責(zé)對方或自責(zé)的含意。 “ought to+have+done”表示過去應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際并沒有做，譯成“理應(yīng)做……”，往往表示遺憾。與“should+have+done”用法基本一樣。 “need+have+done”表示本來需要做某事而沒有做。“needn't+have+done”則表示“本來不需要做某事而做了”。 八、常見的一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的固定結(jié)構(gòu)1. can’t…too / over = can’t…adj. /adv. enough 再…也不過分2. can’t help/choose but do… 不得不做…3. can’t help doing 情不自禁做（但can’t help to do意為“幫不上忙”）4. can’t / couldn’t agree more 十分贊成5. It can’t / couldn’t be better 十分好，非常好6. It can’t be denied that… 不可否認(rèn)的是…7. can’t wait to do 迫不及待做某事8. won’t / can’t have... doing 不能容忍做某事9. may / might as well do 最好，倒不如10. may / might well do 很可能二、虛擬語氣1.虛擬語氣用于表示主觀愿望和假設(shè)的虛擬情況，說話人所講的內(nèi)容往往與事實(shí)相反，或者其實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性幾乎沒有。另外，有時(shí)為了突出說話人的語氣色彩，也使用虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣通過謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來表示。2.考點(diǎn)歸納一、虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的用法1、關(guān)于 if 的主句及從句的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu) ①與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反，其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為“If+主語+were／謂語動(dòng)詞的過去式”。例②與過去的事實(shí)相反，其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為“If十主語+謂語動(dòng)詞的過去完成式”。例如： ③表示將來不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的條件，其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為“If+主語+動(dòng)詞過去式／were to+動(dòng)詞原形／should+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：    注：在if從句中，如果含有“were，should，had’’時(shí)，可省去if而將“were，should，had’’置于句首，構(gòu)成倒裝句。例如：2. 錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句的虛擬語氣當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，被稱為“錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句”，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。If you had followed the doctor’s advice, you would be better now.3. 含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣。有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示，而是由otherwise, but, or, without, but for等來引導(dǎo)或者通過上下文引出。But for your timely help, we could not have finished the task in time. 要不是你的及時(shí)幫助，我們不可能及時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。4. if 條件句的省略如果if條件從句中有were，had或should時(shí)，可省略連詞if，同時(shí)將were, had或should提至主語前，即虛擬、倒裝和省略混考點(diǎn)。Should you change your mind about selling the car, I would be happy to buy it from you.  （=If you should change…）    5. if only引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中，常用虛擬語氣。if only“如果…就好了”（比較：only if “只有”，不用虛擬），用一般過去時(shí)或were表與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反；用would + do表與將來事實(shí)相反；用had done表與過去事實(shí)相反。Look at the trouble we’re in. If only we had taken our teacher’s advice.  二、虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的運(yùn)用1. 在would rather后接的賓語從句中使用 在would rather引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，用一般過去時(shí)或were 表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼奶摂M，用had done表示對過去的虛擬。 I would rather you had passed the exam. If so, you wouldn’t be sad now.    2. 在表命令、建議、要求或請求等一類動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句中使用虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)，即 (should) do，常見動(dòng)詞有： 一個(gè)堅(jiān)持：insist兩個(gè)命令：order, command三個(gè)建議：advise, suggest, recommend四個(gè)要求：demand, require, request, desireEye doctors recommend that a child’s first eye exam (should) be at the age of six months old.注意：如果suggest不表“建議”，而表“暗示、表明”時(shí)，賓語從句不用虛擬語氣，而用陳述語氣，即從句動(dòng)詞該用什么時(shí)態(tài)就用什么時(shí)態(tài)。如果insist不表“堅(jiān)持要某人做某事”，而表“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為、堅(jiān)持說”時(shí)，賓語從句不用虛擬語氣而用陳述語氣，即從句動(dòng)詞該用什么時(shí)態(tài)就用什么時(shí)態(tài)。Jane’s pale face suggested（暗示）that she was ill, and her parents suggested（建議）that she (should) have a medical examination.   The old man insisted（堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為）that I stole / had stolen his valuable watch and insisted（堅(jiān)持要求）that I (should) go to the police station with him.  3. 在動(dòng)詞wish后面的賓語從句中在wish后的賓語從句中，使用虛擬語氣表示愿望。表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望，謂語動(dòng)詞用“過去式”；表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望，謂語動(dòng)詞用“had+過去分詞”；表示與將來事實(shí)相反的愿望，謂語動(dòng)詞用“would / could / might + 動(dòng)詞原形”。How I wish every family had a large house with a beautiful garden!    三、虛擬語氣在表語從句或同位語從句中的運(yùn)用當(dāng)某些表示建議、請求、命令等主觀意向的名詞作主語時(shí)，其后的表語從句或同位語從句常用虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)(should) do，這類名詞常見的有：advice，suggestion, proposal, order, demand, desire, request, requirement, recommendation, wish, necessity等。 The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the prizes was accepted by everyone.Our suggestion is that we should put on a play at the English evening.  四、虛擬語氣在主語從句中的運(yùn)用1. It is / was + adj. / n. + that + sb. (should) do sth.在某些表示愿望、建議、請求、命令等形容詞、名詞后的主語從句中，常用虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)(should) do。這類形容詞和名詞有：advisable, compulsory, desirable, essential, important, necessary, preferable, strange, urgent, vital, a pity等。It is necessary that we should master at least one foreign language.2. 虛擬語氣用在“It is + 過去分詞 + that”的主語從句中。 在“It is + 過去分詞 + that”引起的主語從句中，表愿望、建議、請求等主觀意向時(shí)，常用虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)(should) do，這類過去分詞有：decided, demanded, desired, insisted, ordered, proposed, suggested, recommended, requested, required等。It is suggested that we should get everything ready this evening.  五、It is（about / high）time＋(that)…的虛擬語氣用法It is (about / high) time that…意思是表“該做…的時(shí)候了”，謂語動(dòng)詞常用should do或一般過去時(shí)表示虛擬語氣，但should不能省。It is time that the government took / should take measures to protect the rare birds and animals.強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練一、語法填空：在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(一個(gè)單詞)或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。1. Why ________ you tell me about your trouble last week？If you ________ (tell) me, I could have helped.  2. We ________ have faced the ________ (difficult) together, but why didn’t you tell me?3. I wish that you________ (have) such a bad headache because I am sure that you would have enjoyed the concert. 4. When Edison died, it was suggested that the American people ________ (switch) off all power for several minutes, ________ suggested that people ________ (show) respect for this great man.5. We would rather our daughter ________ (stay) at home with us, but it’s her choice, and she is not a child any longer.   6. If only I________ (forget) to send Maggie an e-mail telling her my arrival time yesterday. If so, she could meet us at the airport.    7. If he ________ (spend)more time practising speaking English before, he ________ (be) able to speak it much better now. 8. Forgive me for being so rude, Jim. I ________ have shouted at you.   9. ________ he caught the morning train, he wouldn’t have been late for the meeting.  10. We ________ (lose)our way in that small village, otherwise we would ________ (visit) more places of interest yesterday.   11. With the presidents of two countries ________ (force) to resign, more leaders have realized it’s high time they ________ (attach) importance ________ economy and political freedom.  12. Sorry, I am too busy now. If I ________ (have) time, I would ________ (certain) go for an outing with you.  13. I quarreled with my grandfather again ________ drinking. Because his doctor recommended that he________ (reduce) the amount of alcohol every day.14. It can’t ________ (deny) that protecting the environment is of great ________ (important).  15. The boss couldn’t have him ________ (get) away with stealing in his supermarket, and he insisted the thief________ (arrest)and put into prison. 二、單句改錯(cuò)：每句錯(cuò)誤最多有兩處。錯(cuò)誤涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除和修改。1. Life today will be very different if Thomas Edison hadn’t invented the electric light. 2. I’d rather you didn’t told me about it the other day. 3. If you listened to the doctor, you would be all right now.  4. But for the rain, we should have a pleasant journey.  5. If only I have read the books on reading list before I attended the lecture.  6. It was advised that we observed carefully while conducted experiments in the lab.7. Have he not broken the rules , he wouldn’t have fallen behind, it annoyed his mother.8. She mustn’t have left school, for her bike is still here.   9. I needn’t worried after I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.   10. The commander ordered that the wounded would be sent in hospital right away. 三、翻譯1. 該是我們采取行動(dòng)減少污染的時(shí)候了。2. 要是我能像你一樣知道如何操作這臺(tái)電腦就好了。3. 要不是這個(gè)過路人的幫助，這個(gè)女孩可能已經(jīng)淹死了。4. 因?yàn)樵谙聝A盆大雨，你最好待在家里。5. 你本來可以做得更好的，但是當(dāng)時(shí)你太粗心了。6. 如果我們當(dāng)時(shí)早一點(diǎn)訂位子的話，我們現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)還在排隊(duì)了。7. 如果昨天你來了的話，你就可以看見他了。8. 我真希望沒有告訴媽媽我的考試成績。9. 她媽媽建議她去看醫(yī)生。10. 我迫不及待地回到家去讀那本媽媽送給我的書。                         參考答案：一、填空1. didn’t; had told  2. could; difficulty  3. hadn’t had  4. (should) switch; which; showed  5. stayed  6. hadn’t forgotten  7. had spent; would be  8. shouldn’t  9. had  10. lost; have visited  11. forced; attached / should attach; to  12. had; certainly  13. about/over; should reduce  14. be denied; importance  15. getting; should be arrested二、改錯(cuò)1. will - would         2. didn’t - hadn’t3. listened前加had      4. have后加had5. have - had        6. observed - observe; conducted - conducting7. have - had; it-which或it前加and   8. mustn’t - can’t 9. worried前加have；after-before   10. would - should; in - to三、翻譯1. It’s high time that we should take measures to reduce pollution.2. If only I knew how to operate the computer as you do.3. But for the passer-by’s help, the girl could have been drowned. 4. Now that it’s raining cats and dogs, you may/might as well stay at home. 5. You could have done better, but you were too careless.6. If we had booked a table earlier, we wouldn’t be standing in a queue now.7. If you had come yesterday, you could have met him.8. I wish I had not told my mother the result of the exam. 9. Her mother suggested that she should go and see the doctor.10. I can’t wait to go home to read the book that my mother bought for me.

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高考英語二輪語法回顧與訓(xùn)練學(xué)案：It的用法和there be結(jié)構(gòu)（含答案）
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