1講 名詞和數(shù)詞考點(diǎn)1 名詞的數(shù)名詞按其詞匯意義可分為專有名詞和普通名詞。普通名詞包括可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞??蓴?shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分, 不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。一、可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)可數(shù)名詞都有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分。1. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化變化規(guī)則例詞一般情況下在詞尾直接加-smapmaps;girlgirls;househouses;mouthmouths以-s, -x, -sh, -ch結(jié)尾的名詞加-esclassclasses;boxboxes;brushbrushes;matchmatches注意:stomach()的復(fù)數(shù)是stomachsox(公牛)的復(fù)數(shù)是oxen以“輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞變yi加-escitycities;countrycountries;partyparties;factoryfactories注意:以“元音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞則接加-s,boyboys;toytoys以-o結(jié)尾的名詞許多加-estomatotomatoes;potatopotatoes;echoechoes;heroheroesNegroNegroesmangomangoes;volcanovolcanoes但是注意以下這些以-o結(jié)尾的名詞直接加-sradioradioszoozoos;bamboobamboos;pianopianoskilokilos;photophotos以-f-fe結(jié)尾的名詞,通常ffev再加-eshalfhalves;leafleavesshelfshelves;thiefthieveswolfwolves;wifewives;lifelivesknifeknives但是有的名詞直接加-s,roofroofs;handkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handkerchieves;chiefchiefs合成名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),通常只將里面所含的主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù),如果沒(méi)有主體名詞,則將最后一部分變成復(fù)數(shù)sons-in-law女婿;passers-by過(guò)路人;story-tellers講故事的人;go-betweens中間人;grown-ups成年人2. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化變化情況例詞特殊變化childchildrenfootfeet;toothteethmousemice;manmenwomanwomen注意:由manwoman構(gòu)成的合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men和-women,anEnglishmantwo Englishmen;但German不是合成詞故其復(fù)數(shù)形式Germans單復(fù)數(shù)同形deer, sheep, fish, ChineseJapanese, means集體名詞,以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)people, police, cattle有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)有不同的拼寫方法細(xì)菌bacterium(單數(shù))bacteria(復(fù)數(shù))資料、數(shù)據(jù)datum(單數(shù))data(復(fù)數(shù));現(xiàn)象phenomenon(單數(shù))phenomena(復(fù)數(shù))媒介mediummedia二、不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞包括專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞,一般沒(méi)有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。1. ??嫉牟豢蓴?shù)名詞advice建議equipment裝備experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)(注:作“經(jīng)歷”講時(shí)可數(shù))exercise鍛煉(注:作練習(xí);體操”講時(shí)可數(shù))fun開心、快樂(lè)的事furniture家具news/information/word消息,新聞baggage/luggage行李progress進(jìn)步practice練習(xí)wealth財(cái)富富裕knowledge知識(shí)jewellery珠寶change零錢(注:作“變化”講時(shí)可數(shù))2. 抽象名詞具體化抽象名詞在表示具體的概念時(shí),可以與不定冠詞連用。單詞抽象名詞意義具體化名詞意義beauty美;美麗美麗的人或事物comfort安慰;慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物success成功成功的人或事failure失敗失敗的人或事honour榮幸令人榮幸的事情pride驕傲令人驕傲的事情shock震驚令人震驚的事情delight高興令人高興的事情surprise驚奇令人驚奇的事情pleasure快樂(lè)令人快樂(lè)的事情3. 物質(zhì)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)現(xiàn)象(1)有些物質(zhì)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示與原來(lái)不同的事物。paper()papers(證件論文)custom(風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣)customs(海關(guān))arm(胳膊)arms(武器,裝備)air(空氣)airs(擺架子,裝腔作勢(shì))(2)有些物質(zhì)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示由大量該物質(zhì)組成的事物。sand(沙子)sands(沙灘,沙漠)water()waters(水域水體)time(時(shí)間)times(時(shí)代)wood(木頭,木材)woods(樹林)(3)有些物質(zhì)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示不同的種類,food, wine, metal, fish, vegetable等。The wines of France are among the best in the world. 法國(guó)的葡萄酒在世界上名列前茅。三、與名詞有關(guān)的詞形轉(zhuǎn)化1. 名詞后綴-(t)ion表示行為或狀態(tài);-ment表示行為或結(jié)果;-er/or表示人物;-ist/ian表示專家或從事……的人;-ice表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài);-dom表示集體、領(lǐng)域或狀態(tài)。The Lantern Festival falls on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month,signalling the end of the Spring Festival celebrations.正月十五是元宵節(jié),標(biāo)志著春節(jié)慶?;顒?dòng)的結(jié)束。2. 名詞與形容詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)化(1)“名詞+y”構(gòu)成形容詞。例如:rainrainy;cloudcloudy等。(2)“名詞+ly”構(gòu)成形容詞。例如:friendfriendly;mothermotherly等。(3)“名詞+ish”構(gòu)成形容詞。例如:foolfoolishchildchildish等。(4)“名詞+en”構(gòu)成形容詞。例如:goldgolden;woodwooden等。考點(diǎn)2 名詞的固定搭配和所有格一、固定搭配名詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配主要有兩類:“動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞”和“介詞+名詞”。??嫉母哳l短語(yǔ)有:1. 介詞+名詞with patience耐心地 by chance/accident偶然at a loss不知所措 in advance提前in favour of支持,贊成 on purpose故意地beyond recognition無(wú)法辨認(rèn)in great demand需求量很大2. 動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞have/gain access to可以獲得take advantage of利用, 趁……之機(jī)make use of利用find fault with挑……的錯(cuò)keep pace with與……同步put an end to結(jié)束……take notice of注意到catch sight of看見(jiàn)do damage to損害……attach importance to重視……take the place of取代, 代替take pride in以……自豪take possession of占有make preparations for為……做準(zhǔn)備make contributions to對(duì)……做出貢獻(xiàn)二、名詞的所有格1. 有生命的名詞,其所有格一般在名詞后加's。his father's boss 他爸爸的老板2. 表示時(shí)間、城市、地域、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等非生命的事物后也可加's,表示其所有格。today's paper 今天的報(bào)紙England's shore 英國(guó)的海岸the car's design 這輛車的設(shè)計(jì)We accepted the invitation without a moment's hesitation. 我們毫不猶豫地接受了邀請(qǐng)。3. 在某些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中也需要加's表示所有格。for friendship's sake 為了友情at a stone's throw 一步之遙at one's finger's tip 手頭上有at arm's length 保持距離;在伸手可及處at one's wits' end 黔驢技窮4. 無(wú)生命的名詞,借用of表示所屬關(guān)系。the window of the room 房間的窗戶5. 如果一樣?xùn)|西為兩個(gè)人共有,則只在后一個(gè)名詞后加's;如果不是共有,則兩個(gè)名詞后都要加's。Jane and Mary's mother 簡(jiǎn)和瑪麗的媽媽(共有,暗示簡(jiǎn)和瑪麗是姐妹關(guān)系)Jane's and Mary's mothers 簡(jiǎn)的媽媽和瑪麗的媽媽(不是共有,分別指兩位媽媽)6. 雙重所有格:“a/two/some ... +名詞+of+名詞's/名詞性物主代詞”構(gòu)成雙重所有格,of+名詞所有格”中的名詞必須表示人,不能表示事物。a friend of her mother's 她媽媽的一個(gè)朋友two photos of hers 她的兩張照片【技巧點(diǎn)撥】1. 根據(jù)語(yǔ)境標(biāo)志詞判斷名詞(1)看到冠詞、形容詞或形容詞性物主代詞時(shí), 要想到名詞; (2)遇到介詞或及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)要想到名詞; (3)當(dāng)看到并列連詞所連接的前或后是名詞時(shí)要想到名詞。2. 根據(jù)規(guī)則確定名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式(1)如果空格處被these, several,  many和數(shù)詞等修飾時(shí), 要考慮用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式; (2)如果一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是動(dòng)詞原形或are, 要考慮用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式; (3)在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)中要熟記名詞單數(shù)形式變復(fù)數(shù)形式的規(guī)則, 方能解決好此類問(wèn)題。考點(diǎn)3 數(shù)詞一、基數(shù)詞1. 常用基數(shù)詞表oneeleventhirtytwotwelvefortythreethirteenfiftyfourfourteensixtyfivefifteenseventysixsixteeneightysevenseventeenninetyeighteighteenhundredninenineteenthousandtentwentymillion/billion2. 使用基數(shù)詞的幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)(1)one and a half后的名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式,不過(guò)事實(shí)上也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。(2)①當(dāng)hundred, thousand, million, billion前面有基數(shù)詞時(shí),用單數(shù)形式,詞尾不加-s;前面有many, several, a few修飾時(shí)仍用單數(shù)形式。如:several billion years。②表示概數(shù)時(shí),ten, hundred, thousand, billion的復(fù)數(shù)形式加of后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如:thousands of lakes and forests。(3)表示某人的大約年齡,即“幾十多歲”時(shí),使用基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式?!?/span>in sb.'s+整十的基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)”意為“在某人幾十多歲時(shí)”。如:in his fifties。(4)表示世紀(jì)年代表示“在…世紀(jì)……年代時(shí)在數(shù)字后加-'s或-sthe early 1920s/1920'sthe early twentiesthe mid-eighties二、序數(shù)詞1. 常用序數(shù)詞表firstelevenththirtiethsecondtwelfthfortieththirdthirteenthfiftiethfourthfourteenthsixtiethfifthfifteenthseventiethsixthsixteentheightiethseventhseventeenthninetietheightheighteenthhundredthninthnineteenththousandthtenthtwentiethmillionth/billionth 21及以上的多位數(shù)詞只將末位數(shù)變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞,前面的其他位數(shù)仍用基數(shù)詞。如:21sttwenty-first22ndtwenty-second;33rdthirty-third;100thone hundredth2. 序數(shù)詞前冠詞的使用(1)序數(shù)詞前一般要加定冠詞theJanuary is the first month in the solar calendar.一月是陽(yáng)歷中的第一個(gè)月。(2)序數(shù)詞前有時(shí)可用不定冠詞a/an此時(shí)不強(qiáng)調(diào)順序?!?/span>a/an+序數(shù)詞”相當(dāng)于another,表示“又一個(gè),再一個(gè)”。You'd better try a third time.你最好再試一次。(3)序數(shù)詞用作副詞時(shí)不用冠詞。First come, first served.近水樓臺(tái)先得月。(4)序數(shù)詞之前已有物主代詞、指示代詞或名詞所有格修飾時(shí),不再用定冠詞。I'll never forget that first lesson taught by Mr Wang.我將不會(huì)忘記王老師教我的第一堂課。(5)序數(shù)詞用在由“序數(shù)詞+名詞”構(gòu)成的形容詞中時(shí),不用定冠詞。There is a first-class hotel over there.那里有一家一流的賓館。三、分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)1. 分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法(1)分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞分子大于1時(shí),分母用復(fù)數(shù)。分?jǐn)?shù)特殊表示法: a/one half a/one quarter three quarters;2 two and a quarter1 one and a half2 two and three fifths三分之一既可說(shuō)one third,也可說(shuō)a third。(2)分子與分母之間加in/out of分子在前,分母在后分子分母都用基數(shù)詞。如one in/out of ten十分之一。2. 百分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法表示百分?jǐn)?shù)直接將數(shù)詞放在單詞percent前面即可。如twenty percent百分之二十。分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)后面不能直接接名詞或代詞,而用以下形式:分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+冠詞/限定詞+名詞/代詞,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與of后的名詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。Two-thirds of the books are about science.三分之二的書是關(guān)于科學(xué)的。Only 30 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只完成了百分之三十的工作。【技巧點(diǎn)撥】1. 需要使用數(shù)詞時(shí),要先看清是使用該詞的基數(shù)詞形式還是序數(shù)詞形式。2. 使用序數(shù)詞時(shí),注意前面要有定冠詞the。3. 注意固定用法中的數(shù)詞的使用以及與冠詞、介詞的搭配。 . 單句語(yǔ)法填空1. (2021·全國(guó)乙卷)Activities (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (遠(yuǎn)足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.2. (2021·新高考)The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we humans (human) are.3. (2020·新高考)Historical accuracy (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.4. (2019·全國(guó))In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief (believe) that populations are increasing.5. (2019·全國(guó))When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting competition (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.6. (2019·浙江卷6)Other American studies showed no connection/connections (connect) between uniforms and school performance.. 語(yǔ)法填空(2021·福建泉州高三模擬)It isn't unusual for foreigners to experience some level of culture shock in China. The country is famed for 1. its (it) unique culture, and you will have no shortage of new things 2. to explore (explore) and learn about. China's fast development is likely to make the adjustment more 3. comfortable (comfort) for most new arrivals.The language barrier can be 4. a big challenge for foreigners. There are a few reasons for this. Apart 5. from Chinese Mandarin, hundreds of other dialects exist. In some rural areas, 6. disappointingly (disappointing), some people can't even speak Mandarin.The second reason is 7. that even though young people learn English nowadays, the education system doesn't give them many 8. opportunities (opportunity) to use it. This means that while many people can understand easy phrases, they're often quite shy when it comes to 9. speaking (speak)People generally don't bother translating things into English outside big cities, where the biggest numbers of foreigners 10. are found (find). As such, it's a good idea for foreigners to learn a few useful phrases in Chinese before arriving in the country.. 寫作運(yùn)用根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示補(bǔ)全作文, 注意名詞和數(shù)詞的運(yùn)用。NoticeAiming to promote traditional Chinese culture, the Student Union is to hold Poetry Recitation Contest.There is no doubt that 1. reading poetry reflects on the appreciation of beauty (讀詩(shī)反映了對(duì)美的欣賞) in ancient literature. As scheduled, 2. the contest is supposed to launch on December 6th (比賽應(yīng)該于126日開始) at the school Lecture Hall. 3. Students from international department (國(guó)際部的學(xué)生) are expected to take part. Additionally, it is recommended that you should prepare Tang and Song poetry. Not only can the contest cultivate the habit of reading classic works, but also it can 4. arouse the interest in traditional Chinese literature (激發(fā)對(duì)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文學(xué)的興趣)Hopefully, you will benefit a lot and be immersed in the world of fascinating poetry. 5. Your participation will surely make a difference (你的參與肯定會(huì)有很大的影響). The Student Union  

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