目 錄
01 易錯陷阱（3大陷阱）
02 舉一反三
【易錯點提醒一】觀點態(tài)度易混易錯點
【易錯點提醒二】文章出處和讀者對象易混易錯點
【易錯點提醒三】寫作目的和意圖易混易錯點
03 易錯題通關(guān)
易錯陷阱1：觀點態(tài)度易混易錯點。
【分析】
1. 選項中的觀點態(tài)度類詞意辨析不清；
2. 原文中表達作者觀點、態(tài)度的形容詞和副詞詞義；
3. 未能從所列舉的例子中理解作者真正表達的意思；
易錯陷阱2：文章出處和讀者對象易混易錯點。
【分析】讀者需要具備一定的生活常識，對報紙、雜志、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、科普、小說、廣告、說明書、旅游指南等有基本的了解，才能根據(jù)文章的特點對號入座，選出正確的答案。有時命題者為了增加試題的難度，特殊的格式或日期可能不出現(xiàn)，這時需要根據(jù)文章的題材內(nèi)容進行推斷。
易錯陷阱3：寫作目的和意圖易混易錯點。
【分析】考生應(yīng)根據(jù)文章的論述，揣測作者的寫作意圖和寫作手法。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文章所提供的事實，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點。這就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意，而且要具備對作者闡述問題的方法進行歸納總結(jié)和分析的能力。
【易錯點提醒一】 觀點態(tài)度易混易錯點
【例1】 （2024·山東·一模）A self- driving taxi perated by a Chinese tech giant recently hit a passer- by crssing against a traffic light in Wuhan, capital f Hubei Prvince, sparking heated discussins n the challenges and limitatins facing autnmus driving technlgy, especially in cmplex circumstances.
Zhang Xiang, an aut sectr researcher at Nrth China University f Technlgy, said that the incident in Wuhan indicates that self- driving technlgy has prgressed significantly ver the past few years, but it still encunters difficulties under ever- changing rad cnditins and has sme limitatins when dealing with uncnventinal behavir, such as mtrists r passers-by vilating traffic rules. There are still sme bstacles t integrating the self- driving vehicles int the existing rad traffic safety management system, as the legal bligatins f relevant subjects invlving autnmus vehicles have nt been clarified under current laws and regulatins.
Meanwhile, the cmmercial applicatin f rbtaxis in mre cities acrss the cuntry has raised cncerns abut emplyment, as taxi drivers are wrried abut lsing their jbs due t intense cmpetitin frm driverless ride-hailing vehicles, industry experts said. S far, mre than 20 cities natinwide have intrduced plicies supprting autnmus driving tests, with mre than 60 enterprises having btained self- driving test licenses.
Nevertheless, sme believe that peple nly prefer t experience this emerging technlgy, and the number f rbtaxis n the rad is still far smaller than thse f taxis. It is als nted that the pressure n taxi drivers mainly cmes frm fierce cmpetitin between private ride-hailing cars and traditinal taxis, and that the autnmus driving vehicles will nt have a serius impact n the jb market r replace human drivers in the shrt term.
Despite the challenges, the develpment f self- driving industry will strengthen the intelligent transfrmatin f aut industry and speed the cnstructin f vehicle- rad crdinatin systems, which supprt the transfer f infrmatin frm vehicles t radway netwrks as a way t imprve traffic efficiency.
Accrding t research cmpany BlmbergNEF's “Electric Vehicle Outlk” reprt, China will perate the wrld's largest rbtaxi fleet f abut 12 millin self- driving vehicles by2040, fllwed by the United States with arund 7 millin such vehicles.
What is the authr's attitude twards self- driving industry?
A．Partial.B．Favrable.C．Skeptical.D．Dismissive.
【變式1】（24-25高三上·河南·階段練習(xí)）Many peple are busy experimenting with chatbts, hping generative artificial intelligence (AI) can imprve their daily lives.Scientists are several steps ahead. As reprted, 10%r mre f abstracts fr papers in scientific jurnals nw are written in part by large language mdels (LLMs). In fields such as cmputer science, that figure rises t 20%.
Scientists are nt just devted t labratry wrk r thinking big thughts. They face great demands, frm writing papers and teaching t filling ut endless gran t(撥款) applicatins. LLMs help by speeding up the writing f papers, thus freeing up time fr scientists t develp new ideas r check fr mistakes in their wrk.
The technlgy can als help level a playing-field that favurs native English speakers, because many imprtant jurnals are in their tngue. LLMs can help thse wh d nt speak the language well translate and edit their text. Therefre, scientists everywhere can spread their findings mre easily and be judged by the brilliance f their ideas rather than their language skills.
As with any technlgy, there are wrries. Science received 10, 444 submissins last year, f which 83%were rejected befre peer(同行)review. Sme f these must have been AI-generated．
LLMs’ lack f imaginatin may lead t plagiarism, in which they directly cpy past wrk by humans. “Hallucinatins” that are bviusly wrng t experts, but very believable t everyne else, culd als make their way int the text. And mst wrrying f all, writing can be an essential part f the research prcess, by helping researchers clarify and prduce their wn ideas. T much reliance n LLMs culd make science prer.
Trying t restrict the use f LLMs is nt the way t deal with these prblems. Peer review will becme mre imprtant. Pay reviewers fr the time they sacrifice (犧牲) t check papers. Mtivate researchers t d repeated experiments befre writing a paper. Hiring and prmtin cmmittees at universities shuld ensure that scientists are rewarded based n the quality f their wrk and the quantity f new insights they generate.
What’s the authr’s attitude twards LLMs?
A．Dubtful.B．Tlerant.C．Objective.D．Cnservative.
【變式2】 （2024·廣東·一模）The Renaissance f Creative Thught is burgening, perhaps even burgening. If yu attempted t absrb all the wisdm available tday, yu wuld need mre than 180 millin years t d s. But yu are mistaken t assume that all this wisdm wuld stimulate a surge f innvatin t match the abundance f knwledge. Indeed, the last time we fund urselves in a perid f significant innvatin, pursuing the ideas with the mst prfund impact, was mre than 120 years ag, in a perid called the Renaissance f Insight.
Innvatins, bth grand and mdest, riginate frm a new idea. Often, these ideas emerge as a mment f insight — the utcme f a nvel cnnectin in ur minds made between existing and new knwledge. Studies reveal insights invlve quiet signals deep in the brain, just under the surface f awareness. Anything that aids us in nticing quiet signals, such as taking breaks between engagements, adpting essential learning appraches, r steering clear f distractins like scial media, can enhance the likelihd f insights. Hwever, it is becming increasingly challenging t find thse quiet signals with the escalating use f technlgy, filling every mment with emergencies and an endless supply f cntent.
Mrever, we als aspire t elevate the quality f them — t be able t sift thrugh grand new ideas and identify the nes that hld genuine value, which can be difficult t measure. Launched in 2015, the Insight Meter (洞察力計量器) permits us t evaluate the ptency f ur insight experiences n a five-pint scale, which is marked by intense emtins, mtivatin, memry advantage, aftershcks, and subsequent ideas. The Meter cnslidates these five variables int a slitary value and enables us t define the significance f a new idea. The level-5 insight, invlving the richest emtin, mtivatin, and lasting impact, hlds the utmst significance.
Since insights are ne f the mst effective ways t stimulate engagement, innvatin, and behaviral change, the Insight Meter has extensive applicatins fr gauging and enhancing individual and rganizatinal perfrmance. Mre imprtantly, it can be emplyed t measure the impact f different types f wrk envirnments and learning appraches n participants’ develpment — bth in the mment r afterward.
Fr rganizatins t reap the benefits f anther age f insight, it is nt sufficient t attempt t access mre data r augment the number f insights we generate. Instead, it is abut creating space fr the mst significant ideas t emerge frm all the knwledge. Utilizing the shared language f the Insight Meter as a means t measure hw imprtant ideas are, relative t each ther, will enable superir decisin-making tward practical and cmpetitive utcmes. And if we are t enter a new age f insight, we must design ur envirnments t allw fr the mst exceptinal insight pssible t surface.
What is the authr’s attitude twards the current envirnment fr innvatins?
A．Uncertain.B．Optimistic.C．Uncncerned.D．Dissatisfied.
【易錯點提醒二】 文章出處和讀者對象易混易錯點
【例2】 （湖南師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)2023-2024學(xué)年高三摸底考試）
D yu have frightening dreams while sleeping? Accrding t an email interview by clinical psychlgist and sleep expert Dr. Michael Breus, rughly 5 percent f the general ppulatin has at least ne bad dream per week. Nightmares typically happen during REM sleep, during the middle and later parts f the night.
There is n exact explanatin fr nightmares, but Breus says it’s pssible that they help the brain practise, prepare fr and even predict difficult r dangerus experiences in waking life. Of curse, it’s pssible that nightmares, like dreams in general, dn’t have a primary functin — that they’re a by-prduct f ther activities in the bdy. But mst sleep scientists think that dreams and nightmares exist fr sme purpses.
One study fund the mst cmmn nightmare was falling, fllwed by dreams f being chased, feeling lst, and feeling trapped. Then why d nightmares happen?
“Certain circumstances and characteristics make sme peple mre likely t have nightmares than thers,” says sleep medicine specialist Dr. Barry Krakw. He thinks peple wh’ve been traumatized (使受精神創(chuàng)傷) are certainly at a higher risk f nightmares Examples are ffered f thse wh have suffered criminal attacks, r wh have been in life-threatening accidents. Peple with sme degree f sensitivity in their bilgical make-up are als mre likely t have bad dreams, s they’re mre cmmn in peple wh suffer frm anxiety r depressin, r wh use excess drugs r alchl. The traditinal belief ften has it that nightmares are the result f eating t much rich fd befre bedtime, but it is still uncertain whether this is true. One study frm 2015 did find a link between eating dairy r ht fds befre bedtime and having disturbing dreams, but the study authrs nted that this culdn’t be prven definitely because the data was self-reprted and there were a lt f ther factrs t cnsider.
Hwever, research in recent decades has shwn that peple wh suffer frm sleep disrders are als mre likely t have nightmares.
Frm which sectin f a website is the text prbably taken?
A．Mental health.
B．Life experiences.
C．Eating habits.
D．Ppular culture.
【變式1】（江蘇省2024-2025學(xué)年高三名校聯(lián)考檢測試題）
Twenty-fur trains, nine cuntries, 13, 500 miles. They are the numbers behind the heric rund trip ne man tk frm Suthamptn in the UK t eastern China.
Rger Tyers, 37, used ver $2, 500, which was almst twice mre than the cst f a return flight, t travel t the Chinese prt city Ningb fr academic research in May, 2019. The man spent a mnth n bard 15 trains during the first leg f his rund trip. It was the climate crisis, nt a lve f trains, that drve the scilgist t chse this cmplicated rute ver a return flight. He stpped flying when UN climate experts warned that the wrld had less than 11 years t avid terrible levels f glbal warming. Tyers calculated that his train jurney t China prduced almst 90% less emissins than a return flight.
Tyers is nt the nly persn t avid air travel in respnse t climate change. Thusands f peple wrldwide have publicly prmised t stp flying. Activist Maja Rsen launched the “Flight Free” campaign in Sweden with the gal f encuraging 100,000 peple nt t fly fr ne year. Althugh nly arund 14,000 peple signed the nline “#flightfree2019” pledge (保證), Rsen, wh stpped flying 12 years ag, says that the campaign had made mre peple wrry abut the climate crisis and aware f harm f travel by air and mtivated them t try new ways f travelling.
Accrding t a survey released in May 2019 by Swedish Railways (SJ), 37% f respndents chse t travel by train instead f by plane where pssible, cmpared t 20% at the start f 2018. An SJ spkespersn said: “Rail travel has been augmented due t the wrries.” Dmestic passenger numbers in July fell by 12% cmpared t the previus year, accrding t Swedavia, a cmpany which perates Sweden’s 10 busiest Airprts.
“The cllective pledge helps fight the sense f hpelessness many peple feel when it cmes t tackling climate change”, Rsen said. “One f the prblems is that peple feel there’s n pint in what yu d as an individual. The campaign is abut making peple aware that if we d this tgether, we can actually bring changes.”
In which sectin f a newspaper may this text appear?
A．Travel.
B．Envirnment.
C．Educatin.
D．Lifestyle.
【變式2】（江蘇省前黃高級中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年高三學(xué)情檢測）
Where t Shp in Lndn
James Smith & Sns
Have yu ever seen a nbleman with a fine walking stick r a fashinable wman with an umbrella that's definitely nt ne f thse five-dllar bargains frm New Yrk City street? Well； yu culd be that persn t. But yu have t g t Jame Smith & Sns. They specialize in all kinds f high-quality walking sticks and umbrellas.
Harvie & Hudsn
UK and Italy are tw leading cuntries when it cmes t clthing fr men. And yu knw that it’ll cst yu yur wages f several mnths t buy a suit f clthes there. But Harvie & Hudsn is fairly accessible, especially fr the kind f quality yu get. A wrthy alternative! Yu can’t g wrng with tw sprt jackets fr arund ￡200. That's a gd deal.
Hatchards
Hatchards in Piccadilly, which pened in 1797, can claim t be the ldest bkstre in the UK with arund 100,000 bks, and has a special sectin fr signed first editins, and children's bks. Beynd that, it ffers persnalized bk subscriptin services fr a very reasnable sum — yu'll just need t pay additinal pstage fr shipment t America.
The Whisky Exchange
Fr thse wh lve whisky and brandy, this is the best chice, since ifs ne f the city's imprtant liqur stres. It’s pssible t rder bttles t be shipped t America. Yu're bund t find smething yu'll never see at hme. Ifs like the Willy Wnka factry fr Sctch drinkers and cllectrs.
Wh are the target readers f the text?
A．The natives.
B．British visitrs.
C．Freign students.
D．American travelers.
【變式3】（廣東省東莞實驗中學(xué)高三下學(xué)期開學(xué)“收心”試題）
Special Fd Places t Try In Singapre
It’s an unpleasant fact that lcal fd places are usually meant t cater t meat-eaters. It can be difficult t find a tasty fd place that caters t meat-free diet. Here are sme ptins t shw yu dn’t need meat fr a satisfactry treat.
Vegan Burg
Vegan Burg has a surprisingly diverse range f plant-based burgers. Frm Hawaiian Teriyaki t Char-Grilled Satay, the menu prmises t tempt even the mst hardcre meat lvers. And that’s nt even getting int the add-ns and sides it ffers, such as mushrm fries and barbecue ptates.
Wds Square Twer, #01-06, Singapre 737737
Genesis Restaurant
This eatery prves that meat-free dishes can be as hearty and flavrful as their meat-based cunterparts. Genesis Restaurant is especially knwn fr its juicy dumplings, spring rlls, prk-free ndles and tfu cheesecake.
Havelck Rad, #B1-01, Singapre 059763
WellSmcht Cllective
WellSmcht is a cafe and dessert bar which specializes in plant-based ice cream. Made frm brwn rice, sugar cane juice and fruits r nut butters, Smcht’s rice cream, as they call it, cmes in a wide variety f delicius flavrs such as Earl Grey Lavender,Rse Ccnut and Gula Melaka.
Sin Ming Centre, #01-03, Singapre 575628
Green Cmmn
This ne-stp plant-based eatery and marketplace has a delicius menu f muth-watering meat-free dishes, frm Japanese cuisine like sushi and mis glazed fillet t Western dishes like fishless tacs and pasta, as well as lcal favurites such as seafd laksa and even buah keluak rice.
HarburFrnt Walk, #169-170, Singapre 098585
Wh is the passage intended fr?
A．Thse wh want t lse weight.
B．Thse wh dn’t eat meat.
C．Thse wh can’t g withut meat.
D．Thse wh prefer hme-made fd.
【易錯點提醒三】 寫作目的和意圖易混易錯點
【例3】（2025屆河北省百師聯(lián)盟高三聯(lián)考）
Are yu lking fr teen vlunteer pprtunities fr 2024 that prvide a rewarding experience that will stay with yu fr life? Every year thusands f teens chse t vlunteer abrad with Internatinal Vlunteer HQ(IVHQ)-the wrld’s mst trusted prvider f safe and affrdable vlunteer prgrams fr teens.
Service trips fr teens are available in mre than 50 destinatins and there are 17 teen vlunteer prgrams fr 16 t 18 year-lds. Sme f the best prgrams in 2024 include Turtle Cnservatin in Bali, Animal Care in Csta Rica and Childcare in Tanzania. Or, if yu’re wanting t vlunteer with a grup f students frm yur high schl, IVHQ can tailr a prgram fr yur grup t!
Benefits fr vlunteers:
There is n dubt that vlunteering as a teenager is a meaningful way t braden yur educatin and add experiences that will stand ut n yur cllege applicatin.
Crssing bundaries t wrk with partners frm different parts f the wrld fsters glbal understanding.
Living in a cuntry different t yur wn means that yu will be invlved in a new culture, cuisine, and way f thinking.
Guaranteed supprt:
Chances are yur parents will als want t learn mre abut IVHQ, whether r nt they will g abrad with yu. Having placed mre than 130, 000 vlunteers abrad, we’re always happy t speak with parents t ensure all their questins are fielded. Thrugh ur nline safety training, cmprehensive infrmatin brchures, n-ging supprt frm experienced prgram managers and rund-the-clck supprt frm ur lcal teams, IVHQ vlunteers are well supprted t make the mst f the time abrad.
If yu’re ready t pack yur bags and experience a cmpletely different lifestyle and widen yur glbal perspective, please cntact us. IVHQ will be mre than happy t ffer a service.
The main purpse f the passage is t_____.
A．a(chǎn)dvcate vlunteering
B．intrduce requirements
C．a(chǎn)dvertise a service
D．suggest a lifestyle
易錯分析：不能從引述話語中理解作者意圖、推斷作者深層含義。
【變式1】（江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江第一中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年高三學(xué)情檢測）
The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure (基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.
A new study f dwntwn Chicag shws undergrund htspts may threaten the very same structures that give ff the heat in the first place. “Withut anyne realizing it, the city f Chicag’s dwntwn was defrming,” says study authr Rtta Lria, an envirnmental engineer.
Humans aren’t the nly ptentially affected. “Fr a lt f things in the subsurface, it’s kind f ‘ut f sight, ut f mind’,” says Grant Fergusn, a gelgist. But the undergrund wrld is full f creatures that have adapted t subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because f climate change and undergrund urban develpment, scientists are keeping eyes n the ptential implicatins fr undergrund ecsystems.
But the questin f hw undergrund htspts culd affect infrastructure has gne largely unstudied. Because materials expand and cntract with temperature change, Rtta suspected that heat cming frm undergrund culd be cntributing t wear and tear n varius structures. T understand hw undergrund temperature difference has affected the grund’s physical prperties, he used a cmputer mdel t simulate (模擬) the undergrund envirnment frm the 1950s t nw—and then t 2050. He fund that by the middle f this century, sme areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch r settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending n the sil makeup f the area invlved. Thugh these may sund like small displacements, Rtta says they culd cause cracks in the fundatins f sme buildings, causing buildings t fall.
Kathrin Menberg, a gescientist in Germany, says these displacement predictins are far beynd her guesses and culd be linked t the sft, clay-heavy sils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It wuld be a big issue in all cities wrldwide that are built n such material.”
Like climate change abve the surface, undergrund changes ccur gradually. “These effects tk decades t develp,” Fergusn says, adding that increased undergrund temperatures wuld likewise take a lng time t dissipate n their wn. “We culd basically turn everything ff, and it’s ging t remain there, the temperature signal, fr quite a while.”
But Fergusn says this wasted heat energy culd als be reused, presenting an pprtunity t bth cl the subsurface and save n energy csts. Still, this assumptin culd fail as abvegrund climate change cntinues t bst undergrund warming. Hwever slwly, this heat will gather beneath ur feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rtta Lria says. “Maybe we dn’t see it always, but it’s happening.”
What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Undergrund climate change is a silent danger.
B．Humans fail t ntice the dramatic climate change.
C．Cling the subsurface helps cntrl urban heat rises.
D．Researching undergrund heat helps save n energy csts.
【變式2】（安徽省合肥第一中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年高三學(xué)情檢測）
A shpkeeper’s sn breaks a windw, causing a crwd t gather. They tell the shpkeeper nt t be angry: actually, the brken windw is a reasn t celebrate, since it will create wrk fr the glazier (裝玻璃的工人). In the stry, written by a 19th-century ecnmist, the crwd envisins the wrk invlved in repairing the windw, but nt that invlved in everything else n which the shpkeeper culd have spent his mney — unseen pssibilities that wuld have brught him greater happiness.
If that windw were t be brken these days, peple might have a different reactin, especially if they were NIMBYs (Nt In My Back Yard) wh ppse any lcal cnstructin that affects their quality f life. Their cncern might be with the “embdied carbn”. The prductin f a piece f glass wuld carry a sizeable carbn cst. Similarly, the bricks and cncrete in a building are relics f past emissins. They are, the lgic ges, embdied carbn.
Cnserving what already exists, rather than adding t the building stck, will avid increasing these embdied emissins — r s NIMBYs ften suggest. At its wrst, this idea is based n a warped lgic. Greenhuse gases released by the cnstructin f an existing building will heat the planet whether the building is repaired r kncked dwn. The emissins have been taken ut f the wrld’s “carbn budget”, s treating them as anew debit means duble cunting. The right questin t ask is whether it is wrth using the remaining carbn budget t repair a building r it is better t knck it dwn.
Chsing between these pssibilities requires thinking abut the unseen. It used t be said that cnstructin emitted tw types f emissins. Besides the embdied srt, there were peratinal nes frm cling, heating and prviding electricity t residents. Arund the wrld, buildings accunt fr 39% f annual emissins, accrding t the Wrld Green Building Cuncil, f which 28% cme frm peratinal carbn.
These tw types f emissins might be enugh fr the architects designing an individual building. But when it cmes t brader questins, ecnmists ught als t cnsider hw the placement f buildings affects the manner in which peple wrk, shp and travel. Density (密度) lwers the per-persn cst f public transprt, and this reduces car use. Research by Green Alliance, a pressure grup, suggests that in Britain a plicy f “demlish (拆除) and densify” — replacing semi-detached husing near public transprt with blcks f flats — wuld save substantial emissins. Withut such demlitin, ptential residents wuld typically have t mve t the suburbs instead, saving mney n rent but cnsuming mre energy.
Targeted subsidies (補貼), especially fr research and develpment int cnstructin materials, culd speed up the pace at which the built envirnment decarbnises. What will never wrk, hwever, is allwing the ludest vices t decide hw t use land and ignring the carbn emissins f their wuld-be neighburs nce they are ut f sight.
The first tw paragraphs are written t ________.
A．exemplify an utlk n energy cnservatin
B．present a new way f relieving energy crisis
C．explain peple’s reactin t a brken windw
D．intrduce an argument n carbn emissin
【變式3】
Research spanning several decades demnstrates that yu are mre likely t think the infrmatin that is repeated t be true than the infrmatin yu hear nly nce. Yu usually assume that if peple put in effrt t repeat a statement, this reflects the truth f the statement. This tendency-als called the truth effect-is a bias (偏見) that can lead yu t draw incrrect cnclusins.
T what degree are peple aware f the truth effect? This questin was addressed in a paper in the jurnal Cgnitin early this year.
In the critical study in this paper, participants did tw sessins. In ne sessin, they read abut a hypthetical (虛構(gòu)的) study in which they were expsed t sme statements and then were asked whether bth statements they had heard befre as well as these new statements were true. They were asked t predict the prprtin (比例) f each statement that wuld be judged as true. They did this bth as a predictin f ther peple’s perfrmance as well as a predictin f hw they wuld d in this study.
At anther sessin a few days later, participants actually perfrmed this study, reading a set f 20 statements in the hypthetical study again and then judging the truth f altgether 40 statements, half f which were frm the hypthetical study and the ther half f which were new.
This study did replicate the well knwn truth effect. Peple were mre likely t judge statements they had seen befre as true than statements that were new. Tw interesting findings emerged frm the predictin. First, participants tended t underestimate the size f the truth effect fr everyne. T hat is, while they did expect sme difference in judgments between the statements seen befre and thse that were new, they thught this difference wuld be smaller than it actually was. Secnd, participants mre significantly underpredicted the truth effect fr themselves cmpared t that fr ther peple.
This study is particularly imprtant in light f the amunt f misinfrmatin present in scial media. Many peple have the pwer t influence public pinin abut imprtant matters. Flding scial media feeds with misinfrmatin will lead peple t believe this infrmatin is true just because it is stated. Recgnizing that we are all susceptible t this influence f repeated infrmatin shuld lead us t mistrust ur intuitin (直覺) abut what is true and t lk up imprtant infrmatin prir t using it t make imprtant judgments and decisins.
In the first paragraph, the authr intends t ______.
A．clarify a miscnceptin
B．a(chǎn) phenmenn
C．challenge a statement
D．cnfirm a thery
Curse Advisr 1 Educatin Sales Executive
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The Rle:
Curse advisers are respnsible fr prmting the Cmpany's prgram prtfli t ptential students ver the phne and via e-mail, frming a vital and integral part f the sales team. Yu will have a natural gift fr sales and relatinship-building, and a hunger t exceed (超出) targets and expectatins.
Benefits:
The Cmpany ffers excellent pprtunities fr fast track career prgressin which is entirely perfrmance driven. They reward tp perfrmers giving yu the pprtunity t earn as well as prgress.
Requirements:
Please click n the APPLY buttn t send yur CV and Cver Letter fr this rle. The Cmpany is an equal pprtunities emplyer and psitively encurages applicatins frm suitably qualified and eligible candidates regardless f sex, race, disability, age, r religin r belief. N recrd f crime is a must.
1．What is ne f the benefits f the curses mentined in the passage?
A．They are ttally free f charge.B．They have ptinal campuses.
C．They require high intelligence.D．They can be easily prmted.
2．Tp perfrmers f the Cmpany may have ________.
A．a(chǎn) high salaryB．a(chǎn) free tur abradC．a(chǎn) hliday as a bnusD．a(chǎn) flat as a reward
3．Wh is the text intended fr?
A．Thse wh want t plish their English.B．Thse wh try t develp their prgrams.
C．Thse wh need t advance their degrees.D．Thse wh are gd at prmting prducts.
Day Trip: Van Ggh Alive at The Dali Museum
If yu’ve ever wndered what it’s like t step inside an artistic masterpiece, Van Ggh Alive at The Dali in St. Pete is a must-d experience. The Dali is the first museum in Nrth America t hst this hilly immersive (浸入式) art experience.
Read n fr all the details, n display thrugh June 21, 2021.
KNOW BEFORE YOU GO
Bk yur timed ticket and yur timed entry at thedali.rg in advance. This includes Dali members, ut f cncern fr scial distance. Face mask wearing is required.
NEW HOURS AT THE DALI
Open 10:00 a. m. — 6:00 p. m. daily and until 8:00 p. m. n Thursdays and Fridays. Admissin is half ff n Thursday nights.
DOWNLOAD THE APP
The Dali has a fantastic app wrth dwnlading, which takes yu n a deeper dive abut the art yu’ll experience and mre abut the artist himself. Yu’ll als get the augmented reality (AR) experience with Dali’s wrks, t.
THE EXHIBIT
The exhibit has three areas — there’s a smaller pen rm, a larger pen gallery, and lying in between is a bedrm sized rm. Yu are surrunded by enrmus screens n the wall and even a few n the flr. High-definitin prjectins (高清投影) f his paintings like ‘Sunflwers’ and ‘starry Night’. sketches, and even qutes pulled frm the numerus letters he wrte during his lifetime fill the giant screens n the walls and flr, making yu feel as if yu’ve stepped inside Van Ggh’s masterpieces. In a way, yu have.
It’s nt just the images, but the sund that makes this a multi - sensry experience. The classical music sundtrack f Van Ggh Alive helps bring the wrks t life by tugging at yur heartstrings, cnnecting yu t the misterpieces in a way yu’ve prbably never felt befre.
4．Wh is the text intended fr?
A．Van Ggh Art lvers.B．Fans f Dali Art.
C．Museum wrking staff.D．Phtgraphy enthusiasts.
5．What are yu required t d if yu plan t visit the exhibit?
A．Dwnlad the Dali app.B．Bked timed tickets nline.
C．Wear face masks and glves.D．Learn abut the artist in advance.
6．What is the purpse f the last part f the text?
A．T advertise mre cming exhibits.
B．T intrduce a unique experience.
C．T tell abut the life f an artistic genius.
D．T present details f sme masterpiece.
The ntin that we live in smene else’s vide game is irresistible t many. Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模擬假說) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin — a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (認知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (實證的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin? ” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隱喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.
As fr Kant’s argument, the authr is _________.
A．a(chǎn)ppreciative
B．dubtful
C．uncncerned
D．disapprving
Humans have lng gained pleasure frm the smells f the natural wrld. Fr the mst part, thugh, human beings are nt their target market. Fr plants, fragrances are a way t interact with insects and ther animals. Their attractin fr peple happens simply by chance.
In chemical terms, mst natural fragrances are made up f vlatiles — s called because f their tendency t change states suddenly. Vlatiles evaprate easily, drifting int nses. In plants’ reprductive prcesses, smelly vlatiles attract pllinatrs (授粉昆蟲). But their natural applicatins are much mre varied. If an insect chews thrugh the leaves f sme Bursera plants, ut shts a sticky, smelly liquid t trap it. Cyte tbacc plants are even mre crafty: upn sensing the smell f hungry caterpillars, they prduce vlatiles that attract predatrs t kill the pests.
What is truly amazing is just hw wily plants can be in using their scents fr reprductin. White flwers ften emit their scent at night t attract ncturnal pllinatrs such as mths. They prduce a dilute nectar (稀釋的花蜜) that encurages mths t keep mving, rather than linger at a single blm—all the better t increase pllinatin. Other flwers change their fragrance after being successfully pllinated, as a signal fr insects t g elsewhere.
But thugh “Scent” is a stry f plants’ cleverness, it is als a tale f the human kind. Peple have lng used fragrances fr their wn purpses, particularly fr use in religius ceremnies: perfume recipes n the walls f an Egyptian temple in Edfu demnstrate just hw lng ingredients have been mixed in pursuit f the best blend. S highly prized were sme scents that, t scare ff cmpetitrs, Arab traders spread a legend abut giant eagles that guarded cinnamn.
Eventually scientists n lnger needed natural surces fr fragrances. In 1866 a fragrance mlecule was prduced fr the first time. Sixteen years later, Hubigant Parfum released Fugère Ryale, the first “mdern fantasy perfume” that creates an imaginary scent rather than cpying a natural ne. Nwadays fragrance–making is dminated by man–made cmpunds, which can be reliably and affrdably prduced in large quantities.
That has led t the mass prductin f smelly prducts, frm tilet paper t tthpaste. Scent is accrdingly big business. It is said that a wrld–famus fragrance and flavur manufacturer that claims peple interact with its prducts up t 30 times a day, had sales f €3.8bn last year.
Accrding t Paragraph 1 and 2, which wuld the authr agree with?
A．Sme plants might kill the pests with their smells.
B．Fragrance is a tl fr plants t prtect themselves.
C．Peple interact with nature easily thrugh fragrance.
D．Fragrances are less imprtant t humans than t animals and insects.
Nw let us lk at hw we read. When we read a printed text, ur eyes mve acrss a page in shrt, rugh mvement. We recgnize wrds usually when ur eyes are still when they fixate (凝視). Each time they fixate, we see a grup f wrds. This is knwn as the recgnitin span r the visual span. The length f time f which the eyes stp -the duratin f the fixatin — varies cnsiderably frm persn t persn. It als varies within ne persn accrding t his purpse in reading and his familiarity with the text. Furthermre, it can be affected by such factrs as lighting and tiredness.
Unfrtunately, in the past, many reading imprvement curses have cncentrated t much n hw ur eyes mve acrss the printed page. As a result f this misleading emphasis n the purely visual aspects f reading, numerus exercises have been devised t train the eyes t see mre wrds at ne fixatin. Fr instance, in sme exercises, wrds are flashed n t a screen fr, say, a tenth r a twentieth f a secnd. One f the exercises has required students t fix their eyes n sme central pint, taking in the wrds n either side. Such wrd patterns are ften cnstructed in the shape f rather steep pyramids s the reader takes in mre and mre wrds at each successive fixatin. All these exercises are very clever, but it’s ne thing t imprve a persn’s ability t see wrds and quite anther thing t imprve his ability t read a text efficiently. Reading requires the ability t understand the relatinship between wrds. Cnsequently, fr these reasns, many experts have nw begun t questin the usefulness f eye training, especially since any apprach which trains a persn t read islated wrds and phrases wuld seem unlikely t help him in reading a cntinuus text.
What is the writer’s attitude in writing this passage?
A．criticalB．neutralC．pessimisticD．ptimistic
The ntin that we live in smene else’s vide game is irresistible t many. Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模擬假說) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin — a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (認知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (實證的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin? ” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隱喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.
What des the authr intend t d by challenging a hypthesis?
A．Make an assumptin.
B．Illustrate an argument.
C．Give a suggestin.
D．Justify a cmparisn.
The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure (基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.
A new study f dwntwn Chicag shws undergrund htspts may threaten the very same structures that give ff the heat in the first place. “Withut anyne realizing it, the city f Chicag’s dwntwn was defrming,” says study authr Rtta Lria, an envirnmental engineer.
Humans aren’t the nly ptentially affected. “Fr a lt f things in the subsurface, it’s kind f ‘ut f sight, ut f mind’,” says Grant Fergusn, a gelgist. But the undergrund wrld is full f creatures that have adapted t subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because f climate change and undergrund urban develpment, scientists are keeping eyes n the ptential implicatins fr undergrund ecsystems.
But the questin f hw undergrund htspts culd affect infrastructure has gne largely unstudied. Because materials expand and cntract with temperature change, Rtta suspected that heat cming frm undergrund culd be cntributing t wear and tear n varius structures. T understand hw undergrund temperature difference has affected the grund’s physical prperties, he used a cmputer mdel t simulate (模擬) the undergrund envirnment frm the 1950s t nw—and then t 2050. He fund that by the middle f this century, sme areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch r settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending n the sil makeup f the area invlved. Thugh these may sund like small displacements, Rtta says they culd cause cracks in the fundatins f sme buildings, causing buildings t fall.
Kathrin Menberg, a gescientist in Germany, says these displacement predictins are far beynd her guesses and culd be linked t the sft, clay-heavy sils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It wuld be a big issue in all cities wrldwide that are built n such material.”
Like climate change abve the surface, undergrund changes ccur gradually. “These effects tk decades t develp,” Fergusn says, adding that increased undergrund temperatures wuld likewise take a lng time t dissipate n their wn. “We culd basically turn everything ff, and it’s ging t remain there, the temperature signal, fr quite a while.”
But Fergusn says this wasted heat energy culd als be reused, presenting an pprtunity t bth cl the subsurface and save n energy csts. Still, this assumptin culd fail as abvegrund climate change cntinues t bst undergrund warming. Hwever slwly, this heat will gather beneath ur feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rtta Lria says. “Maybe we dn’t see it always, but it’s happening.”
The authr qutes Rtta Lria in Paragraph 2 mainly t _______.
A．make a predictin
B．highlight a finding
C．draw a cnclusin
D．raise an assumptin
The Califrnia sea tter (海獺), nce hunted t the edge f extinctin, has staged a thrilling cmeback in the last century. Nw, scientists have discvered that the tters’ success stry has led t smething just as remarkable: the restratin f their declining castal marsh (沼澤) habitat.
Elkhrn Slugh, a castal marsh within Mnterey Bay, had been experiencing severe damage. The rt cause was a grwing ppulatin f shre crabs, which fed heavily n the marsh plants, weakening the structural integrity f the habitat. Castal marshes like these are nt nly natural defenses against strm waves but als serve as imprtant carbn strage areas and water-cleaning systems.
The cnservatin-driven cmeback f the sea tter has been crucial. Califrnia’s castlines were nce alive with sea tters. Sadly, they were nearly wiped ut at the hands f fur traders. In the 1980s, cnservatin effrts aided these tters in re-ccupying large areas f their frmer range. Nw, Elkhrn Slugh has the highest cncentratin f sea tters in Califrnia, with a ppulatin f abut 100. By naturally feasting n crabs, the tters have helped a significant regrwth f plant life. Brent Hughes, a scientist wrking alngside Angelini, led a three-year study. Their findings were clear: in areas with sea tters, crab numbers fell markedly. This led t a resurgence in plant grwth, which in turn stabilized the sil and lwered the rate f sil washing away.
As the sea tter ppulatin cntinues t restre, their psitive impact n castal ecsystems is likely t increase. It nt nly shwcases the sea tter as a central species—a species that has a significant effect n its natural envirnment—but als highlights the essential nature f tp predatrs (捕食者) in preserving eclgical harmny. “My hnest reactin was—this culd becme a classic in the literature,” says scientist Lekelia Jenkins. She reveals marsh restratin als helps peple by reducing flding. “Suddenly, sea tters g frm just cute things we like t smething that can prtect ur livelihds and ur prperties.”
What is the authr’s purpse in quting Lekelia Jenkins?
A．T highlight the imprtance f castal marshes.
B．T intrduce a new research study n sea tters.
C．T demnstrate the practical benefits f sea tters.
D．T emphasize the need fr increased cnservatin effrts.
When yu think abut it, fd is an imprtant part f ur lives. Family gatherings center arund fd and the celebratin f majr life events and milestnes invlves fd in ne way r anther. The same hlds true fr us here n the Space Statin. Fd is imprtant and ends up usually being a tpic f discussin fr almst every crew.
Our fd als cmes packaged in many ways. But n matter what the frm f the fd thugh, yu still have the same prblem eating it- - yu d nt want it flying away frm yu and making a mess when yu pen it up. In this case a little bit f extra water is extremely helpful. It keeps the fd kind f sticking tgether and t the package and t yur spn. Small things d escape frm time t time, but we really try hard t minimize the randm flying fd prblem. That is enugh fr nw! Next time I will write abut hw t ck in space.
Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?
A．A fd magazine.B．An astrnaut’s jurnal.
C．A sci-fi handbk.D．A space histry website.
In 1916, tw girls f wealthy families, best friends frm Auburn, N. Y. — Drthy Wdruff and Rsamnd Underwd — traveled t a settlement in the Rcky Muntains t teach in a ne-rm schlhuse. The girls had gne t Smith Cllege. They wre expensive clthes. S fr them t mve t Elkhead, Cl. t instruct the children whse shes were held tgether with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject f Nthing Daunted: The Unexpected Educatin f Tw Sciety Girls in the West by Drthy Wickenden, wh is a magazine editr and Drthy Wdruff’s granddaughter.
Why did they g then? Well, they wanted t d smething useful. Sn, hwever, they realized what they had undertaken.
They mved in with a lcal family, the Harrisns, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket f snw n their quilt when they wke up in the mrning. Sme mrnings, Rsamnd and Drthy wuld arrive at the schlhuse t find the children weeping frm the cld. In spring, the snw was replaced by mud ver ice.
In Wickenden’s bk, she expanded n the histry f the West and als n feminism, which f curse influenced the girls’ decisin t g t Elkhead. A hair-raising sectin cncerns the building f the railrads, which entailed (牽涉) drilling thrugh the Rckies, ften in blinding snwstrms. The bk ends with Rsamnd and Drthy’s return t Auburn.
Wickenden is a very gd stryteller. The sweep f the land and the sticism (堅忍) f the peple mve her t sme beautiful writing. Here is a picture f Drthy Wdruff, n her hrse, lking dwn frm a hill tp: “When the sun slipped behind the muntains, it shed a rsy glw all arund them. Then a full mn rse. The snw was marked nly by small animals: fxes, cytes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.”
14．What can we learn abut the girls frm paragraph 3?
A．They enjyed much respect.B．They had a rm with a bathtub.
C．They lived with the lcal kids.D．They suffered severe hardships.
15．What is the text?
A．A news reprt.B．A bk review.C．A children’s stry.D．A diary entry.
易錯點12 閱讀理解推理判斷題
目 錄
01 易錯陷阱（3大陷阱）
02 舉一反三
【易錯點提醒一】觀點態(tài)度易混易錯點
【易錯點提醒二】文章出處和讀者對象易混易錯點
【易錯點提醒三】寫作目的和意圖易混易錯點
03 易錯題通關(guān)
易錯陷阱1：觀點態(tài)度易混易錯點。
【分析】
1. 選項中的觀點態(tài)度類詞意辨析不清；
2. 原文中表達作者觀點、態(tài)度的形容詞和副詞詞義；
3. 未能從所列舉的例子中理解作者真正表達的意思；
易錯陷阱2：文章出處和讀者對象易混易錯點。
【分析】讀者需要具備一定的生活常識，對報紙、雜志、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、科普、小說、廣告、說明書、旅游指南等有基本的了解，才能根據(jù)文章的特點對號入座，選出正確的答案。有時命題者為了增加試題的難度，特殊的格式或日期可能不出現(xiàn)，這時需要根據(jù)文章的題材內(nèi)容進行推斷。
易錯陷阱3：寫作目的和意圖易混易錯點。
【分析】考生應(yīng)根據(jù)文章的論述，揣測作者的寫作意圖和寫作手法。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文章所提供的事實，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點。這就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意，而且要具備對作者闡述問題的方法進行歸納總結(jié)和分析的能力。
【易錯點提醒一】 觀點態(tài)度易混易錯點
【例1】 （2024·山東·一模）A self- driving taxi perated by a Chinese tech giant recently hit a passer- by crssing against a traffic light in Wuhan, capital f Hubei Prvince, sparking heated discussins n the challenges and limitatins facing autnmus driving technlgy, especially in cmplex circumstances.
Zhang Xiang, an aut sectr researcher at Nrth China University f Technlgy, said that the incident in Wuhan indicates that self- driving technlgy has prgressed significantly ver the past few years, but it still encunters difficulties under ever- changing rad cnditins and has sme limitatins when dealing with uncnventinal behavir, such as mtrists r passers-by vilating traffic rules. There are still sme bstacles t integrating the self- driving vehicles int the existing rad traffic safety management system, as the legal bligatins f relevant subjects invlving autnmus vehicles have nt been clarified under current laws and regulatins.
Meanwhile, the cmmercial applicatin f rbtaxis in mre cities acrss the cuntry has raised cncerns abut emplyment, as taxi drivers are wrried abut lsing their jbs due t intense cmpetitin frm driverless ride-hailing vehicles, industry experts said. S far, mre than 20 cities natinwide have intrduced plicies supprting autnmus driving tests, with mre than 60 enterprises having btained self- driving test licenses.
Nevertheless, sme believe that peple nly prefer t experience this emerging technlgy, and the number f rbtaxis n the rad is still far smaller than thse f taxis. It is als nted that the pressure n taxi drivers mainly cmes frm fierce cmpetitin between private ride-hailing cars and traditinal taxis, and that the autnmus driving vehicles will nt have a serius impact n the jb market r replace human drivers in the shrt term.
Despite the challenges, the develpment f self- driving industry will strengthen the intelligent transfrmatin f aut industry and speed the cnstructin f vehicle- rad crdinatin systems, which supprt the transfer f infrmatin frm vehicles t radway netwrks as a way t imprve traffic efficiency.
Accrding t research cmpany BlmbergNEF's “Electric Vehicle Outlk” reprt, China will perate the wrld's largest rbtaxi fleet f abut 12 millin self- driving vehicles by2040, fllwed by the United States with arund 7 millin such vehicles.
What is the authr's attitude twards self- driving industry?
A．Partial.B．Favrable.C．Skeptical.D．Dismissive.
易錯分析：拘泥于找到原詞，不能從話語中推理作者真正的態(tài)度，從而無中生有，僅憑現(xiàn)實生活主觀臆斷。
【答案】D
【解析】根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Despite the challenges, the develpment f self- driving industry will strengthen the intelligent transfrmatin f aut industry and speed the cnstructin f vehicle- rad crdinatin systems, which supprt the transfer f infrmatin frm vehicles t radway netwrks as a way t imprve traffic efficiency.”（盡管面臨諸多挑戰(zhàn)，但自動駕駛產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展將加強汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)的智能化改造，加快車路協(xié)調(diào)系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)，支持從車輛到道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)的信息傳遞，從而提高交通效率。）可知，作者對自動駕駛行業(yè)的態(tài)度是支持的。故選B項。
【變式1】（24-25高三上·河南·階段練習(xí)）Many peple are busy experimenting with chatbts, hping generative artificial intelligence (AI) can imprve their daily lives.Scientists are several steps ahead. As reprted, 10%r mre f abstracts fr papers in scientific jurnals nw are written in part by large language mdels (LLMs). In fields such as cmputer science, that figure rises t 20%.
Scientists are nt just devted t labratry wrk r thinking big thughts. They face great demands, frm writing papers and teaching t filling ut endless gran t(撥款) applicatins. LLMs help by speeding up the writing f papers, thus freeing up time fr scientists t develp new ideas r check fr mistakes in their wrk.
The technlgy can als help level a playing-field that favurs native English speakers, because many imprtant jurnals are in their tngue. LLMs can help thse wh d nt speak the language well translate and edit their text. Therefre, scientists everywhere can spread their findings mre easily and be judged by the brilliance f their ideas rather than their language skills.
As with any technlgy, there are wrries. Science received 10, 444 submissins last year, f which 83%were rejected befre peer(同行)review. Sme f these must have been AI-generated．
LLMs’ lack f imaginatin may lead t plagiarism, in which they directly cpy past wrk by humans. “Hallucinatins” that are bviusly wrng t experts, but very believable t everyne else, culd als make their way int the text. And mst wrrying f all, writing can be an essential part f the research prcess, by helping researchers clarify and prduce their wn ideas. T much reliance n LLMs culd make science prer.
Trying t restrict the use f LLMs is nt the way t deal with these prblems. Peer review will becme mre imprtant. Pay reviewers fr the time they sacrifice (犧牲) t check papers. Mtivate researchers t d repeated experiments befre writing a paper. Hiring and prmtin cmmittees at universities shuld ensure that scientists are rewarded based n the quality f their wrk and the quantity f new insights they generate.
What’s the authr’s attitude twards LLMs?
A．Dubtful.B．Tlerant.C．Objective.D．Cnservative.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)，第二、三段介紹了LLMs的好處，第四、五段介紹了其弊端，最后一段針對問題提出了解決辦法。可知，作者對LLMs的態(tài)度是客觀的。故選C項。
【變式2】 （2024·廣東·一模）The Renaissance f Creative Thught is burgening, perhaps even burgening. If yu attempted t absrb all the wisdm available tday, yu wuld need mre than 180 millin years t d s. But yu are mistaken t assume that all this wisdm wuld stimulate a surge f innvatin t match the abundance f knwledge. Indeed, the last time we fund urselves in a perid f significant innvatin, pursuing the ideas with the mst prfund impact, was mre than 120 years ag, in a perid called the Renaissance f Insight.
Innvatins, bth grand and mdest, riginate frm a new idea. Often, these ideas emerge as a mment f insight — the utcme f a nvel cnnectin in ur minds made between existing and new knwledge. Studies reveal insights invlve quiet signals deep in the brain, just under the surface f awareness. Anything that aids us in nticing quiet signals, such as taking breaks between engagements, adpting essential learning appraches, r steering clear f distractins like scial media, can enhance the likelihd f insights. Hwever, it is becming increasingly challenging t find thse quiet signals with the escalating use f technlgy, filling every mment with emergencies and an endless supply f cntent.
Mrever, we als aspire t elevate the quality f them — t be able t sift thrugh grand new ideas and identify the nes that hld genuine value, which can be difficult t measure. Launched in 2015, the Insight Meter (洞察力計量器) permits us t evaluate the ptency f ur insight experiences n a five-pint scale, which is marked by intense emtins, mtivatin, memry advantage, aftershcks, and subsequent ideas. The Meter cnslidates these five variables int a slitary value and enables us t define the significance f a new idea. The level-5 insight, invlving the richest emtin, mtivatin, and lasting impact, hlds the utmst significance.
Since insights are ne f the mst effective ways t stimulate engagement, innvatin, and behaviral change, the Insight Meter has extensive applicatins fr gauging and enhancing individual and rganizatinal perfrmance. Mre imprtantly, it can be emplyed t measure the impact f different types f wrk envirnments and learning appraches n participants’ develpment — bth in the mment r afterward.
Fr rganizatins t reap the benefits f anther age f insight, it is nt sufficient t attempt t access mre data r augment the number f insights we generate. Instead, it is abut creating space fr the mst significant ideas t emerge frm all the knwledge. Utilizing the shared language f the Insight Meter as a means t measure hw imprtant ideas are, relative t each ther, will enable superir decisin-making tward practical and cmpetitive utcmes. And if we are t enter a new age f insight, we must design ur envirnments t allw fr the mst exceptinal insight pssible t surface.
What is the authr’s attitude twards the current envirnment fr innvatins?
A．Uncertain.B．Optimistic.C．Uncncerned.D．Dissatisfied.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“And if we are t enter a new age f insight, we must design ur envirnments t allw fr the mst exceptinal insight pssible t surface.(如果我們要進入一個洞察的新時代，我們必須設(shè)計我們的環(huán)境，以允許最杰出的洞察浮出水面)”可推知，作者對當(dāng)前創(chuàng)新環(huán)境的態(tài)度是不滿意的。故選D。
【易錯點提醒二】 文章出處和讀者對象易混易錯點
【例2】 （湖南師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)2023-2024學(xué)年高三摸底考試）
D yu have frightening dreams while sleeping? Accrding t an email interview by clinical psychlgist and sleep expert Dr. Michael Breus, rughly 5 percent f the general ppulatin has at least ne bad dream per week. Nightmares typically happen during REM sleep, during the middle and later parts f the night.
There is n exact explanatin fr nightmares, but Breus says it’s pssible that they help the brain practise, prepare fr and even predict difficult r dangerus experiences in waking life. Of curse, it’s pssible that nightmares, like dreams in general, dn’t have a primary functin — that they’re a by-prduct f ther activities in the bdy. But mst sleep scientists think that dreams and nightmares exist fr sme purpses.
One study fund the mst cmmn nightmare was falling, fllwed by dreams f being chased, feeling lst, and feeling trapped. Then why d nightmares happen?
“Certain circumstances and characteristics make sme peple mre likely t have nightmares than thers,” says sleep medicine specialist Dr. Barry Krakw. He thinks peple wh’ve been traumatized (使受精神創(chuàng)傷) are certainly at a higher risk f nightmares Examples are ffered f thse wh have suffered criminal attacks, r wh have been in life-threatening accidents. Peple with sme degree f sensitivity in their bilgical make-up are als mre likely t have bad dreams, s they’re mre cmmn in peple wh suffer frm anxiety r depressin, r wh use excess drugs r alchl. The traditinal belief ften has it that nightmares are the result f eating t much rich fd befre bedtime, but it is still uncertain whether this is true. One study frm 2015 did find a link between eating dairy r ht fds befre bedtime and having disturbing dreams, but the study authrs nted that this culdn’t be prven definitely because the data was self-reprted and there were a lt f ther factrs t cnsider.
Hwever, research in recent decades has shwn that peple wh suffer frm sleep disrders are als mre likely t have nightmares.
Frm which sectin f a website is the text prbably taken?
A．Mental health.
B．Life experiences.
C．Eating habits.
D．Ppular culture.
易錯分析：對于網(wǎng)站的類別不熟悉，且文章中的細節(jié)未能正確理解。
【答案】A
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講的是科學(xué)家對于做噩夢原因的分析以及一些導(dǎo)致做噩夢的因素。
【詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“D yu have frightening dreams while sleeping? Accrding t an email interview by clinical psychlgist and sleep expert Dr. Michael Breus, rughly 5 percent f the general ppulatin has at least ne bad dream per week. Nightmares typically happen during REM sleep, during the middle and later parts f the night.(你睡覺時會做可怕的夢嗎？根據(jù)臨床心理學(xué)家和睡眠專家Michael Breus博士的電子郵件采訪，大約5%的人每周至少做一次噩夢。噩夢通常發(fā)生在快速眼動睡眠期間，在夜間的中段和后期。)”可知文章主要講的是科學(xué)家對于做噩夢原因的分析以及一些導(dǎo)致做噩夢的因素，由此可推知，文章可能選自網(wǎng)站的心理健康部分。故選A。
【變式1】（江蘇省2024-2025學(xué)年高三名校聯(lián)考檢測試題）
Twenty-fur trains, nine cuntries, 13, 500 miles. They are the numbers behind the heric rund trip ne man tk frm Suthamptn in the UK t eastern China.
Rger Tyers, 37, used ver $2, 500, which was almst twice mre than the cst f a return flight, t travel t the Chinese prt city Ningb fr academic research in May, 2019. The man spent a mnth n bard 15 trains during the first leg f his rund trip. It was the climate crisis, nt a lve f trains, that drve the scilgist t chse this cmplicated rute ver a return flight. He stpped flying when UN climate experts warned that the wrld had less than 11 years t avid terrible levels f glbal warming. Tyers calculated that his train jurney t China prduced almst 90% less emissins than a return flight.
Tyers is nt the nly persn t avid air travel in respnse t climate change. Thusands f peple wrldwide have publicly prmised t stp flying. Activist Maja Rsen launched the “Flight Free” campaign in Sweden with the gal f encuraging 100,000 peple nt t fly fr ne year. Althugh nly arund 14,000 peple signed the nline “#flightfree2019” pledge (保證), Rsen, wh stpped flying 12 years ag, says that the campaign had made mre peple wrry abut the climate crisis and aware f harm f travel by air and mtivated them t try new ways f travelling.
Accrding t a survey released in May 2019 by Swedish Railways (SJ), 37% f respndents chse t travel by train instead f by plane where pssible, cmpared t 20% at the start f 2018. An SJ spkespersn said: “Rail travel has been augmented due t the wrries.” Dmestic passenger numbers in July fell by 12% cmpared t the previus year, accrding t Swedavia, a cmpany which perates Sweden’s 10 busiest Airprts.
“The cllective pledge helps fight the sense f hpelessness many peple feel when it cmes t tackling climate change”, Rsen said. “One f the prblems is that peple feel there’s n pint in what yu d as an individual. The campaign is abut making peple aware that if we d this tgether, we can actually bring changes.”
In which sectin f a newspaper may this text appear?
A．Travel.
B．Envirnment.
C．Educatin.
D．Lifestyle.
【答案】B
【詳解】本文是一篇新聞報道。文章報道了英國男子羅杰·泰爾斯為了響應(yīng)氣候危機，選擇乘坐火車往返中國進行學(xué)術(shù)研究，而放棄乘坐飛機。他的行為激勵了更多人關(guān)注氣候變化，嘗試新的旅行方式。
推理判斷題。通讀全文，結(jié)合第二段中“It was the climate crisis, nt a lve f trains, that drve the scilgist t chse this cmplicated rute ver a return flight.(是氣候危機，而不是對火車的熱愛，驅(qū)使這位社會學(xué)家選擇了這條復(fù)雜的路線，而不是回程航班)”以及第三段中“Tyers is nt the nly persn t avid air travel in respnse t climate change. Thusands f peple wrldwide have publicly prmised t stp flying. Activist Maja Rsen launched the “Flight Free” campaign in Sweden with the gal f encuraging 100,000peple nt t fly fr ne year.(泰爾斯并不是唯一一個為了應(yīng)對氣候變化而避免乘坐飛機的人。全球數(shù)千人公開承諾不再乘坐飛機。活動人士瑪雅·羅森在瑞典發(fā)起了“無飛行”運動，目標是鼓勵10萬人一年不坐飛機)”可知，文章報道了英國社會學(xué)家羅杰·泰爾斯為應(yīng)對環(huán)境問題，選擇放棄乘坐飛機，乘坐火車往返中國進行學(xué)術(shù)研究，他的行為激勵了更多人關(guān)注氣候變化，嘗試新的旅行方式。本文報道的內(nèi)容與環(huán)境保護有關(guān)，所以最有可能出自報紙的“環(huán)境”版塊。故選B。
【變式2】（江蘇省前黃高級中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年高三學(xué)情檢測）
Where t Shp in Lndn
James Smith & Sns
Have yu ever seen a nbleman with a fine walking stick r a fashinable wman with an umbrella that's definitely nt ne f thse five-dllar bargains frm New Yrk City street? Well； yu culd be that persn t. But yu have t g t Jame Smith & Sns. They specialize in all kinds f high-quality walking sticks and umbrellas.
Harvie & Hudsn
UK and Italy are tw leading cuntries when it cmes t clthing fr men. And yu knw that it’ll cst yu yur wages f several mnths t buy a suit f clthes there. But Harvie & Hudsn is fairly accessible, especially fr the kind f quality yu get. A wrthy alternative! Yu can’t g wrng with tw sprt jackets fr arund ￡200. That's a gd deal.
Hatchards
Hatchards in Piccadilly, which pened in 1797, can claim t be the ldest bkstre in the UK with arund 100,000 bks, and has a special sectin fr signed first editins, and children's bks. Beynd that, it ffers persnalized bk subscriptin services fr a very reasnable sum — yu'll just need t pay additinal pstage fr shipment t America.
The Whisky Exchange
Fr thse wh lve whisky and brandy, this is the best chice, since ifs ne f the city's imprtant liqur stres. It’s pssible t rder bttles t be shipped t America. Yu're bund t find smething yu'll never see at hme. Ifs like the Willy Wnka factry fr Sctch drinkers and cllectrs.
Wh are the target readers f the text?
A．The natives.
B．British visitrs.
C．Freign students.
D．American travelers.
【答案】B
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文，推薦了適合英國游客的四大購物圣地。
【詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章題目“Where t Shp in Lndn”(在倫敦去哪里購物)以及文章介紹個四大購物圣地選擇可推斷出，文章的受眾應(yīng)該是來英國的游客，尤其是來倫敦的游客。故選B。
【變式3】（廣東省東莞實驗中學(xué)高三下學(xué)期開學(xué)“收心”試題）
Special Fd Places t Try In Singapre
It’s an unpleasant fact that lcal fd places are usually meant t cater t meat-eaters. It can be difficult t find a tasty fd place that caters t meat-free diet. Here are sme ptins t shw yu dn’t need meat fr a satisfactry treat.
Vegan Burg
Vegan Burg has a surprisingly diverse range f plant-based burgers. Frm Hawaiian Teriyaki t Char-Grilled Satay, the menu prmises t tempt even the mst hardcre meat lvers. And that’s nt even getting int the add-ns and sides it ffers, such as mushrm fries and barbecue ptates.
Wds Square Twer, #01-06, Singapre 737737
Genesis Restaurant
This eatery prves that meat-free dishes can be as hearty and flavrful as their meat-based cunterparts. Genesis Restaurant is especially knwn fr its juicy dumplings, spring rlls, prk-free ndles and tfu cheesecake.
Havelck Rad, #B1-01, Singapre 059763
WellSmcht Cllective
WellSmcht is a cafe and dessert bar which specializes in plant-based ice cream. Made frm brwn rice, sugar cane juice and fruits r nut butters, Smcht’s rice cream, as they call it, cmes in a wide variety f delicius flavrs such as Earl Grey Lavender,Rse Ccnut and Gula Melaka.
Sin Ming Centre, #01-03, Singapre 575628
Green Cmmn
This ne-stp plant-based eatery and marketplace has a delicius menu f muth-watering meat-free dishes, frm Japanese cuisine like sushi and mis glazed fillet t Western dishes like fishless tacs and pasta, as well as lcal favurites such as seafd laksa and even buah keluak rice.
HarburFrnt Walk, #169-170, Singapre 098585
Wh is the passage intended fr?
A．Thse wh want t lse weight.
B．Thse wh dn’t eat meat.
C．Thse wh can’t g withut meat.
D．Thse wh prefer hme-made fd.
【答案】B
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章介紹了新加坡的素食美食。
【詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“It can be difficult t find a tasty fd place that caters t meat-free diet. Here are sme ptins t shw yu dn’t need meat fr a satisfactry treat.(很難找到一個迎合無肉飲食的美食場所。這里有一些選擇，告訴你不需要吃肉就能得到令人滿意的款待。)”可推知，這篇文章是寫給那些不吃肉的人的。故選B。
【易錯點提醒三】 寫作目的和意圖易混易錯點
【例3】（2025屆河北省百師聯(lián)盟高三聯(lián)考）
Are yu lking fr teen vlunteer pprtunities fr 2024 that prvide a rewarding experience that will stay with yu fr life? Every year thusands f teens chse t vlunteer abrad with Internatinal Vlunteer HQ(IVHQ)-the wrld’s mst trusted prvider f safe and affrdable vlunteer prgrams fr teens.
Service trips fr teens are available in mre than 50 destinatins and there are 17 teen vlunteer prgrams fr 16 t 18 year-lds. Sme f the best prgrams in 2024 include Turtle Cnservatin in Bali, Animal Care in Csta Rica and Childcare in Tanzania. Or, if yu’re wanting t vlunteer with a grup f students frm yur high schl, IVHQ can tailr a prgram fr yur grup t!
Benefits fr vlunteers:
There is n dubt that vlunteering as a teenager is a meaningful way t braden yur educatin and add experiences that will stand ut n yur cllege applicatin.
Crssing bundaries t wrk with partners frm different parts f the wrld fsters glbal understanding.
Living in a cuntry different t yur wn means that yu will be invlved in a new culture, cuisine, and way f thinking.
Guaranteed supprt:
Chances are yur parents will als want t learn mre abut IVHQ, whether r nt they will g abrad with yu. Having placed mre than 130, 000 vlunteers abrad, we’re always happy t speak with parents t ensure all their questins are fielded. Thrugh ur nline safety training, cmprehensive infrmatin brchures, n-ging supprt frm experienced prgram managers and rund-the-clck supprt frm ur lcal teams, IVHQ vlunteers are well supprted t make the mst f the time abrad.
If yu’re ready t pack yur bags and experience a cmpletely different lifestyle and widen yur glbal perspective, please cntact us. IVHQ will be mre than happy t ffer a service.
The main purpse f the passage is t_____.
A．a(chǎn)dvcate vlunteering
B．intrduce requirements
C．a(chǎn)dvertise a service
D．suggest a lifestyle
易錯分析：不能從引述話語中理解作者意圖、推斷作者深層含義。
【答案】C
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文，文章主要是Internatinal Vlunteer HQ為志愿者提供的服務(wù)的廣告。
【詳解】推理判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是最后一段“If yu’re ready t pack yur bags and experience a cmpletely different lifestyle and widen yur glbal perspective, please cntact us. IVHQ will be mre than happy t ffer a service.(如果您準備好打包行李，體驗完全不同的生活方式，拓寬您的全球視野，請與我們聯(lián)系。IVHQ將非常樂意為您提供服務(wù)。)”可知，本文是Internatinal Vlunteer HQ為志愿者提供的服務(wù)的廣告，因此目的是為一種服務(wù)做廣告。故選C。
【變式1】（江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江第一中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年高三學(xué)情檢測）
The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure (基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.
A new study f dwntwn Chicag shws undergrund htspts may threaten the very same structures that give ff the heat in the first place. “Withut anyne realizing it, the city f Chicag’s dwntwn was defrming,” says study authr Rtta Lria, an envirnmental engineer.
Humans aren’t the nly ptentially affected. “Fr a lt f things in the subsurface, it’s kind f ‘ut f sight, ut f mind’,” says Grant Fergusn, a gelgist. But the undergrund wrld is full f creatures that have adapted t subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because f climate change and undergrund urban develpment, scientists are keeping eyes n the ptential implicatins fr undergrund ecsystems.
But the questin f hw undergrund htspts culd affect infrastructure has gne largely unstudied. Because materials expand and cntract with temperature change, Rtta suspected that heat cming frm undergrund culd be cntributing t wear and tear n varius structures. T understand hw undergrund temperature difference has affected the grund’s physical prperties, he used a cmputer mdel t simulate (模擬) the undergrund envirnment frm the 1950s t nw—and then t 2050. He fund that by the middle f this century, sme areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch r settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending n the sil makeup f the area invlved. Thugh these may sund like small displacements, Rtta says they culd cause cracks in the fundatins f sme buildings, causing buildings t fall.
Kathrin Menberg, a gescientist in Germany, says these displacement predictins are far beynd her guesses and culd be linked t the sft, clay-heavy sils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It wuld be a big issue in all cities wrldwide that are built n such material.”
Like climate change abve the surface, undergrund changes ccur gradually. “These effects tk decades t develp,” Fergusn says, adding that increased undergrund temperatures wuld likewise take a lng time t dissipate n their wn. “We culd basically turn everything ff, and it’s ging t remain there, the temperature signal, fr quite a while.”
But Fergusn says this wasted heat energy culd als be reused, presenting an pprtunity t bth cl the subsurface and save n energy csts. Still, this assumptin culd fail as abvegrund climate change cntinues t bst undergrund warming. Hwever slwly, this heat will gather beneath ur feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rtta Lria says. “Maybe we dn’t see it always, but it’s happening.”
What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Undergrund climate change is a silent danger.
B．Humans fail t ntice the dramatic climate change.
C．Cling the subsurface helps cntrl urban heat rises.
D．Researching undergrund heat helps save n energy csts.
【答案】A
【導(dǎo)語】本文為一篇說明文，介紹了城市的熱量正在向地下傳播，這會影響到一些地面建筑材料，且這種變化是不易察覺的，是一種無聲的危險。
【詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.(城市的街道和屋頂都會吸收熱量，這使得一些城市地區(qū)比農(nóng)村地區(qū)更熱。隨著城市熱量向下傳播，這些“城市熱島”也會在地下發(fā)展，地鐵軌道和其他地下基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施也會不斷向周圍的地球輻射熱量)”及第二段“A new study f dwntwn Chicag shws undergrund htspts may threaten the very same structures that give ff the heat in the first place.(一項針對芝加哥市中心的新研究表明，地下熱點可能會威脅到最初散發(fā)熱量的相同結(jié)構(gòu))”結(jié)合最后一段““It’s like climate change,” Rtta Lria says. “Maybe we dn’t see it always, but it’s happening.”(“這就像氣候變化，”羅塔·洛里亞說?！耙苍S我們并不總是看到這種情況，但它正在發(fā)生?！?”可知，本文介紹了城市的熱量正在向地下傳播，這會影響到一些地面建筑材料，且這種變化是不易察覺的，因此，作者想要告訴我們“地下氣候變化是一種無聲的危險”。故選A。
【變式2】（安徽省合肥第一中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年高三學(xué)情檢測）
A shpkeeper’s sn breaks a windw, causing a crwd t gather. They tell the shpkeeper nt t be angry: actually, the brken windw is a reasn t celebrate, since it will create wrk fr the glazier (裝玻璃的工人). In the stry, written by a 19th-century ecnmist, the crwd envisins the wrk invlved in repairing the windw, but nt that invlved in everything else n which the shpkeeper culd have spent his mney — unseen pssibilities that wuld have brught him greater happiness.
If that windw were t be brken these days, peple might have a different reactin, especially if they were NIMBYs (Nt In My Back Yard) wh ppse any lcal cnstructin that affects their quality f life. Their cncern might be with the “embdied carbn”. The prductin f a piece f glass wuld carry a sizeable carbn cst. Similarly, the bricks and cncrete in a building are relics f past emissins. They are, the lgic ges, embdied carbn.
Cnserving what already exists, rather than adding t the building stck, will avid increasing these embdied emissins — r s NIMBYs ften suggest. At its wrst, this idea is based n a warped lgic. Greenhuse gases released by the cnstructin f an existing building will heat the planet whether the building is repaired r kncked dwn. The emissins have been taken ut f the wrld’s “carbn budget”, s treating them as anew debit means duble cunting. The right questin t ask is whether it is wrth using the remaining carbn budget t repair a building r it is better t knck it dwn.
Chsing between these pssibilities requires thinking abut the unseen. It used t be said that cnstructin emitted tw types f emissins. Besides the embdied srt, there were peratinal nes frm cling, heating and prviding electricity t residents. Arund the wrld, buildings accunt fr 39% f annual emissins, accrding t the Wrld Green Building Cuncil, f which 28% cme frm peratinal carbn.
These tw types f emissins might be enugh fr the architects designing an individual building. But when it cmes t brader questins, ecnmists ught als t cnsider hw the placement f buildings affects the manner in which peple wrk, shp and travel. Density (密度) lwers the per-persn cst f public transprt, and this reduces car use. Research by Green Alliance, a pressure grup, suggests that in Britain a plicy f “demlish (拆除) and densify” — replacing semi-detached husing near public transprt with blcks f flats — wuld save substantial emissins. Withut such demlitin, ptential residents wuld typically have t mve t the suburbs instead, saving mney n rent but cnsuming mre energy.
Targeted subsidies (補貼), especially fr research and develpment int cnstructin materials, culd speed up the pace at which the built envirnment decarbnises. What will never wrk, hwever, is allwing the ludest vices t decide hw t use land and ignring the carbn emissins f their wuld-be neighburs nce they are ut f sight.
The first tw paragraphs are written t ________.
A．exemplify an utlk n energy cnservatin
B．present a new way f relieving energy crisis
C．explain peple’s reactin t a brken windw
D．intrduce an argument n carbn emissin
【答案】D
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了建筑行業(yè)中的“隱含碳”問題，指出建筑物中的磚塊和混凝土是過去排放的遺跡。從邏輯上講，它們是隱含的碳。無論是修繕還是拆除現(xiàn)有建筑，建筑所釋放的溫室氣體都將使地球升溫。
【詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“A shpkeeper’s sn breaks a windw, causing a crwd t gather. They tell the shpkeeper nt t be angry: actually, the brken windw is a reasn t celebrate, since it will create wrk fr the glazier (裝玻璃的工人). In the stry, written by a 19th-century ecnmist, the crwd envisins the wrk invlved in repairing the windw, but nt that invlved in everything else n which the shpkeeper culd have spent his mney — unseen pssibilities that wuld have brught him greater happiness.(一個店主的兒子打破了一扇窗戶，引起了一群人的聚集。他們告訴店主不要生氣：實際上，打破窗戶是一個值得慶祝的理由，因為這將為玻璃匠創(chuàng)造工作機會。在這個由一位19世紀經(jīng)濟學(xué)家撰寫的故事中，人們想象的是修理窗戶的工作，而不是店主本可以花錢購買的其他東西，這些東西看不見，可能會給他帶來更大的幸福)”以及第二段“If that windw were t be brken these days, peple might have a different reactin, especially if they were NIMBYs (Nt In My Back Yard) wh ppse any lcal cnstructin that affects their quality f life. Their cncern might be with the “embdied carbn”. The prductin f a piece f glass wuld carry a sizeable carbn cst. Similarly, the bricks and cncrete in a building are relics f past emissins. They are, the lgic ges, embdied carbn.(如果這扇窗戶現(xiàn)在被打破了，人們可能會有不同的反應(yīng)，特別是如果他們是鄰避主義者（不要在我的后院），他們反對任何影響他們生活質(zhì)量的地方建設(shè)。他們擔(dān)心的可能是“隱含碳”。一塊玻璃的生產(chǎn)將帶來相當(dāng)大的碳成本。同樣，建筑物中的磚塊和混凝土是過去排放的遺跡。從邏輯上講，它們是隱含的碳)”可推知，前兩段是用來介紹一個關(guān)于碳排放的論點。故選D。
【變式3】
Research spanning several decades demnstrates that yu are mre likely t think the infrmatin that is repeated t be true than the infrmatin yu hear nly nce. Yu usually assume that if peple put in effrt t repeat a statement, this reflects the truth f the statement. This tendency-als called the truth effect-is a bias (偏見) that can lead yu t draw incrrect cnclusins.
T what degree are peple aware f the truth effect? This questin was addressed in a paper in the jurnal Cgnitin early this year.
In the critical study in this paper, participants did tw sessins. In ne sessin, they read abut a hypthetical (虛構(gòu)的) study in which they were expsed t sme statements and then were asked whether bth statements they had heard befre as well as these new statements were true. They were asked t predict the prprtin (比例) f each statement that wuld be judged as true. They did this bth as a predictin f ther peple’s perfrmance as well as a predictin f hw they wuld d in this study.
At anther sessin a few days later, participants actually perfrmed this study, reading a set f 20 statements in the hypthetical study again and then judging the truth f altgether 40 statements, half f which were frm the hypthetical study and the ther half f which were new.
This study did replicate the well knwn truth effect. Peple were mre likely t judge statements they had seen befre as true than statements that were new. Tw interesting findings emerged frm the predictin. First, participants tended t underestimate the size f the truth effect fr everyne. T hat is, while they did expect sme difference in judgments between the statements seen befre and thse that were new, they thught this difference wuld be smaller than it actually was. Secnd, participants mre significantly underpredicted the truth effect fr themselves cmpared t that fr ther peple.
This study is particularly imprtant in light f the amunt f misinfrmatin present in scial media. Many peple have the pwer t influence public pinin abut imprtant matters. Flding scial media feeds with misinfrmatin will lead peple t believe this infrmatin is true just because it is stated. Recgnizing that we are all susceptible t this influence f repeated infrmatin shuld lead us t mistrust ur intuitin (直覺) abut what is true and t lk up imprtant infrmatin prir t using it t make imprtant judgments and decisins.
In the first paragraph, the authr intends t ______.
A．clarify a miscnceptin
B．a(chǎn) phenmenn
C．challenge a statement
D．cnfirm a thery
【答案】B
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要討論了一種被稱作“真實效應(yīng)”的心理偏見現(xiàn)象，即人們更容易相信被重復(fù)表述的信息，而不是只聽到一次的信息，呼吁人們應(yīng)該更加警惕重復(fù)信息的影響，以及在做出重要判斷和決策之前查證重要信息的真實性。
【詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的“Research spanning several decades demnstrates that yu are mre likely t think the infrmatin that is repeated t be true than the infrmatin yu hear nly nce. Yu usually assume that if peple put in effrt t repeat a statement, this reflects the truth f the statement. This tendency-als called the truth effect-is a bias that can lead yu t draw incrrect cnclusins.(幾十年的研究表明，與只聽到一次的信息相比，你更有可能認為重復(fù)的信息是真實的。你通常認為，如果人們努力重復(fù)一句話，這就反映了這句話的真實性。這種傾向——也被稱為真實效應(yīng)——是一種偏見，它會導(dǎo)致你得出錯誤的結(jié)論。)”可知，作者的意圖是闡明一個現(xiàn)象，即“真實效應(yīng)”，這是一種偏見，可能導(dǎo)致人們得出不正確的結(jié)論。故選B。
Curse Advisr 1 Educatin Sales Executive
Wuld yu be interested in jining a supprtive and friendly team with a shared passin fr selling their exciting prtfli f curses?
The Organizatin:
It is an internatinal netwrk that ffers a wide variety f prgrams, including bachelr’s degree prgrams, master's degree prgrams, prfessinal training, English Language training. and crprate & executive educatin.
When smene chses t study at ne f their institutins---whether n campus in Eurpe, Nrth America, r even in their wn hme they're jining a netwrk f ver 50,000 students wrldwide.
The Rle:
Curse advisers are respnsible fr prmting the Cmpany's prgram prtfli t ptential students ver the phne and via e-mail, frming a vital and integral part f the sales team. Yu will have a natural gift fr sales and relatinship-building, and a hunger t exceed (超出) targets and expectatins.
Benefits:
The Cmpany ffers excellent pprtunities fr fast track career prgressin which is entirely perfrmance driven. They reward tp perfrmers giving yu the pprtunity t earn as well as prgress.
Requirements:
Please click n the APPLY buttn t send yur CV and Cver Letter fr this rle. The Cmpany is an equal pprtunities emplyer and psitively encurages applicatins frm suitably qualified and eligible candidates regardless f sex, race, disability, age, r religin r belief. N recrd f crime is a must.
1．What is ne f the benefits f the curses mentined in the passage?
A．They are ttally free f charge.B．They have ptinal campuses.
C．They require high intelligence.D．They can be easily prmted.
2．Tp perfrmers f the Cmpany may have ________.
A．a(chǎn) high salaryB．a(chǎn) free tur abradC．a(chǎn) hliday as a bnusD．a(chǎn) flat as a reward
3．Wh is the text intended fr?
A．Thse wh want t plish their English.B．Thse wh try t develp their prgrams.
C．Thse wh need t advance their degrees.D．Thse wh are gd at prmting prducts.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D
【分析】這是一篇應(yīng)用文，文章是一個銷售崗位的具體介紹，包括職責(zé)、福利及要求等。
1．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)The Organizatin:部分“When smene chses t study at ne f their institutins—whether n campus in Eurpe, Nrth America, r even in their wn hme they're jining a netwrk f ver 50,000 students wrldwide.(當(dāng)一個人選擇在他們的其中一個機構(gòu)學(xué)習(xí)時——無論是在歐洲或者北美的校園，甚至是在他們自己的家里，他們就加入了一個超過5萬名全球?qū)W生的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。)”可知，可以選擇校園是這個課程的好處之一。故選B項。
2．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Benefits: 部分“They reward tp perfrmers giving yu the pprtunity t earn as well as prgress.(他們獎勵表現(xiàn)優(yōu)秀的員工，讓你有機會獲得收入和進步。)”可知，表現(xiàn)優(yōu)秀的員工可能會有高收入。故選A項。
3．推理判斷題。通讀全文，并結(jié)合第一段“Wuld yu be interested in jining a supprtive and friendly team with a shared passin fr selling their exciting prtfli f curses?(你有興趣加入一個互相支持且友好的團隊嗎？這個團隊對銷售他們令人激動的課程組合有著共同的熱情。)”可知，本文是一個銷售崗位的具體介紹，所以是寫給那些擅長推銷產(chǎn)品的人。故選D項。
Day Trip: Van Ggh Alive at The Dali Museum
If yu’ve ever wndered what it’s like t step inside an artistic masterpiece, Van Ggh Alive at The Dali in St. Pete is a must-d experience. The Dali is the first museum in Nrth America t hst this hilly immersive (浸入式) art experience.
Read n fr all the details, n display thrugh June 21, 2021.
KNOW BEFORE YOU GO
Bk yur timed ticket and yur timed entry at thedali.rg in advance. This includes Dali members, ut f cncern fr scial distance. Face mask wearing is required.
NEW HOURS AT THE DALI
Open 10:00 a. m. — 6:00 p. m. daily and until 8:00 p. m. n Thursdays and Fridays. Admissin is half ff n Thursday nights.
DOWNLOAD THE APP
The Dali has a fantastic app wrth dwnlading, which takes yu n a deeper dive abut the art yu’ll experience and mre abut the artist himself. Yu’ll als get the augmented reality (AR) experience with Dali’s wrks, t.
THE EXHIBIT
The exhibit has three areas — there’s a smaller pen rm, a larger pen gallery, and lying in between is a bedrm sized rm. Yu are surrunded by enrmus screens n the wall and even a few n the flr. High-definitin prjectins (高清投影) f his paintings like ‘Sunflwers’ and ‘starry Night’. sketches, and even qutes pulled frm the numerus letters he wrte during his lifetime fill the giant screens n the walls and flr, making yu feel as if yu’ve stepped inside Van Ggh’s masterpieces. In a way, yu have.
It’s nt just the images, but the sund that makes this a multi - sensry experience. The classical music sundtrack f Van Ggh Alive helps bring the wrks t life by tugging at yur heartstrings, cnnecting yu t the misterpieces in a way yu’ve prbably never felt befre.
4．Wh is the text intended fr?
A．Van Ggh Art lvers.B．Fans f Dali Art.
C．Museum wrking staff.D．Phtgraphy enthusiasts.
5．What are yu required t d if yu plan t visit the exhibit?
A．Dwnlad the Dali app.B．Bked timed tickets nline.
C．Wear face masks and glves.D．Learn abut the artist in advance.
6．What is the purpse f the last part f the text?
A．T advertise mre cming exhibits.
B．T intrduce a unique experience.
C．T tell abut the life f an artistic genius.
D．T present details f sme masterpiece.
【答案】4．A 5．B 6．B
【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述有關(guān)去梵高博物館參觀的一些注意事項。
4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“If yu’ve ever wndered what it’s like t step inside an artistic masterpiece, Van Ggh Alive at The Dali in St. Pete is a must-d experience. The Dali is the first museum in Nrth America t hst this hilly immersive (浸入式) art experience.（如果你想知道走進一幅藝術(shù)杰作是什么感覺，圣彼得的Van Ggh Alive at The Dali是一個必去的體驗。Dali博物館是北美第一個舉辦這種山地沉浸式藝術(shù)體驗的博物館。）”以及文章內(nèi)容可知，文章主要講述有關(guān)去梵高博物館參觀的一些注意事項，所以這篇文章主要是為熱愛梵高藝術(shù)的人寫的。故選A項。
5．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“KNOW BEFORE YOU GO”部分的第一句話“Bk yur timed ticket and yur timed entry at thedali.rg in advance.（提前在thedali.rg上預(yù)訂您的計時門票和計時入條。）”可知，thedali.rg是一個網(wǎng)站，如果要去看展覽，需要在網(wǎng)上預(yù)訂計時門票。故選B項。
6．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“It’s nt just the images, but the sund that makes this a multi - sensry experience.（不僅僅是圖像，還有聲音，使這成為一種多感官的體驗。）”可知，文章的最后一部分主要為了介紹一種獨特的體驗。故選B項。
The ntin that we live in smene else’s vide game is irresistible t many. Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模擬假說) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin — a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (認知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (實證的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin? ” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隱喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.
As fr Kant’s argument, the authr is _________.
A．a(chǎn)ppreciative
B．dubtful
C．uncncerned
D．disapprving
【答案】A
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要討論了哲學(xué)家對于宇宙的認知和信息時代下的作者對于宇宙爭論的看法。
【詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. (18世紀的哲學(xué)家康德認為，宇宙最終由不可知的事物本身組成。雖然他認為客觀現(xiàn)實是存在的，但他說，我們的大腦在構(gòu)建和塑造我們的感知方面發(fā)揮著必要的作用)”以及第三段“S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin.(因此，如果我們接受宇宙是不可知的，我們也接受我們永遠不會知道我們是否生活在計算機模擬中)”可知，作者引用康德的觀點，并在客觀陳述后利用該觀點來構(gòu)建自己的論述，由此可知，作者對康德的論點持欣賞的態(tài)度。故選A項。
Humans have lng gained pleasure frm the smells f the natural wrld. Fr the mst part, thugh, human beings are nt their target market. Fr plants, fragrances are a way t interact with insects and ther animals. Their attractin fr peple happens simply by chance.
In chemical terms, mst natural fragrances are made up f vlatiles — s called because f their tendency t change states suddenly. Vlatiles evaprate easily, drifting int nses. In plants’ reprductive prcesses, smelly vlatiles attract pllinatrs (授粉昆蟲). But their natural applicatins are much mre varied. If an insect chews thrugh the leaves f sme Bursera plants, ut shts a sticky, smelly liquid t trap it. Cyte tbacc plants are even mre crafty: upn sensing the smell f hungry caterpillars, they prduce vlatiles that attract predatrs t kill the pests.
What is truly amazing is just hw wily plants can be in using their scents fr reprductin. White flwers ften emit their scent at night t attract ncturnal pllinatrs such as mths. They prduce a dilute nectar (稀釋的花蜜) that encurages mths t keep mving, rather than linger at a single blm—all the better t increase pllinatin. Other flwers change their fragrance after being successfully pllinated, as a signal fr insects t g elsewhere.
But thugh “Scent” is a stry f plants’ cleverness, it is als a tale f the human kind. Peple have lng used fragrances fr their wn purpses, particularly fr use in religius ceremnies: perfume recipes n the walls f an Egyptian temple in Edfu demnstrate just hw lng ingredients have been mixed in pursuit f the best blend. S highly prized were sme scents that, t scare ff cmpetitrs, Arab traders spread a legend abut giant eagles that guarded cinnamn.
Eventually scientists n lnger needed natural surces fr fragrances. In 1866 a fragrance mlecule was prduced fr the first time. Sixteen years later, Hubigant Parfum released Fugère Ryale, the first “mdern fantasy perfume” that creates an imaginary scent rather than cpying a natural ne. Nwadays fragrance–making is dminated by man–made cmpunds, which can be reliably and affrdably prduced in large quantities.
That has led t the mass prductin f smelly prducts, frm tilet paper t tthpaste. Scent is accrdingly big business. It is said that a wrld–famus fragrance and flavur manufacturer that claims peple interact with its prducts up t 30 times a day, had sales f €3.8bn last year.
Accrding t Paragraph 1 and 2, which wuld the authr agree with?
A．Sme plants might kill the pests with their smells.
B．Fragrance is a tl fr plants t prtect themselves.
C．Peple interact with nature easily thrugh fragrance.
D．Fragrances are less imprtant t humans than t animals and insects.
【答案】B
【詳解】這是一篇說明文。對植物來說，香味是與昆蟲和其他動物互動的一種方式。它們對人的吸引力完全是偶然發(fā)生的。文章主要說明了植物是如何通過香味來保護自己以及繁殖的。
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“If an insect chews thrugh the leaves f sme Bursera plants, ut shts a sticky, smelly liquid t trap it. Cyte tbacc plants are even mre crafty: upn sensing the smell f hungry caterpillars, they prduce vlatiles that attract predatrs t kill the pests.(如果一只昆蟲咬穿了一些Bursera植物的葉子，就會噴出一種粘性的、有臭味的液體來困住它。土狼煙草植物甚至更狡猾：一旦嗅到饑餓毛蟲的氣味，它們就會產(chǎn)生揮發(fā)物，吸引捕食者殺死害蟲)”可推知，作者認同香味是植物保護自己的工具。故選B。
Nw let us lk at hw we read. When we read a printed text, ur eyes mve acrss a page in shrt, rugh mvement. We recgnize wrds usually when ur eyes are still when they fixate (凝視). Each time they fixate, we see a grup f wrds. This is knwn as the recgnitin span r the visual span. The length f time f which the eyes stp -the duratin f the fixatin — varies cnsiderably frm persn t persn. It als varies within ne persn accrding t his purpse in reading and his familiarity with the text. Furthermre, it can be affected by such factrs as lighting and tiredness.
Unfrtunately, in the past, many reading imprvement curses have cncentrated t much n hw ur eyes mve acrss the printed page. As a result f this misleading emphasis n the purely visual aspects f reading, numerus exercises have been devised t train the eyes t see mre wrds at ne fixatin. Fr instance, in sme exercises, wrds are flashed n t a screen fr, say, a tenth r a twentieth f a secnd. One f the exercises has required students t fix their eyes n sme central pint, taking in the wrds n either side. Such wrd patterns are ften cnstructed in the shape f rather steep pyramids s the reader takes in mre and mre wrds at each successive fixatin. All these exercises are very clever, but it’s ne thing t imprve a persn’s ability t see wrds and quite anther thing t imprve his ability t read a text efficiently. Reading requires the ability t understand the relatinship between wrds. Cnsequently, fr these reasns, many experts have nw begun t questin the usefulness f eye training, especially since any apprach which trains a persn t read islated wrds and phrases wuld seem unlikely t help him in reading a cntinuus text.
What is the writer’s attitude in writing this passage?
A．criticalB．neutralC．pessimisticD．ptimistic
【答案】A
【詳解】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了作者認為訓(xùn)練眼睛看更多單詞以此來提高閱讀理解的方法是無效的，因為單詞和短語不是獨立的，閱讀理解需要有理解單詞之間關(guān)系的能力。
推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，文章主要介紹了作者認為訓(xùn)練眼睛看更多單詞以此來提高閱讀理解的方法是無效的，因為單詞和短語不是獨立的，閱讀理解需要有理解單詞之間關(guān)系的能力，由此可推知，作者以批判的態(tài)度在寫這篇文章，故選A。
The ntin that we live in smene else’s vide game is irresistible t many. Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模擬假說) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin — a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (認知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (實證的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin? ” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隱喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.
What des the authr intend t d by challenging a hypthesis?
A．Make an assumptin.
B．Illustrate an argument.
C．Give a suggestin.
D．Justify a cmparisn.
【答案】C
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要討論了哲學(xué)家對于宇宙的認知和信息時代下的作者對于宇宙爭論的看法。
【詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模擬假說) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin — a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.(搜索“模擬假說”這一術(shù)語會得到許多關(guān)于宇宙是否是計算機模擬的爭論結(jié)果—一些科學(xué)家實際上認真對待這個概念。不幸的是，這不是一個科學(xué)問題。我們可能永遠都不知道這是不是真的。相反，我們可以利用這個想法來推進科學(xué)知識)”可知，作者對于模擬假說提出質(zhì)疑，是為了提出自己的建議，建議使用這一想法來推進科學(xué)知識。故選C項。
The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure (基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.
A new study f dwntwn Chicag shws undergrund htspts may threaten the very same structures that give ff the heat in the first place. “Withut anyne realizing it, the city f Chicag’s dwntwn was defrming,” says study authr Rtta Lria, an envirnmental engineer.
Humans aren’t the nly ptentially affected. “Fr a lt f things in the subsurface, it’s kind f ‘ut f sight, ut f mind’,” says Grant Fergusn, a gelgist. But the undergrund wrld is full f creatures that have adapted t subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because f climate change and undergrund urban develpment, scientists are keeping eyes n the ptential implicatins fr undergrund ecsystems.
But the questin f hw undergrund htspts culd affect infrastructure has gne largely unstudied. Because materials expand and cntract with temperature change, Rtta suspected that heat cming frm undergrund culd be cntributing t wear and tear n varius structures. T understand hw undergrund temperature difference has affected the grund’s physical prperties, he used a cmputer mdel t simulate (模擬) the undergrund envirnment frm the 1950s t nw—and then t 2050. He fund that by the middle f this century, sme areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch r settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending n the sil makeup f the area invlved. Thugh these may sund like small displacements, Rtta says they culd cause cracks in the fundatins f sme buildings, causing buildings t fall.
Kathrin Menberg, a gescientist in Germany, says these displacement predictins are far beynd her guesses and culd be linked t the sft, clay-heavy sils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It wuld be a big issue in all cities wrldwide that are built n such material.”
Like climate change abve the surface, undergrund changes ccur gradually. “These effects tk decades t develp,” Fergusn says, adding that increased undergrund temperatures wuld likewise take a lng time t dissipate n their wn. “We culd basically turn everything ff, and it’s ging t remain there, the temperature signal, fr quite a while.”
But Fergusn says this wasted heat energy culd als be reused, presenting an pprtunity t bth cl the subsurface and save n energy csts. Still, this assumptin culd fail as abvegrund climate change cntinues t bst undergrund warming. Hwever slwly, this heat will gather beneath ur feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rtta Lria says. “Maybe we dn’t see it always, but it’s happening.”
The authr qutes Rtta Lria in Paragraph 2 mainly t _______.
A．make a predictin
B．highlight a finding
C．draw a cnclusin
D．raise an assumptin
【答案】B
【導(dǎo)語】本文為一篇說明文，介紹了城市的熱量正在向地下傳播，這會影響到一些地面建筑材料，且這種變化是不易察覺的，是一種無聲的危險。
【詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.(城市的街道和屋頂都會吸收熱量，這使得一些城市地區(qū)比農(nóng)村地區(qū)更熱。隨著城市熱量向下傳播，這些“城市熱島”也會在地下發(fā)展，地鐵軌道和其他地下基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施也會不斷向周圍的地球輻射熱量)”說明城市熱量在向地下發(fā)展，第二段““Withut anyne realizing it, the city f Chicag’s dwntwn was defrming,” says study authr Rtta Lria, an envirnmental engineer.(“在沒有人意識到的情況下，芝加哥市中心正在變形，”研究報告的作者、環(huán)境工程師羅塔·洛里亞說)”引用Rtta Lria的話突出了這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。故選B。
The Califrnia sea tter (海獺), nce hunted t the edge f extinctin, has staged a thrilling cmeback in the last century. Nw, scientists have discvered that the tters’ success stry has led t smething just as remarkable: the restratin f their declining castal marsh (沼澤) habitat.
Elkhrn Slugh, a castal marsh within Mnterey Bay, had been experiencing severe damage. The rt cause was a grwing ppulatin f shre crabs, which fed heavily n the marsh plants, weakening the structural integrity f the habitat. Castal marshes like these are nt nly natural defenses against strm waves but als serve as imprtant carbn strage areas and water-cleaning systems.
The cnservatin-driven cmeback f the sea tter has been crucial. Califrnia’s castlines were nce alive with sea tters. Sadly, they were nearly wiped ut at the hands f fur traders. In the 1980s, cnservatin effrts aided these tters in re-ccupying large areas f their frmer range. Nw, Elkhrn Slugh has the highest cncentratin f sea tters in Califrnia, with a ppulatin f abut 100. By naturally feasting n crabs, the tters have helped a significant regrwth f plant life. Brent Hughes, a scientist wrking alngside Angelini, led a three-year study. Their findings were clear: in areas with sea tters, crab numbers fell markedly. This led t a resurgence in plant grwth, which in turn stabilized the sil and lwered the rate f sil washing away.
As the sea tter ppulatin cntinues t restre, their psitive impact n castal ecsystems is likely t increase. It nt nly shwcases the sea tter as a central species—a species that has a significant effect n its natural envirnment—but als highlights the essential nature f tp predatrs (捕食者) in preserving eclgical harmny. “My hnest reactin was—this culd becme a classic in the literature,” says scientist Lekelia Jenkins. She reveals marsh restratin als helps peple by reducing flding. “Suddenly, sea tters g frm just cute things we like t smething that can prtect ur livelihds and ur prperties.”
What is the authr’s purpse in quting Lekelia Jenkins?
A．T highlight the imprtance f castal marshes.
B．T intrduce a new research study n sea tters.
C．T demnstrate the practical benefits f sea tters.
D．T emphasize the need fr increased cnservatin effrts.
【答案】C
【詳解】這是一篇說明文。文章通過介紹海獺的恢復(fù)歷程及其對沿海沼澤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的積極影響，強調(diào)了頂級捕食者在維持生態(tài)平衡中的重要作用。
推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“‘My hnest reactin was — this culd becme a classic in the literature,’ says scientist Lekelia Jenkins. She reveals marsh restratin als helps peple by reducing flding. ‘Suddenly, sea tters g frm just cute things we like t smething that can prtect ur livelihds and ur prperties.’(科學(xué)家Lekelia Jenkins 說：‘我的真實反應(yīng)是，這可能會成為文學(xué)經(jīng)典?！嘎?，沼澤恢復(fù)也通過減少洪水來幫助人們?！蝗恢g，海獺從我們喜歡的可愛動物變成了可以保護我們生計和財產(chǎn)的動物。’)”可知，作者引用Lekelia Jenkins的話是為了展示海獺對人類的實際益處，如減少洪水災(zāi)害等。故選C項。
When yu think abut it, fd is an imprtant part f ur lives. Family gatherings center arund fd and the celebratin f majr life events and milestnes invlves fd in ne way r anther. The same hlds true fr us here n the Space Statin. Fd is imprtant and ends up usually being a tpic f discussin fr almst every crew.
Our fd als cmes packaged in many ways. But n matter what the frm f the fd thugh, yu still have the same prblem eating it- - yu d nt want it flying away frm yu and making a mess when yu pen it up. In this case a little bit f extra water is extremely helpful. It keeps the fd kind f sticking tgether and t the package and t yur spn. Small things d escape frm time t time, but we really try hard t minimize the randm flying fd prblem. That is enugh fr nw! Next time I will write abut hw t ck in space.
Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?
A．A fd magazine.B．An astrnaut’s jurnal.
C．A sci-fi handbk.D．A space histry website.
【答案】B
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文，文章介紹了太空飲食中食物種類、食物包裝等相關(guān)內(nèi)容。
【詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“The same hlds true fr us here n the Space Statin.(對于在空間站的我們而言也是如此。)”以及最后一段中的“Next time I will write abut hw t ck in space. (下次我會寫一寫在太空烹飪的事情。)”可以得知，本文以第一人稱來陳述太空飲食方面的內(nèi)容，因此本文應(yīng)該是一篇宇航員的太空日志。故選B。
In 1916, tw girls f wealthy families, best friends frm Auburn, N. Y. — Drthy Wdruff and Rsamnd Underwd — traveled t a settlement in the Rcky Muntains t teach in a ne-rm schlhuse. The girls had gne t Smith Cllege. They wre expensive clthes. S fr them t mve t Elkhead, Cl. t instruct the children whse shes were held tgether with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject f Nthing Daunted: The Unexpected Educatin f Tw Sciety Girls in the West by Drthy Wickenden, wh is a magazine editr and Drthy Wdruff’s granddaughter.
Why did they g then? Well, they wanted t d smething useful. Sn, hwever, they realized what they had undertaken.
They mved in with a lcal family, the Harrisns, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket f snw n their quilt when they wke up in the mrning. Sme mrnings, Rsamnd and Drthy wuld arrive at the schlhuse t find the children weeping frm the cld. In spring, the snw was replaced by mud ver ice.
In Wickenden’s bk, she expanded n the histry f the West and als n feminism, which f curse influenced the girls’ decisin t g t Elkhead. A hair-raising sectin cncerns the building f the railrads, which entailed (牽涉) drilling thrugh the Rckies, ften in blinding snwstrms. The bk ends with Rsamnd and Drthy’s return t Auburn.
Wickenden is a very gd stryteller. The sweep f the land and the sticism (堅忍) f the peple mve her t sme beautiful writing. Here is a picture f Drthy Wdruff, n her hrse, lking dwn frm a hill tp: “When the sun slipped behind the muntains, it shed a rsy glw all arund them. Then a full mn rse. The snw was marked nly by small animals: fxes, cytes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.”
14．What can we learn abut the girls frm paragraph 3?
A．They enjyed much respect.B．They had a rm with a bathtub.
C．They lived with the lcal kids.D．They suffered severe hardships.
15．What is the text?
A．A news reprt.B．A bk review.C．A children’s stry.D．A diary entry.
【答案】14．D 15．B
【詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“They mved in with a lcal family, the Harrisns, and like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket f snw n their quilt when they wke up in the mrning.(他們和一個當(dāng)?shù)丶彝?，哈里森一家一起搬進去，和他們一樣，幾乎沒有隱私，很少洗澡，早上醒來時被子上覆蓋著一層雪。)”以及“In spring, the snw was replaced by mud ver ice.(在春天，雪被泥替代覆蓋在冰上。)”可知，女孩們的生活條件非常艱苦，她們飽受磨難。故選D項。
推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“The bk ends with Rsamnd and Drthy’s return t Auburn.(這本書以Rsamnd和Drthy回到奧本結(jié)束。)”以及最后一段“Wickenden is a very gd stryteller. The sweep f the land and the sticism f the peple mve her t sme beautiful writing.( Wickenden是個很好的講故事的人。大地的遼闊和人們的堅忍使她創(chuàng)作出了一些美麗的作品。)”可知，本文簡要介紹了Wickenden的書籍內(nèi)容，并對其進行了評價，所以文本是一篇書評。故選B項。

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