Mr Smith is very busy because he runs several cmpanies①.He wrks seven days① a week and 12 mnths② a year.In his spare time he likes watching ftball matches③.He likes eating tmates④ but he desn’t eat vegetables with leaves⑤.He has tw pet hrses⑥ and he ften rides them with his friends n Mr Black’s farm⑦ because he thinks the scenery f the farm⑧ is very beautiful.Mr Black is a friend f his⑨,wh raises sme cws⑥ and gats⑥. [規(guī)則感悟] 1.可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù) ①以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加-es;以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,加-s。②以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-s。③以-s,-x,-ch,-sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es(如果詞尾-ch發(fā)音為/k/,要加-s,如stmach)。④以-結(jié)尾加-es 的單詞有:英雄(heres)吃土豆(ptates)番茄(tmates),其他多直接加-s。⑤以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞,多變f或fe為v,再加-es。但也有直接加-s的單詞,如:屋頂(rf)上的首領(lǐng)(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥大部分可數(shù)名詞直接加-s。 2.名詞的所有格 ⑦有生命名詞,不以-s結(jié)尾的名詞加-’s;以-s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)名詞都加-’。⑧無生命名詞,通常用f所有格表示。⑨雙重所有格的構(gòu)成形式為“名詞+f+名詞所有格”或者“名詞+f+名詞性物主代詞”。 1.不規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù) (1)通過內(nèi)部元音變化構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。如: ft—feet腳 gse—geese鵝 tth—teeth牙齒 muse—mice老鼠 man—men男人 wman—wmen女人 (2)有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。如: sheep—sheep綿羊 deer—deer鹿 Chinese—Chinese中國人 Japanese—Japanese日本人 means—means方法 series—series系列 species—species物種 crssrads—crssrads 十字路口 spacecraft—spacecraft航天器 (3)有的名詞在詞尾加-ren或-en構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。如: child—children 孩子 x—xen 公牛 (4)由man,wman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞在變成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),與man,wman的變化形式相同。如: gentleman—gentlemen紳士 Englishman—Englishmen英國男子 pliceman—plicemen男警察 chairwman—chairwmen女主席 businessman—businessmen商人 craftsman—craftsmen工匠,手藝人 注意:German,human的復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans,humans。 (5)外來詞的不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: analysis—analyses分析 basis—bases基礎(chǔ) crisis—crises危機(jī) thesis—theses論文 medium—media媒介物 phenmenn—phenmena現(xiàn)象 2.復(fù)合名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化 (1)中間沒有連字符也沒有間隔的復(fù)合名詞將最后一個(gè)詞變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: birthday—birthdays生日 blackbard—blackbards黑板 bkshelf—bkshelves書架 gentleman—gentlemen紳士 (2)中間有連字符或間隔的復(fù)合名詞將其中主要的詞變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: bk wrm—bk wrms sn-in-law—sns-in-law lker-n—lkers-n passer-by—passers-by stry-teller—stry-tellers (3)無主體名詞時(shí)通常在最后一個(gè)詞后加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾。如:grwn-up—grwn-ups standby—standbys (4)“man/wman+名詞”構(gòu)成的合成詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),man/wman和名詞均變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。 wmen singers女歌手 men servants 男仆人 (5)常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞有thanks,cngratulatins,wishes,greetings,shes,trusers,wrks(著作;工廠),manners(禮貌),instructins(指導(dǎo);用法說明),times(時(shí)代)等。 (6)一些固定短語中的名詞只用復(fù)數(shù)形式,常見的有take turns t d sth,in high spirits,make friends with,shake hands with,make preparatins fr,make (bth) ends meet,take pains t d等。 3.名詞所有格的特殊形式 (1)并列的名詞變所有格時(shí),若表示不同的所有關(guān)系,則分別在兩個(gè)名詞后加-’s;如果表示共有關(guān)系,則只在最后一個(gè)名詞后加-’s。如: Kate and Mary’s rm 凱特和瑪麗共有的房間 Kate’s and Mary’s rms 凱特和瑪麗各自的房間 (2)表示店鋪或某人的家時(shí),名詞所有格之后的shp,huse,hme等常省去。如: at the dctr’s (ffice)在(醫(yī)生的)診所里 at the barber’s (shp)在理發(fā)店 at Mr Green’s (huse)在格林先生家 對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí) 1.The team wh wn the three wrld champinships(champinship) wuld always get this cup. 2.During the festival,which lasts three r fur days,peple are dressed in their best clthes and participate in a variety f rich and clurful activities(activity). 3.The best slutin might be t find the weaknesses(weakness) in the idea and t try and strengthen them,rather than use them simply as an excuse fr rejecting the whle idea. 4.Timmis and his team set ut t seek the effects f phne use n passers-by(passer-by). 5.We usually expect Hllywd heres(her) t shw up n ur screens and defeat the bad guys. 6.He ges t the barber’s(barber) t have his hair cut every mnth. T learn mre knwledge①,I have t d lts f hmewrk① every day and have n time① t have fun② r d husewrk①.Last week we had an exam but I didn’t perfrm well.Hwever,my teacher said that I had made great prgress②.S this exam is nt a failure③.On the cntrary,it is a success③ in a way. [規(guī)則感悟] ①不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,也不能與不定冠詞連用。 ②fun,weather,prgress,advice,infrmatin,news為永久性不可數(shù)名詞,前面不能加不定冠詞,也不能具體化。 ③抽象名詞具體化: ?表示情感、情緒的抽象名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)具體的人或事的時(shí)候,可以在前面加不定冠詞,如a surprise,a cmfrt 等。 ?表示“一……”的概念時(shí),常與動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成詞組,名詞前常常有形容詞。如have a gd time,have a gd knwledge/cmmand f 等。 1.不可數(shù)名詞不可以用數(shù)目計(jì)算,多為物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,常見的有: 2.抽象名詞與a(n)連用時(shí),淡化了抽象概念,轉(zhuǎn)化為具體的動(dòng)作、行為或類別。 A knwledge f English is a must in internatinal trade. 英語知識(shí)在國際貿(mào)易中是必不可少的。 It is a waste f time reading such a nvel. 讀這種小說就是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。 She made an aplgy t her mther fr her wrng dings. 她為自己做錯(cuò)的事向母親道歉。 3.有些物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,但表示數(shù)量或種類時(shí),可以用作可數(shù)名詞。 如:sme cffee一些咖啡,a cffee一杯咖啡,three cffees三杯咖啡;sme drink一些飲料,a drink一杯飲料,three drinks三杯飲料;his hair他的頭發(fā),a few grey hairs幾根白發(fā);glass玻璃,a glass一個(gè)玻璃杯。 對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí) 1.The far side f the mn is f particular interest(interesting) t scientists because it has a lt f deep craters(環(huán)形山),mre s than the familiar near side.(2020·全國Ⅰ) 2.Filled with curisity(curius) and hpe fr the future,the yung man packed his bags and left fr a big city. 1.動(dòng)詞變名詞的后綴 2.形容詞變名詞的后綴 對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí) 1.When the answer was n,she declined the invitatin(invite).(2022·浙江1月) 2.China has a respnsibility(respnsible) t wrk with ther cuntries t prmte the healthy develpment f the tea industry.(2022·全國乙) 3.In 1844,they bught it fr $1,200 and sme land frm Charles Dresser,wh perfrmed their marriage(marry) ceremny in 1842.(2021·浙江6月) 4.Histrical accuracy(accurate) is imprtant but s is entertainment.(2020·新高考全國Ⅰ) 5.My teacher tells me that the key t success is hnesty(hnest). 6.She’s a great perfrmer(perfrm) and she always perfrms great. 1.Als,technlgical knw-hw has becme a requirement(require) fr mst jbs in an increasingly digital wrld,as the cmputer has becme a cmmn tl in mst prfessins(prfessin).(2020·新高考全國Ⅱ) 2.This switch has decreased pllutin(pllute) in the cuntry’s majr lakes and reservirs and made drinking water safer fr peple. 3.My name is Mireya Mayr.I’m a scientist(science) wh studies animals such as apes and mnkeys. 4.Other American studies shwed n cnnectin(s)(cnnect) between unifrms and schl perfrmance.(2019·浙江)fun樂趣 hmewrk 作業(yè) bread面包 wealth 財(cái)富 prgress 進(jìn)步 equipment 設(shè)備 rm空間 weather 天氣 wrk工作 music音樂 news新聞 meat肉 wrd消息 traffic交通 luck運(yùn)氣 husewrk 家務(wù) milk牛奶 advice建議 man人類 range 橙汁 knwledge 知識(shí) furniture 家具 baggage/ luggage 行李 infrmatin 信息 后綴 例詞 -al apprve贊成→apprval 贊成 survive 幸存→survival 幸存 arrive到達(dá)→arrival 到達(dá);到達(dá)者;到來物 refuse 拒絕→refusal 拒絕 prpse提議→prpsal 提議;建議 -ance/ -ence appear出現(xiàn)→appearance 出現(xiàn);外貌 perfrm 表演→perfrmance 表演 guide 指引→guidance 引導(dǎo);指導(dǎo) exist 存在→existence 存在 prefer 較喜歡→preference 偏愛 refer 參考;查閱→reference 參考;查閱 depend 依靠→dependence 依賴;依靠 -in/ -tin/ -atin direct指揮;指導(dǎo)→directin 方向;指導(dǎo) expect 期待→expectatin 期待;期望 invite 邀請(qǐng)→invitatin 邀請(qǐng);請(qǐng)柬 slve 解決→slutin 解決 cmpete 競爭→cmpetitin 比賽;競爭 describe 描述→descriptin 描寫 repeat 重復(fù)→repetitin 重復(fù) explain 解釋→explanatin 解釋 prnunce 發(fā)音→prnunciatin 發(fā)音 -s(s)in discuss討論→discussin 討論 admit 承認(rèn)→admissin 承認(rèn);準(zhǔn)許加入 decide 決定→decisin 決定 -ing hear聽→hearing 聽力;聽覺 listen 聽→listening 聽;聽力 -ment achieve達(dá)到;完成→achievement 成就 develp 發(fā)展→develpment 發(fā)展 argue爭論→argument 爭論;論據(jù) punish懲罰→punishment 懲罰 -ure/ -ture fail失敗→failure 失敗 press 壓;擠→pressure 壓力 mix 混合→mixture 混合物 expse 暴露→expsure 面臨;暴露 -y recver恢復(fù)→recvery 恢復(fù);痊愈 discver 發(fā)現(xiàn)→discvery 發(fā)現(xiàn) -er/-r teach教→teacher 老師 annunce播報(bào)→annuncer 播音員 cnduct指導(dǎo),指揮→cnductr 指揮;售票員 其他常 見變化 chse選擇→chice 選擇 vary 相異→variety 多樣化;品種 tend 傾向→tendency 趨向;趨勢,grw 生長→grwth 生長 marry 結(jié)婚→marriage 婚姻 pack 收拾(行李)→package包;盒 后綴 例詞 -cy fluent流利的→fluency 流利;流暢 accurate 準(zhǔn)確的→accuracy 準(zhǔn)確(性) private 私有的→privacy 隱私 efficient 效率高的→efficiency 效率 -dm free自由的→freedm 自由 wise 明智的→wisdm 智慧 -ness dark黑的→darkness 黑暗 weak 虛弱的→weakness 虛弱 kind 友好的→kindness 善良 cld 寒冷的→cldness 冷淡;冷漠 aware 知道的;意識(shí)到的→awareness 知道;意識(shí) -th warm溫暖的→warmth 溫暖 true 真的→truth 真相 deep 深的→depth 深(度) strng 強(qiáng)壯的→strength 力量 lng 長的→length 長度 wide 寬的→width 寬度 -y/-ty/ -ity difficult困難的→difficulty 困難 hnest 誠實(shí)的→hnesty 誠實(shí) safe 安全的→safety 安全 cruel 殘忍的→cruelty 殘忍 respnsible 負(fù)責(zé)的→respnsibility責(zé)任 -ce different不同的→difference 不同(之處) silent 沉默的;不說話的→silence 寂靜 patient 有耐心的→patience 耐心 absent 缺席的→absence 缺席 present 出席的→presence 出席 cnfident 自信的→cnfidence 信心 cnvenient 方便的→cnvenience 便利 imprtant 重要的→imprtance 重要(性) significant重要的,意義重大的→significance重要性,重大意義