目 錄
01 易錯(cuò)陷阱（3大陷阱）
02 舉一反三
【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒一】標(biāo)題類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒二】段落大意類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒三】文章大意類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
03 易錯(cuò)題通關(guān)
易錯(cuò)陷阱1：標(biāo)題類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。
【分析】
標(biāo)題類是對中心思想的加工和提煉，可以是單詞、短語、也可以是句子。她的特點(diǎn)是短小精悍，多為短語；涵蓋性、精確性強(qiáng)；不能隨意改變語言表達(dá)的程度和色彩。如果是短語類選項(xiàng)，考生容易混淆重點(diǎn)，此時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)先劃出選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞。
此類題和文章的中心主題句有很大關(guān)系。中心主題句一般出現(xiàn)在第一段，有時(shí)第一段也可能引出話題，此時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注第二段和最后一段，看看是否會出現(xiàn)首尾呼應(yīng)。
易錯(cuò)陷阱2：段落大意類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。
【分析】 每個(gè)段落都有一個(gè)中心思想，通常會在段落的第一句或最后一句體現(xiàn)，這就是段落主題句。如果沒有明顯的主題句時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容概括處段落大意。有時(shí)考生還會找錯(cuò)文章對應(yīng)位置，盲目選詞文中相同的詞句，而出現(xiàn)文不對題的現(xiàn)象。
易錯(cuò)陷阱3：文章大意類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。
【分析】確定文章主旨的方法是：先看首尾段或各段開頭再看全文找主題句，若無明顯主題句，就通過關(guān)鍵詞句來概括。如，議論文中尋找表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞語，記敘文中尋找概括情節(jié)和中心的動詞或反映人物特點(diǎn)的形容詞。文中出現(xiàn)不同觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，要牢記作者的觀點(diǎn)彩色體現(xiàn)全文中心的。此時(shí)，要注意轉(zhuǎn)折詞，如：but, hwever, yet, in spite f, n the cntrary等。
【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒一】 標(biāo)題類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
【例1】 （24-25高三上·湖北·階段練習(xí)）The histry f the West is nt what yu learned in schl.
The idea f civilizatin is relatively recent. The wrd was first used nly in the mid-18th century and did nt take hld f Western imaginatins until the late 19th century. In that imperialist age, histrians fund that Greek and Rman civilizatin made nice building blcks that culd be stacked int a grand- lking cnstruct, which they labeled “Western” Or “Eurpean” civilizatin. T this they attributed (歸因) many inherited “classical” virtues: vigr, ratinality, justice, demcracy and curage t experiment and explre. Other civilizatins, by cntrast, were regarded as inferir.
Odds are strng that yu first became aware f the term “Western Civilizatin” thrugh an intrductry survey curse in cllege r AP histry in high schl. And yu’ve lived yur life since then believing that “the West” basts “a cmmn rigin resulting in a shared histry, a shared heritage, and a shared identity” grunded in the classical era f Greece and Rme.
Schlars almst always refer t “the West” when they make majr statements abut the future f the glbe. Well, the fact is that there is n such thing as the West. One might prtest: “the West” is “a Civilizatin”!
If “the West” can even be called a Civilizatin, then it is the least riginal “Civilizatin” in histry. It is pretty widely acknwledged that virtually n basic technlgies were, strictly speaking, invented in Eurpe r the United States. Metalwrk, the plw, hydrcarbn fuels, higher mathematics, paper, wind- pwered sea navigatin, the cmpass, pwder, and steam engines all came frm elsewhere. In terms f the crucial agricultural prducts that feed everyne in the mdern wrld, t, nne riginated in Eurpe.
Sme peple think f Western culture and values as being characterized by demcracy, liberalism, enlightenment, scientific prgress and individualism. They see it as a birthright t be passed n frm generatin t generatin thrugh the ages. Hwever, culture and values are ptins t be made actively, nt “tracks laid dwn by a Western destiny”. Rather than being irritating and inward- lking, mst scieties have prved receptive t ideas, fashins and technlgies frm their neighbrs.
Which f the fllwing is a suitable title?
A．What is “Western Civilizatin”?B．Frm “West” t “Western Civilizatin”.
C．“Western Civilizatin”, Superir civilizatin!D．There is n such thing as “Western Civilizatin”.
【變式1】（24-25高三上·重慶沙坪壩·階段練習(xí)）When a yung sawfly, a bee- like insect, is threatened by its attackers like ants, it emits a mixture f unpleasant smells t defend itself. These emissins can seriusly anny a ptential enemy.
Scientists wanting t study these smelly cmpunds — t understand which aspects f them discurage attackers and why — face great challenges. Jean-Luc Bevé, a zlgist wh studies insects, frm the Ryal Belgian Institute f Natural Sciences, is an amateur musician and cmpser. He decided t try a different way — the sund apprach. “T be hnest, I cnsidered this prject s unpractical myself that I set it aside,” he said. It was mnths befre Bevé and his parther, Rudi Git, finally made a reslutin t get started n it.
They chse 16 sawfly species’ emissins t translate int sunds. First, they figured ut which mlecules (分子) were present in each smelly cmpund and in what amunts. Then they assigned varius characteristics f thse mlecules matching prperties f sund. Fr example, smaller mlecules like a kind f acid fund in vinegar, a sur- tasting liquid, evaprate (揮發(fā)) quickly, s Bevé and Git assigned them sunds with higher pitch (音高). Larger mlecules were given lwer- pitched sunds. In all, the scientists created individual audi descriptins fr 20 mlecules. Then they cmbined the sunds f each mlecule present in a sawfy’s smell t cnstruct the insect’s sundtrack. If a mlecule was f higher prprtin in an emissin, they assigned it a higher vlume. In such a case, the smaller a mlecule is, the higher its pitch will be; and the higher the prprtin f a mlecule is, the higher its vlume will be.
T examine peple’s reactins t the sundtracks, they played the audi descriptins thrugh speakers t abut 50 study participants. Then the scientists measured hw far peple backed up t get t a “cmfrtable psitin” away frm the nise. Mst f the study vlunteers tld the researchers that the high pitch, as well as the high vlume, was what made them withdraw. “Ants and vlunteers mved away frm a chemical and its matching sundtrack respectively,” the researchers wrte.
Bevé said he hped the prcess wuld give ther zlgists a new way t ffer clues abut which mlecules fight ff enemies mst.
Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A．Frm Smells t Sundtracks
B．A New Perspective n Mrlecules
C．An Innvative Way f Studying Ants
D．Researches n Sawfly’s Effect n Humans
【變式2】（24-25高三上·廣東汕尾·階段練習(xí)）Imagine a child asking a chatbt r vice assistant if Santa Claus is real. Hw shuld the AI respnd, given that sme families wuld prefer a lie ver the truth? This is a dilemma in the little-studied area f rbts deceptin (欺騙).
Tw Gergia Tech researchers, Kantwn Rgers and Reiden Webber, designed a driving simulatin (模擬) experiment t investigate hw intentinal rbt deceptin affects trust between humans and AI, and whether different types f aplgies can help repair that trust.
In the simulatin, participants were instructed t drive a “rbt-assisted car” t the hspital t save a friend’s life, while the AI assistant falsely warned f plice ahead, advising participants t stay under the speed limit. Upn reaching the hspital, participants were infrmed that there were n plice, and they received ne f five different text-based respnses frm the rbt — three admitting the lie, tw ffering a simple aplgy withut admissin. The study aimed t determine which type f aplgy was mst effective in repairing trust after a rbt’s lie.
The results f the experiment were surprising. 45% f the participants did nt speed, because they believed the rbt knew mre abut the situatin than they did, revealing an verly trusting attitude tward AI. The results als indicated that while nne f the aplgy types fully recvered trust, the aplgy with n admissin f lying was statistically mre effective in repairing trust than ther respnses.
The researchers’ final gal is t create a rbt system that can learn when and hw t lie r aplgize during human-AI interactins. But they acknwledge that this is a cmplex issue. “We still knw very little abut Al deceptin, but we d knw that lying is nt always bad, and telling the truth isn’t always gd,” Rgers said. “S hw can we make laws that supprt new ideas withut harming them, while als keeping peple safe?”
What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Is a rbt system prmising?B．The human-AI cnfidence crisis.
C．A dilemma in human hnesty.D．AI deceptin: bad r nt?
【變式3】（24-25高三上·遼寧·階段練習(xí)）A recent study frm the University f Guelph in Canada has revealed a surprising discvery abut cmmn eastern bumblebees (大黃蜂): These insects can survive underwater fr up t a week. This finding, published in the jurnal Bilgy Letters, came abut due t an experimental errr when researchers placed hibernating (冬眠的) queen bumblebees in water and fund them alive days later. The discvery has impressed scientists. particularly because bumblebees are land-based creatures nt typically assciated with water envirnments.
Nigel Raine, a prfessr in the schl f envirnmental sciences at the university and the study’s lead authr, expressed his astnishment at the results. T further explre this phenmenn, Raine and his team cnducted an experiment invlving 143 hibernating queen bumblebees. They discvered that thse placed underwater fr up t seven days had similar survival rates t thse nt, indicating that the bees’ ability t survive such cnditins may be mre cmmn than previusly thught.
The research underlines the strength f bumblebees during their hibernatin perid. a critical phase in their life cycle that has remained largely unexplred. Queen bumblebees typically hibernate alne in small hles during the cld mnths, which are believed t prtect them frm flding. Hwever, this study reveals that these bees pssess an unexpected adaptatin, allwing them t survive even in flded cnditins.
Given these findings, ne pssible explanatin fr their survival is diapause, a state f suspended grwth and reprductin characterized by reduced xygen intake. During this state. bumblebees may clse their spiracles (氣孔) t prevent water frm entering their bdies, and they might als breathe thrugh their skin. This energy-saving mde is likely a key factr in their ability t survive beneath the water.
Raine emphasized the imprtance f understanding these mechanisms, as it culd have significant implicatins fr the study f wild insects that help with plant reprductin, which are crucial fr fd security and ecsystem health, His team’s research will aim t determine whether hibernating queens can survive even lnger perids underwater and if similar strength exists in ther bee species.
Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A．Bumblebee Reprductive HabitsB．Bumblebee Hibernatin Patterns
C．Scientists’ Experimental MethdsD．Bumblebee Survival Underwater
【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒二】 段落大意類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
【例2】 （24-25高三上·湖南長沙·階段練習(xí)）Engaging yur brain actively at wrk can benefit yu in mre ways than just advancing yur career — it may als safeguard yur cgnitive (認(rèn)知的) abilities and help prevent dementia (癡呆癥) as yu get lder, a new study fund.
The study, published in Neurlgy, analyzed health and ccupatinal data n 7,000 Nrwegians wh were fllwed frm their 30s until they retired in their 60s. “Many ther studies n this tpic have lked at the mst recent jbs that peple have,” said lead authr Dr. Trine Edwin, a researcher at University f Osl, “but due t the natinal database we have in Nrway, we were able t fllw peple ver much f their lifetimes.”
T d the analysis, Edwin categrized the cgnitive demands f 305 ccupatins in Nrway. Mre cgnitively demanding jbs were nt based n rutine tasks, even thugh repetitin was required at times. “There were lawyers, dctrs, accuntants, and peple in public service in this grup, but the mst cmmn ccupatin was teaching,” Edwin said, “as effective cmmunicatin utside f the classrm and schl matters. It always depends n teachers’ understandings f students’ different situatins and teachers’ empathy.”
Having a rutine jb with little mental stimulatin during yur 30s, 40s, 50s and 60s is linked t a 66% higher risk f mild cgnitive impairment (損傷) and a 37% greater risk f dementia after the age f 70, when cmpared with having an ccupatin — that requires mre cmplex thinking. “The ccupatinal envirnment is paramunt in prmting cgnitive well-being.” said Edwin. “Similarly, just like we can use physical exercise t grw and maintain ur muscles, exercising ur brain thrugh mre challenging wrk assignments seems t help fight dementia.”
“While I’d guess that peple at risk fr dementia wuld be well served by taking advantage f prfessinal advancement pprtunities, learning new jb tasks, and refining (改進(jìn)) their skills at wrk ver a perid f time, further studies will need t clarify which specific activities have the mst brain healthy benefits,” Edwin added.
What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut?
A．a(chǎn)ctivities that can refine peple’s skills at wrk.
B．A recmmendatin fr future research directins.
C．Tips fr peple wh want prfessinal advancement.
D．Disadvantages f rutine jbs that need further prf.
【變式1】（24-25高三上·福建福州·階段練習(xí)）“There are few things mre delightful than seeing a child’s eyes light up as they pick up a present and wnder what might be inside,” says Chaz Firestne, an assistant prfessr f psychlgical science, “What ur wrk shws is that yur mind is able t track the infrmatin they are seeking. Just as they, might be able t tell what’s inside the bx by shaking it arund, yu can tell what they are trying t figure ut when they shake it.”
A team f researchers recently cnducted a fascinating study t lk int the science behind this present-guessing phenmenn. They asked 500 vlunteers t watch tw vides, each shwing smene shaking a bx f bjects with different intentins. In ne vide, the persn was attempting t determine the number f items inside the bx, while in the ther, they aimed t identify the shapes f the bjects. Surprisingly, within a few secnds, the study participants were able t accurately determine the intentin behind each shake.
Accrding t the researchers, this ability t quickly distinguish the purpse behind a shake invlves numerus mental calculatins and bservatins f subtle (細(xì)微的) cues t understand what smene is trying t learn frm their surrundings. Yet, we seem t d it easily. “The way yu wuld shake a present t find ut if it’s ne thing r many things, r if it’s a small thing r a big thing, can be subtly different,” says Shlei Crm, a graduate student. “But peple are amazing at picking up n such differences.”
While the study fcused primarily n gift-shaking, it pens the dr t a deeper understanding f human perceptin and cgnitive abilities. In the future the team wuld like t pursue whether peple bserve the difference between what yu want t d and what yu want t learn. They’re als interested in when these skills emerge in human develpment and if it’s pssible t build cmputatinal mdels t detail exactly hw bserved physical actins shw cgnitive intent.
What is the pssible head f the last paragraph?
A．Applicatins Are PrmisingB．Tell Hand frm Head
C．Where the Research Will GD．Limitatin Still Exists
【變式2】（24-25高三上·遼寧·階段練習(xí)）We live in an imprtant time fr language revitalizatin (復(fù)興). Mre than half the wrld’s languages are in danger f being swallwed by dminant languages within this century. That’s why the United Natins declared 2022 - 2032 the Internatinal Decade f Indigenus (本土的) Languages.
But turning the trend f language extinctin is n easy task. We knw that t keep languages alive, we have t create an immersive envirnment. A gd example f the immersin methd is “l(fā)anguage nests”, where little kids and ther beginners learn frm fluent elders n a regular basis. One f the first language nests was started in New Zealand in 1982 by Mari elders wh wrried that their language, culture, and even pride were disappearing. The elders decided t teach children their native tngue thrugh culturally relevant sng and play.
The language nest mdel was s successful that it migrated t Hawaii and then thrughut the wrld. Language nests are typically physical spaces but can als be fund nline.
While immersin prgrams can have excellent utcmes, they require significant funding and resurces t remain sustainable ver time. The lack f capacity makes it hard: nt enugh cntent, training, and teachers. Peple dn’t realize the cst f revitalizing languages and what it wuld cst t run entire educatinal systems in these languages. T establish the institutins, t train the peple, and t make sure the prper techniques are in place t write and read in the languages are huge challenges.
Areas where ne indigenus language has the mst influence — such as Mari r Hawaiian may have an advantage because they begin with a fairly large speaker base and can fcus funding, teacher training, and resurces n that language. But cuntries with a high level f language diversity face a serius challenge. Hwever, whatever it takes, it’s wrthwhile fr cmmunities t preserve their ancestral tngues fr generatins t cme.
What des paragraph 4 mainly tell us abut the immersin prgrams?
A．Their ppularity.B．Their significance.
C．Their challenges.D．Their cnsequences.
【變式3】（24-25高三上·遼寧·階段練習(xí)）Antaretica (南極洲) is the cldest place n Earth. It’s als the driest. With annual rainfall clse t zer, Antaretica is technically a desert. Cvering abut 14 millin square kilmeters arund the Suth Ple, it is the fifth largest cntinent in the wrld. A high muntain range, the Trans- Antarctic range, runs frm east t west, cutting the cntinent in tw. There are vlcanes t, but they are nt very active. Antarctica hlds 90% f the wrld’s ice, and mst f its fresh water (70%) is in a frzen state, f curse.98% f the surface is cvered permanently in the ice cap. On average it is tw kilmeters thick, but in sme places it reaches a depth f five kilmeters. Strng winds driven by gravity blw frm the ple t the castline, while ther winds blw rund the cast. It is difficult t imagine a mre inhspitable (不宜居的) place.
Yet Antarctica is full f wildlife, which has adapted t its extreme cnditins. There are different types f penguins, flying birds, seals, and whales. But the lng Antarctic winter night, which lasts fr 182 days( the lngest perid f cntinuus darkness n earth), as well as the extreme cld and lack f rainfall, means that few types f plants can survive there. Only tw types f flwering plants are fund, while there are n trees n the large cntinent. The rest f the plants are made up f msses, algae and lichen. Sme frms f algae have adapted t grw n ice.
Mst f the ice has been there fr thusands f years. As a result, it has becme a windw n the past, and can give researchers lts f useful infrmatin. Gases and minerals, in the’ frm f vlcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a lt abut what the wrld’s climate was like in past ages. Antarctic rcks are als very imprtant fr research. Mst f them are meterites (隕石) frm uter space. One rck, knwn as the “Alien” rck, may cntain evidence f extra- terrestrial (外星人) life.
Antarctica was the last cntinent t be discvered. But mre than tw thusand years ag Greek gegraphers believed that there was a large land mass in the suth which balanced the land in the nrth. They called it Anti- Arktiks, r Antarctica: the ppsite f Aretic (北極). When Eurpeans discvered the cntinent f America in 15 century, the great age f explratin began. Hwever, prgress t the Suth Ple was slw. Nt until the late 18h century did the British explrer James Ck crss the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land. Then in1895, a Nrwegian called Carstens Brchgrevink became the first man t set ft n the Antarctic mainland. The race t the ple had begun. It was finally reached n 11- December,1911 by the Nrwegian Rald Amundsen.
What des the authr mainly want t tell us in Paragraph 2?
A．All Antarctic plants grw n ice.
B．Animals can’t survive the Antarctic plar night.
C．Antarctica has a great variety f plants.
D．Despite the extreme cnditins in Antarctica, many plants and animals live there.
【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒三】 文章大意類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
【例3】（2024·貴州遵義·一模）In the last few decades, scientists have made enrmus breakthrughs in understanding hw ur brains wrk by mnitring them in real time with fMRI and PET scanners. When peple are hked up t these machines, tasks, such as reading r ding math prblems, each have crrespnding areas f the brain where activities can be bserved. But when researchers gt the participants t listen t music, they saw firewrks. Sme areas f their brains were lighting up at nce, as they prcessed the sund, tk it apart t understand elements like meldy and rhythm, and then put it all back tgether int cmbined musical experience.
Yet when scientists turned frm bserving the brains f music listeners t thse f musicians, the little backyard firewrks became a massive celebratin. It turns ut that playing music is similar t a full-bdy wrkut. Playing a musical instrument engages practically every area f the brain at nce, especially the visual, auditry, and mtr crtices (大腦皮層).
The mst bvius difference between listening t music and playing it is that the latter requires fine mtr skills, which are cntrlled in bth hemispheres (半球) f the brain. It als cmbines the linguistic and mathematical accuracy, in which the left hemisphere is mre invlved, with the nvel and creative cntent that the right excels in.
Because making music als invlves crafting and understanding its emtinal cntent and message, musicians ften have higher levels f executive functin. And, indeed, musicians exhibit enhanced memry functins, creating, string, and retrieving memries mre quickly and efficiently. Studies have fund that’s because musicians use their highly cnnected brains t attach each memry t multiple labels, such as a cnceptual label, an emtinal label, an audi label, and a cntextual label, like a gd Internet search engine.
The recent research abut the mental benefits f playing music has advanced ur understanding f mental functin, revealing the inner rhythms and cmplex interplay that make up the amazing rchestra f ur brain.
What is the main idea f the text?
A．Listening t music has varius mental benefits.
B．Art activities have psitive impacts n the brain.
C．Playing music activates the brain mre than listening.
D．Thse wh play instruments are brn mre intelligent.
【變式1】（24-25高三上·廣東深圳·階段練習(xí)）Self-cntrl — r lack f it — can have a serius impact n ur lives. A new study lks t quantify the cst f self-cntrl. Researchers frm the New Yrk University Schl f Medicine have fund that we’re willing t pay mney t avid having t emply self-cntrl and we’ll pay mre if the temptatin is particularly strng.
In the first study, dieting participants were first asked t describe hw healthy, tasty and tempting they fund specific fds like crisps r chclate pies t be. They then reprted hw much f a $10 endwment (捐贈錢數(shù)) they wuld be willing t pay t avid having the highly tempting fd placed immediately in frnt f them fr half an hur. The tempting fd was then placed in frnt f them, and the participants were given mre pprtunities t bid fr less tempting fd. If the participants bid a larger amunt, they wuld have a lw-tempting fd placed in frnt f them fr the rest f the 30 minutes, but if they bid a smaller amunt, the highly tempting fd wuld remain fr the rest f the time.
The results shwed that participants were prepared t pay n average 15% f the $10 t remve the temptatin and cntinued t bid a similar amunt thrughut the task, suggesting a lasting desire t have temptatin remved. In ttal, 22% f the participant s cnsumed the highly tempting fd.
The secnd study replicated (復(fù)制) the first — nly this time, participants were tld they wuld als lse a $15 bnus if they ate the tempting fd. Again, the dieting participants shwed a willingness t pay t avid temptatin, bidding n average $2.85 ut f their $10 endwment t have the fd remved. Thus, they spent mre mney when the csts f nt meeting their self-cntrl gals were higher. Interestingly, with the frfeit in place nne f the participants presented with the highly tempting fd cnsumed it.
S, verall, dieting participants were willing t pay actual mney in rder t avid exerting self-cntrl in the face f temptatin.
What is the main idea f the text?
A．Peple with pr self-cntrl waste mre mney.
B．Peple will pay mney t avid exercising self-cntrl.
C．Peple wh have gd self-cntrl perfrm better.
D．Self-cntrl varies depending n peple’s chices.
【變式2】（24-25高三上·上海黃浦·階段練習(xí)）When a senir manager sits dwn with a prspective emplyee fr an in-persn interview, the preferred questins ften stick t the applicant’s interest in the psitin and cmpany, accrding t a survey by staffing firm Accuntemps. But questins can smetimes be a bit mre... wacky.
“What kind f animals wuld yu be?” is ne f the unique questins mentined by senir managers in the survey. It is a way t keep interviewees n their feet and stimulate interesting discussin.
Hwever, such questins are asked less frequently, the research shws. Just 6 percent f senir managers said their favrite questins t ask are theretical questins, the lwest ttal except fr “ther, ” which als came in at 6 percent. A lt f senir managers said their favrite questins are nes “relating t the psitin r cmpany,” at 39 percent. These questins include “Why d yu want t wrk here?”, “What d yu knw abut this cmpany?” etc. They are meant t determine if candidates have dne their hmewrk and hw enthusiastic they are abut the psitin.
Questins abut “previus r current experience” were referred t by 22 percent f senir managers as their favrite type f questin. These inquiries — “Why did yu leave yur last jb?” and “What did yu like r dislike abut yur last jb?” fr instance — are meant t lk int applicants’ wrk histry patterns and their verall fit fr the psitin.
Further dwn the list, 18 percent f senir managers’ favrite questins had t d with persnalities and characteristics. They prefer, fr example, “What are yur strengths and weaknesses?” and “What’ re yur hbbies?”. And 10 percent had t d with persnal gals and interests (“Where d yu see yurself in five r 10 years?”) .
That means that managers strngly prefer t ask candidates questins abut their interest in the psitin and wrk histry. But there’s always rm fr a sudden surprise.
What is the passage mainly abut?
A．Interview questins favured by managers.
B．Managers’ attitudes t interview questins.
C．Hw managers prepare interview questins.
D．Hw managers make interview questins interesting.
【變式3】（24-25高三上·上海黃浦·階段練習(xí)）The budget line is an elementary cncept that mst cnsumers can understand withut a need fr graphs and equatins (圖表及等式) — it’s the husehld budget, fr example. Taken infrmally, the budget line describes the line f affrdability fr a given budget and specific gds. This same cncept — ne that mst cnsumers make many times each day with reflectin n it — is the basis f the mre frmal budget line cncept in ecnmics.
One f the interesting ways the study f ecnmics relates t human behavir generally is that a lt f ecnmics thery is the frmalizatin f the kind f simple cncept — a cnsumer’s infrmal understanding f the amunt she has t spend and what that amunt will buy. In the prcess f frmalizatin, the cncept can be expressed as a mathematical equatin r a graph that can be applied generally.
T understand this, think f a graph where the vertical axis (眾軸) quantifies hw many mvie tickets yu can buy and where the hrizntal axis des the same fr crime nvels. Yu like ging t the mvies and reading crime nvels and yu have $150 t spend. In the example belw, assume that each mvie csts $10 and each crime nvel csts $15. The mre frmal ecnmics term fr these tw items is budget set.
If mvies cst $10 each, then the maximum number f mvies yu can see with the mney available is 15. T nte this yu make a dt at the number 15 (fr ttal mvie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side f the chart. This same dt appears at the extreme left abve “0” n the hrizntal axis because yu have n mney left fr bks — the number f bks available in this example is 0.
Yu can als graph the ther extreme — all crime nvels and n mvies. Since crime nvels in the example cst $15 and yu have $150 available, if yu spend all the available mney crime nvels, yu can buy 10. S yu put a dt n the hrizntal axis at the number 10. Yu’ll place the dt at the bttm f the vertical axis because in this instance yu have $0 available fr mvie tickets.
If yu nw draw a line frm the highest, leftmst dt t the lwest, rightmst dt yu’ll have created a budget line. Any cmbinatin f mvies and crime nvels that falls belw the budget line is affrdable. Any cmbinatin abve it is nt.
What is this passage mainly abut?
A．Guidelines fr husehld purchase.B．The descriptin f a daily phenmenn.
C．Ways f presenting research data.D．The explanatin f an ecnmic cncept.
（24-25高三上·江蘇常州·階段練習(xí)）Wild chimpanzees are recgnized fr eating a wide variety f plant matter, which cmplicates researchers’ ability t determine whether they actively lk fr medicinal plants t heal themselves r simply cnsume plants that happen t have medicinal prperties.
At the Budng Central Frest Reserve in Uganda, University f Oxfrd researchers studied the behavirs and health f 51 wild chimpanzees frm tw habituated grups. They nted a male chimpanzee with a hand injury searching fr and eating fern leaves, which might have eased pain and swelling. Additinally, they bserved anther ill chimpanzee cnsuming parts f a cat-thrn tree.
The team als tested the plant species in the reserve, which they suspected were being cnsumed by the chimpanzees t self-medicate, fr anti-inflammatry (抗炎) and antibacterial (抗菌) characteristics. The species included plants nt part f the chimpanzees’ nrmal diet, but being cnsumed fr their healing characteristics. The authrs fund 88% f the plant species had antibacterial characteristics, arresting the grwth f bacteria, while 33% f them had anti- inflammatry characteristics.
Deadwd frm a tree in the Dgbane family shwed the strngest antibacterial activity and als had anti-inflammatry characteristics, suggesting it culd be used t treat wunds, they said. Rts frm the East African mahgany tree and leaves frm fem were fund t exhibit ptential anti-inflammatry effects. The results suggested that chimpanzees lked fr and ate specific plants fr their medicinal effects, and the study was ne f the first t dcument evidence f this kind, the authrs said.
Team member Fabien Schultz hpes that the findings might lead t prmising candidates fr human medicines. “What if human lives can be saved by fllwing the ways f ur animal relatives?” he says.
What is the best title fr the text?
A．The Diet f Wild ChimpanzeesB．The Medicinal Characteristics f Plants
C．The Dietary Habits f Wild ChimpanzeesD．Chimpanzees Using Plants fr Self-Medicatin
（24-25高三上·四川綿陽·階段練習(xí)）While stress is an unavidable aspect f life, studies cntinue t shw t much stress can have a bad impact n bth health and well- being. Mre specifically, excess stress can lead t high bld pressure, increasing heart disease risk. With all that in mind, researchers frm the Universities f Maynth and Limerick set ut t better understand hw reactins t stressful events impact ur future health, as well as if there are any factrs that can play key stress- buffering (緩解壓力) rles.
The research team suggests that previus research has shwn that gratitude and affect- balance (balance f psitive t negative emtins) play key stress- buffering rles. Hwever, up until nw there have been few studies examining the impact f these variables n cardivascular (心血管) recvery frm severe psychlgical stress. Researchers chse t fcus n this cnsideratin, as well as whether r nt affect- balance mderates the relatinship between gratitude and cardivascular reactins t severe psychlgical stress.
The actual research prtin f this prject tk place at Maynth University and invlved a ttal f 68 undergrad students (24 men, 44 wmen) between the ages f 18 and 57. The experiment featured lab tasks which caused stress amng the participants, while researchers measured cardivascular reactivity and recvery in respnse t the stress.
The ensuing results reveal that a state f gratitude predicts lwer systlic (收縮的) bld pressure respnses thrughut the stress- testing perid. This means, researchers say, that gratitude prmtes a unique stress- buffering effect n bth reactins t and recvery frm severe psychlgical stress. The team als fund that affect- balance increases the effects f grateful feelings.
In cnclusin, researchers believe these findings hld clinical (臨床的) usefulness. There are many lw- cst ways t develp grateful feelings that can help prmte imprved well- being. Fr instance, ne earlier study fund cardiac patients wh make use f gratitude jurnals have better cardivascular utcmes than thse wh d nt. Thse earlier prjects, in cmbinatin with these latest findings, strngly suggest that gratitude is a useful tl in the fight against stress and pr cardivascular health.
What is the text mainly abut?
A．The appraches t cping with stress.
B．The cnnectin between stress and heart disease.
C．The benefits f being thankful.
D．The cnnectin between gratitude and stress relief.
（24-25高三上·河南·階段練習(xí)）Ask any birder, and they’ll tell yu abut the great excitement f identifying a new species. Recently a tapping sund utside a windw led my family t the presence f a striking, unfamiliar wdpecker (啄木鳥) in a nearby tree. Its head had large red feathers, and it was huge — the size f a crw (烏鴉). Curius, my husband, a birder, turned t a phne app and sn knew it was a Pileated Wdpecker.
Curisity is what drives us t find answers as sn as pssible. In previus research, when peple were able t chse whether t receive their highly anticipated answer t a questin nw r later, they generally pted fr the fastest path t reslutin. This impatience fr answers shws a main functin f curisity:t reduce uncertainty.
But this picture f curisity is incmplete. In a new study, we explred whether there are multiple flavurs f curisity. We fund that althugh interest can drive an urgent desire fr answers, it can als lead t mre patience, setting peple up fr thse mments f discvery.
We asked mre than 2, 000 peple aged 19 t 76 years t watch a series f shrt vides. Each vide started with a blank screen. A line wuld then appear and gradually take a shape. Imagine a dynamic line that begins t g upward and dwnward, tracing a series f triangles (三角形). The line then extends, frming an val arund the triangles, like an egg. Then, just as yu start t feel certain abut what the finished drawing will be, lng, pinty tips are drawn at the tp, revealing the true subject: a pineapple.
While the participants watched each vide, we asked them t reprt hw curius they were abut what the drawing wuld becme. We als gave them the chice t either keep watching it slwly unfld r jump t the end f the vide, shwing the result immediately. Interestingly, when participants were mre curius abut what the drawing wuld becme, they were mre likely t cntinue watching rather than skipping ahead t the answer. In ther wrds, greater curisity mtivated peple t slw dwn, be patient and invest in experiencing the winding path t reslutin.
Learning new things can be tugh, but making use f curisity can help us enjy the prcess f learning and feel happy in vercming challenges.
Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A．Curisity Makes Us Patient
B．Hw Peple Reduce Uncertainties in Life
C．Curisity Makes Peple Hungry fr Knwledge
D．A New Study Prves Peple’s Eagerness t Learn
（24-25高三上·湖北·階段練習(xí)）Engineer Kerstin G?pfrich builds machines. But rather than building metal devices, she makes tiny nes t wrk inside ur cells. G?pfrich leads a research grup fcusing n the “engineering f life” at the Max Planck Institute fr Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany.
Our cells are already full f nature- made machines carrying ut the daily tasks f living. Many are prteins. But smetimes ur natural prtein- machines dn’t wrk right. Brken bimachinery causes many diseases, S scientists are cnsidering hw they might fix faulty prteins. They might wire up artificial nerves t replace damaged nes.
And the ptential fr such devices ges beynd making repairs. Scientists are lking at hw t give cells new abilities, hping that by develping enugh nvel bimachines, they might make new frms f life. S if a prtein is faulty, why nt make a new ne in the lab?
Back when Frankie Rawsn was a student, he asked his teachers that. Nw a nantechnlgist at the University f Nttingham in England, Rawsn has answered his wn questin, “It turns ut that we’ re nt very gd at artificially re- creating what bilgy des.”
Bilgists like Rawsn and G?pfrich fund a wrkarund. They’re creating nanmachines that d the same jbs as prteins. With the right design, these nanmachines can d s easier at less cst. They als can be mre stable using fewer ingredients.
T build them, researchers wrk with many types f materials. Rawsn uses carbn nantubes. G?pfrich even uses bilgical mlecules, such as DNA．Rather than heal ld r damaged bdy parts, she’d replace them with new nes.
Scientists have learned t make small synthetic (合成的) bilgy fixes. Our cells must wrk tgether. “Think f them like the wiring f a huse,” Rawsn says. Flip a switch, and a light turns n. That’s a big- scale effect. But each small piece in the system must wrk prperly t get that end effect.
What des the last paragraph mainly express?
A．The effect f prteins n ur bdy.B．The cmbinatin f the wiring f a huse.
C．The cmplexity f the human bdy system.D．The precisin required fr synthetic bilgy.
（24-25高三上·山東濰坊·階段練習(xí)）The cncepts f delayed satisfactin, self-cntrl, and self-regulatin are ften used interchangeably and incnsistently. The ability t delay an impulse (沖動) fr an immediate reward t receive a mre favrable reward at a later time is the standard definitin f delayed satisfactin.
Studies shw that delayed satisfactin is ne f the mst effective persnal characteristics f successful peple. Peple wh learn hw t manage their need t be satisfied in the mment develp mre in their careers, relatinships, health, and finances than peple wh give in t it.
Being able t delay satisfactin isn’t the easiest skill t acquire. It invlves feeling dissatisfied, which is why it seems impssible fr peple wh haven’t learned t cntrl their impulses. Chsing t have smething nw might feel gd, but making the effrt t have discipline and manage yur impulses can result in bigger r better rewards in the future. Over time, delayed satisfactin will imprve yur self-cntrl and ultimately help yu achieve yur lng-term gals faster.
The Seinfeld Strategy is ne f several helpful self-satisfactin techniques yu can use t put ff satisfactin fr lnger perids f time. Every day that yu delay satisfactin and avid temptatin (誘惑) , yu crss it ff yur calendar. After a few days, this creates a chain. This strategy wrks well fr peple wh enjy gamificatin (游戲化). If yu find it satisfying t keep the chain ging, yu’re less likely t give in t temptatin.
D yu find yurself ging back t yur temptatins withut thinking abut it?If this is the case, yu can practice mindfulness t becme mre aware f what yu d. When yu ntice yurself ding smething ut f habit, stp fr a mment. Ask yurself why yu’re ding what yu’re ding. Take sme time t analyze hw yu’re feeling. Pay attentin t the details. Take a mment f mindulness t interrupt yur autpilt every time this happens. The mre yu practice this, the mre yu’ll break the habit f ging fr instant satisfactin.
What des paragraph 4 mainly talk abut?
A．The cmplexity f the Seinfeld StrategyB．An example f self-discipline techniques.
C．A methd f practicing delayed satisfactin.D．The effectiveness f keeping the chain ging.
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)14 閱讀理解主旨大意題
目 錄
01 易錯(cuò)陷阱（3大陷阱）
02 舉一反三
【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒一】標(biāo)題類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒二】段落大意類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒三】文章大意類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
03 易錯(cuò)題通關(guān)
易錯(cuò)陷阱1：標(biāo)題類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。
【分析】
標(biāo)題類是對中心思想的加工和提煉，可以是單詞、短語、也可以是句子。她的特點(diǎn)是短小精悍，多為短語；涵蓋性、精確性強(qiáng)；不能隨意改變語言表達(dá)的程度和色彩。如果是短語類選項(xiàng)，考生容易混淆重點(diǎn)，此時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)先劃出選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞。
此類題和文章的中心主題句有很大關(guān)系。中心主題句一般出現(xiàn)在第一段，有時(shí)第一段也可能引出話題，此時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注第二段和最后一段，看看是否會出現(xiàn)首尾呼應(yīng)。
易錯(cuò)陷阱2：段落大意類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。
【分析】 每個(gè)段落都有一個(gè)中心思想，通常會在段落的第一句或最后一句體現(xiàn)，這就是段落主題句。如果沒有明顯的主題句時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容概括處段落大意。有時(shí)考生還會找錯(cuò)文章對應(yīng)位置，盲目選詞文中相同的詞句，而出現(xiàn)文不對題的現(xiàn)象。
易錯(cuò)陷阱3：文章大意類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。
【分析】確定文章主旨的方法是：先看首尾段或各段開頭再看全文找主題句，若無明顯主題句，就通過關(guān)鍵詞句來概括。如，議論文中尋找表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞語，記敘文中尋找概括情節(jié)和中心的動詞或反映人物特點(diǎn)的形容詞。文中出現(xiàn)不同觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，要牢記作者的觀點(diǎn)彩色體現(xiàn)全文中心的。此時(shí)，要注意轉(zhuǎn)折詞，如：but, hwever, yet, in spite f, n the cntrary等。
【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒一】 標(biāo)題類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
【例1】 （24-25高三上·湖北·階段練習(xí)）The histry f the West is nt what yu learned in schl.
The idea f civilizatin is relatively recent. The wrd was first used nly in the mid-18th century and did nt take hld f Western imaginatins until the late 19th century. In that imperialist age, histrians fund that Greek and Rman civilizatin made nice building blcks that culd be stacked int a grand- lking cnstruct, which they labeled “Western” Or “Eurpean” civilizatin. T this they attributed (歸因) many inherited “classical” virtues: vigr, ratinality, justice, demcracy and curage t experiment and explre. Other civilizatins, by cntrast, were regarded as inferir.
Odds are strng that yu first became aware f the term “Western Civilizatin” thrugh an intrductry survey curse in cllege r AP histry in high schl. And yu’ve lived yur life since then believing that “the West” basts “a cmmn rigin resulting in a shared histry, a shared heritage, and a shared identity” grunded in the classical era f Greece and Rme.
Schlars almst always refer t “the West” when they make majr statements abut the future f the glbe. Well, the fact is that there is n such thing as the West. One might prtest: “the West” is “a Civilizatin”!
If “the West” can even be called a Civilizatin, then it is the least riginal “Civilizatin” in histry. It is pretty widely acknwledged that virtually n basic technlgies were, strictly speaking, invented in Eurpe r the United States. Metalwrk, the plw, hydrcarbn fuels, higher mathematics, paper, wind- pwered sea navigatin, the cmpass, pwder, and steam engines all came frm elsewhere. In terms f the crucial agricultural prducts that feed everyne in the mdern wrld, t, nne riginated in Eurpe.
Sme peple think f Western culture and values as being characterized by demcracy, liberalism, enlightenment, scientific prgress and individualism. They see it as a birthright t be passed n frm generatin t generatin thrugh the ages. Hwever, culture and values are ptins t be made actively, nt “tracks laid dwn by a Western destiny”. Rather than being irritating and inward- lking, mst scieties have prved receptive t ideas, fashins and technlgies frm their neighbrs.
Which f the fllwing is a suitable title?
A．What is “Western Civilizatin”?B．Frm “West” t “Western Civilizatin”.
C．“Western Civilizatin”, Superir civilizatin!D．There is n such thing as “Western Civilizatin”.
易錯(cuò)分析：第一段沒有出現(xiàn)中心主旨句時(shí)，慌亂中無中生有，按現(xiàn)實(shí)生活去無中生有選擇干擾項(xiàng)。應(yīng)當(dāng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注第二段，尾段和其余段落的主題句。
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段中“Well, the fact is that there is n such thing as the West. (嗯，事實(shí)是沒有所謂的“西方”。)”可知，主要圍繞西方文明是否存在展開討論，D項(xiàng)“There is n such thing as “Western Civilizatin”. (沒有“西方文明”這樣的東西。)”最能概括全文，故選D項(xiàng)。
【變式1】（24-25高三上·重慶沙坪壩·階段練習(xí)）When a yung sawfly, a bee- like insect, is threatened by its attackers like ants, it emits a mixture f unpleasant smells t defend itself. These emissins can seriusly anny a ptential enemy.
Scientists wanting t study these smelly cmpunds — t understand which aspects f them discurage attackers and why — face great challenges. Jean-Luc Bevé, a zlgist wh studies insects, frm the Ryal Belgian Institute f Natural Sciences, is an amateur musician and cmpser. He decided t try a different way — the sund apprach. “T be hnest, I cnsidered this prject s unpractical myself that I set it aside,” he said. It was mnths befre Bevé and his parther, Rudi Git, finally made a reslutin t get started n it.
They chse 16 sawfly species’ emissins t translate int sunds. First, they figured ut which mlecules (分子) were present in each smelly cmpund and in what amunts. Then they assigned varius characteristics f thse mlecules matching prperties f sund. Fr example, smaller mlecules like a kind f acid fund in vinegar, a sur- tasting liquid, evaprate (揮發(fā)) quickly, s Bevé and Git assigned them sunds with higher pitch (音高). Larger mlecules were given lwer- pitched sunds. In all, the scientists created individual audi descriptins fr 20 mlecules. Then they cmbined the sunds f each mlecule present in a sawfy’s smell t cnstruct the insect’s sundtrack. If a mlecule was f higher prprtin in an emissin, they assigned it a higher vlume. In such a case, the smaller a mlecule is, the higher its pitch will be; and the higher the prprtin f a mlecule is, the higher its vlume will be.
T examine peple’s reactins t the sundtracks, they played the audi descriptins thrugh speakers t abut 50 study participants. Then the scientists measured hw far peple backed up t get t a “cmfrtable psitin” away frm the nise. Mst f the study vlunteers tld the researchers that the high pitch, as well as the high vlume, was what made them withdraw. “Ants and vlunteers mved away frm a chemical and its matching sundtrack respectively,” the researchers wrte.
Bevé said he hped the prcess wuld give ther zlgists a new way t ffer clues abut which mlecules fight ff enemies mst.
Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A．Frm Smells t Sundtracks
B．A New Perspective n Mrlecules
C．An Innvative Way f Studying Ants
D．Researches n Sawfly’s Effect n Humans
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Jean-Luc Bevé, a zlgist wh studies insects, frm the Ryal Belgian Institute f Natural Sciences, is an amateur musician and cmpser. He decided t try a different way—— the sund apprach.“ T be hnest, I cnsidered this prject s unpractical myself that I set it aside,” he said. It was mnths befre Bevé and his parther, Rudi Git, finally made a reslutin t get started n it.(來自比利時(shí)皇家自然科學(xué)研究所的昆蟲學(xué)家Jean-Luc Bevé是一位業(yè)余音樂家和作曲家。他決定嘗試一種不同的方法——聲音方法?！罢f實(shí)話，我自己都認(rèn)為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目太不切實(shí)際了，所以我把它擱置了一邊?！彼f。過了幾個(gè)月，Bevé和他的搭檔Rudi Git才最終下定決心開始這項(xiàng)工作)”以及全文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要講述了科學(xué)家們將鋸鍬甲蟲釋放的難聞化合物轉(zhuǎn)換成聲軌，并研究螞蟻對這些聲音的反應(yīng)。選項(xiàng)A“Frm Smells t Sundtracks(從氣味到聲軌)” 準(zhǔn)確地概括了文章的主要內(nèi)容，即介紹一種將氣味轉(zhuǎn)換成聲音進(jìn)行研究的新方法。故選A。
【變式2】（24-25高三上·廣東汕尾·階段練習(xí)）Imagine a child asking a chatbt r vice assistant if Santa Claus is real. Hw shuld the AI respnd, given that sme families wuld prefer a lie ver the truth? This is a dilemma in the little-studied area f rbts deceptin (欺騙).
Tw Gergia Tech researchers, Kantwn Rgers and Reiden Webber, designed a driving simulatin (模擬) experiment t investigate hw intentinal rbt deceptin affects trust between humans and AI, and whether different types f aplgies can help repair that trust.
In the simulatin, participants were instructed t drive a “rbt-assisted car” t the hspital t save a friend’s life, while the AI assistant falsely warned f plice ahead, advising participants t stay under the speed limit. Upn reaching the hspital, participants were infrmed that there were n plice, and they received ne f five different text-based respnses frm the rbt — three admitting the lie, tw ffering a simple aplgy withut admissin. The study aimed t determine which type f aplgy was mst effective in repairing trust after a rbt’s lie.
The results f the experiment were surprising. 45% f the participants did nt speed, because they believed the rbt knew mre abut the situatin than they did, revealing an verly trusting attitude tward AI. The results als indicated that while nne f the aplgy types fully recvered trust, the aplgy with n admissin f lying was statistically mre effective in repairing trust than ther respnses.
The researchers’ final gal is t create a rbt system that can learn when and hw t lie r aplgize during human-AI interactins. But they acknwledge that this is a cmplex issue. “We still knw very little abut Al deceptin, but we d knw that lying is nt always bad, and telling the truth isn’t always gd,” Rgers said. “S hw can we make laws that supprt new ideas withut harming them, while als keeping peple safe?”
What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Is a rbt system prmising?B．The human-AI cnfidence crisis.
C．A dilemma in human hnesty.D．AI deceptin: bad r nt?
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Imagine a child asking a chatbt r vice assistant if Santa Claus is real. Hw shuld the AI respnd, given that sme families wuld prefer a lie ver the truth? This is a dilemma in the little-studied area f rbts deceptin.(想象一下，一個(gè)孩子問聊天機(jī)器人或語音助手圣誕老人是否真實(shí)存在。鑒于一些家庭更愿意接受謊言而不是真相，人工智能應(yīng)該如何回應(yīng)？這是機(jī)器人欺騙這一鮮有研究的領(lǐng)域中的一個(gè)困境)”以及全文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要討論的是人工智能欺騙是好還是壞的問題，故“AI deceptin: bad r nt?(人工智能欺騙：好還是不好？)”是文章最佳標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)。
【變式3】（24-25高三上·遼寧·階段練習(xí)）A recent study frm the University f Guelph in Canada has revealed a surprising discvery abut cmmn eastern bumblebees (大黃蜂): These insects can survive underwater fr up t a week. This finding, published in the jurnal Bilgy Letters, came abut due t an experimental errr when researchers placed hibernating (冬眠的) queen bumblebees in water and fund them alive days later. The discvery has impressed scientists. particularly because bumblebees are land-based creatures nt typically assciated with water envirnments.
Nigel Raine, a prfessr in the schl f envirnmental sciences at the university and the study’s lead authr, expressed his astnishment at the results. T further explre this phenmenn, Raine and his team cnducted an experiment invlving 143 hibernating queen bumblebees. They discvered that thse placed underwater fr up t seven days had similar survival rates t thse nt, indicating that the bees’ ability t survive such cnditins may be mre cmmn than previusly thught.
The research underlines the strength f bumblebees during their hibernatin perid. a critical phase in their life cycle that has remained largely unexplred. Queen bumblebees typically hibernate alne in small hles during the cld mnths, which are believed t prtect them frm flding. Hwever, this study reveals that these bees pssess an unexpected adaptatin, allwing them t survive even in flded cnditins.
Given these findings, ne pssible explanatin fr their survival is diapause, a state f suspended grwth and reprductin characterized by reduced xygen intake. During this state. bumblebees may clse their spiracles (氣孔) t prevent water frm entering their bdies, and they might als breathe thrugh their skin. This energy-saving mde is likely a key factr in their ability t survive beneath the water.
Raine emphasized the imprtance f understanding these mechanisms, as it culd have significant implicatins fr the study f wild insects that help with plant reprductin, which are crucial fr fd security and ecsystem health, His team’s research will aim t determine whether hibernating queens can survive even lnger perids underwater and if similar strength exists in ther bee species.
Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A．Bumblebee Reprductive HabitsB．Bumblebee Hibernatin Patterns
C．Scientists’ Experimental MethdsD．Bumblebee Survival Underwater
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“A recent study frm the University f Guelph in Canada has revealed a surprising discvery abut cmmn eastern bumblebees (大黃蜂): These insects can survive underwater fr up t a week. This finding, published in the jurnal Bilgy Letters, came abut due t an experimental errr when researchers placed hibernating (冬眠的) queen bumblebees in water and fund them alive days later. The discvery has impressed scientists. particularly because bumblebees are land-based creatures nt typically assciated with water envirnments.(加拿大圭爾夫大學(xué)最近的一項(xiàng)研究揭示了一個(gè)關(guān)于普通東部大黃蜂的驚人發(fā)現(xiàn):這些昆蟲可以在水下存活長達(dá)一周。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)表在《生物學(xué)快報(bào)》雜志上，是由于一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)錯(cuò)誤造成的，當(dāng)時(shí)研究人員將冬眠的大黃蜂皇后放在水中，幾天后發(fā)現(xiàn)它們還活著。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)給科學(xué)家們留下了深刻印象。特別是因?yàn)榇簏S蜂是陸生生物，通常與水環(huán)境無關(guān))”以及通讀全文可知，文章的主要內(nèi)容集中在大黃蜂在水下生存的發(fā)現(xiàn)及其意義，因此D項(xiàng)“Bumblebee Survival Underwater(大黃蜂在水下生存)”是最合適的標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)。
【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒二】 段落大意類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
【例2】 （24-25高三上·湖南長沙·階段練習(xí)）Engaging yur brain actively at wrk can benefit yu in mre ways than just advancing yur career — it may als safeguard yur cgnitive (認(rèn)知的) abilities and help prevent dementia (癡呆癥) as yu get lder, a new study fund.
The study, published in Neurlgy, analyzed health and ccupatinal data n 7,000 Nrwegians wh were fllwed frm their 30s until they retired in their 60s. “Many ther studies n this tpic have lked at the mst recent jbs that peple have,” said lead authr Dr. Trine Edwin, a researcher at University f Osl, “but due t the natinal database we have in Nrway, we were able t fllw peple ver much f their lifetimes.”
T d the analysis, Edwin categrized the cgnitive demands f 305 ccupatins in Nrway. Mre cgnitively demanding jbs were nt based n rutine tasks, even thugh repetitin was required at times. “There were lawyers, dctrs, accuntants, and peple in public service in this grup, but the mst cmmn ccupatin was teaching,” Edwin said, “as effective cmmunicatin utside f the classrm and schl matters. It always depends n teachers’ understandings f students’ different situatins and teachers’ empathy.”
Having a rutine jb with little mental stimulatin during yur 30s, 40s, 50s and 60s is linked t a 66% higher risk f mild cgnitive impairment (損傷) and a 37% greater risk f dementia after the age f 70, when cmpared with having an ccupatin — that requires mre cmplex thinking. “The ccupatinal envirnment is paramunt in prmting cgnitive well-being.” said Edwin. “Similarly, just like we can use physical exercise t grw and maintain ur muscles, exercising ur brain thrugh mre challenging wrk assignments seems t help fight dementia.”
“While I’d guess that peple at risk fr dementia wuld be well served by taking advantage f prfessinal advancement pprtunities, learning new jb tasks, and refining (改進(jìn)) their skills at wrk ver a perid f time, further studies will need t clarify which specific activities have the mst brain healthy benefits,” Edwin added.
What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut?
A．a(chǎn)ctivities that can refine peple’s skills at wrk.
B．A recmmendatin fr future research directins.
C．Tips fr peple wh want prfessinal advancement.
D．Disadvantages f rutine jbs that need further prf.
易錯(cuò)分析：容易出現(xiàn)文不對題，找錯(cuò)位置。同時(shí)對文中長句不會分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，曲解文意，提煉關(guān)鍵詞錯(cuò)誤。
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)尾段中的““While I’d guess that peple at risk fr dementia wuld be well served by taking advantage f prfessinal advancement pprtunities, learning new jb tasks, and refining (改進(jìn)) their skills at wrk ver a perid f time, further studies will need t clarify which specific activities have the mst brain healthy benefits,” Edwin added.(Edwin補(bǔ)充說：“雖然我認(rèn)為有癡呆癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人可以通過利用職業(yè)發(fā)展機(jī)會，學(xué)習(xí)新的工作任務(wù)，并在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)提高他們的工作技能來得到很好的服務(wù)，但進(jìn)一步的研究需要澄清哪些特定的活動對大腦健康最有好處。”)”可知，Edwin認(rèn)為，雖然有癡呆癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人可以從一些行為中受益，但還需要進(jìn)一步的研究來闡明哪些特定的活動對大腦健康最有好處，即指出了未來的研究方向。故選B。
【變式1】（24-25高三上·福建福州·階段練習(xí)）“There are few things mre delightful than seeing a child’s eyes light up as they pick up a present and wnder what might be inside,” says Chaz Firestne, an assistant prfessr f psychlgical science, “What ur wrk shws is that yur mind is able t track the infrmatin they are seeking. Just as they, might be able t tell what’s inside the bx by shaking it arund, yu can tell what they are trying t figure ut when they shake it.”
A team f researchers recently cnducted a fascinating study t lk int the science behind this present-guessing phenmenn. They asked 500 vlunteers t watch tw vides, each shwing smene shaking a bx f bjects with different intentins. In ne vide, the persn was attempting t determine the number f items inside the bx, while in the ther, they aimed t identify the shapes f the bjects. Surprisingly, within a few secnds, the study participants were able t accurately determine the intentin behind each shake.
Accrding t the researchers, this ability t quickly distinguish the purpse behind a shake invlves numerus mental calculatins and bservatins f subtle (細(xì)微的) cues t understand what smene is trying t learn frm their surrundings. Yet, we seem t d it easily. “The way yu wuld shake a present t find ut if it’s ne thing r many things, r if it’s a small thing r a big thing, can be subtly different,” says Shlei Crm, a graduate student. “But peple are amazing at picking up n such differences.”
While the study fcused primarily n gift-shaking, it pens the dr t a deeper understanding f human perceptin and cgnitive abilities. In the future the team wuld like t pursue whether peple bserve the difference between what yu want t d and what yu want t learn. They’re als interested in when these skills emerge in human develpment and if it’s pssible t build cmputatinal mdels t detail exactly hw bserved physical actins shw cgnitive intent.
What is the pssible head f the last paragraph?
A．Applicatins Are PrmisingB．Tell Hand frm Head
C．Where the Research Will GD．Limitatin Still Exists
主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段“In the future the team wuld like t pursue whether peple bserve the difference between what yu want t d and what yu want t learn. They’re als interested in when these skills emerge in human develpment and if it’s pssible t build cmputatinal mdels t detail exactly hw bserved physical actins shw cgnitive intent.(未來，團(tuán)隊(duì)希望探究人們是否觀察到你想做什么和你想學(xué)習(xí)什么之間的區(qū)別。他們還對這些技能何時(shí)出現(xiàn)在人類發(fā)展中以及是否有可能建立計(jì)算模型來詳細(xì)說明觀察到的身體動作如何顯示認(rèn)知意圖感興趣。)”可知，最后一段主要講述了這項(xiàng)研究未來的發(fā)展方向，即Where the research will g(研究將走向何方)。故選C項(xiàng)。
【變式2】（24-25高三上·遼寧·階段練習(xí)）We live in an imprtant time fr language revitalizatin (復(fù)興). Mre than half the wrld’s languages are in danger f being swallwed by dminant languages within this century. That’s why the United Natins declared 2022 - 2032 the Internatinal Decade f Indigenus (本土的) Languages.
But turning the trend f language extinctin is n easy task. We knw that t keep languages alive, we have t create an immersive envirnment. A gd example f the immersin methd is “l(fā)anguage nests”, where little kids and ther beginners learn frm fluent elders n a regular basis. One f the first language nests was started in New Zealand in 1982 by Mari elders wh wrried that their language, culture, and even pride were disappearing. The elders decided t teach children their native tngue thrugh culturally relevant sng and play.
The language nest mdel was s successful that it migrated t Hawaii and then thrughut the wrld. Language nests are typically physical spaces but can als be fund nline.
While immersin prgrams can have excellent utcmes, they require significant funding and resurces t remain sustainable ver time. The lack f capacity makes it hard: nt enugh cntent, training, and teachers. Peple dn’t realize the cst f revitalizing languages and what it wuld cst t run entire educatinal systems in these languages. T establish the institutins, t train the peple, and t make sure the prper techniques are in place t write and read in the languages are huge challenges.
Areas where ne indigenus language has the mst influence — such as Mari r Hawaiian may have an advantage because they begin with a fairly large speaker base and can fcus funding, teacher training, and resurces n that language. But cuntries with a high level f language diversity face a serius challenge. Hwever, whatever it takes, it’s wrthwhile fr cmmunities t preserve their ancestral tngues fr generatins t cme.
What des paragraph 4 mainly tell us abut the immersin prgrams?
A．Their ppularity.B．Their significance.
C．Their challenges.D．Their cnsequences.
主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段“While immersin prgrams can have excellent utcmes, they require significant funding and resurces t remain sustainable ver time. The lack f capacity makes it hard: nt enugh cntent, training, and teachers. Peple dn’t realize the cst f revitalizing languages and what it wuld cst t run entire educatinal systems in these languages. T establish the institutins, t train the peple, and t make sure the prper techniques are in place t write and read in the languages are huge challenges.(雖然沉浸式課程可以有很好的效果，但它們需要大量的資金和資源來保持可持續(xù)發(fā)展。能力的缺乏使其變得困難：沒有足夠的內(nèi)容、培訓(xùn)和教師。人們沒有意識到振興語言的成本，也沒有意識到用這些語言運(yùn)行整個(gè)教育系統(tǒng)的成本。建立機(jī)構(gòu)，培訓(xùn)人員，并確保適當(dāng)?shù)募夹g(shù)到位，用這些語言書寫和閱讀是巨大的挑戰(zhàn))”可知，第4段主要告訴我們關(guān)于沉浸式課程面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。故選C。
【變式3】（24-25高三上·遼寧·階段練習(xí)）Antaretica (南極洲) is the cldest place n Earth. It’s als the driest. With annual rainfall clse t zer, Antaretica is technically a desert. Cvering abut 14 millin square kilmeters arund the Suth Ple, it is the fifth largest cntinent in the wrld. A high muntain range, the Trans- Antarctic range, runs frm east t west, cutting the cntinent in tw. There are vlcanes t, but they are nt very active. Antarctica hlds 90% f the wrld’s ice, and mst f its fresh water (70%) is in a frzen state, f curse.98% f the surface is cvered permanently in the ice cap. On average it is tw kilmeters thick, but in sme places it reaches a depth f five kilmeters. Strng winds driven by gravity blw frm the ple t the castline, while ther winds blw rund the cast. It is difficult t imagine a mre inhspitable (不宜居的) place.
Yet Antarctica is full f wildlife, which has adapted t its extreme cnditins. There are different types f penguins, flying birds, seals, and whales. But the lng Antarctic winter night, which lasts fr 182 days( the lngest perid f cntinuus darkness n earth), as well as the extreme cld and lack f rainfall, means that few types f plants can survive there. Only tw types f flwering plants are fund, while there are n trees n the large cntinent. The rest f the plants are made up f msses, algae and lichen. Sme frms f algae have adapted t grw n ice.
Mst f the ice has been there fr thusands f years. As a result, it has becme a windw n the past, and can give researchers lts f useful infrmatin. Gases and minerals, in the’ frm f vlcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a lt abut what the wrld’s climate was like in past ages. Antarctic rcks are als very imprtant fr research. Mst f them are meterites (隕石) frm uter space. One rck, knwn as the “Alien” rck, may cntain evidence f extra- terrestrial (外星人) life.
Antarctica was the last cntinent t be discvered. But mre than tw thusand years ag Greek gegraphers believed that there was a large land mass in the suth which balanced the land in the nrth. They called it Anti- Arktiks, r Antarctica: the ppsite f Aretic (北極). When Eurpeans discvered the cntinent f America in 15 century, the great age f explratin began. Hwever, prgress t the Suth Ple was slw. Nt until the late 18h century did the British explrer James Ck crss the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land. Then in1895, a Nrwegian called Carstens Brchgrevink became the first man t set ft n the Antarctic mainland. The race t the ple had begun. It was finally reached n 11- December,1911 by the Nrwegian Rald Amundsen.
What des the authr mainly want t tell us in Paragraph 2?
A．All Antarctic plants grw n ice.
B．Animals can’t survive the Antarctic plar night.
C．Antarctica has a great variety f plants.
D．Despite the extreme cnditins in Antarctica, many plants and animals live there.
本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了南極洲的地理特征、氣候、野生動植物以及科學(xué)研究價(jià)值等方面的信息。
主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Yet Antarctica is full f wildlife, which has adapted t its extreme cnditins. There are different types f penguins, flying birds, seals, and whales. But the lng Antarctic winter night, which lasts fr 182 days (the lngest perid f cntinuus darkness n earth) , as well as the extreme cld and lack f rainfall, means that few types f plants can survive there. Only tw types f flwering plants are fund, while there are n trees n the large cntinent. The rest f the plants are made up f msses, algae and lichen. Sme frms f algae have adapted t grw n ice.(然而，南極洲到處都是野生動物，它們已經(jīng)適應(yīng)了這里的極端環(huán)境。有不同種類的企鵝、飛鳥、海豹和鯨魚。但南極漫長的冬夜長達(dá)182天(地球上最長的連續(xù)黑暗時(shí)期)，加上極端寒冷和缺乏降雨，意味著很少有植物能在那里生存。只有兩種開花植物被發(fā)現(xiàn)，而在這個(gè)大大陸上沒有樹木。其余的植物由苔蘚、藻類和地衣組成。有些種類的藻類已經(jīng)適應(yīng)了在冰上生長)”可知，本段主要講述了盡管南極洲條件極端，但許多動植物都生活在那里。故選D項(xiàng)。
【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒三】 文章大意類易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
【例3】（2024·貴州遵義·一模）In the last few decades, scientists have made enrmus breakthrughs in understanding hw ur brains wrk by mnitring them in real time with fMRI and PET scanners. When peple are hked up t these machines, tasks, such as reading r ding math prblems, each have crrespnding areas f the brain where activities can be bserved. But when researchers gt the participants t listen t music, they saw firewrks. Sme areas f their brains were lighting up at nce, as they prcessed the sund, tk it apart t understand elements like meldy and rhythm, and then put it all back tgether int cmbined musical experience.
Yet when scientists turned frm bserving the brains f music listeners t thse f musicians, the little backyard firewrks became a massive celebratin. It turns ut that playing music is similar t a full-bdy wrkut. Playing a musical instrument engages practically every area f the brain at nce, especially the visual, auditry, and mtr crtices (大腦皮層).
The mst bvius difference between listening t music and playing it is that the latter requires fine mtr skills, which are cntrlled in bth hemispheres (半球) f the brain. It als cmbines the linguistic and mathematical accuracy, in which the left hemisphere is mre invlved, with the nvel and creative cntent that the right excels in.
Because making music als invlves crafting and understanding its emtinal cntent and message, musicians ften have higher levels f executive functin. And, indeed, musicians exhibit enhanced memry functins, creating, string, and retrieving memries mre quickly and efficiently. Studies have fund that’s because musicians use their highly cnnected brains t attach each memry t multiple labels, such as a cnceptual label, an emtinal label, an audi label, and a cntextual label, like a gd Internet search engine.
The recent research abut the mental benefits f playing music has advanced ur understanding f mental functin, revealing the inner rhythms and cmplex interplay that make up the amazing rchestra f ur brain.
What is the main idea f the text?
A．Listening t music has varius mental benefits.
B．Art activities have psitive impacts n the brain.
C．Playing music activates the brain mre than listening.
D．Thse wh play instruments are brn mre intelligent.
易錯(cuò)分析：不重視文章中心主題句的總結(jié)。
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是第二段中“Yet when scientists turned frm bserving the brains f music listeners t thse f musicians, the little backyard firewrks became a massive celebratin. It turns ut that playing music is similar t a full-bdy wrkut. (然而，當(dāng)科學(xué)家們從觀察音樂聽眾的大腦轉(zhuǎn)向觀察音樂家的大腦時(shí)，后院的小煙火變成了一場盛大的慶祝活動。事實(shí)證明，演奏音樂與全身鍛煉類似)”可知，文章主要介紹了研究發(fā)現(xiàn)音樂對大腦有積極影響，而且與聽音樂相比，演奏音樂能激活更多的大腦區(qū)域，從而給演奏者帶來更多的好處。故選C項(xiàng)。
【變式1】（24-25高三上·廣東深圳·階段練習(xí)）Self-cntrl — r lack f it — can have a serius impact n ur lives. A new study lks t quantify the cst f self-cntrl. Researchers frm the New Yrk University Schl f Medicine have fund that we’re willing t pay mney t avid having t emply self-cntrl and we’ll pay mre if the temptatin is particularly strng.
In the first study, dieting participants were first asked t describe hw healthy, tasty and tempting they fund specific fds like crisps r chclate pies t be. They then reprted hw much f a $10 endwment (捐贈錢數(shù)) they wuld be willing t pay t avid having the highly tempting fd placed immediately in frnt f them fr half an hur. The tempting fd was then placed in frnt f them, and the participants were given mre pprtunities t bid fr less tempting fd. If the participants bid a larger amunt, they wuld have a lw-tempting fd placed in frnt f them fr the rest f the 30 minutes, but if they bid a smaller amunt, the highly tempting fd wuld remain fr the rest f the time.
The results shwed that participants were prepared t pay n average 15% f the $10 t remve the temptatin and cntinued t bid a similar amunt thrughut the task, suggesting a lasting desire t have temptatin remved. In ttal, 22% f the participant s cnsumed the highly tempting fd.
The secnd study replicated (復(fù)制) the first — nly this time, participants were tld they wuld als lse a $15 bnus if they ate the tempting fd. Again, the dieting participants shwed a willingness t pay t avid temptatin, bidding n average $2.85 ut f their $10 endwment t have the fd remved. Thus, they spent mre mney when the csts f nt meeting their self-cntrl gals were higher. Interestingly, with the frfeit in place nne f the participants presented with the highly tempting fd cnsumed it.
S, verall, dieting participants were willing t pay actual mney in rder t avid exerting self-cntrl in the face f temptatin.
What is the main idea f the text?
A．Peple with pr self-cntrl waste mre mney.
B．Peple will pay mney t avid exercising self-cntrl.
C．Peple wh have gd self-cntrl perfrm better.
D．Self-cntrl varies depending n peple’s chices.
主旨大意題。通讀全文尤其是最后一段的“S, verall, dieting participants were willing t pay actual mney in rder t avid exerting self-cntrl in the face f temptatin.(因此，總體而言，節(jié)食參與者愿意支付實(shí)際費(fèi)用，以避免在面對誘惑時(shí)表現(xiàn)出自我控制)”可知，研究顯示人們愿意支付金錢來避免面對誘惑從而不用自我控制，特別是在自我控制目標(biāo)的成本更高時(shí)，他們愿意支付更多的錢。因此，本文的核心思想是人們愿意花錢來避免行使自我控制。故選B。
【變式2】（24-25高三上·上海黃浦·階段練習(xí)）When a senir manager sits dwn with a prspective emplyee fr an in-persn interview, the preferred questins ften stick t the applicant’s interest in the psitin and cmpany, accrding t a survey by staffing firm Accuntemps. But questins can smetimes be a bit mre... wacky.
“What kind f animals wuld yu be?” is ne f the unique questins mentined by senir managers in the survey. It is a way t keep interviewees n their feet and stimulate interesting discussin.
Hwever, such questins are asked less frequently, the research shws. Just 6 percent f senir managers said their favrite questins t ask are theretical questins, the lwest ttal except fr “ther, ” which als came in at 6 percent. A lt f senir managers said their favrite questins are nes “relating t the psitin r cmpany,” at 39 percent. These questins include “Why d yu want t wrk here?”, “What d yu knw abut this cmpany?” etc. They are meant t determine if candidates have dne their hmewrk and hw enthusiastic they are abut the psitin.
Questins abut “previus r current experience” were referred t by 22 percent f senir managers as their favrite type f questin. These inquiries — “Why did yu leave yur last jb?” and “What did yu like r dislike abut yur last jb?” fr instance — are meant t lk int applicants’ wrk histry patterns and their verall fit fr the psitin.
Further dwn the list, 18 percent f senir managers’ favrite questins had t d with persnalities and characteristics. They prefer, fr example, “What are yur strengths and weaknesses?” and “What’ re yur hbbies?”. And 10 percent had t d with persnal gals and interests (“Where d yu see yurself in five r 10 years?”) .
That means that managers strngly prefer t ask candidates questins abut their interest in the psitin and wrk histry. But there’s always rm fr a sudden surprise.
What is the passage mainly abut?
A．Interview questins favured by managers.
B．Managers’ attitudes t interview questins.
C．Hw managers prepare interview questins.
D．Hw managers make interview questins interesting.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“When a senir manager sits dwn with a prspective emplyee fr an in- persn interview, the preferred questins ften stick t the applicant’s interest in the psitin and cmpany, accrding t a survey by staffing firm Accuntemps. But questins can smetimes be a bit mre... wacky.( 當(dāng)一位高級經(jīng)理與潛在員工進(jìn)行面對面的面試時(shí)，根據(jù)人事公司Accuntemps的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，他們喜歡問的問題通常圍繞申請者對職位和公司的興趣。但有時(shí)候問題可能會有些古怪)”、第二段““What kind f animals wuld yu be?” is ne f the unique questins mentined by senir managers in the survey.(“你希望成為哪種動物？”這是調(diào)查中高級經(jīng)理提到的一個(gè)獨(dú)特問題)”以及最后一段“That means that managers strngly prefer t ask candidates questins abut their interest in the psitin and wrk histry. But there’s always rm fr a sudden surprise(這意味著經(jīng)理們更喜歡詢問候選人關(guān)于他們對職位的興趣和工作歷史的問題。但總有可能出現(xiàn)意外情況)”可知，文章主要介紹了高級經(jīng)理在面試中喜歡提問的問題類型，包括與職位或公司相關(guān)的問題、關(guān)于工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的問題、關(guān)于個(gè)性和特點(diǎn)的問題以及關(guān)于個(gè)人目標(biāo)和興趣的問題等。所以這篇文章主要是關(guān)于經(jīng)理們喜歡的面試問題。故選A項(xiàng)。
【變式3】（24-25高三上·上海黃浦·階段練習(xí)）The budget line is an elementary cncept that mst cnsumers can understand withut a need fr graphs and equatins (圖表及等式) — it’s the husehld budget, fr example. Taken infrmally, the budget line describes the line f affrdability fr a given budget and specific gds. This same cncept — ne that mst cnsumers make many times each day with reflectin n it — is the basis f the mre frmal budget line cncept in ecnmics.
One f the interesting ways the study f ecnmics relates t human behavir generally is that a lt f ecnmics thery is the frmalizatin f the kind f simple cncept — a cnsumer’s infrmal understanding f the amunt she has t spend and what that amunt will buy. In the prcess f frmalizatin, the cncept can be expressed as a mathematical equatin r a graph that can be applied generally.
T understand this, think f a graph where the vertical axis (眾軸) quantifies hw many mvie tickets yu can buy and where the hrizntal axis des the same fr crime nvels. Yu like ging t the mvies and reading crime nvels and yu have $150 t spend. In the example belw, assume that each mvie csts $10 and each crime nvel csts $15. The mre frmal ecnmics term fr these tw items is budget set.
If mvies cst $10 each, then the maximum number f mvies yu can see with the mney available is 15. T nte this yu make a dt at the number 15 (fr ttal mvie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side f the chart. This same dt appears at the extreme left abve “0” n the hrizntal axis because yu have n mney left fr bks — the number f bks available in this example is 0.
Yu can als graph the ther extreme — all crime nvels and n mvies. Since crime nvels in the example cst $15 and yu have $150 available, if yu spend all the available mney crime nvels, yu can buy 10. S yu put a dt n the hrizntal axis at the number 10. Yu’ll place the dt at the bttm f the vertical axis because in this instance yu have $0 available fr mvie tickets.
If yu nw draw a line frm the highest, leftmst dt t the lwest, rightmst dt yu’ll have created a budget line. Any cmbinatin f mvies and crime nvels that falls belw the budget line is affrdable. Any cmbinatin abve it is nt.
What is this passage mainly abut?
A．Guidelines fr husehld purchase.B．The descriptin f a daily phenmenn.
C．Ways f presenting research data.D．The explanatin f an ecnmic cncept.
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“The budget line is an elementary cncept that mst cnsumers can understand withut a need fr graphs and equatins (圖表及等式) — it’s the husehld budget, fr example. Taken infrmally, the budget line describes the line f affrdability fr a given budget and specific gds. This same cncept—ne that mst cnsumers make many times each day with reflectin n it — is the basis f the mre frmal budget line cncept in ecnmics(這個(gè)預(yù)算線是一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)概念，大多數(shù)消費(fèi)者都能理解，而不需要圖表和等式——例如家庭預(yù)算。非正式地說，預(yù)算線描述了給定預(yù)算和特定商品的負(fù)擔(dān)能力線。這個(gè)概念——大多數(shù)消費(fèi)者每天都在反復(fù)思考的——是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中更正式的預(yù)算線概念的基礎(chǔ))”以及最后一段“If yu nw draw a line frm the highest, leftmst dt t the lwest, rightmst dt yu’ll have created a budget line. Any cmbinatin f mvies and crime nvels that falls belw the budget line is affrdable. Any cmbinatin abve it is nt(如果你現(xiàn)在從最左邊的最高點(diǎn)畫一條線到最右邊的最低點(diǎn)，你就創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)預(yù)算線。任何位于預(yù)算線下方的電影和犯罪小說的組合都是可負(fù)擔(dān)得起的。而任何位于它上方的組合則是不可負(fù)擔(dān)的)”可知，文章開頭介紹了預(yù)算線的基本概念，接著通過購買電影票和犯罪小說的例子進(jìn)一步闡述了預(yù)算線這一經(jīng)濟(jì)概念，所以這篇文章主要是關(guān)于一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)概念的解釋，故選D項(xiàng)。
（24-25高三上·江蘇常州·階段練習(xí)）Wild chimpanzees are recgnized fr eating a wide variety f plant matter, which cmplicates researchers’ ability t determine whether they actively lk fr medicinal plants t heal themselves r simply cnsume plants that happen t have medicinal prperties.
At the Budng Central Frest Reserve in Uganda, University f Oxfrd researchers studied the behavirs and health f 51 wild chimpanzees frm tw habituated grups. They nted a male chimpanzee with a hand injury searching fr and eating fern leaves, which might have eased pain and swelling. Additinally, they bserved anther ill chimpanzee cnsuming parts f a cat-thrn tree.
The team als tested the plant species in the reserve, which they suspected were being cnsumed by the chimpanzees t self-medicate, fr anti-inflammatry (抗炎) and antibacterial (抗菌) characteristics. The species included plants nt part f the chimpanzees’ nrmal diet, but being cnsumed fr their healing characteristics. The authrs fund 88% f the plant species had antibacterial characteristics, arresting the grwth f bacteria, while 33% f them had anti- inflammatry characteristics.
Deadwd frm a tree in the Dgbane family shwed the strngest antibacterial activity and als had anti-inflammatry characteristics, suggesting it culd be used t treat wunds, they said. Rts frm the East African mahgany tree and leaves frm fem were fund t exhibit ptential anti-inflammatry effects. The results suggested that chimpanzees lked fr and ate specific plants fr their medicinal effects, and the study was ne f the first t dcument evidence f this kind, the authrs said.
Team member Fabien Schultz hpes that the findings might lead t prmising candidates fr human medicines. “What if human lives can be saved by fllwing the ways f ur animal relatives?” he says.
What is the best title fr the text?
A．The Diet f Wild ChimpanzeesB．The Medicinal Characteristics f Plants
C．The Dietary Habits f Wild ChimpanzeesD．Chimpanzees Using Plants fr Self-Medicatin
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，野生黑猩猩可以利用藥用植物來給自己治療。
主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是第四段中的“The results suggested that chimpanzees lked fr and ate specific plants fr their medicinal effects, and the study was ne f the first t dcument evidence f this kind, the authrs said.(作者說，研究結(jié)果表明，黑猩猩尋找并食用特定的植物是為了它們的藥用效果，而這項(xiàng)研究是首次記錄這類證據(jù)的研究之一)”可知，本文主要介紹了研究發(fā)現(xiàn)野生黑猩猩可以利用藥用植物來給自己治療，由此可知，D項(xiàng)“Chimpanzees Using Plants fr Self-Medicatin (黑猩猩用植物自我治療)”最適合作為文章標(biāo)題。故選D。
（24-25高三上·四川綿陽·階段練習(xí)）While stress is an unavidable aspect f life, studies cntinue t shw t much stress can have a bad impact n bth health and well- being. Mre specifically, excess stress can lead t high bld pressure, increasing heart disease risk. With all that in mind, researchers frm the Universities f Maynth and Limerick set ut t better understand hw reactins t stressful events impact ur future health, as well as if there are any factrs that can play key stress- buffering (緩解壓力) rles.
The research team suggests that previus research has shwn that gratitude and affect- balance (balance f psitive t negative emtins) play key stress- buffering rles. Hwever, up until nw there have been few studies examining the impact f these variables n cardivascular (心血管) recvery frm severe psychlgical stress. Researchers chse t fcus n this cnsideratin, as well as whether r nt affect- balance mderates the relatinship between gratitude and cardivascular reactins t severe psychlgical stress.
The actual research prtin f this prject tk place at Maynth University and invlved a ttal f 68 undergrad students (24 men, 44 wmen) between the ages f 18 and 57. The experiment featured lab tasks which caused stress amng the participants, while researchers measured cardivascular reactivity and recvery in respnse t the stress.
The ensuing results reveal that a state f gratitude predicts lwer systlic (收縮的) bld pressure respnses thrughut the stress- testing perid. This means, researchers say, that gratitude prmtes a unique stress- buffering effect n bth reactins t and recvery frm severe psychlgical stress. The team als fund that affect- balance increases the effects f grateful feelings.
In cnclusin, researchers believe these findings hld clinical (臨床的) usefulness. There are many lw- cst ways t develp grateful feelings that can help prmte imprved well- being. Fr instance, ne earlier study fund cardiac patients wh make use f gratitude jurnals have better cardivascular utcmes than thse wh d nt. Thse earlier prjects, in cmbinatin with these latest findings, strngly suggest that gratitude is a useful tl in the fight against stress and pr cardivascular health.
What is the text mainly abut?
A．The appraches t cping with stress.
B．The cnnectin between stress and heart disease.
C．The benefits f being thankful.
D．The cnnectin between gratitude and stress relief.
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了感恩能夠緩解壓力，改善心血管健康。
主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段“Thse earlier prjects, in cmbinatin with these latest findings, strngly suggest that gratitude is a useful tl in the fight against stress and pr cardivascular health.(那些早期的項(xiàng)目，結(jié)合這些最新發(fā)現(xiàn)，強(qiáng)烈表明感恩是對抗壓力和心血管健康不良的有用工具)”以及文章內(nèi)容可知，本文主要介紹了感恩能夠緩解壓力，改善心血管健康，即感恩與減壓之間的聯(lián)系。故選D。
（24-25高三上·河南·階段練習(xí)）Ask any birder, and they’ll tell yu abut the great excitement f identifying a new species. Recently a tapping sund utside a windw led my family t the presence f a striking, unfamiliar wdpecker (啄木鳥) in a nearby tree. Its head had large red feathers, and it was huge — the size f a crw (烏鴉). Curius, my husband, a birder, turned t a phne app and sn knew it was a Pileated Wdpecker.
Curisity is what drives us t find answers as sn as pssible. In previus research, when peple were able t chse whether t receive their highly anticipated answer t a questin nw r later, they generally pted fr the fastest path t reslutin. This impatience fr answers shws a main functin f curisity:t reduce uncertainty.
But this picture f curisity is incmplete. In a new study, we explred whether there are multiple flavurs f curisity. We fund that althugh interest can drive an urgent desire fr answers, it can als lead t mre patience, setting peple up fr thse mments f discvery.
We asked mre than 2, 000 peple aged 19 t 76 years t watch a series f shrt vides. Each vide started with a blank screen. A line wuld then appear and gradually take a shape. Imagine a dynamic line that begins t g upward and dwnward, tracing a series f triangles (三角形). The line then extends, frming an val arund the triangles, like an egg. Then, just as yu start t feel certain abut what the finished drawing will be, lng, pinty tips are drawn at the tp, revealing the true subject: a pineapple.
While the participants watched each vide, we asked them t reprt hw curius they were abut what the drawing wuld becme. We als gave them the chice t either keep watching it slwly unfld r jump t the end f the vide, shwing the result immediately. Interestingly, when participants were mre curius abut what the drawing wuld becme, they were mre likely t cntinue watching rather than skipping ahead t the answer. In ther wrds, greater curisity mtivated peple t slw dwn, be patient and invest in experiencing the winding path t reslutin.
Learning new things can be tugh, but making use f curisity can help us enjy the prcess f learning and feel happy in vercming challenges.
Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A．Curisity Makes Us Patient
B．Hw Peple Reduce Uncertainties in Life
C．Curisity Makes Peple Hungry fr Knwledge
D．A New Study Prves Peple’s Eagerness t Learn
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要闡述了好奇心的作用，通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)好奇心不僅能驅(qū)動人們迫切尋找答案，還能促使人們更有耐心，享受學(xué)習(xí)和克服挑戰(zhàn)的過程。
主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Learning new things can be tugh, but making use f curisity can help us enjy the prcess f learning and feel happy in vercming challenges. (學(xué)習(xí)新事物可能很難，但利用好奇心可以幫助我們享受學(xué)習(xí)過程，并在克服困難時(shí)感到快樂。)”和倒數(shù)第二段“In ther wrds, greater curisity mtivated peple t slw dwn, be patient and invest in experiencing the winding path t reslutin. (換句話說，更大的好奇心促使人們放慢腳步，保持耐心，并投入經(jīng)歷曲折的解決之路。)”可知，文章主要講述了好奇心可以讓我們更有耐心，享受學(xué)習(xí)和克服困難的過程。因此，最好的標(biāo)題是“Curisity Makes Us Patient (好奇心使我們更有耐心)”。故選A項(xiàng)。
（24-25高三上·湖北·階段練習(xí)）Engineer Kerstin G?pfrich builds machines. But rather than building metal devices, she makes tiny nes t wrk inside ur cells. G?pfrich leads a research grup fcusing n the “engineering f life” at the Max Planck Institute fr Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany.
Our cells are already full f nature- made machines carrying ut the daily tasks f living. Many are prteins. But smetimes ur natural prtein- machines dn’t wrk right. Brken bimachinery causes many diseases, S scientists are cnsidering hw they might fix faulty prteins. They might wire up artificial nerves t replace damaged nes.
And the ptential fr such devices ges beynd making repairs. Scientists are lking at hw t give cells new abilities, hping that by develping enugh nvel bimachines, they might make new frms f life. S if a prtein is faulty, why nt make a new ne in the lab?
Back when Frankie Rawsn was a student, he asked his teachers that. Nw a nantechnlgist at the University f Nttingham in England, Rawsn has answered his wn questin, “It turns ut that we’ re nt very gd at artificially re- creating what bilgy des.”
Bilgists like Rawsn and G?pfrich fund a wrkarund. They’re creating nanmachines that d the same jbs as prteins. With the right design, these nanmachines can d s easier at less cst. They als can be mre stable using fewer ingredients.
T build them, researchers wrk with many types f materials. Rawsn uses carbn nantubes. G?pfrich even uses bilgical mlecules, such as DNA．Rather than heal ld r damaged bdy parts, she’d replace them with new nes.
Scientists have learned t make small synthetic (合成的) bilgy fixes. Our cells must wrk tgether. “Think f them like the wiring f a huse,” Rawsn says. Flip a switch, and a light turns n. That’s a big- scale effect. But each small piece in the system must wrk prperly t get that end effect.
What des the last paragraph mainly express?
A．The effect f prteins n ur bdy.B．The cmbinatin f the wiring f a huse.
C．The cmplexity f the human bdy system.D．The precisin required fr synthetic bilgy.
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了科學(xué)家在生命工程和納米技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的研究進(jìn)展，特別是關(guān)于如何制造能在細(xì)胞內(nèi)工作的微型機(jī)器（納米機(jī)器）來替代或修復(fù)受損的生物機(jī)器（蛋白質(zhì)）。
主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Scientists have learned t make small synthetic(合成的)bilgy fixes. Our cells must wrk tgether. “Think f them like the wiring f a huse,” Rawsn says. Flip a switch, and a light turns n. That’s a big- scale effect. But each small piece in the system must wrk prperly t get that end effect.(科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)學(xué)會了進(jìn)行小型合成生物學(xué)修復(fù)。我們的細(xì)胞必須協(xié)同工作?！翱梢园阉鼈兿胂蟪煞课莸牟季€，” Rawsn說。撥動開關(guān)，燈就會亮。這是一個(gè)大規(guī)模的效果。但系統(tǒng)中的每一個(gè)小部件都必須正常工作，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)這一最終效果。)”可知，最后一段通過將人體細(xì)胞比作房屋的布線，強(qiáng)調(diào)每個(gè)小部分都必須正常工作才能達(dá)到最終效果，這突出了合成生物學(xué)所需的精確性和準(zhǔn)確性。故選D。
（24-25高三上·山東濰坊·階段練習(xí)）The cncepts f delayed satisfactin, self-cntrl, and self-regulatin are ften used interchangeably and incnsistently. The ability t delay an impulse (沖動) fr an immediate reward t receive a mre favrable reward at a later time is the standard definitin f delayed satisfactin.
Studies shw that delayed satisfactin is ne f the mst effective persnal characteristics f successful peple. Peple wh learn hw t manage their need t be satisfied in the mment develp mre in their careers, relatinships, health, and finances than peple wh give in t it.
Being able t delay satisfactin isn’t the easiest skill t acquire. It invlves feeling dissatisfied, which is why it seems impssible fr peple wh haven’t learned t cntrl their impulses. Chsing t have smething nw might feel gd, but making the effrt t have discipline and manage yur impulses can result in bigger r better rewards in the future. Over time, delayed satisfactin will imprve yur self-cntrl and ultimately help yu achieve yur lng-term gals faster.
The Seinfeld Strategy is ne f several helpful self-satisfactin techniques yu can use t put ff satisfactin fr lnger perids f time. Every day that yu delay satisfactin and avid temptatin (誘惑) , yu crss it ff yur calendar. After a few days, this creates a chain. This strategy wrks well fr peple wh enjy gamificatin (游戲化). If yu find it satisfying t keep the chain ging, yu’re less likely t give in t temptatin.
D yu find yurself ging back t yur temptatins withut thinking abut it?If this is the case, yu can practice mindfulness t becme mre aware f what yu d. When yu ntice yurself ding smething ut f habit, stp fr a mment. Ask yurself why yu’re ding what yu’re ding. Take sme time t analyze hw yu’re feeling. Pay attentin t the details. Take a mment f mindulness t interrupt yur autpilt every time this happens. The mre yu practice this, the mre yu’ll break the habit f ging fr instant satisfactin.
What des paragraph 4 mainly talk abut?
A．The cmplexity f the Seinfeld StrategyB．An example f self-discipline techniques.
C．A methd f practicing delayed satisfactin.D．The effectiveness f keeping the chain ging.
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了延遲滿足的重要性以及如何練習(xí)延遲滿。
主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段“The Seinfeld Strategy is ne f several helpful self-satisfactin techniques yu can use t put ff satisfactin fr lnger perids f time. Every day that yu delay satisfactin and avid temptatin (誘惑) , yu crss it ff yur calendar. After a few days, this creates a chain. This strategy wrks well fr peple wh enjy gamificatin (游戲化). If yu find it satisfying t keep the chain ging, yu’re less likely t give in t temptatin.(《宋飛傳》策略是幾種有用的自我滿足技巧之一，你可以用它來推遲更長時(shí)間的滿足感。每一天你推遲滿足感并避免誘惑，你就會把它從你的日歷上劃掉。幾天后，這就形成了一條鏈。這種策略對于喜歡游戲化的人來說很有效。如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)維持鏈條運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)很令人滿意，你就不太可能屈服于誘惑。)”可知，第四段主要講述了一種練習(xí)延遲滿足的方法。故選C。

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