2講 冠詞和介詞考點1 不定冠詞不定冠詞用于表示泛指,一般修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,aan兩種形式。當緊跟冠詞的名詞或名詞的修飾詞的第一個音素是輔音音素(不是輔音字母)用不定冠詞a;當緊跟冠詞的名詞或名詞的修飾詞的第一個音素是元音音素(不是元音字母)用不定冠詞an1. 不定冠詞的基本用法(1)用在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前,泛指某一類人或物中的任何一個。It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.人們普遍認為男孩子必須學會像男人那樣站起來戰(zhàn)斗。(2)用在專有名詞前表示“某一個”,相當于a certainExcuse me, would you please give the book to John?——打擾一下,請你把這本書給約翰好嗎?Sorry, but I don't think there's a John in our class.——對不起,但是我認為在我們班里沒有叫約翰的。(3)用在“beofa/an+名詞”結(jié)構中表示“同一,相同”時相當于“of the same+名詞”。The two plants look different, but they are of a kind (of the same kind)這兩種植物看上去不同但屬于同一類。2. 不定冠詞的活用(1)用于序數(shù)詞前表示又一,再一First impressions are the most lasting. After all,you never get a second chance to make a first impression.最初的印象最持久。畢竟, 你絕沒有機會再給別人留下一個第一印象。(2)不定冠詞可以用于某些具體化的抽象名詞前,常考的具體化的抽象名詞:success, failure, surprise, pleasure, beauty, pity, danger, comfort, honour等。Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艱難的時期,能夠買得起一杯飲料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。(3)有些不可數(shù)名詞如knowledgecollection,understanding等后面加of ... 時, 前面需用不定冠詞a/an。have a (good) knowledge of ... “精通……; have a (clear/good) understanding of ... “了解……”。If you don't have a good knowledge of English,it's out of the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently!如果你不精通英語,那么何談靈活而流利地運用它呢!3. 用于固定搭配中all of a sudden突然地as a matter of fact事實上be/go on a diet節(jié)食pay a visit to參觀;拜訪make a fool of 愚弄in a hurry匆忙地make a living謀生a waste of ... 浪費once in a while偶爾keep an eye on 留意;留神give sb. a lift讓某人搭便車at a loss不知所措;困惑have a gift for在……方面有天賦have a word with與……談話in a way從某種意義上說as a result/consequence 因此考點2 定冠詞1. 定冠詞的基本用法(1)用在表示特定的人或事物或者雙方都知道的人或事物,或者上文已經(jīng)提到過的人或事物之前。I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.我剛剛聽說多拉工作的那家銀行被一名持槍蒙面人搶劫了。(2)用于某些形容詞或分詞前,表示一類人。We're not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.我們并不是說每個人都需要為窮人貢獻自己的一切。(3)于序數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞的最高級和only, very, same,以及對兩個人或物進行比較時起特定作用的比較級前。As is known to all, the People's Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world. 眾所周知中華人民共和國是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家。This book is the better one of the two.這本書是這兩者中較好的那一本。amost連用,位于形容詞前時,most是表示程度的副詞意為非常;themost連用位于形容詞或副詞前時,most是最高級的標志,意為……(4)用于世界上獨一無二的事物名詞前、樂器前、世紀年代前。如:the sun; in the 21st century。(5)the+姓氏復數(shù)”表示一家人或夫婦二人The Smiths are coming to dinner.史密斯一家要來赴宴。(6)用于“bythe+表計量的名詞(day/hour/dozen)”結(jié)構中, 表示“按……計算”。但size, weight這類名詞跟by連用時不加定冠詞。He was surprised to find that books are sold by weight in this bookstore, that is, by the kilogramme.他驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)這家書店的書是按重量來賣,也就是說是按千克來賣的。(7)用于“動詞(hit, strike, pull, take)sb.+介詞+the+表示身體部位的名詞”結(jié)構中, 其中的the不可用物主代詞代替。hit sb. on the head 打某人的頭pull/take sb. by the hand拉/抓住某人的手strike sb. in the face打某人的臉2. 用于固定搭配中at the moment 此刻目前 by the way順便說一下in the way 阻礙;擋路in the distance在遠處not in the least 一點也不 on the contrary與此相反the other day 幾天之前 on the other hand另一方面to the point中肯; 切題 take the place of 代替go to the cinema/theatre去看電影/戲劇in the habit of有……的習慣make the most/best of 充分利用to tell (you) the truth(跟你)說實話for the time being 暫時考點3 零冠詞1. 零冠詞的基本用法(1)不含普通名詞的純專有名詞或表示泛指的抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞或復數(shù)名詞前,一般不加冠詞。Human life is regarded as part of nature and,therefore, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.人類生活被認為是自然的一部分,因此我們生存的唯一方式就是要與自然和諧相處。The Smiths don't usually like staying at hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea.史密斯夫婦通常不喜歡住旅館,但去年夏天,他們在海邊的一個很舒適的旅館住了幾天。(2)名詞前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any 等指示代詞、物主代詞、不定代詞作定語時不用冠詞。Each student must hand in his/her exercise book by the end of this week.每個學生必須在本周末交其作業(yè)本。(3)表示頭銜、職務或家庭成員的稱呼的名詞作表語、同位語或補語時, 其前通常不加冠詞。Dr Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us,A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.這所學校的校長彼得·斯彭斯博士告訴我們說,這里五分之一的學生都會到牛津大學或者劍橋大學繼續(xù)學習?!?/span>(4)表示無特指意義的季節(jié)、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名詞以及球類、棋類和學科名詞前,一般不加冠詞。Of all the subjects, I like history best because it gives us a useful knowledge of things in the past.在所有科目中,我最喜歡歷史因為我們可以從中了解過去許多有益的知識。2. 用于固定搭配中on/catch fire著火by mistake錯誤地by chance/accident碰巧in history在歷史上under repair在維修中hand in hand 手拉手do harm to對……有害on purpose故意地in place在正確的位置in danger在危險中in return作為回報at present 目前ahead of time 提前in advance 提前lose heart 灰心out of control失控at dawn/dusk/night在黎明/黃昏/夜晚make room for為……讓出空間3. 有無冠詞意義不同的搭配【技巧點撥】1. 注意是泛指還是特指如果空格后的名詞或“形容詞+名詞”前沒有形容詞性物主代詞、不定代詞、名詞所有格或指示代詞等限定詞時很可能填冠詞。(1)如果空格及后面的名詞在文中第一次出現(xiàn)可翻譯成“一個(本、種等),一般填a/an;如果是上文已經(jīng)提到過的,可翻譯成“這/那個,這/那些”一般填the。(2)如果名詞后有of短語、不定式、分詞或從句等作定語很可能填the2. 注意固定搭配考點4 ??冀樵~的用法1. 表示時間的介詞介詞意義或用法at表示時間的點、時刻等。at 600 o'clock6點鐘; at daybreak在黎明 on表示具體的日子或一個特定的時間或具體的某一天的上午、下午或晚上(常有前置定語或后置定語修飾)。on Monday afternoon在周一下午; on a rainy morning在一個雨天的上午in表示在某段較長的時間內(nèi)。in the 20th century20世紀; in winter在冬季; in September9月; in the morning在上午since時間點自從……以來續(xù)表介詞意義或用法for+時間段長達……during在……期間until/till直到……by 到……為止;不遲于……;表示增減的量in/after+時間段在……之后?!?/span>in+時間段”常與將來時連用;“after+時間段”常與過去時連用before ……之前over在……期間;直到……結(jié)束Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour.簡很著急因為去機場的火車半小時后出發(fā)。In Britain,it's not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast.在英國早餐時間開商務會議并不稀奇。(1)當時間名詞前有this, that, last, next, every, each等詞修飾時,通常不用任何介詞。(2)on/upon+名詞或動詞-ing形式結(jié)構可以表示…………”2. 表示方位的介詞介詞用法at后常接相對較小的地方in后常接相對較大的地方或在某一個大的范圍之內(nèi)on表示“在……上”。(反義詞beneath)across表示“從……的表面穿過;在……對面”through表示“從……的內(nèi)部穿過”over表示“從……的上面跨過”。(反義詞under)above指離開物體表面而在其上方,但并不一定是垂直向上。還可指數(shù)目、數(shù)量、水平、年齡等超過,多于,大于(反義詞below)The dog jumped over some bushes and saw the little stream.狗跳過一些灌木叢看到了小溪。The sunlight came in through the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.陽光透過天窗,照亮了整個房間。3. 表示方式的介詞表示使用的工具、手段、材料時,with, by, in, on都意為“用”。with多指用具體的工具、身體的某部位或器官;by側(cè)重指使用某種方法、手段或乘坐某種交通工具;in指使用某種語言、筆墨等;on 多用于固定詞組中。by train乘火車; on the radio通過收音機; on TV通過電視; with a pencil用鉛筆4. 表示“除……之外”的介詞(短語)介詞(短語)意義或用法besides意為“除……之外(還有),相當于in addition to except意為“除……之外(別無),可接名詞、代詞、介詞短語和從句but意為“除……之外”(except)apart from既可相當于besidesin addition to,也可相當于except forother than意為“除……之外(別無)Apart from good service,the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.除了優(yōu)質(zhì)的服務外這個飯店還提供各種各樣的傳統(tǒng)福建菜。(1)but常用于nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all 之后。接不定式時如果前有實義動詞do,則不定式中的to省略。(2)besides還可作副詞,意為另外,而且。5. 表示原因的介詞(短語)表示原因的介詞(短語)for, because of, due to, thanks to, owing to, on account of, as a result/consequence of。The open-air celebration has been put off because of the bad weather.因為天氣不好,這次戶外慶祝活動被推遲了。Owing to the bad weather, the flight was delayed for a couple of hours.由于天氣惡劣,航班延誤了好幾個小時。上述表示原因的短語都可作狀語,due to還可作表語。thanks to 表示多虧,幸虧,多位于句首。6. 其他常考的介詞介詞意義against違背,反對;倚靠;以……為背景,襯托beyond(范圍、限度)超出,……所不能及by程度或增減的幅度;按……計despite盡管for(表示目的)為了;(表示對象或用途)給;因為;從……來看;贊成,支持with和……在一起;和,跟;具有,帶有;(表示伴隨)隨著within(范圍、程度)在……內(nèi)without沒有off(表示位置)在……的外面;(表示方向)偏離;從……離開She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went off the road.她在轉(zhuǎn)彎處開得如此快,以至于車差點偏離公路。考點5 ??冀樵~短語及搭配高考中的語法填空將更加注重對介詞短語及搭配的考查,介詞與名詞、形容詞與介詞、動詞與介詞形式的搭配是高考考查的難點。??冀樵~短語及固定搭配:1. 與名詞的搭配at a time每次一次at a loss 困惑,不知所措at first sight乍一看at table在吃飯by mistake錯誤地by the way順便說in charge主管看管in return作為回報in turn依次,轉(zhuǎn)而in shape健康狀況良好in trouble 處于困境中on purpose故意地on holiday在度假in time及時,遲早on time準時on average 平均in place of代替in addition to 除了by hand 手工on the contrary相反地on account of 由于on behalf of 代表approach to ……的方法visit to 到……的訪問for the sake of為了by means of 借助reason for ……的原因(a) lack of ……的缺乏2. 與動詞的搭配answer for 對……負責apply for申請call at 拜訪(地點)call on 拜訪(某人)refer to 談到;涉及;查閱result from 由于result in/lead to導致suffer from遭受approve of贊成complain of 抱怨consist of 由……組成dream of 夢到think of 想起;考慮到depend/rely on 依靠belong to 屬于date from/back to 追溯到succeed in 在……方面成功protect ... from ... 保護……不受……傷害keep/prevent/stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事3. 與形容詞的搭配 be aware of 意識到be proud of 以……為榮be tired of厭倦be angry with 對……生氣be eager for 渴望be absent from 缺席be ashamed of對……感到羞恥be sure of 對……有信心;確信be familiar with 熟悉……be familiar to 為……所熟悉be patient with 對……有耐心be pleased/satisfied with 對……滿意be popular with 受……歡迎be strict with 對……嚴格be addicted to 對……上癮;沉溺于be available to 對……可用;可供……使用be beneficial to 對……有益處be devoted to 致力于,獻身于be similar to 與……相似be confident in 對……有信心be anxious about/for 憂慮,擔心be crazy about 熱衷;著迷be curious about 對……好奇be particular about 挑剔be suitable for/to適合于4. 其他搭配far from 遠非once in a while 偶爾after all 畢竟終究in spite of 盡管;雖然up to 達到;由……決定ahead of (時間,空間)在……前面;領先【技巧點撥】四種方法確定介詞1. 根據(jù)介詞短語與謂語的邏輯關系。2. 根據(jù)語境含義結(jié)合介詞的用法。3. 根據(jù)特殊的結(jié)構關系, 如接復合賓語就只能用withwithout4. 根據(jù)介詞與動詞、形容詞、名詞等的搭配。 . 單句語法填空1. (2021·新高考)While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is a must to visit!2. (2021·全國乙卷)Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism. 3. (2021·浙江卷6)The Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two stories in 1856 to meet the needs of their growing family.4. (2021·浙江卷6)In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their marriage ceremony in 1842.5. (2021·全國甲卷)It was built originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored  (修復) .6. (2021·浙江卷1)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men. 7. (2020·全國)Bamboo plants are associated with health, abundance and a happy home.8. (2020·全國)The artist was finally humbled (謙卑) by the greatest artist on earth, Mother Nature.. 語法填空(2021·遼寧沈陽高三一模)IN DENMARK you're never more than 30 miles from the sea. Aside from Jutland's boundary with Germany, Denmark is 1. entirely (entire) surrounded by water, with a total of 5,437 miles of coastline. This made it perfect for the Viking society, 2. where/whose sailing was the most important way to get around, says Rikke Johansen, director at the Viking Ship Museum, in Roskilde. Land divided people; water connected 3. them (they).” Fishing was a necessity for 4. survival (survive) long before Denmark, which is made up of 406 islands, 5. became (become) an agricultural nation, but today, Johansen says, water means leisure for most Danes. We take it 6. for granted; it's a way of life. For many of us, 7. looking (look) out at water every day is key.” The whole of Denmark is lowland, formed by Ice Age glaciers and glacial streams. With 8. the highest point just 558 feet above sea level, the country is easily influenced by floods and storms. Sea levels are expected to rise three feet by 2100, and 9. scientists (scientist) are worried that historical sites on the coast will disappear altogether. In 2019 the 120-year-old Rubjerg Knude light-house, originally 10. built (build) 656 feet from the sea, had to be wheeled back, as coastal erosion (侵蝕) had reduced that distance to just 19 feet.. 寫作運用根據(jù)漢語提示補全下面寫作, 注意冠詞和介詞的運用。Dear teachers and friends,I feel greatly honoured to give a speech here 1. on behalf of all the exchange students (代表所有交換生)Living and studying here makes us very fulfilled. During our stay, we 2. have a better understanding of the British life, culture, society (更好地了解英國的生活、文化、社會) and so on, which have not only enriched our knowledge but also broadened our horizons. 3. Apart from that (除此之外), our abilities including listening, speaking and writing English have also got greatly improved. And it is all the English teachers and classmates here that we should owe many thanks to. 4. Without your help (沒有你們的幫助), we couldn't have achieved so much.True friendship never ends, so I hope we 5. can keep in touch with each other (能彼此保持聯(lián)系) even after we go back home. And I also sincerely hope that someday you can come to China for a visit.That's all! Thank you!   

相關學案

(人教版)高考英語一輪復習課時學案 第2部分 語法專題 專題3 第1講 冠詞 (含解析):

這是一份(人教版)高考英語一輪復習課時學案 第2部分 語法專題 專題3 第1講 冠詞 (含解析),共5頁。

(人教版)高考英語一輪復習課時學案 第2部分 語法專題 專題3 第3講 介詞 (含解析):

這是一份(人教版)高考英語一輪復習課時學案 第2部分 語法專題 專題3 第3講 介詞 (含解析),共12頁。

高考英語總復習語法專題3第1講代詞學案:

這是一份高考英語總復習語法專題3第1講代詞學案,共7頁。學案主要包含了技巧點撥等內(nèi)容,歡迎下載使用。

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