第3講　非謂語動詞考點1　非謂語動詞的形式及意義非謂語動詞主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)意義不定式一般式to doto bedone表示的動作與句中謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生進行式to bedoing—表示的動作與句中謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生完成式to havedoneto havebeendone表示的動作發(fā)生在句中謂語動詞的動作之前動詞-ing形式一般式doingbeingdone表示的動作與句中謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生或基本上同時發(fā)生完成式havingdonehavingbeen done表示的動作先于句中謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生過去分詞一般式done—與句中主語為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系，表示完成There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.在我們準(zhǔn)備在月球上長住之前，仍有很多問題需要解決。Walking in the street, I came across an old friend.走在大街上，我碰到了一位老朋友。Based on an interesting story, the novel was well worth reading. 基于一個有趣的故事，這部小說很值得一讀。考點2　非謂語動詞作狀語1. 不定式作狀語(1)作目的狀語，有時用in order to或so as to。We will continue our campaign to prevent and control air pollution to make our sky blue again.我們將繼續(xù)我們的運動，以預(yù)防和控制空氣污染，使我們的天空再次蔚藍。(2)作結(jié)果狀語，常表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：only to, enough to, too ... to ..., so/such ... as to ... 等。Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.湯姆乘出租車去了機場，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)他要乘坐的飛機已飛入高空。I'm too tired to stay up any longer.我太累了，實在不能熬夜了。(3)作原因狀語，常用在“主語＋系動詞＋形容詞＋to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中。這類形容詞有：easy, difficult, hard, cheap, heavy, good, expensive, comfortable, dangerous, fit, important, impossible, surprised, astonished, delighted, disappointed 等。We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.令我們吃驚的是，這座寺廟仍保持著最初的樣子。語法填空中常考查 “主語＋be＋形容詞＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，句子的主語和不定式構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，且此時不定式通常用主動形式表示被動意義。另外，需注意的是，在該結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式中的動詞必須是及物動詞；若為不及物動詞，則要在其后加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，使之構(gòu)成及物動詞短語。2. 動詞-ing形式及過去分詞作狀語分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語通常就是句子的主語。動詞-ing形式作狀語時，它所表示的動作與句子主語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主動關(guān)系。過去分詞作狀語時，過去分詞所表示的動作與句子主語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動關(guān)系。We sat in the garden, talking about the days we spent together last year.我們坐在花園里，談?wù)撝ツ晡覀円黄鸲冗^的日子。(2020·江蘇卷)Technological innovations, combined with good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.技術(shù)創(chuàng)新與良好的市場營銷相結(jié)合，將促進這些產(chǎn)品的銷售。Ordered over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.這些書是一個多星期以前訂購的，現(xiàn)在有望隨時到貨。Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way using the sun and the stars.像古代的船員一樣，鳥類可以利用太陽和星星找到它們的路。部分過去分詞作狀語時不表示被動，也不表示完成，而表示一種狀態(tài)。常見的有：located (坐落于), lost(迷路的), seated(坐著的), hidden(躲著的), lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于), dressed in(穿著), tired of(厭煩的), faced with(面對著)。3. 獨立成分作狀語有些分詞或不定式短語作狀語，其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響，稱作獨立成分。常考的有generally/frankly/roughly/strictly speaking, talking of, speaking of, judging from/by, taking everything into consideration, compared to/with, to be frank, to tell (you) the truth, to be honest, to make things worse 等。Judging from his accent, he is from London.從口音判斷，他來自倫敦。To tell you the truth, I am a little tired.說實話，我有點累。4. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語動詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語應(yīng)和句子主語保持一致。但有時非謂語動詞帶有自己的邏輯主語，在句子中作狀語，我們稱之為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。(1)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點：①獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。②獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中作邏輯主語的名詞或代詞與后面的分詞或不定式是邏輯上的主動或被動關(guān)系。③獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般用逗號與句子分開。(2)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成：①名詞/代詞＋動詞-ing形式/過去分詞；②名詞/代詞＋不定式；③with/without＋名詞/代詞＋分詞/不定式。Weather permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow.明天如果天氣好，我們就進行比賽。The test finished(＝When the test was finished)，we began our holiday.考試結(jié)束后，我們就開始放假了。考點3　非謂語動詞作定語1. 不定式作定語(1)不定式作定語通常放在所修飾詞之后，表示將來的動作。不定式與其所修飾的詞之間往往是動賓關(guān)系，若該不定式是不及物動詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。Suddenly a good idea occurred to her，but she couldn't find any paper to write on.突然她想到了一個好主意，但是她找不到紙把它寫下來。(2)序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級，the last, the only 等后或被這類詞修飾的名詞/代詞后，常用不定式作定語。He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他總是第一個到校，最后一個離校。(3)被修飾詞是抽象名詞時，常用不定式作定語。常見名詞：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增強意志力最好的方法就是讓意志力成為一種習(xí)慣。The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表達觀點的能力與觀點本身同等重要。2. 動詞-ing形式及過去分詞作定語(1)作定語的及物動詞的分詞形式：動詞-ing形式、“being＋過去分詞”、過去分詞。當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為主動關(guān)系時，用動詞-ing形式；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為被動關(guān)系且表示正在進行時，用“being＋過去分詞”；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為被動關(guān)系且表示完成時，用過去分詞。(2)作定語的不及物動詞的分詞形式：動詞-ing形式和過去分詞。動詞-ing形式表示動作正在進行；過去分詞只表示動作已完成，不表示被動。To return to the problem of water pollution, I'd like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2012.為了再討論一下水污染的問題，我想讓你們看一項2012年在澳大利亞進行的研究。Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.昨天晚上，有幾百萬人觀看了開幕式的電視直播。考點4　非謂語動詞作賓語1. 只接不定式作賓語的動詞：agree, plan, demand, promise, prepare, decide, refuse, choose, wish, hope, expect, fail (未能), pretend, manage, determine, beg, arrange, threaten, claim, hesitate, wait, happen (碰巧)等。She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant, waiting to be served.她坐在餐館里的一張小桌子旁等著服務(wù)員。2. 只接動詞-ing形式作賓語的動詞及短語：admit, avoid, consider, escape(避開), imagine, mind, miss, practise, suggest, feel like, give up, put off, object to, look forward to等。此外，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.; have fun (in) doing sth. 等結(jié)構(gòu)中也用動詞-ing形式作賓語。I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.我回避提及這個話題，以免冒犯他。It's quite hot today. Do you feel like going for a swim?今天很熱。你想去游泳嗎？3. 接不定式與動詞-ing形式作賓語意義不同的動詞：—That would mean wasting a lot of labour.——那將意味著浪費許多勞動力。—Really？I don't mean to waste any labour.——是嗎？我并沒打算浪費勞動力。Was she worried that I would stop buying the groceries if I knew the truth?她是擔(dān)憂我知道真相后會停止買食品雜貨嗎？(1)動詞want, need, require作“需要”講時，其后要用動詞-ing形式的主動形式或不定式的被動形式作賓語。與此用法相同的動詞還有deserve(值得)。(2)不定式作動詞(短語)learn, decide, know, wonder, show, understand, explain, teach, advise, find out 等的賓語時，前面常帶引導(dǎo)詞how, what, whether, where, when, who等。(3)介詞后一般要接動詞-ing形式作賓語，但介詞but/except后接不定式作賓語時，若前有實義動詞do，不定式要省略to。考點5　非謂語動詞作賓補1. 不定式作賓補不定式作賓補時，賓語和不定式之間在邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系，不定式表示將要發(fā)出的主動動作。常接不定式作賓補的動詞(短語)：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, intend, invite, order, persuade, prefer, require, remind, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。If we expect people to give up the habit of driving，we must give them an alternative they can  rely on.如果我們期望人們放棄開車的習(xí)慣，我們必須給他們可以依賴的選擇。Having finished the project, Tara was invited by the school to speak to the new students.完成她的項目之后，塔拉被學(xué)校邀請去給新生講話。(1)有些動詞，如think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, understand等后常用to be作賓補或主補。Chinese people are considered to be the most hard-working people in the world.中國人被認為是世界上最勤勞的人民。(2)在sb. be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式作主語補足語。The president was reported to have visited China.據(jù)報道，那位總統(tǒng)已經(jīng)訪問了中國。2. 動詞-ing形式及過去分詞作賓補(1)動詞-ing形式作賓補時，動詞與賓語之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，且強調(diào)正在進行的主動動作?？山觿釉~-ing形式作賓補的常見動詞：感官動詞(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel)，使役動詞(have, get), find, leave, keep, catch等。Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?聽！你聽到有人正在呼喊救命嗎？(2)過去分詞作賓補時，動詞與賓語之間存在邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，且表示被動動作。可接過去分詞作賓補的常見動詞：感官動詞(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel)，使役動詞(have, make, let, get), find, leave, keep等。The teacher raised his voice in order to make himself heard.那位老師提高嗓門以便讓自己被聽到。(3)使役動詞have和get后接非謂語動詞作補語的異同點：①have sth. done＝get sth. done讓別人做某事；②have sb./sth. doing讓……一直做某事；get sth./sb. doing 使……開始做某事；③have sb. do sth.＝get sb. to do sth. 讓某人做某事。Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed.在開車進城之前，你需要洗洗車。(4)with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：①“with＋賓語＋doing”表示主動，說明動作正在發(fā)生或經(jīng)常發(fā)生；②“with＋賓語＋done”表示被動或完成；③“with＋賓語＋to do”表示將要發(fā)生的動作。The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.這對老夫婦常常在晚飯后到公園里散步，他們的寵物狗則在后面跟著。With such a short time left before the deadline, it doesn't seem likely that John will finish the job.截止日期之前只剩下很短的時間，約翰似乎不可能完成工作了。With a lot of work to do, she wasn't allowed to leave her office.由于有許多工作要做，她不被允許離開辦公室。考點6　非謂語動詞作主語和表語1. 不定式作主語和表語(1)不定式作主語時，一般表示具體某一次的動作。若不定式太長，常用it作形式主語而將不定式后置。No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it's better to remain silent.無論你多么能說會道，有些時候保持沉默會更好。(2)不定式作表語時：①表示預(yù)定要發(fā)生的動作；②當(dāng)主語是aim, purpose, idea, plan, wish, decision, choice等詞時，常用不定式作表語；③主語為what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時，表語多用不定式。His wish is to be a doctor in the future.他的愿望是將來當(dāng)一名醫(yī)生。What I want to do most in senior high school is to improve my English.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英語水平。2. 動詞-ing形式作主語和表語(1)動詞-ing形式作主語常表示抽象的、泛指的概念，也可用it作形式主語，把作真正主語的動詞-ing形式放在句末。常用于固定句型：It's a waste of time doing ...; It's no use/good doing ...; It is useless doing ...; There is no point doing ... 等。Facing up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to working things out.直面你的問題而不是逃避它們，是解決這些問題最好的方法。It's no use complaining without taking action.不采取行動而只是抱怨是沒有用的。(2)動詞-ing形式作表語時相當(dāng)于名詞，用于解釋主語的內(nèi)容，表語和主語常?？梢曰Q位置。My job is cleaning the house three times a week(＝Cleaning the house three times a week is my job.)我的工作是每周打掃三次房子。(3)remain作系動詞，意為“仍然是”時，后可接動詞-ing形式或過去分詞作表語；但作不及物動詞，意為“尚待……；留待……”時，后常接to be done。She remained standing though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.雖然我們?nèi)宕蔚卣埶?/span>，但她還是站著。It remains to be seen whether the newly-formed committee's policy can be put into practice.新成立的委員會提出的方針能否實行還有待觀察。【技巧點撥】1. 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，判斷是謂語動詞還是非謂語動詞首先判定所給提示詞是否充當(dāng)句子的謂語，如果句子不缺少謂語，那就是非謂語動詞。2. 找邏輯主語，再判斷與動詞之間的關(guān)系(1)非謂語動詞作定語時，其邏輯主語是被修飾詞；作狀語時，其邏輯主語通常是句子的主語；作補語時，其邏輯主語是動詞或介詞的賓語。(2)如果邏輯主語與非謂語動詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，則用動詞-ing形式；如果非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語之間是動賓關(guān)系，則用過去分詞。但是當(dāng)含有被動意義時，如果非謂語動詞表示的動作尚未發(fā)生，則用不定式的被動式；如果非謂語動詞表示的動作正在進行，則用動詞-ing形式的被動式。3. 判斷所給動詞與謂語動詞發(fā)生的先后順序(1)to have done, having done表示該動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前；(2)to be doing, doing表示該動作與謂語動詞表示的動作(幾乎)同時發(fā)生。 Ⅰ. 單句語法填空1. (2021·全國甲卷)After spending (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history!2. (2021·全國甲卷)It is possible to walk (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.3. (2021·浙江卷6月)Mary's sister, Frances Todd Wallace, often came over to plant (plant) flowers in the front yard.4. (2020·浙江卷7月)Later, they learned to work with the seasons, planting at the right time and, in dry areas, making (make) use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields.5. (2020·全國Ⅱ卷)They make great gifts and you see them many times decorated (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.Ⅱ. 語法填空(2021·湖北十堰高三4月模擬)A new bike route, 1. which stretches 3，700 miles from Washington DC to the Pacific Ocean, is aiming to be “America's Main Street”. The Great American Rail-Trail will enable cyclists and hikers 2. to cross (cross) the entire US.The multi-use trail will run from Washington DC to Washington State. It 3. was carried (carry) out in May 2019, and the route will 4. eventually (eventual) connect over 145 existing paths. So far nearly 2，000 miles of it has been completed.“5. Determining (determine) the route was ever a long journey，” said Brandi Horton, vice-president of communications at Rails-to-Trails Conservancy (RTC)．Once it is fully completed, almost one in six 6. Americans (American) will live within 50 miles of the route, and it will offer an incomparable experience of the country. The timing couldn't be 7. better (good) because trail use across the US has risen in large part due to people's need for exercise.“I think the need showed to a lot of officials that access 8. to the outdoors actually is key. Creating these connections 9. is (be) really critical，” added Horton.RTC's late co-founder David Burwell once had a dream that one day people could go across the entire country on flat, wide, off-road paths. He wants rail-trails to be “America's Main Street”. Now, 10. the dream is ready to be realised.Ⅲ. 寫作運用根據(jù)漢語提示補全下面寫作， 注意非謂語動詞的運用。Dear Mr Smith，I'm writing on behalf of our calligraphy club to 1. invite you to come to the Student Activity Centre for some activities with us (邀請您來學(xué)生活動中心和我們一起參加一些活動) from 2：00 p．m. to 5：00 p．m. this weekend.2. Being an important part of traditional Chinese culture (作為中國傳統(tǒng)文化的重要組成部分), calligraphy serves the purpose of 3. conveying thoughts and showing the beauty of lines (表達思想并表現(xiàn)線條之美)．Not only is it a practical technique for writing Chinese characters, but 4. it's a unique art form to purify our souls as well (它也是一種凈化我們靈魂的獨特藝術(shù)形式). You will enjoy a lecture about the Chinese calligraphy and appreciate masterpieces of some celebrities. After that, you will be exposed to some hands-on activities.Hopefully, you will be able to feel the beauty and power of Chinese calligraphy. Looking forward to your reply!Yours，Li Hua 

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