第2講　情態(tài)動詞與虛擬語氣考點1　情態(tài)動詞的基本用法1. can/could(1)表示能力，意為“能，會”。I can't promise anything, but I'll do what I can.我不能許諾什么，但我會盡力而為。(2)表示請求，意為“能，可以”。Can/Could you help me with it?你能幫我一下嗎？(3)表示許可，意為“能，可以”。(4)表示推測，意為“可能”，常用于疑問句及否定句中。2. may/might(1)表示請求、許可，比can正式。May I use your computer? 我可以用一下你的電腦嗎？(2)表示推測，談?wù)摽赡苄?/span>，might表示語氣更不肯定，意為“可能，或許”，一般用于肯定句中。He might get there in time, but I can't be sure.他有可能準(zhǔn)時到達，但我不敢肯定。(3)表示希望、祈求、祝愿，通常用“may＋主語＋v.”。May all of our wishes come true.愿我們所有的愿望都能實現(xiàn)。3. must(1)表示主觀看法，意為“必須”，肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn't或don't have to。—Must I give up smoking?——我必須戒煙嗎？—Yes, you must./No, you needn't/you don't have to.——是的，你必須。/不，你不必。(2)表示堅持，意為“偏偏，偏要”。Must you make so much noise?你非得弄出這么多噪聲嗎？(3)表示有把握的推測，意為“一定，肯定”，用于肯定句中。He must be waiting for us.他一定在等我們。(4)mustn't表示禁止，不表示推測。 We mustn't let the water run to waste.我們不能讓水白白流掉。4. need(1)need表示需要，主要用于否定句和疑問句中，其否定形式為needn't, 意為“不必”。用need提問時，肯定回答為must，否定回答為needn't。 —Need I go with you?——我需要和你一起去嗎？—Yes, you must./No, you needn't.——是的，你必須。/不，你不必。(2)need還可以作實義動詞，此時有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化，如果是人作主語，后面多接動詞不定式。He doesn't need to do it. 他不必做這件事。5. daredare意為“敢，敢于”， 有兩種詞性：(1)dare作為情態(tài)動詞，多用于否定句、疑問句或條件句中，后接動詞原形。 I don't know whether he dare say that to him. 我不知道他是否敢對他說那件事。(2)dare作為實義動詞，此時有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化 。 He doesn't dare to interrupt.他不敢插嘴。6. shall(1)用于第一人稱，表示將要做某事。 I shall travel to New York by air this weekend.這個周末我將要乘飛機去紐約旅行。(2)用于第一、三人稱，表示征求對方意見。 Shall the driver wait outside?司機在外邊等著可以嗎？(3)用于第二、三人稱，表示說話人給對方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅。 It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.據(jù)宣布，在所有試卷收上來之前，考生必須留在自己的座位上。7. should(1)表示勸告、建議、責(zé)任、義務(wù)等，意為“應(yīng)該”。I should go and visit him this afternoon, but I wonder if I will be free.今天下午我應(yīng)該去看望他，但我不知道我是否有空。(2)表示推測，意為“按理說應(yīng)當(dāng)”。It's nine now and everyone should be here.現(xiàn)在九點了，大家應(yīng)該都到了。(3)表示“竟然”。It's strange that he should be late.真奇怪，他竟然會遲到。(4)表示“萬一”(條件句)。 If it should rain tomorrow, I wouldn't go.萬一明天下雨，我就不去了。8. will/would(1)表示意愿。They won't lend us any more money.他們不愿再借給我們錢了。 (2)表示請求。Will/Would you do me a favour?請幫我一下，好嗎？(3)表示真理，意為“總是”。Oil will float on water.油總是浮在水面上。(4)will表示現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣，would表示過去的習(xí)慣，意為“常常做某事”。 He would get up early when he lived in the country.他住在鄉(xiāng)下時總是早起。(5)表示要求，意為“一定”。would和used to都可表示過去的習(xí)慣，但前者表示過去反復(fù)的動作，常與every day, often, frequently等連用；后者表示過去的狀態(tài)或過去的習(xí)慣，但現(xiàn)在已不存在。When he was abroad, he would read as many books as possible.在國外時，他總是盡可能多讀書。She doesn't get up so early as she used to.她不像以前那樣起得那么早了。【技巧點撥】若句中謂語動詞為原形，在其前設(shè)純空格題時，注意考慮情態(tài)動詞。然后根據(jù)句意或句式結(jié)構(gòu)填入恰當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞。考點2　情態(tài)動詞表示推測可能性可分為客觀的可能性和具體事情實際發(fā)生的可能性兩種。1. 客觀的可能性并不表示具體某事是否會發(fā)生，而用來說明人或事物的特征。情態(tài)動詞can可用于肯定句中表示客觀的(或理論的)可能性；而表示具體事情實際發(fā)生的可能性時， can一般不用于肯定句。Accidents can happen on such rainy days.在這樣的多雨天氣里可能會發(fā)生事故。(表示客觀的可能性)We may go to the cinema tonight, but we are not sure yet. 今晚我們可能去看電影，但還沒確定。(表示實際可能性，不用can)2. 表示具體事情實際發(fā)生的可能性表示具體事情實際發(fā)生的可能性的層次(由強及弱)比較：情態(tài)動詞用法must表示肯定的推測，一般只用于肯定句中，意為“一定；必定” should/ ought to表示推測的可能性比較大，表示有依據(jù)或有前提的推測，僅比must的可能性小一點，意為“按說應(yīng)該”can/could用于疑問句中，意為“可能”；用于否定句中，意為“不可能”。could表示推測時，語氣比can弱may/might用于肯定句中表示不十分肯定的推測，意為“有可能”；用于否定句中，意為“可能不”，表示一種不太確定的語氣。might表示推測時，語氣比may弱(1)在肯定句中表示推測(must/have to, should/ought to, may, might, could)①當(dāng)說話者表達懷疑或猶豫之意時，需用may, might或 could, 其中might, could比may所表達的懷疑或猶豫之意更強。That may be our taxi now!現(xiàn)在那輛可能就是我們的出租車了！That could/might be our taxi (but I doubt it)．那輛有可能是我們的出租車(但我有所懷疑)。②當(dāng)說話者表達毫無疑問的結(jié)論時，需用must和have to (較通俗)，意為“一定，肯定”；should和ought to所表達的程度不如must強，但比may, might和could強，should/ought to表示推測出合乎理想的情況或結(jié)果，意為“按說應(yīng)該”。He must/has to be the wanted man: He's exactly like the one in this picture. 他一定是被通緝的那名男子：他和這張照片上的人一模一樣。He ought to/should be here on time — he started early enough.他應(yīng)該按時到這里——他出發(fā)得夠早的。(2)在否定句中表示推測(may not, might not, shouldn't, can't, couldn't)否定語氣較弱時，常用should not (應(yīng)該不會)，或用may not, might not (可能不，也許不)；否定語氣較強時，則用can't或couldn't (不可能)。Don't worry. Your father may not have been hurt seriously.別擔(dān)心，你父親也許傷得不厲害。 There shouldn't be any difficulty in getting you a visa.給你辦張簽證應(yīng)該不會有什么困難。(3)在疑問句中表示推測(can, could)can, could在疑問句中，常表示困惑、不相信等。There's someone outside — who can it be?外面有人——會是誰呢？What can they be doing?他們可能在做些什么呢？Could he be serious?他是認真的嗎？Where can she have put it?她能把它放在哪兒呢？考點3　“情態(tài)動詞＋have done”的用法1. 對過去發(fā)生的事情或狀態(tài)進行推測must have done sth.“(過去)一定做了某事”；語氣比較肯定；用于肯定句may/mighthave done sth.“(過去)可能/也許做了某事”；語氣不確定；用于肯定句和否定句can/couldhave done sth.“本能夠做某事”；用于否定句和疑問句，表示對過去發(fā)生的行為的懷疑或不確定Looking at the large empty apartment, I became aware of how lonely my mother must have been in Brazil herself.看著這個又大又空的公寓，我開始意識到媽媽獨自一人在巴西一定很孤單。The boy might have known the truth, but I am not quite sure.那個男孩也許知道了真相，但我不是很確定。I didn't see her in the meeting room this morning. She couldn't have spoken at the meeting.我今天上午在會議室時沒看見她，她不可能在會議上講話。2. 表示“與過去事實相反”could have done sth.過去本可以做某事但實際上沒做needn't have done sth.過去本不必做某事但實際上做了ought to/should have done sth.過去本應(yīng)該做某事但實際上沒做oughtn't to/shouldn't have done sth.過去本不應(yīng)該做某事但實際上做了might have done sth.過去可能做某事但實際上沒做He could have gone on regretting it, as too many of us do.他本可以繼續(xù)為此而遺憾，正如我們中很多人一樣。I needn't have taken the umbrella, for the weather is fine.天氣這么好，我本沒必要帶雨傘的。She really ought to have retired long ago, but she's still working.她早就該退休了，可她還在工作。You might have given him more help, though you were busy.你本可以給他更多幫助，雖然你很忙。考點4　虛擬語氣一、if條件句中的虛擬語氣虛擬情況虛擬條件句主句從句與現(xiàn)在事實相反主語＋should/would/could/might＋doif＋主語＋動詞過去式(be動詞用were)與過去事實相反主語＋should/would/could/might＋have doneif＋主語＋had＋過去分詞與將來事實可能相反主語＋should/would/could/might＋doif＋主語＋動詞過去式/were to do/should doIf the new safety system had been put to use, the accident would never have happened.要是新的安全系統(tǒng)被投入使用的話，這起事故就不會發(fā)生了。We would be back in the hotel now if you didn't lose the map.如果你沒有把地圖丟了的話，我們現(xiàn)在就回到旅館了。Grace doesn't want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live there, she wouldn't be able to see her parents very often.格蕾絲不想搬到紐約，因為她認為如果住在那里，她就不能經(jīng)?？吹剿母改噶?。(1)如果表示虛擬語氣的if從句中含有were, had或should，可將if省略，然后將were, had或should移至主語之前。(2)如果主句和從句是對不同時間的事實的虛擬，則被稱為錯綜虛擬語氣。此時主句常有明顯的時間狀語。二、含蓄條件句的虛擬語氣有時假設(shè)的條件不通過條件狀語從句表達出來，而是隱含在某些詞或短語中，或隱含在上下文中，這叫含蓄虛擬語氣。常用的這類詞或短語：without, but for, otherwise, or等。—Do you have Betty's phone number?——你有貝蒂的電話號碼嗎？—Yes. Otherwise, I wouldn't have been able to reach her yesterday.——有，不然我昨天就聯(lián)系不上她了。三、 虛擬語氣在從句中的運用1. 在名詞性從句中的運用(1)在表示要求、命令、建議、請求等動詞后的賓語從句中，以及這些動詞的名詞形式后面的同位語或表語從句中的謂語動詞用“(should＋)動詞原形”。常見的此類動詞：insist, order, command, require, demand, request, suggest, advise, propose, recommend等。My parents request that all the cleaning work (should) be finished this morning.我父母要求今天早晨完成所有的清潔工作。當(dāng)suggest作“暗示，表明”，insist作“堅持認為”講時，從句要用陳述語氣。(2)在“It is/was＋形容詞/過去分詞＋that ... ”句型中，從句中的謂語動詞用“(should＋)動詞原形”。常見的形容詞或過去分詞：important, necessary, suggested, ordered, advised, requested, demanded等。It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day.我們每天打掃房間是有必要的。It is required that middle school students (should) take at least one hour's exercise every day.中學(xué)生被要求每天至少進行一個小時的鍛煉。(3)wish后的賓語從句中的謂語動詞的形式可用動詞過去式，“had＋過去分詞”和“could/might/would＋動詞原形”，分別表示與現(xiàn)在、過去相反的情況和與將來情況可能相反。I wish that I had met that film star yesterday.我真希望昨天見到那名影星。(4)在would rather所接的賓語從句中，從句的謂語如果表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)硪l(fā)生的動作，從句用一般過去時；如果表示過去發(fā)生過的動作，從句用過去完成時。We would rather our daughter stayed at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.我們寧愿女兒待在家，陪在我們身邊，但是選擇權(quán)在她手上，畢竟她不再是個孩子了。2. 三個固定句式中的虛擬語氣句式虛擬情況虛擬現(xiàn)在虛擬過去虛擬將來if only引導(dǎo)的條件句及感嘆句動詞過去式had＋過去分詞would/could/might＋動詞原形as if/though引導(dǎo)的表語從句及方式狀語從句動詞過去式had＋過去分詞would/could/might＋動詞原形It is (high)time that ...動詞過去式或“should＋動詞原形”It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I had done it?打破窗戶的是約翰。為什么你說得好像是我打破的似的？It is high time that we took/should take some measures to solve the problem.確實到了我們應(yīng)該采取一些措施解決這個問題的時候了。當(dāng)as if/though引導(dǎo)的句子所敘述的是真實的或極有可能發(fā)生或存在的事實時，從句要用陳述語氣。【技巧點撥】在虛擬語氣中，關(guān)鍵詞的意義和句意是判斷句子是否為虛擬語氣的重點，解答此類題目要重點考慮時間和主從句結(jié)構(gòu)兩個方面。 Ⅰ. 單句語法填空1. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. 2. (2021·全國甲卷)The wall is 12 meters high and from here you can see (see) streams of people moving inside and outside the City Wall.3. (2020·天津卷5月)You shouldn't have scolded him for his poor performance. After all, he had done his best.4. (2020·天津卷7月)We can't put off buying a new printer for our company. The one we have doesn't work.5. (2019·天津卷)Kate heard a man's voice in the background, but she couldn't make out what he was saying. 6. (2019·天津卷)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they would have accomplished (accomplish) the task in half the time.Ⅱ. 語法填空(2021·福建福州一中模擬)Wherever you look these days, something's looking back at you. There are video cameras on street 1. corners (corner), vehicles and our own front doors.A Chicago company 2. called (call) Cooler Screens believes that you won't mind if they put cameras into the display cases (展柜) in stores. The cameras aren't placed there 3. to prevent (prevent) you from stealing. Instead, they're part of a system that tries to guess 4. what you will buy next, based on how you look.The doors on the cases 5. are (be) video screens that show images of the goods, so a customer can see what's available inside. The screens also show vivid ads. They decide which ads to show by 6. studying (study) video images of the customers.A camera feeds images of each customer into a computer 7. that/which guesses his or her sex and age.In addition, the system tracks 8. exactly (exact) where the customer is looking. Do the eyes come to rest 9. on/upon a bottle of Red Bull, or does the shopper fancy Coca Cola? The Cooler Screens system instantly 10. analyses (analyse) all of this data, and then starts showing ads on the cooler door.Ⅲ. 寫作運用根據(jù)漢語提示補全下面寫作， 注意情態(tài)動詞的運用。Dear Mr Brown，I'm really glad to receive your email. As you have seen, many Chinese choose to stick the character Fu on the door upside down during the Spring Festival. 1. This can express their best wishes for the new year (這能表達他們對新年的美好祝愿). In Chinese, the character for “upside down” sounds the same as the character “to arrive”， so this means that happiness is arriving. 2. This must be interesting (這一定很有趣), isn't it?By the way, I'd like to invite you to celebrate the Dragon Boat Festival with my family 3. if you will come (如果你愿意來). It's a day in memory of the great poet Qu Yuan and we usually eat zongzi and enjoy dragon boat races. It'll be a good opportunity to experience Chinese culture and traditions.Looking forward to your reply.Yours，Li Hua 

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