一、語基必備知識
(一)重點詞匯——分類記憶
Ⅰ.閱讀詞匯——知其意
1．flight n．　　　　　　　　　 飛行；航班
2．cheek n. 面頰
3．canteen n. 食堂
4．posture n. 姿勢；體態(tài)
5．crossroads n. 十字路口
6．frown vi. 皺眉；蹙額
7．fist n. 拳頭
8．yawn vi. 打呵欠
9．respectful adj. 恭敬的
10．subjective adj. 主觀的
11．employee n. 雇員
12．misread vt. 讀錯；誤解
Ⅱ.核心詞匯——寫其形
1．dormitory n．　　　　　　 宿舍
2．major adj. 主要的
3．a(chǎn)pproach vt.& vi. 接近；靠近；走近
n. 接近；方法；途徑
4．hug vi.& vt. 擁抱
5．function n. 作用；功能；職能
vi. 起作用；運轉(zhuǎn)
6．represent vt. 代表；象征
7．ease n. 安逸；舒適
vt. 減輕(痛苦、憂慮)
8．a(chǎn)dult n. 成人；成年人
adj. 成人的；成熟的
9．rank n. 等級；軍銜
10．dash vi. 猛沖；突進(jìn)
Ⅲ.拓展詞匯——通其變
1．state v．陳述；說明→statement n．陳述；說明
2．greet vi.& vt.迎接；問候→greeting n．問候；招呼
3．a(chǎn)ssociate vt.把……聯(lián)系起來→association n．社團(tuán)；聯(lián)系；聯(lián)想
4．curious adj.好奇的→curiously adv.好奇地→curiosity n．好奇；好奇心
5．defend vt.保護(hù)；保衛(wèi)→defence n．防御；保衛(wèi)
6．misunderstand vt.誤解；誤會→misunderstanding n．誤解；誤會
7．spoken adj.口語的→unspoken adj.(反義詞)未說出口的；非口語的
8．a(chǎn)nger n．怒氣；怒火→angry adj.生氣的
9．true adj.真實的→truly adv.真實地；真誠地；真正地→truth n．真實；真理
10．likely adj.可能的→unlikely adj.(反義詞)不可能的
11．face n．臉→facial adj.面部的

1.常見“人體部位及器官”名詞薈萃
①cheek　　　　　　 面頰
②forehead 額頭
③chest 胸部
④shoulder 肩膀
⑤throat 喉嚨
2.后綴-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞集錦
①likely　　　　　 可能的
②weekly 每周的
③costly 昂貴的
④daily 日常的
⑤friendly 友好的
⑥lively 活潑的
⑦lovely 可愛的
3.“方法”種種
①做某事的方法
the approach to doing sth.
the way to do sth./of doing sth.
②用這種方法
in this way
by this means
with this method
(二)重點短語——記牢用活
1．be__curious__about　　　　　　 對……感到好奇的
2．defend...against 防御；保衛(wèi)……以免受
3．on__the__contrary 相反地
4．be__likely__to 很可能……；有希望……
5．in__general 總的來說；通常
6．come__close__to 接近；靠近
7．a(chǎn)s__if 好像
8．a(chǎn)t__ease 舒適；快活；自由自在
9．turn__one’s__back__to 背對；背棄
10．lose__face 丟臉

1.表示“通常；總之”的短語大全
①in general　　　　　　　　 通常
②generally speaking 一般說來
③in a word 總之
④all in all 總之
⑤in conclusion 總之
⑥in short/brief 總之；簡言之
2.face短語大全
①lose face　　　　　　　　　　 丟臉
②save one’s face 挽回面子
③make a face 做鬼臉
④face to face 面對面(作狀語)
⑤in (the) face of 面對(問題、困難等)
⑥be faced with 面對
(三)重點句式——背熟巧用
句型公式
教材原句
句型1：the＋序數(shù)詞＋n.＋to do sth.
The__first__person__to__arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain.　第一個到達(dá)的是來自哥倫比亞的托尼·加西亞，隨后緊跟著的是英國的朱莉婭·史密斯。
句型2：not all意為“并非所有的都……”，表示部分否定
Not__all__cultures__greet__each__other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people.　各種文化背景下人們互致問候的方式不盡相同，身體接觸和相互間距離的程度也并不一樣。
句型3：be likely to do sth.有可能做某事
However, people from places like Spain, Italy or South American countries approach others closely and are__more__likely__to__touch__them.
不過，來自西班牙、意大利或南美等國的人會站在離別人很近的地方，而且可能會(用身體)接觸對方。
句型4：it 作形式主語，真正的主語為that從句
We can often be wrong about each other, so it__is__an__amazing__thing__that we understand each other as well as we do！
我們可能常常會彼此誤解，因此我們能很好地理解對方，真是件令人驚奇的事！
二、語境強化訓(xùn)練
Ⅰ.語境填詞——根據(jù)提示寫出該詞的適當(dāng)形式
1．(2019·全國卷Ⅰ)Just as importantly, we tend to associate(把……聯(lián)系起來) fresh air with health care.
2．(浙江卷)In this article, you need to back up general statements(陳述；說明) with specific examples.
3．As you know, smoking is one of the major(主要的) causes of cancer, so you’d better give it up.
4．As a(n) adult(成年人), you should be responsible for your own decisions.
5．General speaking, those young people who come from the rich family or high rank(等級) are well educated from an early age.
6．When told it was time to leave, the two girls hugged(hug) each other and said goodbye.
7．We were having a meeting when Johnson came dashing(dash) in with a piece of paper in his hand.
8．Representing(represent) our class, Linda and I will take part in the contest to be held this weekend.
Ⅱ.語境品詞——寫出加黑詞匯在語境中的意義
1．(2018·浙江卷6月應(yīng)用文寫作)I’ve learned that the English Association of our school is now in need of some volunteers to receive foreign students visiting our school.協(xié)會
2．(浙江卷讀后續(xù)寫)Fortunately, the helicopter flew overhead and noticed poor Jane.Tom dashed out as soon as the helicopter landed and hugged Jane tightly.猛沖；突進(jìn)
3．(天津卷書面表達(dá))In the past two weeks, we have studied in the same classroom and lived in the same dormitory, which allows us the opportunity to know each other and promote our friendship.宿舍
4．(全國卷Ⅱ閱讀A)At last I ended up hitting the set with my fist, and it stopped working altogether.拳頭
Ⅲ.派生詞練習(xí)——用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空
1．The curious boy looked at the box curiously and then he opened it out of curiosity．(curious)
2．To tell you the truth,__I’m truly grateful for your helping me make my dream come true．(true)
3．In time of war, lots of money will be spent on defence and many measures will be taken to defend a country from being attacked.(defend)
4．To my surprise, instead of mailing a greeting card, she greeted me with a hug and said “Merry Christmas”．(greet)
5．I wouldn’t want to be associated with the illegal association any more.(associate)
6．He stated the other day that the statement was not made by him.(state)
7．If you misunderstand somebody, it’s likely to lead to a misunderstanding．(misunderstand)
8．She majors in history. However, the majority of her friends major in science.(major)
Ⅳ.選詞成篇
on the contrary; at ease; be likely to ; in general; lose face
As is known to us, people usually communicate with others not only by spoken words but also by body language. When you find your friend is depressed, you’d better not ignore him; 1.on__the__contrary,__you should give him a smile to cheer him up and at that moment the smile will put him 2.at__ease. If some foreigners ask you the directions, you can use body language to make him understand. 3.In__general,__body language is as important as spoken language. Without a good command of major body languages, we 4.are__likely__to have misunderstandings when communicating. When we go abroad, we represent our country, so we must try not to 5.lose__face because of our unproper behavior.
Ⅴ.完成句子
1．屠呦呦是中國第一位獲得諾貝爾獎的女科學(xué)家，2019年9月29日她被授予共和國勛章。
As the__first__female__scientist__to__win__the__Nobel__Prize in China, Tu Youyou was awarded the Medal of the Republic on September 29th, 2019.
2．并不是所有人都愿意做這樣的工作，因為它對于有些人來說太難了。
Not__all__are__willing__to__do__such__work,__for it is quite hard for some of them.
3．如果你努力學(xué)習(xí)，你很有可能考入理想的大學(xué)。
If you study hard, you are__likely__to__be__admitted__to your dreaming university.
4．中國在教育和技術(shù)方面取得了如此巨大的進(jìn)步，這是一件令人驚訝的事情。
It__is__an__amazing__thing__that China has made such great advancement in education and technology.

represent　vt.代表；象征；描繪；聲稱；說明；傳達(dá)
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①She represents her mother as the kindest mother in the world.
②In the afternoon, you together with some of our student representatives(represent) are going to visit the Haihe River and enjoy the beautiful scenery there.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
(2019·全國卷Ⅱ書面表達(dá))我非常高興代表我們學(xué)校，告訴你們有關(guān)即將到來的排球比賽的一些事宜。
③Representing__our__school,__I’m glad to tell you something about the coming volleyball game.
④On__behalf__of__our__school,__I’m glad to tell you something about the coming volleyball game.

(1)　　 代表……
(2)represent...as/to be... 宣稱……為……；
把……描繪成……
(3)represent sth. to sb. 向某人說明或傳達(dá)某事
(4)representative n. 代表
　　 　　adj. 典型的；有代表性的　
[佳句背誦] Last but not least, I feel it a great honour to represent my class to take part in the group dancing competition.　最后但同樣重要的是，我覺得代表我班參加小組跳舞比賽非常榮幸。
curious　adj.好奇的
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①People gathered round，curious to__know(know) what was happening.
②They help us understand science subjects better and arouse our curiosity(curious) about scientific discoveries.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③中國的傳統(tǒng)文化有可能會是一個更好的選擇，因為美國學(xué)生對中國的傳統(tǒng)文化感到好奇。
The traditional Chinese culture is likely to be a better choice because American students are__curious__about__traditional__Chinese__culture．

(1)be curious about　　　　　 對……感到好奇
be curious to do sth. 渴望做某事
(2)curiosity n. 好奇；好奇心
with curiosity 好奇地
out of curiosity 出于好奇
(3)curiously adv. 好奇地　
[佳句背誦] It is good to be curious about the world around you because I think curiosity is the best teacher.　對你周圍的世界感到新奇是件好事，因為我認(rèn)為好奇心是最好的老師。
approach　vt.& vi.走近；要求；接近；靠近　n．接近；方法；途徑
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①The best approach to building(build) up your body is to do exercise every day.
②Approaching(approach) the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height.
③All the approaches(approach) to the airport were blocked by the police yesterday.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
(2017·天津卷書面表達(dá))隨著高考的臨近，我?guī)缀醢阉械臅r間都花在了學(xué)習(xí)上。
④With__the__College__Entrance__Examination__approaching/drawing__near/around__the__corner,__I spend almost all the time on study.(with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))
⑤As__the__College__Entrance__Examination__is__approaching/drawing__near/around__the__corner,__I spend almost all the time on study.(時間狀語從句)

(1)an approach to...　　 ……的方法/通道
(to為介詞)
(2)approach sth. 靠近/接近某事物
...be approaching ……正在來臨/靠近　
[佳句背誦] As Teachers’ Day was approaching, our class decided to hold a party to celebrate the important day.　隨著教師節(jié)的臨近，我們班決定舉行一場晚會來慶祝這個重要的節(jié)日。
[聯(lián)想發(fā)散] “(做)……的方法”的正確搭配：
①the approach to__(doing) sth.；
②the way to__do/of__(doing) sth.；
③the means of__(doing) sth.；
④the method of__(doing) sth.
defence　n．[U]保衛(wèi)，防衛(wèi)
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空/猜測加黑詞的含義
①The strong walls of the castle served as a good defence(defend) against the attacks.
②When a dog attacked me, I picked up a stick to defend myself(I)．
③It is said that the murderer had employed a famous lawyer to defend him.辯護(hù)
[能力提升]——完成句子
④這座紀(jì)念碑是為了紀(jì)念那些為保衛(wèi)國家而犧牲的士兵們。
The monument is in memory of the soldiers who died in__defence__of__their__country．

(1)defend...from/against 保護(hù)……免受傷害
defend oneself 自衛(wèi)
(2)defence n. 保衛(wèi)；保護(hù)；辯護(hù)；答辯
in defence (of...) 為了保衛(wèi)(……)
(3)defender n. 防御者　
[佳句背誦] It is the nature of parents to do all they can to defend their child from harm and danger.
父母的本性是竭盡全力保護(hù)他們的孩子免受傷害和危險。
major　adj.主要的；重要的；嚴(yán)重的　vi.主修
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——完成句子/單句語法填空
①I guess that there may be a__major__misunderstanding__between__us(我們之間可能有嚴(yán)重的誤會)．
②In that company I once worked, women workers are in the majority.
[能力提升]——微寫作
③(2018·浙江卷6月應(yīng)用文寫作)作為主修英語的畢業(yè)生， 我很高興申請這個職位。
As a graduate majoring__in__the__English__language,__I feel excited to apply for the position.

(1)major in　　　　　　 主修
(2)in the majority 占大多數(shù)
the majority of 大多數(shù)……　
[佳句背誦] As a matter of fact, he inspired me to major in English in college, to be a bridge between China and the world.
事實上，他激勵我在大學(xué)主修英語，成為中國和世界之間的橋梁。(北京卷書面表達(dá))
in general　總的來說；通常
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①Peter can be really difficult to deal with at times even though he’s a nice person in general.
②As a general rule, the more expensive the computer is, the better it is.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
(2018·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))一般來說，你不應(yīng)晚于安排好的時間到達(dá)。
③Generally__speaking,__your arrival shouldn’t be later than the fixed time.
④In__general,__you shouldn’t arrive later than the fixed time.

(1)general knowledge　　　 常識
as a general rule 一般而言；通常
(2)generally speaking 總體而言；一般而言　
[佳句背誦] In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today’s world of cultural crossroads!
但總的來說，在當(dāng)今文化交融的世界，學(xué)習(xí)不同國家的習(xí)俗肯定能幫助我們避免文化交往中的困難！
[名師點津] in general意為“總的來說；通?！保３Ｗ鞑迦胝Z，可放在句首或句中。
at ease　舒適；快活；自由自在
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①We live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
②I eased him of his difficulty by telling him what to do.
③Before the interview, the interviewer wore a bright smile on his face, putting us at ease.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④當(dāng)你感到緊張時，你最好聽一些輕音樂使自己放松一下。
When you feel nervous, you’d better listen to some light music to put__yourself__at__ease．

(1)feel/look at ease　 感到/看上去心情放松
put sb. at ease 使某人放松
take one’s ease 休息；輕松一下
(2)with ease 輕易地；毫不費力地
(3)ease one’s mind 使某人安心
ease sb. of sth. 減輕某人的(痛苦、負(fù)擔(dān)等)　
[佳句背誦] In general, we don’t feel at ease in the strange surroundings.
通常，我們在陌生的環(huán)境里感到不舒服。
lose face　丟臉；失面子
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——用face的相關(guān)短語填空
①Li Ming feels he will lose__face in front of his classmates if he doesn’t answer the question correctly.
②We should have a talk with each other face__to__face to solve the problem.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
面對困難時，他們從不放棄而是努力尋找出路。
③Faced__with/Facing__difficulties,__they never give up but try their best to find a way out.(face v．)
④In__the__face__of__difficulties,__they never give up but try their best to find a way out.(face n．)

(1)save one’s face　　 挽回面子
make a face 做鬼臉
(2)face to face 面對面
in (the) face of 面對(問題、困難、危險等)
(3)be faced with 面對　
[佳句背誦] You’d better make great efforts to achieve it, otherwise you will lose face.
你最好全力以赴去實現(xiàn)它，否則你會顏面盡失的。

the＋序數(shù)詞＋n.＋to do sth.
(教材P26)The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain.
第一個到達(dá)的是來自哥倫比亞的托尼·加西亞，隨后緊跟著的是英國的朱莉婭·史密斯。
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①If I have any further news, you will be the first person to__know(know)．
②As far as I know, Amy was the only person to__witness(witness) the car accident.
③There was no signal in that faraway village and all my attempts to__contact(contact) you failed.
[能力提升]——微寫作
④(2018·浙江卷6月應(yīng)用文寫作)我能說一口流利的英語，我是班上第一個出國深造的學(xué)生。
I can speak fluent English and I am the__first__student__in__my__class__to__go__abroad for further study.

(1)當(dāng)中心詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級等修飾或前有the next, the only, the last等時，常用不定式作后置定語。
(2)動詞不定式作定語用來修飾的詞是抽象名詞，常見的有ability, chance, ambition, offer, anxiety, answer, reply, attempt, belief等。
[佳句背誦] I would really like to interview Yang Liwei because he is not only the first Chinese to go to space but also one of the greatest astronauts in the world.
我真的很想采訪楊利偉，因為他不僅是第一個進(jìn)入太空的中國人，他也是世界上最偉大的宇航員之一。
be likely to do sth.有可能做某事
(教材P26)However, people from places like Spain, Italy or South American countries approach others closely and are more likely to touch them.　不過，來自像西班牙、意大利或南美等國的人會站在離別人很近的地方，而且可能會(用身體)接觸對方。
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空
①That means the price is likely(like) to go down because of the competition.
②I have learned that Mr. Brown disagrees with you. Your suggestion is unlikely(like) to be accepted under the present condition.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
(2018·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá))如果你不懂中國的餐桌禮儀你有可能使你的朋友感到尷尬。
③It__is__likely__that__you__make__your__friends__feel__embarrassed if you don’t know China’s table manners.
④You__are__likely__to__make__your__friends__feel__embarrassed if you don’t know China’s table manners.

(1)Sb./Sth. be likely to do sth.
＝It’s likely that...　　 做某事是可能的。
(2)Sb./Sth. be unlikely to do sth.
＝It’s unlikely that... 做某事是不可能的。
(3)It is probable/possible that...
可能……　
[佳句背誦] You are likely to suffer from bad health if you keep smoking.
如果繼續(xù)吸煙，你的身體健康可能會受到損害。
[名師點津] (1)possible的主語不可以是人，只能用it作形式主語，其構(gòu)成為It is possible for sb.to do sth.或 It is possible that...。
(2)probable一般不用表人的詞作主語，只能用Sth.is probable.或者It is probable that...。

Ⅰ.詞形轉(zhuǎn)換和動詞的形式變換(用所給詞的正確形式填空)
1．At the meeting they discussed three different approaches(approach) to the study of mathematics.
2．It’s known that facial(face) expressions and body language can express your feelings at the same time.
3．(2018·全國卷Ⅲ)Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding(misunderstand) of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past.
4．At first sight, there is nothing special about this watch, but in fact it’s a mobile phone with various functions(function)．
5．I was truly(true) inspired by his words and determined to work harder to catch up with others.
6．Representing(represent) our school, I’m writing to convey my sincere appreciation to you for the lecture concerning body language you gave us last week.
7．Mr. Brown is a highly educated man so he didn’t express his anger(angry) before the guests yesterday.
8．According to his statement(state), children under 16 are not allowed to join the club.
Ⅱ.固定用法和搭配(在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式)
1．(浙江卷)Studies show that people who volunteer are less likely to__develop(develop) depression(抑郁) than people who don’t.
2．The library is functioning as a temporary hospital to cope with people injured in the earthquake.
3．Shandong Province produced 50 million pounds of apples this year, ranking(rank) the second in China.
4．Having__realized(realize) that it was my fault that caused the experiment to fail, I decided to apologize to my partner.
5．He planned to learn Kong fu in the summer holidays so that he can defend himself against being attacked.
Ⅲ.熟詞生義(根據(jù)具體語境寫出加黑詞的詞性及含義)
1．(2019·天津卷閱讀D)Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune.A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison.Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he determines to write a book.v.起作用；運轉(zhuǎn)
2．(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.v.處理
3．It is astonishing that the picture represents a hunting scene.vt.描繪
4．Colleagues are trying to ease the pressure she is under at work.vt.釋放；緩解

提能一　語段填空(在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式)
(一)
1．In general, people from different cultures have different ways to greet each other, and thus they are 2.likely(like) to have misunderstandings and lose face when 3.communicating(communicate)．To feel 4.at ease in a foreign country, the first thing 5.to__do(do) is make sure you follow the customs of the local people.
(二)
I am very 1.curious(curiosity) about how Tom does so well in his studies.He 2.majors(major) in physics, 3.a very difficult course at college.It seems that he can always find a good approach to 4.solving(solve) the problems.Before an important exam, he will make good preparations and try to reduce stress by listening to music.He will get the highest marks, 5.ranking(rank) the first in his class.
提能二　話題寫作(用本單元詞匯、句式和語法知識寫滿分作文)
假設(shè)你是某中學(xué)的學(xué)生會主席李華。上周，你校邀請美國某大學(xué)的史密斯教授來校做了一場關(guān)于各國身勢語的專題講座。請你代表你校全體學(xué)生，用英語給他寫一封感謝信。
1．補全要點句(黑體部分請用本單元所學(xué)詞匯)
①我代表我校全體學(xué)生，感謝您上周所做的關(guān)于身勢語的講座。(現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語)
Representing__every__student__of__our__school,__I’m writing to convey our appreciation to you for the__lecture__concerning__body__language you gave us last week.
②您的講座不僅給我們留下了很深的印象而且拓寬了我們的視野。
Your__lecture__has__not__only__left__a__deep__impression__on__us__but__also__broadened__our__horizons.
③通過講座，我們知道各種文化背景下人們互致問候的方式不盡相同，手勢意思也不同。
Through the lecture, we learned that not__all__cultures__greet__people__in__the__same__way nor a gesture means the same.
④“OK”的手勢在巴西是粗魯?shù)模瑩u頭在某些國家意味著“是”，這都是我們以前所不知道的。
The gesture for “OK” is rude in Brazil and shaking__one’s__head__means__“yes”__in__some__countries,__which we have never known before.
⑤我們相信這些知識在我們與來自其他文化的人們交流時非常有益。
We are convinced that the knowledge will be very beneficial when we communicate__with__people__from__other__cultures．
⑥在交流中有可能有誤解。
There__are__likely__to__be__some__misunderstandings__in__communication.
2．升級平淡句
⑦用倒裝句升級句②
Not__only__has__your__lecture__left__a__deep__impression__on__us__but__also__broadened__our__horizons.
⑧用非謂語動詞升級句⑤
We__are__convinced__that__the__knowledge__will__be__very__beneficial__when__communicating__with__people__from__other__cultures.
3．銜接成美文(注意使用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡銜接詞匯：in a word, for example, otherwise)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
Dear Professor Smith，
Representing every student of our school, I’m writing to convey our appreciation to you for the lecture concerning body language you gave us last week. In a word, not only has your lecture left a deep impression on us but also broadened our horizons.
Through the lecture, we learned that not all cultures greet people in the same way nor a gesture means the same. For example, the gesture for “OK” is rude in Brazil and shaking one’s head means “yes” in some countries, which we have never known before. We are convinced that the knowledge will be very beneficial when communicating with people from other cultures. Otherwise, there are likely to be some misunderstandings in communication.
Thanks again for your wonderful lecture.
Yours，
Li Hua

(建議用時：35分鐘)
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
(2020·浙江六校協(xié)作體聯(lián)考)Who’re happier, men or women? Research shows it’s a complex question and that asking whether males or females are happier isn’t really that helpful, because basically, happiness is different for women and men.
Women’s happiness has been declining for the past 30 years, according to recent statistics. And research shows that women are twice as likely to experience depression compared with men. Gender(性別) differences in depression are well confirmed and studies have found that biological, psychological and social factors contribute to the difference.
Early studies on gender and happiness found men and women were socialized to express different feelings. Women are more likely to express happiness, warmth and fear, which help with social bonding and appear more consistent with the traditional role as a primary caregiver, while men display more anger, pride and disrespect, which are more consistent with a protector and provider role.
Recent research suggests that these differences are not just socially, but also genetically related. Studies have looked into these findings further and discovered that females use more areas of the brain containing mirror neurons(鏡像神經(jīng)元) than males when they process feelings. Mirror neurons allow us to experience the world from other people’s view, to understand their actions and intentions. This may explain why women can experience deeper sadness. Women tend to experience more negative feelings, such as more guilt, shame and to a lesser degree, embarrassment.
Psychologically it seems men and women differ in the way they process and express feelings. With the exception of anger, women experience feelings more strongly and share their feelings more openly with others. Studies have found in particular that women express more appreciation—which has been linked to greater happiness. This supports the theory that women’s happiness is more dependent on relationships than men’s.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文從社會、生理和心理三個方面介紹了男性和女性在幸福感上的差異。
1．Which feeling are men more likely to show compared with women?
A．Warmth.　　　　　　　　 B．Depression.
C．Happiness. D．Disrespect.
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句中的“while men display more anger, pride and disrespect”可知，男性表現(xiàn)更多的是生氣、驕傲和無禮，故選D。
2．One can probably read the text from ________．
A．a(chǎn) science fiction B．a(chǎn) culture brochure
C．a(chǎn) nursery guide D．a(chǎn) health magazine
D　解析：文章出處題。根據(jù)本文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要從社會、生理和心理三個方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差異。由此可推知，本文有可能摘自一本健康雜志，故選D項。
3．What is the text mainly about?
A．Men and women differ in biology and psychology.
B．Men and women experience happiness differently.
C．Social roles have a great effect on men and women.
D．Women’s happiness has declined in the past years.
B　解析：主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文從社會、生理和心理三個方面分析了男性和女性在幸福感上的差異，故B項最符合文意。
B
You try to keep your eyes wide open while watching a basketball match or a wonderful firework show in case you might miss something exciting in just the blink of an eye. But in fact, humans blink about 15 times per minute on average. Have you ever missed anything because you blinked? Probably not. Why is that?
According to a new study published in the journal Current Biology in September, our brain has the ability to skip the temporary darkness when we blink. It can keep visual information for a short period of time and then put it together to form an image without interruption.
In order to understand how this works, a group of scientists at the German Primate Center and the University Medical Center Go·· ttingen in Germany conducted an experiment. In the study, the participants were asked to look at patterns on a screen whose direction could be interpreted in different ways, such as horizontally(水平地) or vertically(垂直地). When one pattern was about to disappear and the next one was about to come, the participants had to indicate the direction that the next pattern would appear.
The researchers found that when the directions of two patterns didn’t match, the area in our brain which is responsible for visual memory was activated. This same area showed less activity when two patterns were in the same direction.
“The medial prefrontal cortex(額葉皮層) adjusts current visual information with previously obtained information, and thus enables us to perceive the world with more stability, even when we briefly close our eyes to blink，” Caspar Schwiedrzik explained in Science Daily. He is the first author of the study and also a scientist at the German Primate Center.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，眨眼并不會錯過細(xì)節(jié)并解釋了其原因。
4．We don’t miss anything when blinking because our brain can ________．
A．deal with the missing image
B．remember all that we see
C．imagine what our eyes miss
D．put our pieces of memory together
A　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“According to a new study published in the journal Current Biology in September, our brain has the ability to skip the temporary darkness when we blink.”可知，根據(jù)九月份發(fā)表在《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》雜志上的一項新研究，我們的大腦有能力跳過我們眨眼時形成的暫時黑暗。據(jù)此可推知，由于我們的大腦能處理丟失的圖像，所以眨眼不會讓我們錯過任何東西，故A項正確。
5．What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Our brain.
B．Visual information.
C．Current Biology.
D．The temporary darkness.
B　解析：代詞指代題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“It can keep visual information for a short period of time and then put it together to form an image without interruption.”可知，大腦可以在短時間內(nèi)保存視覺信息，然后將其組合在一起形成不中斷的圖像，故可推知，it指代上文中的“visual information”，故B項正確。
6．What do we know about the experiment?
A．The two patterns appear at the same time.
B．Visual memory can be more activated by similarity.
C．Participants can interpret patterns differently.
D．The different directions activated visual memory.
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“...when the directions of two patterns didn’t match, the area in our brain which is responsible for visual memory was activated. This same area showed less activity when two patterns were in the same direction.”可知，當(dāng)兩個模式的方向不一致時，掌握視覺記憶的大腦區(qū)域被激活；當(dāng)兩種模式在同一個方向時，這個區(qū)域顯示出較少的活動。據(jù)此可知，不同的方向能激活視覺記憶，故D項正確。
7．What would be the best title for this passage?
A．The Brain’s Structure
B．The Brain’s Activated Patterns
C．The Brain’s Special Skill
D．The Brain’s Orientation
C　解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文可知，本文主要介紹了一個科學(xué)研究。研究表明，眨眼不會錯過細(xì)節(jié)并解釋了其原因，即大腦有能力在短時間內(nèi)保存視覺信息，然后將其組合在一起形成不中斷的圖像信息。故C項最適合作本文的標(biāo)題。
【難句分析】　You try to keep your eyes wide open while watching a basketball match or a wonderful firework show in case you might miss something exciting in just the blink of an eye.
分析：該句為主從復(fù)合句，句中“while watching a basketball match or a wonderful firework show”為while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，其中省略了you are; “in case you might miss something exciting in just the blink of an eye”為in case引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。
譯文：在觀看籃球比賽或精彩的煙花表演時，你努力睜大眼睛，以防轉(zhuǎn)眼之間錯過一些令人興奮的事情。
Ⅱ.完形填空
Barry White, Jr., a fifth grade English teacher at Ashley Park PreK-8 School, has a personalized handshake as greetings with every one of his students every day.
“The students know that when they __1__ the school gate we do our ‘good mornings’， and then it’s time to __2__，” White told ABC News of his enthusiastic __3__. “I’m always pumped up __4__ we start doing the moves. That brings them __5__ and cheers them up for a high-energy __6__．”
Each handshake is different, using custom moves inspired by the student’s personality.
“I started with one simple handshake last year with one of my __7__ graders，” he explained. “The girl of fourth grade would __8__ me every morning before she’d go to class. She’d get into trouble sometimes for being late because she’d wait on the __9__．”
“This year I started __10__ handshakes with the kids during class breaks. It was just one or two students and then it became contagious(有感染力的)，” he __11__. “I saw how much it __12__ to them, so I said, ‘Come on, everyone! Come on.’ Then it was my __13__ class, then it was kids from other classes. Now I have third graders wanting to do it too.”
His administration loves the __14__ which White brings to his students each day. “Barry’s handshakes __15__ his own authentic(真實的) building relationships with __16__. When I walk into my teachers’ rooms, I see the __17__ of those strong and trusting relationships. When kids know their teacher __18__ them, they are attentive, engaged and driven to be __19__. That’s the culture we are __20__，” said principal(校長) Meaghan Loftus.
【解題導(dǎo)語】　每天，五年級的英語老師White老師都使用一種個性化的握手來問候每一位學(xué)生。這種問候方式始于與一位四年級的學(xué)生握手，之后又感染了其他學(xué)生，連其他班和三年級的學(xué)生都參與進(jìn)來。White老師這種與學(xué)生構(gòu)建真實的關(guān)系使學(xué)生專心學(xué)習(xí)的方式受到所在學(xué)校校長的贊賞。
1．A.get to B．search for
C．break into D．knock at
A　解析：根據(jù)句中的“the school gate”可知，White老師問候?qū)W生是在學(xué)生到校的時候，因此這里指學(xué)生到達(dá)大門口時。
2．A.leave B．try
C．stop D．go
D　解析：根據(jù)上文中的“we do our ‘good mornings’”可知，師生問候之后，學(xué)生就該離開去教室了。故選D。
3．A.greetings B．helpings
C．servings D．treating
A　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“we start doing the moves. That brings them ______ and cheers them up”可知，White在講述他問候?qū)W生的相關(guān)內(nèi)容。 helping“幫助”；serving“一份食物”。
4．A.or B．a(chǎn)nd
C．but D．for
B　解析：句中的“I’m always pumped up”描述的是White的精神狀態(tài)，“we start doing the moves”是之后的行動，這里是順承關(guān)系，因此用連詞and。
5．A.relief B．envy
C．sorrow D．excitement
D　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“cheers them up”可知，和學(xué)生握手的問候方式讓學(xué)生們很興奮。 relief“安慰”；envy“忌妒”；sorrow“悲傷”；excitement“興奮，激動”。
6．A.meeting B．quarrel
C．class D．food
C　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，問候是在早上上課開始之前進(jìn)行的，學(xué)生們對此感到很興奮，因此這樣的方式讓學(xué)生在上課期間效率很高，因此選C。
7．A.third B．fourth
C．fifth D．sixth
B　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“The girl of fourth grade”可知，White開始握手是和一位四年級的學(xué)生。
8．A.nod to B．smile at
C．wait for D．knock into
C　解析：根據(jù)本句中的“every morning before she’d go to class”可知，這個四年級的女孩每天早上等著和White握手后才去上課。故選C。
9．A.headmaster B．teacher
C．handshake D．a(chǎn)dministration
C　解析：根據(jù)上文可知，這個女孩是因為等著與White握手才遲到的，句中的because解釋遲到的原因。
10．A.discussing B．classifying
C．confirming D．making
D　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，此處表示“握手”，故應(yīng)用make，構(gòu)成動詞短語make handshakes with...“與……握手”。classify“將……分類”；confirm“證實”。
11．A.added B．shouted
C．repeated D．responded
A　解析：上文中的第二段和第四段都有White接受采訪時說的話，此處是他又補充說的話，因此選A，意為“補充說”。
12．A.owed B．took
C．meant D．lent
C　解析：根據(jù)上文中的“It was just one or two students and then it became contagious(有感染力的)”可知，老師與學(xué)生的握手對學(xué)生很重要，故選C項“重要，意義重大”。
13．A.former B．full
C．empty D．boring
B　解析：根據(jù)上文中的“then it became contagious(有感染力的)”和下文的“then it was kids from other classes. Now I have third graders wanting to do it too”可知，全班的學(xué)生都想和White握手。
14．A.challenge B．justice
C．chance D．enthusiasm
D　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“When kids know their teacher ______ them, they are attentive, engaged and driven”可知，White的問候方式給學(xué)生們的學(xué)習(xí)帶來了熱情，故選D。第二段中的“White told ABC News of his enthusiastic”也是提示。
15．A.deny B．represent
C．a(chǎn)dmit D．expect
B　解析：由語境可知，此處是校長對White用握手來問候?qū)W生的看法，故B項“代表”符合語境。deny“否認(rèn)”；admit“承認(rèn)”；expect“期望”。
16．A.students B．colleagues
C．parents D．members
A　解析：根據(jù)上文可知，White用握手的方式來問候?qū)W生，故選students。
17．A.confidence B．patience
C．influence D．pressure
C　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“they are attentive, engaged”可知，此處指牢固、信任的(師生)關(guān)系所起的作用。
18．A.doubts B．hesitates
C．intends D．cares
D　解析：根據(jù)上文中師生能建立牢固、信任的關(guān)系可知，這里應(yīng)指當(dāng)學(xué)生知道他們的老師關(guān)心他們時。
19．A.successful B．polite
C．gentle D．helpful
A　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，此處表示老師的關(guān)心是學(xué)生成功的動力。
20．A.analyzing B．building
C．describing D．changing
B　解析：根據(jù)本段中校長說的話可知，校長對White的做法是持贊賞態(tài)度的，因此此處應(yīng)是說White營造的這種師生關(guān)系氛圍也是學(xué)校提倡建立的文化，故選B。

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