話題五　歷史、社會(huì)與文化

[對(duì)應(yīng)教材]　Book 1　Unit 5　Nelson Mandela—a modern hero　Book 4　Unit 1　Women of achievement
Book 2　Unit 1　Cultural relics Book 4　Unit 5　Theme parks
Book 4　Unit 2　Working the land Book 4　Unit 3　A taste of English humour
Book 4　Unit 4　Body language Book 5　Unit 1　Great scientists
Book 8　Unit 1　A land of diversity Book 8　Unit 5　Meeting your ancestors

(一)核心素養(yǎng)下的話題解讀
“歷史、社會(huì)與文化”是高中課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中“人與社會(huì)”主題語(yǔ)境內(nèi)容要求之一，該內(nèi)容包括“不同民族文化習(xí)俗與傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日；對(duì)社會(huì)有突出貢獻(xiàn)的人物；重要國(guó)際組織與社會(huì)公益機(jī)構(gòu)；法律常識(shí)與法治意識(shí)等；物質(zhì)與非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)；社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題；重大政治、歷史事件，文化淵源；社會(huì)進(jìn)步與人類(lèi)文明”等方面。這些話題為學(xué)生打開(kāi)了解歷史與社會(huì)的窗口。高考英語(yǔ)通過(guò)這些話題讓學(xué)生對(duì)歷史、社會(huì)與文化有所了解。感受傳統(tǒng)文化的魅力；從對(duì)社會(huì)具有突出貢獻(xiàn)的人物身上學(xué)習(xí)奮發(fā)向上的精神；增強(qiáng)法治意識(shí)；愛(ài)惜物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)，立志為社會(huì)進(jìn)步和人類(lèi)文明做貢獻(xiàn)。
[高考探究]
“歷史、社會(huì)與文化”這個(gè)話題常與閱讀理解、完形填空、七選五、語(yǔ)法填空等相結(jié)合進(jìn)行考查，分值占有較大的比例。例如：
話題五
卷別
試題類(lèi)型
文章大意
歷史、社會(huì)與文化
2019全國(guó)卷Ⅲ
閱讀B篇
中國(guó)文化和美學(xué)對(duì)國(guó)際時(shí)尚的引領(lǐng)作用
2019全國(guó)卷Ⅲ
閱讀C篇
美國(guó)報(bào)紙大眾化的發(fā)展過(guò)程
2018全國(guó)卷Ⅰ
閱讀B篇
關(guān)于減少食物浪費(fèi)的一檔英語(yǔ)節(jié)目

續(xù)表
話題五
卷別
試題類(lèi)型
文章大意
歷
史
、
社
會(huì)
與
文
化
2018全國(guó)卷Ⅰ
閱讀C篇
介紹了人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言隨社會(huì)的發(fā)展而減少的現(xiàn)象
2018全國(guó)卷Ⅲ
閱讀C篇
中國(guó)建筑大師王澍獲得建筑界的諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的原因及意義
2017全國(guó)卷Ⅲ
閱讀A篇
介紹了美國(guó)舊金山的四條旅游路線
2017全國(guó)卷Ⅲ
閱讀B篇
一家老電影院關(guān)停前夜的故事
2016全國(guó)卷Ⅰ
閱讀A篇
過(guò)去100年里四位很有影響力的杰出女性
2016全國(guó)卷Ⅰ
閱讀D篇
沉默在不同文化里的具體含義
2016全國(guó)卷Ⅲ
閱讀C篇
介紹了英國(guó)蘋(píng)果節(jié)上各式各樣的蘋(píng)果及活動(dòng)
2015全國(guó)卷Ⅰ
閱讀D篇
“心理咖啡館”的具體功能、作用和社會(huì)意義
2016全國(guó)卷Ⅲ
語(yǔ)法填空
筷子的由來(lái)以及使用地域和發(fā)展

(二)構(gòu)建思維導(dǎo)圖，提升思維品質(zhì)
圖一　Book 1　Unit 5　Nelson Mandela—a modern hero

圖二　Book 4　Unit 1　Women of achievement

圖三　Book 2　Unit 1　Cultural relics

圖四　Book 4　Unit 5　Theme parks

圖五　Book 4　Unit 2　Working the land

圖六　Book 4　Unit 3　A taste of English humour

圖七　Book 4　Unit 4　Body language

圖八　Book 5　Unit 1　Great scientists

圖九　Book 8　Unit 1　A land of diversity

圖十　Book 8　Unit 5　Meeting your ancestors


(三)根據(jù)思維導(dǎo)圖，完成概要寫(xiě)作
圖一：概要寫(xiě)作
①Before meeting Mandela, Elias was a poor black worker. He needed to get a passbook because he wanted to continue doing his work. At that time black people in South Africa could not vote. They couldn't get jobs they wanted. Besides, they had to live in the poorest areas.
②At the age of 12, Elias met Mandela. Mandela told him how to get the correct papers so that he would not be out of work. He was so greatly moved by his kindness that he joined the ANC Youth League. Besides, he helped Mandela blow up some government buildings.
Elias was happy to help because he knew it would help them achieve their dream of making black and white people equal.
圖二：概要寫(xiě)作
①Jane Goodall has studied the wildlife for many years in Africa. Nobody before Jane fully understood chimps' behaviors. Since her childhood she had wanted to work with animals in their own environment. However, this was not easy. When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, it was unusual for a woman to live in the forest. Only her mother came to help her. Her work changed the way people think about chimps. For example, ②one important thing she discovered was that chimps hunt and eat meat. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other. For 40 years, Jane has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals. ③She inspires those who want to cheer the achievements of women.
圖三：概要寫(xiě)作
②Frederick William Ⅰ， the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his great gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. ①This gift was the Amber Room, which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it. The amber had a beautiful yellow-brown colour. The design for the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. The Amber Room was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took a team of the country's best artists ten years to make. ③The Amber Room was considered one of the wonders in the world. However, the Nazi German army stole it in 1941. ④After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery.
圖四：概要寫(xiě)作
There are various kinds of theme parks in the world with a specific theme for each.
①The most familiar one is probably Disneyland, where you can travel through space, visit a pirate ship or meet your favourite fairy tale or Disney cartoon character. If you want to have fun and more than fun, come to Disneyland!
②Dollywood, in the beautiful Smoky Mountains in the southeastern USA, is one of the most unique theme parks in the world. Dollywood shows and celebrates America's traditional southeastern culture.
③If you want to experience the ancient days and great deeds of English knights and ladies, princes and queens, then England's Camelot Park is the place for you. To enter a world of fantasy about ancient England, come to Camelot Park!
圖五：概要寫(xiě)作
②Dr Yuan was born in Beijing in 1930. ①With a sunburnt face and a slim, strong body, he looks more like a farmer than a scientist. After graduation in 1953, he devoted his life to finding ways to grow more and more rice. At that time, hunger was a serious problem in many parts of the country. Dr Yuan searched for a way to increase rice harvests without expanding the area of fields. Using his hybrid rice farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before. ③Successful as he is, he cares little about money and fame. ②As for his hobbies, he likes listening to violin music and playing mah-jong, swimming and reading. ④His dream is to produce more rice to feed more people in the world.
Such is Yuan Longping, a simple man with great achievements.
圖六：概要寫(xiě)作
①Charlie Chaplin was a humorous actor, who entertained people in nonverbal humour. ②Born in poverty, he became famous focusing a particular form of acting in entertaining silent movies. ③He was a charming character, well-known throughout the world. He played a poor and homeless person, wearing large trousers, worn-out shoes and a small round black hat and carrying a walking stick. The character was a social failure in the movies, but he was loved by all the people. By overcoming difficulties, being kind to people unkind to him, making a sad situation entertaining and eating a boiled shoe, Charlie Chaplin made us happy and excited. ④In a word, he is loved and remembered as a great actor who could inspire people with great confidence.
圖七：概要寫(xiě)作
①Yesterday, I went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students. The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain. ②I was very surprised to see Tony kiss Julia on the cheek! Ahmed Aziz, another international student, was from Jordan. When we met, he moved very close to me as I introduced myself. I moved back a bit, but he came closer, which made me embarrassed. Only when I get to know more international friends do I learn that not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people. ③These actions are not good or bad. In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today's world of cultural crossroads!
圖八：概要寫(xiě)作
①The text tells us how John Snow found out the cause of the deadly disease cholera through scientific research. ②When he found people exposed to cholera, John Snow tried to solve this problem. Then, before thinking of a method, he asked a question that possibly explained how cholera killed people. As he knew, cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found. In 1854 when cholera broke out, he began to collect information and found the evidence. After analyzing the information, he found that the polluted water seemed to be to blame. To find supporting evidence, John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined. ③Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated.
圖九：概要寫(xiě)作
①California is the most multicultural state in the USA. It is not surprising when you know the history of California.
②In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. However, some survived these terrible times. In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain, which is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. In the early 1800s, Russian hunters began settling in California. In 1848, gold was discovered in California, attracting people from all over the world. Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California. Other immigrants include Italian, Danish, Jewish and Japanese people. In more recent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians.
③As for its future, there will be simply a mixture of many races and cultures.
圖十：概要寫(xiě)作
①An archaeologist and students think it reasonable to assume some of the earliest people lived in Zhoukoudian, due to the fact that they have found human and animal bones and tools in those caves. ②They could have used fireplaces to make fires to keep them warm, cook food and scare wild beasts away. Seeing the needle made of bone, the students think it was used to make clothes from animal skins. To their surprise, a primitive necklace made of shells was found, which made them draw the conclusion that all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake. Perhaps there was trade between early peoples or they travelled to the seaside on their journeys. ③As for why they are called hunters and gatherers, it's because they didn't grow their own crops, but picked fruit when it ripened and hunted animals.




1．Actually, only by getting moving and constantly adjusting the plan can we achieve our final goal.
事實(shí)上，只有通過(guò)不斷地行動(dòng)，不斷地調(diào)整計(jì)劃，我們才能達(dá)到我們的最終目標(biāo)。
2．Whenever we talk about the Dragon Boat Festival, we can't help thinking of Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet in the Warring States Period.
每當(dāng)提到端午節(jié)，我們都情不自禁想到屈原，戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期一個(gè)偉大的愛(ài)國(guó)詩(shī)人。
3．When it comes to great educators, Confucius should be put in the first place, who was a famous thinker, educator and philosopher in Chinese history, adding colourful elements to Chinese culture.
談到偉大的教育家，孔子應(yīng)該排在首位，他是中國(guó)歷史上一位著名的思想家、教育家和哲學(xué)家，豐富了燦爛的中華文明。
4．As for my favourite figure in Chinese history, it must be Wei Yuan, a great thinker in the late Qing Dynasty.
至于我最喜歡的中國(guó)歷史人物，那一定是魏源，晚清時(shí)期一個(gè)偉大的思想家。


自主排查 夯基固本


Ⅰ　核心單詞
(1)quality (n.) 質(zhì)量；品質(zhì)；性質(zhì)→quantity (形近詞) (n.) 數(shù)量
(2)active (adj.) 積極的；活躍的→actively (adv.) 積極地→activity (n.) 活動(dòng)
(3)devote (vt.) 獻(xiàn)身；專(zhuān)心于→devoted (adj.) 忠實(shí)的；深?lèi)?ài)的→devotion (n.) 關(guān)愛(ài)；奉獻(xiàn)；忠誠(chéng)
(4)vote (vt.& vi.) 投票；選舉 (n.) 投票；選票；表決→voter (n.) 投票人；選舉人
(5)attack (vt.) 進(jìn)攻；攻擊；抨擊 (n.) 攻擊；抨擊；疾病發(fā)作→attach (形近詞) (vt.) 把……附(在……上)；重視
(6)equal (adj.) 相等的；平等的→equality (n.) 平等；相等→equally (adv.) 同樣地；相等地；公平地→unequal (adj.) 不平等的；不公平的
(7)escape (vt.& vi.) 逃脫；逃走；避開(kāi)；泄漏→escaped (adj.) 逃跑了的
(8)educate (vt.) 教育；訓(xùn)練→educated (adj.) 受過(guò)教育的；有教養(yǎng)的→education (n.) 教育→educator (n.) 教育工作者→educational (adj.) 教育的；有關(guān)教育的
(9)beg (vi.) 請(qǐng)求；乞求→begged (過(guò)去式/過(guò)去分詞)→beggar (n.) 乞丐
(10)reward (n.) 報(bào)酬；獎(jiǎng)金 (vt.) 酬勞；獎(jiǎng)賞→rewarding (adj.) 值得的；有益的；有回報(bào)的
(11)opinion (n.) 意見(jiàn)；看法；主張
Ⅱ　閱讀單詞
(1)mean (adj.) 吝嗇的；自私的；卑鄙的
(2)found (vt.) 建立；建設(shè)
(3)peaceful (adj.) 和平的；平靜的；安寧的
(4)hopeful (adj.) 懷有希望的；有希望的
(5)violence (n.) 暴力；暴行
(6)unfair (adj.) 不公正的；不公平的
(7)relative (n.) 親戚；親屬
(8)terror (n.) 恐怖；可怕的人；恐怖時(shí)期；恐怖活動(dòng)
(9)cruelty (n.) 殘忍；殘酷
(10)president (n.) 總統(tǒng)；會(huì)長(zhǎng)；校長(zhǎng)；行長(zhǎng)
　[單句語(yǔ)法填空]
1．I believe my ________ (educate) and experience will prove I am qualified for the work in your company.
答案：education
2．Fortunately, Natalie's family ________ (escape) to Brooklyn shortly before the city's bridges closed.
答案：escaped
3．It was by ________ (vote) that they made the decision who would be the vice president of the English club in our school.
答案：voting
4．Parents should ________ (active) urge their children to take advantage of the opportunity to join sports teams.
答案：actively
5．To be honest, there are many learned teachers who are always ________ (devote) to their teaching work in our school.
答案：devoted
6．She hoped the different racial groups in the area could live together in ________ (peace) co-existence.
答案：peaceful
7．Under his teacher's ________ (guide), he has developed into an accomplished pianist.
答案：guidance
8．Learning to deal with the social world is ________ (equal) important.
答案：equally
9．Whenever people around got into trouble, they were ________ (will) to turn to her for help, which made her into a person respected by all her neighbors.
答案：willing
10．The driver declared guilty may be fined a maximum of HK$25,000 and ________ (sentence) to up to 3 years in prison.
答案：sentenced

聯(lián)想積累
1．表示“人物特點(diǎn)”的形容詞全掃描
①active 積極的；活躍的
②generous 慷慨的
③warm-hearted 熱心腸的
④creative 富有創(chuàng)造力的
⑤devoted 有獻(xiàn)身精神的
⑥energetic 有活力的
⑦enthusiastic 充滿熱情的
⑧ambitious 有雄心壯志的
2．后綴“-ent”形容詞與“-ence”名詞大集合
①violent 暴力的　violence 暴力
②silent 沉默的　silence 沉默
③different 不同的　difference 差異
④patient 有耐心的　patience 耐心
⑤confident 自信的　confidence 信心
⑥evident 明顯的　evidence 證據(jù)
⑦intelligent 聰明的　intelligence 智力
⑧independent 獨(dú)立的　independence 獨(dú)立


1．out_of_work 失業(yè)
2．a(chǎn)s_a_matter_of_fact 事實(shí)上
3．in_trouble 在危險(xiǎn)、受罰、痛苦、憂慮等的處境中
4．turn_to 求助于
5．lose_heart 喪失勇氣或信心
6．come to power 上臺(tái)；當(dāng)權(quán)
7．set up 建立；設(shè)立
8．be sentenced to 被判處……(徒刑)
9．blow up 使充氣；爆炸
10．in one's opinion 在某人看來(lái)
　[選詞填空]
devote to， in trouble， turn to， lose heart， set up， as a matter of fact
1．He was a loving father because he was strict with his daughter and encouraged her when she was ________.
答案：in trouble
2．I feel that I've been given a second life to ________ something that is meaningful and enormous.
答案：devote to
3．In 1963 the UN ________ the World Food Programme, one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
答案：set up
4．I still want to have my parents to ________ whenever I need help.
答案：turn to
5．You shouldn't________ even if you are in the face of difficulty. Instead, you should keep trying.
答案：lose heart
6．________， doing sports can teach us to be considerate, cooperative and optimistic.
答案：As a matter of fact

聯(lián)想積累
1．“動(dòng)詞＋to”短語(yǔ)薈萃
①devote ... to 致力于；獻(xiàn)身于　 ②object to 反對(duì)
③refer to 談到；涉及；參閱 ④point to 指向
⑤turn to 求助于
⑥stick/hold/keep to 堅(jiān)持；忠于
⑦see to 處理；料理 ⑧come to 共計(jì)
⑨belong to 屬于
⑩attend to 處理；專(zhuān)心于；照料
?add to 增添 ?agree to 同意
2．“out of＋名詞”短語(yǔ)大全
①out of work 失業(yè)
②out of breath 上氣不接下氣
③out of condition 身體不好；情況欠佳
④out of control 失去控制
⑤out of danger 脫離危險(xiǎn)
⑥out of date 過(guò)時(shí)的
⑦out of debt 不欠債
⑧out of luck 運(yùn)氣不好；不湊巧
⑨out of mind 心不在焉
⑩out of order 次序紊亂；損壞了


課文原句
句式梳理
仿寫(xiě)訓(xùn)練
I felt bad the first time I talked to a group.
第一次給旅行團(tuán)作講解時(shí)，我感覺(jué)很糟。
the first time “第一次”，可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。every time/each time“每一次”，也可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
______________________________________ (第一次遇見(jiàn)) the craftsman, I was deeply impressed by his exquisite craftsmanship.

答案：The first time I came across

直擊重點(diǎn) 突破考點(diǎn)

①　devote　vt. 獻(xiàn)身；專(zhuān)心于(P33)

(1)單句語(yǔ)法填空
①I(mǎi)n fact, my granny devoted most of her time ________ paper-cutting when young.
②________ (devote) to building our motherland into a strong country, he returned home after graduation.
③We were deeply moved by his ________ (devote) to the cause of education.
答案：①to　②Devoted?、踕evotion
(2)單句改錯(cuò)
Donald Trump also held a town hall meeting devoting to health care in southwestern Virginia.
_______________________________________________________________
答案：devoting→devoted

(1)devote ... to ... 把……奉獻(xiàn)于……
devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于；致力于
(2)devoted adj. 忠實(shí)的；深?lèi)?ài)的；關(guān)于……的
be devoted to (doing) sth. 專(zhuān)心于某事；奉獻(xiàn)于某事
(3)devotion n. 關(guān)愛(ài)；關(guān)照；奉獻(xiàn)；忠誠(chéng)

②　equal　adj. 相等的；平等的；勝任的　n. 同等的人；相等物　v. 等于；抵得上(P34)

單句寫(xiě)作
①All people ____________， deserving the same rights as each other.
所有人都是平等的，應(yīng)享有同等權(quán)利。
②He sets a good example to us. As an all-around athlete, he ____________.
他給我們樹(shù)立了好榜樣。作為一個(gè)全能運(yùn)動(dòng)員，他無(wú)與倫比。
答案：①are equal　②has no equal

(1)be equal to ＋ n．/doing 等于；與……相等；勝任
be equal in 在……方面相等
be equal with 與……平等
(2)A equals B (in ... ) A(在……方面)比得上B
be without equal/have no equal 無(wú)與倫比；無(wú)敵
(3)equality n. 平等
equally adv. 相等地；同等地；均等；同樣

③　escape　vt.& vi. 逃脫；逃走　n. 逃脫(P38)

(1)單句語(yǔ)法填空
①He was crossing the street when a man was driving fast towards him and he narrowly escaped ________ (kill)．
②To my relief, both children escaped unharmed ________ the burning building.
答案：①being killed　②from
(2)單句寫(xiě)作
The bullet missed about an inch, therefore, the rabbit had __________________.
子彈未擊中兔子，僅差一英寸，因此兔子僥幸逃脫。
答案：a narrow escape

(1)escape from ... 從……逃脫
escape (doing) sth. 逃避(做)某事
(2)a narrow escape 死里逃生
(3)escaped adj. 逃脫的

④　reward　n. 報(bào)酬；獎(jiǎng)金　vt. 酬勞；獎(jiǎng)賞(P38)

單句語(yǔ)法填空
①The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will ________ (reward) with success in the end.
②When asked for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and __________ (reward)．
③He wanted to reward the cleaners ________ their efforts.
答案：①be rewarded?、趓ewarding　③for

(1)give/offer a reward to sb. for sth. 因某事給某人報(bào)酬(或賞金)
(2)reward sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事報(bào)答/獎(jiǎng)賞某人
be rewarded (with sth.) 得到回報(bào)
(3)rewarding adj. 有益的；值得的；報(bào)酬高的


①　in trouble 在危險(xiǎn)、受罰、痛苦、憂慮等的處境中(P35)

單句寫(xiě)作
①I(mǎi)t was when we were returning home that I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone ______________.
我們快要回家的時(shí)候，我才意識(shí)到幫助了有困難的人感覺(jué)多么美妙！
②No matter when you ________________ studying, please don't hesitate to ask for our help.
無(wú)論什么時(shí)候?qū)W習(xí)有困難，請(qǐng)不要猶豫，一定要來(lái)找我們幫忙。
③Some people always stick to their views, even if it means that they may __________________.
有些人總是堅(jiān)持他們的主張，即使那意味著他們會(huì)陷入困境。
答案：①in trouble?、趆ave trouble (in)?、踘et into trouble

get into trouble 陷入困境；惹麻煩
have trouble (in) doing sth./with sth. 做某事有困難/麻煩
take the trouble to do sth. 不怕費(fèi)事/不辭勞苦做某事

②　turn to 求助于；致力于(P35)

單句寫(xiě)作
①Whenever we have any difficulty, we can ____________ the teacher. She is always there to help.
每當(dāng)遇到困難，我們可以求助老師。她總會(huì)提供幫助。
②Eventually I ______________ the offer given by a foreign university, choosing to study in my favorite university at home.
最后，我拒絕了國(guó)外大學(xué)的通知，選擇在國(guó)內(nèi)一所自己喜歡的大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)。
③They ______________ to look after their sick father in hospital.
他們輪流照顧生病住院的父親。
答案：①turn to?、趖urned down　③took turns

(1)turn to sb. for help 向某人求助
take turns to do ... /in doing ... 輪流做……
in turn 依次；逐個(gè)；相應(yīng)地
by turns 輪流地；交替地
(2)turn down 關(guān)??；拒絕
turn away 拒絕……入內(nèi)；把……打發(fā)走
turn up 出現(xiàn)；露面；調(diào)大
turn out 證明是；結(jié)果是；原來(lái)是
turn over 打翻；翻身；移交
turn ... into 把……變成

③　lose heart 喪失勇氣或信心(P37)

單句寫(xiě)作
①Though beaten by the opposite team, they didn't ________________.
雖然被對(duì)方球隊(duì)擊敗，但他們沒(méi)有喪失信心。
②There is an old saying like this, “Nothing is too hard if you __________.”
俗話說(shuō)，“心之所愿，無(wú)所不成。”
答案：①lose heart?、趐ut your heart into it

(1)put one's heart into 一心撲在……上
learn sth. by heart 背誦；記牢某事
strike ... into sb./sb.'s heart 使……刻骨銘心
lose one's heart to sb. 愛(ài)上某人
(2)heart and soul 全心全意地
from the bottom of sb.'s heart 從心底；由衷地


①　[教材原句]The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all. (P34)
過(guò)去30年來(lái)所出現(xiàn)的大量法律剝奪我們的權(quán)利，阻擋我們的進(jìn)步，一直到今天，我們還處在幾乎什么權(quán)利都沒(méi)有的階段。

單句語(yǔ)法填空
①The old tower ________ (witness) great changes of the village in the past two hundred years.
②The year 1959 ________ (see) the first appearance of a real flying ship in the world.
③Soon afterwards, we were sent to different families, ________ we enjoyed traditional English food, exchanging our ideas happily on familiar topics.
答案：①has witnessed?、趕aw?、踳here

(1)see, find, witness等動(dòng)詞，可以用地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間名詞作主語(yǔ)，表示某地或某時(shí)“經(jīng)歷、發(fā)生、目睹”了某事。該句是一個(gè)無(wú)生命的名詞作主語(yǔ)的句式。
(2)當(dāng)先行詞是stage, situation, case, point, position等詞且從句缺少狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句常用where或in which來(lái)引導(dǎo)，表示抽象的地點(diǎn)。

②　[教材原句]He taught us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep. (P38)
他在午餐后的休息時(shí)間以及晚上我們本來(lái)該睡覺(jué)的時(shí)間教我們學(xué)習(xí)。

單句語(yǔ)法填空
①As the smallest child of his family, Ales is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent.
②Do you want to know the reason ________ I recommend climbing Mount Tai to you?
③The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work.
④I still remember the day ________ which I first came to this school.
答案：①when/during which?、趙hy/for which?、踳here/in which　④on

(1)此句是一個(gè)含有定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句。
when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the lunch breaks and the evenings，并在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
(2)定語(yǔ)從句除了由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)外，還可由關(guān)系副詞when, where, why引導(dǎo)，它們?cè)趶木渲凶鳡钫Z(yǔ)。

關(guān)系副詞
用法
when
其先行詞常常是表示時(shí)間的名詞，如：time, day, hour, year等，when代替先行詞在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
where
其先行詞往往是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如：place, room, house, street, area等， where在從句中代替先行詞作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
why
常用在先行詞reason后，代替先行詞在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)，也可用for which來(lái)代替


選擇關(guān)系副詞作關(guān)系詞的原則是：從句中不缺少主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，然后根據(jù)先行詞表示的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)和原因來(lái)確定when, where, why。

課文回練 升華運(yùn)用
Do you know the __1__ (form) president of South Africa, Nelson Mandela? He fought for the black people and was __2__ prison for nearly thirty years. He helped black people get the equal rights with white people.
Elias had little education. Because his family couldn't afford __3__ (pay) the school fees, he had to drop out of school. Then he found a job in a gold mine and he worried about __4__ he would be out of work. It was during this difficult period of time __5__ he met Nelson Mandela for the first time, who was a black lawyer and offered __6__ (guide) to poor black people on their legal problems.
At that time, black people had no rights __7__ (vote) and their life was decided by the whites. Nelson Mandela said to Elias that they were put in a position __8__ they had either to accept they were less important, or fight the government. So he decided to use __9__ (violent). Though Elias didn't like violence, he helped Nelson Mandela blow up some government buildings. He knew it was dangerous to do it, but he also knew it was to realize their dream of making black and white people __10__ (equal)．
1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________　5.________　6.________　7.________　8.________　9.________　10.________
答案：1.former　2.in　3.to pay　4.whether　5.that　6.guidance　7.to vote　8.where　9.violence　10.equal

基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo) 自主訓(xùn)練
Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．Now their peace talks have reached a key stage ________ one side must give in to the other.
答案：where　當(dāng)先行詞是case, position, stage等抽象名詞，且引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示地點(diǎn)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句使用關(guān)系副詞where來(lái)引導(dǎo)。
2．From my first job at the restaurant, I learned teamwork and ________ (devote)．
答案：devotion　由“teamwork and”可知，此處填名詞devotion “奉獻(xiàn)；忠誠(chéng)”，作賓語(yǔ)。
3．When an animal is ________ attack it can run away or fight back.
答案：under　under attack “受到攻擊”。
4．She started singing to the baby and ________ (reward) with a smile.
答案：was rewarded　reward sb. with a smile “對(duì)某人報(bào)以微笑”，根據(jù)句意可知，此處應(yīng)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
5．No one will escape ________ (punish) if he breaks the school rules.
答案：being punished　escape being punished “免于懲處”。
6．For one thing, I'm good at English, so I have no difficulty ________ (communicate) with students from other countries.
答案：communicating　have no difficulty doing “做某事沒(méi)有困難”。
7．He hated ________ (cruel) and could never cause physical pain to any man or even to any animal.
答案：cruelty　空格前是動(dòng)詞，此處用名詞形式作賓語(yǔ)。
8．Your teacher can give you ________ (guide) on choosing a career and writing a job application.
答案：guidance　give sb. guidance on ... “給某人關(guān)于……的指導(dǎo)或建議”，故此處填名詞guidance “指導(dǎo)”。
9．________ (educate) usually refers to teaching people various subjects, usually at a school or college.
答案：Education　此處應(yīng)用名詞education “教育”作主語(yǔ)。
10．The young man was sentenced to ________ (die) for killing a middle school student.
答案：death　be sentenced to death “被判死刑”。
Ⅱ.單句寫(xiě)作
1．Although he was ________________ (失業(yè)), he decided to start a new business instead of losing heart.
答案：out of work
2．__________________ (事實(shí)上), feeling unconfident and nervous is the main reason for failing the exam.
答案：As a matter of fact
3．________________________， you'd better turn to your teacher for help.
當(dāng)你遇到麻煩時(shí)，你最好向你的老師求助。
答案：When you are in trouble
4．___________________________________________________________
我認(rèn)為，我們應(yīng)該養(yǎng)成健康的飲食習(xí)慣。(in one's opinion)
答案：In my opinion, we should develop healthy eating habits.
5．_________________________________________________________
上學(xué)期我們成立了英語(yǔ)社團(tuán)，使大家有機(jī)會(huì)展示自己的才藝。
答案：Last term, we set up an English Society, allowing us to display our talents.
Ⅲ.語(yǔ)法填空
(2019·廣東省肇慶市高中畢業(yè)班第一次檢測(cè))I was the middle child of three, but there was a gap of five years on either side, and I hardly saw my father before I was eight. For this __1__ other reasons I was somewhat lonely. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories and __2__(hold)conversations with imaginary persons, and I think __3__ the very start my literary ambitions __4__ (mix) up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a __5__ (nature) ability with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this __6__ (create) a sort of private world __7__ I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life.
However, __8__ quantity of serious writing which I produced all through my childhood would not add up to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation. I cannot remember anything about __9__ except that it was about a tiger and the tiger had “chair-like teeth”—a good enough __10__ (express)．
1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________
5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________
9．________　10.________
篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇記敘文，作者講述了自己小時(shí)候喜歡寫(xiě)作的原因和感受。
1．a(chǎn)nd　考查連詞。此處指“由于這樣那樣的原因”，故用連詞and。
2．holding　考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。此處和making并列作of的賓語(yǔ)，也用動(dòng)詞-ing形式，故填holding。
3．from　考查介詞。句意：我想從一開(kāi)始我的文學(xué)抱負(fù)就與被孤立和被低估的感覺(jué)交織在一起。表示“從……”，故填from。from the very start “從開(kāi)始”。
4．were mixed　考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。句中“my literary ambitions”和動(dòng)詞“mix”是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。與全文時(shí)態(tài)一致用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)，故填were mixed。
5．natural　考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。此處修飾名詞ability用形容詞，故填形容詞natural。
6．created　考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句意：我覺(jué)得這創(chuàng)造了一種私人世界。在賓語(yǔ)從句中作謂語(yǔ)，根據(jù)主句時(shí)態(tài)felt和全文時(shí)態(tài)一致，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故填created。
7．where　考查定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞world，且在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，指在這個(gè)世界，用關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，故填where。
8．the　考查冠詞。此處特指認(rèn)真寫(xiě)作的量，用定冠詞the，故填the。
9．it　考查代詞。此處指代上句的“my first poem”，用單數(shù)代詞it。
10．expression　考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。此處a good enough修飾名詞，指“一種足夠好的表達(dá)”，故填expression。
Ⅳ.短文改錯(cuò)
(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals. Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.
答案：
During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I a change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and animals. Last winter when I went again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of . They also had a small pond ∕ they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by the fish. I felt that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return every two years, he agreed.
難項(xiàng)分析：
第六處：which前加in或which→where　考查定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。他們還有一個(gè)小池塘，里面養(yǎng)著魚(yú)。此處a small pond是先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在后面的定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用in which或where。
第七處：sell→selling　考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。去年夏天他們通過(guò)賣(mài)魚(yú)掙了一大筆錢(qián)。此處介詞by后用動(dòng)名詞，故用selling。
第十處：but→and　考查連詞?！拔摇庇?jì)劃每?jī)赡昊貋?lái)一次，他同意了。此處是順承關(guān)系，故將but改成and。

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