高考閱讀理解對(duì)文章的主旨大意進(jìn)行命題，旨在考查考生通過對(duì)原文快速瀏覽正確
獲取語篇的大意，并對(duì)文章的主題、標(biāo)題、段落、中心思想加以歸納理解以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在閱讀短文時(shí)，能夠提煉文章的中心情節(jié)，體會(huì)作者的主要意圖，充分運(yùn)用邏輯概括能力，透過字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點(diǎn)、中心論點(diǎn)及作者的情感傾向。
在高考閱讀理解中，針對(duì)短文主旨常見的命題形式如下：
(1) What wuld be the best title fr the text? /What is the tpic f the text?
(2) The main tpic / subject f the passage is _________.
(3) The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme f this passage is…
(4) The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis n _________.
(5) What is mainly discussed in the text?
(6) What is the main idea f the passage?
(7) What’s the main pint the writer is trying t make in the last paragraph?
(8) The purpse f this passage is.
(9) Which f the fllwing statements is best supprted by the text?
(10) Which f the fllwing best summarized the passage?
(11) The passage mainly fcuses n.
從上述命題形式可以看出，此類閱讀測(cè)試題主要可概括為兩大類，即怎樣理解段落及文章整體的中心思想和怎樣擬定或選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題。下面結(jié)合高考題實(shí)例來具體分析此類題目的解題技巧。
怎樣理解段落及文章整體的主旨大意
——主題句定位法
文章是由段落組成的。段落是發(fā)展一個(gè)主題的一群句子，段落圍繞著中心思想展開，而段落的中心思想又是為文章整體的中心思想服務(wù)的。尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：通過分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出每小段的主題句，通過主題句找出文章的主題。找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是確定文章主旨大意的關(guān)鍵。主題是文章要表達(dá)的中心思想，文章的主題句通常都有一個(gè)話題，它是文章的核心。“主題句定位法”是一種行之有效的方法。
但是由于文章的不同，表現(xiàn)的手法也各有不同，主題句出現(xiàn)的位置也不是一成不變的。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過尋找短文的主題句來歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開頭、中間、結(jié)尾（含在開頭結(jié)尾同時(shí)出現(xiàn)、首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句）。因此，仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法(skimming)，瀏覽時(shí)，一般不需逐句細(xì)讀，只選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重點(diǎn)搜索主題線索和主題信息。
文章主題常?？梢酝ㄟ^文章的寫作方法來體現(xiàn)，有以下五種情況：
1. 中心主題句出現(xiàn)在文首
開門見山，提出主題，隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。這是英語中最常見的演繹法寫作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出觀點(diǎn)，后舉例論證，主題句則出現(xiàn)在段首的寫作方法。
新聞報(bào)道通常就采用這種寫法。新聞報(bào)道的首句通常稱為“新聞導(dǎo)語”，“導(dǎo)語”實(shí)際上就是主題句，是對(duì)全文內(nèi)容的高度概括。大意題、標(biāo)題一般可在第一句話找到答題依據(jù)。學(xué)&科網(wǎng)
（2018·新課標(biāo)卷I）Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging. When the the wrld was still ppulated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit (聯(lián)系)grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther.Sme language experts believe that 10,000 years ag, when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade,industrialisatin. the develpment f the natin-state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin. Especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades,all have caused many Languages t disappear,and dminant languages such as English．Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
At present, the wrld has abut 6 800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages. Often spken by many peple while ht. wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers.Eurpe has nly arund 200 Languages: the Americas abut 1,000. Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位數(shù))f speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the wrlds languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
Already well ver 400 f the ttal f, 6,800 languages are clse t extinctin(消亡), with nly a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at randm, Busuu in Camern (eight remaining speakers),Chiapanec in Mexic(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(tw r three)r Wadjigu in Australia (ne, with a questin-mark): nne f these seems t have much chance f survival.
31. What is the min idea f the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peples lifestyles are reflected in languages
C. Human develpment results in fewer languages
D. Gegraphy determines language evlutin.
【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文。文章講述了隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展人類語言越來越少及其原因。
【答案】C
2. 主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾
在細(xì)節(jié)后，歸納要點(diǎn)、印象、結(jié)論、建議或結(jié)果，以概括主題。這是英語中最常見的歸納法寫作方式，即細(xì)節(jié)表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主題句則常位于末段。
The famus American grilla(大猩猩) expert Diane Fssey had a cmpletely new way t study grillas — she pretended t be ne f them. She cpied their actins and way f life — eating plants and getting dwn n her hands and knees t walk the way a grilla des. It was a new relatinship.
Diane Fssey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her stry was made int the ppular film Grillas in the Mist. It was a lng way frm King Kng, which is abut a grilla as a mnster (a frightening animal), and helped t shw a new idea: the real mnster is man, while the grilla is t be admired.
Tday there are thught t be arund 48,000 lwland grillas and maybe 400—450 muntain grillas in the wild. Frm the Cng in West Africa, t Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting dwn f their frest hmes.
Sme time ag, I fund in my letterbx a little magazine frm the Wrld Wide Fund fr Nature. It had tw phts side by side. One was f a yung grilla. “This is a species f mammal(哺乳類動(dòng)物),” said the wrds belw it. “It is being destryed by man. We must save it fr ur wn gd.” The ther pht shwed a human baby. The wrds als read, “This is a species f mammal,” but then went n: “It is the mst destructive(破壞性的) n earth. We must retrain it fr its wn gd.”
56.The text mainly talks abut _____.
A. Diane Fssey B. the grillas in Rwanda
C. the prtectin f the grillas D. the film Grillas in the Mist
【答案】C
3. 首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方法
為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題，這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方式也較為多見。通常，前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)，后面的往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。
Lacrsse (曲棍球) is a ppular sprt in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it t train fr war. They invented this game befre Clumbus arrived in the New Wrld.
Peple play lacrsse utdrs. The lacrsse field is seven meters lng. At each end f the field there is a gal. The gal is a net. There are ten players n each team. Each player has a stick called “ crss”. The player hit a ball int the net as many times as pssible. Lacrsse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks. Players ften get great fun it playing lacrsse.
There are many lacrsse clubs and lacrsse teams all ver Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrsse games n TV r listen t the lacrsse games ver the radi.
At ne time lacrsse was the natinal summer sprt in Canada. Tday it is still ppular with Canadians.
1.The passage is mainly abut ___________.
A. Hw t Play Lacrsse
B. Lacrsse in Canada
C. The Histry f Lacrsse
D. Lacrsse—A Ppular Game in Canada
4. 中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒有明確的主題句
閱讀這樣的文章，就要求考生根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。該類型的試題則迎刃而解。
Handshaking, thugh a Eurpean practice is ften seen in big cities f China. Nbdy knws exactly when the practice started in Eurpe. It is said that lng lng ag in Eurpe when peple met, they shwed their unarmed (無武器的) hands t each ther as a sign f gdwill. As time went n and trade in cities grew rapidly, peple in cities began t clap each ther’s hands t make a deal r t reach an agreement. This practice was later changed int shaking hands amng friends n meeting r leaving each ther. “Let’s shake (hands) n it” smetimes means agreement reached.
D the Eurpeans shake hands wherever they g and with whmever they meet? N. Smetimes the Chinese abrad reach ut their hands t ften t be plite. It is really very implite t give yur hand when the ther party, especially when it is a wman, shws little interest in shaking hands with yu and when the meeting des nt mean anything t him r-her. Even if, fr pliteness, he hlds ut his unwilling hand in answer t yur uninvited hand, just tuch it slightly. There is generally a misunderstanding (誤解) amng the Chinese that westerners are usually pen and straightfrward, while the Chinese are rather reserved (保守的) in manner. But in fact sme peple in western cuntries mre reserved than sme Chinese tday. S it is a gd idea t shake hands with a westerner nly when he shws interest in further relatins with yu.
65. The first paragraph mainly tells us ______.
A. where handshaking was first practised
B. hw handshaking came abut
C. abut the relatinship between handshaking and trade
D. abut the practice f handshaking bth in Eurpe and in China
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意題。在文章第一段說明了握手的來歷。實(shí)際上也就是談?wù)撐帐质窃鯓赢a(chǎn)生的。
67. The main purpse f the text is ______.
A. t tell us sme differences between the East and the West
B. t ffer us sme imprtant facts abut handshaking
C. t intrduce us t sme different custms in the West
D. t give us sme advice befre we travel abrad
【答案】B
4. 主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間
通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展。
The Sahara Festival is a celebratin f the very recent past. The three-day event is nt fixed t the same dates each year, but generally takes place in Nvember r December. It is well attended by turists, but even better attended by lcals.
During the pening ceremnies, after the fficial greetings frm the gvernment leaders, peple wh attend the festival begin t march smartly befre the viewing stands, and white camels transprt their riders acrss the sands. Hrsemen frm different natins display their beautiful clthes and their fine hrsemanship. One fllwing anther, grups f musicians and dancers frm all ver the Sahara take their turn t shw ff their wnderful traditinal culture. Grups f men in blue and yellw play hrns and beat drums as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a grup f wmen in lng dark dresses dance with their hair: their lng, dark, shiny hair is thrwn back and frth in the wind t the rhythm f their dance.
…
67. This passage mainly tells readers_______.
A. what happens n the pening day f the Sahara Festival
B. hw peple celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival
C. what takes place at the clsing ceremnies f the Sahara Festival
D. hw animals race n the first and the last days f the Sahara Festival
【答案】A
怎樣給閱讀文章整體加注標(biāo)題
——高度概括法
對(duì)文章主旨大意的考察，不僅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出現(xiàn)，而且也可以用選擇或擬定文章標(biāo)題的形式出現(xiàn)。因此，選擇文章標(biāo)題，首先可以按照主旨大意的確定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定標(biāo)題。
標(biāo)題位于文章之首，用來高度概括文章內(nèi)容，點(diǎn)明文章主題。它是段落中心思想最精練的表達(dá)形式。標(biāo)題可幫助讀者迅速推測(cè)出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的觀點(diǎn)和意圖。那么如何選擇文章的標(biāo)題呢？
首先，要考慮標(biāo)題對(duì)文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何。一般要求能覆蓋全文內(nèi)容，體
現(xiàn)文章主旨。要避免下列三種情況：①概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太?。虎谶^度概括（多表現(xiàn)為脫離本文章內(nèi)容的發(fā)揮）；③以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象具體的大意。學(xué)&科網(wǎng)
其次，要考慮標(biāo)題的針對(duì)性，即標(biāo)題范圍要恰當(dāng)，針對(duì)性強(qiáng)。要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，
仔細(xì)考慮所選標(biāo)題與文章主題是否有密切的關(guān)系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大則中心就不突出，太小也發(fā)揮不了應(yīng)起的作用；精確度高，不能隨意改變語言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子。
再次要注意標(biāo)題的醒目性，標(biāo)題的選擇要簡(jiǎn)潔、突出、新穎，標(biāo)題是文章的點(diǎn)睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面。標(biāo)題的好壞往往影響了文章的可讀性，讀者常常從標(biāo)題上決定文章的閱讀取舍。故標(biāo)題一般比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，以此來吸引讀者對(duì)文章的興趣。
最后要注意，要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標(biāo)題，還需要了解標(biāo)題的基本擬定方法。一般說來，擬定標(biāo)題是以話題為核心，與控制性概念的詞按一定的語法濃縮為概括主題句或中心思想的詞組。比如某一文章的中心句為：CHINA issued the first set f stamps depicting the tp 128 Chinese family names n Thursday Nv. 18th 2004 in Beijing.
話題：Stamps
控制性概念：CHINA issued the first set f stamps depicting the tp 128 Chinese family names
標(biāo)題：China issued 1st set f stamps n family names
(中原名校豫南九校2016—2017學(xué)年高三第三次聯(lián)考) August 8, was Earth Oversht Day. Calculated annually by the envirnmental advcacy(支持，擁護(hù)) grup, Glbal Ftprint Netwrk (GFN), it is the day when human has cnsumed all the natural resurces — prduce, meat, fish, water, and wd — that ur planet can regenerate(再生) in a single year. This means that fr the rest f 2016, we will be using natural resurces that are impssible t replace.
Fr thse that are a little cnfused, it is similar t spending yur entire year’s allwance by August and then brrwing mney frm friends, knwing fully well that yu cannt repay the lan. GFN says that the same thing happens in the case f the Earth.
The date f Earth Oversht Day varies each year. In an ideal, fully sustainable wrld, we shuld nly spend what we have. This means that Earth Oversht Day wuld fall n December 31, r perhaps even spill int the fllwing year, indicating that we are saving sme resurces fr a rainy day. That did happen in 1961, when we nly cnsumed three-quarters f what the planet prduced.
Unfrtunately, the day has been ging up rapidly since 2014 when it fell n August 19. In 2015, it was August 13, and this year, the earliest s far — August 8! The nly way t sustain this demand wuld be t have 1.6 earths, which as we all knw, is nt pssible.
Frtunately, experts say that the situatin is nt as grim as it sunds. Many cuntries are already taking steps t reduce carbn emissins, which accunts fr 60% f ur eclgical ftprint, by switching t slar r wind-generated pwer.
Individuals can als help by eating less meat, walking, biking, r taking public transprtatin, as well as adpting the three R’s: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. If we all wrk tgether, we can help push back Earth Oversht Day t December 31, r even beynd!
27. What is the best title fr the passage?
A. A Warning: Earth Oversht Day
B. A Celebratin: Earth Oversht Day
C. A Reminder: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
D. An Advertisement: Glbal Ftprint Netwrk
【答案】 A
【解析】今年的Earth Oversht Day是八月八號(hào)，即我們今年在八月八號(hào)就已經(jīng)消耗掉我們今年全年的可再生資源。本文通過介紹Earth Oversht Day告訴人們要減少資源浪費(fèi)，所以最佳標(biāo)題應(yīng)是A項(xiàng)。
題組一（2018年高考真題）
Passage1(2018·新課標(biāo)卷I，B)
Gd Mrning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle — shwing families hw t prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget.
In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under ￡5 per family a day. And the Gd Mrning Britain presenter says she’s been able t put a lt f what she’s leant int practice in her wn hme, preparing meals fr sns, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11.
"We lve Mexican churrs, s I buy them n my phne frm my lcal Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay ￡5 fr a prtin(一份), but Matt makes them fr 26p a prtin, because they are flur, water, sugar and il. Everybdy can buy takeaway fd, but smetimes we’re nt aware hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves. "
The eight-part series(系列節(jié)目), Save Mney: Gd Fd, fllws in the ftsteps f ITV’s Save Mney: Gd Health, which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.
With fd ur biggest weekly husehld expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tnight’s Easter special they cme t the aid f a family in need f sme delicius inspiratin n a budget. The team transfrms the family’s lng weekend f celebratin with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
24. What d we knw abut Susanna Reid?
A. She enjys embarrassing her guests.B. She has started a new prgramme.
C. She dislikes wrking early in the mrning. D. She has had a tight budget fr her family.
25. Hw des Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A. He buys cking materials fr her.B. He prepares fd fr her kids.
C. He assists her in cking matters.D. He invites guest families fr her.
26. What des the authr intend t d in paragraph 4?
A. Summarize the previus paragraphs.B. Prvide sme advice fr the readers.
C. Add sme backgrund infrmatin.D. Intrduce a new tpic fr discussin.
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating SmartB. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making yurself a Perfect ChefD. Cking Well fr Less
Passage2(2018·新課標(biāo)卷II，D)
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank r n an airplane, surrunded by peple wh are, like us, deeply fcused n their smartphnes r, wrse, struggling with the uncmfrtable silence.
What’s the prblem? It’s pssible that we all have cmprmised cnversatinal intelligence. It’s mre likely that nne f us start a cnversatin because it’s awkward and challenging, r we think it’s annying and unnecessary. But the next time yu find yurself amng strangers, cnsider that small talk is wrth the truble. Experts say it’s an invaluable scial practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimprtant is easy, but we can’t frget that deep relatinships wuldn’t
even exist if it weren’t fr casual cnversatin. Small talk is the grease(潤滑劑) fr scial cmmunicatin, says Bernard Carducci, directr f the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Sutheast. ＂Almst every great lve stry and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key t successful small talk is learning hw t cnnect with thers, nt just cmmunicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, assciate prfessr f psychlgy at UBC, invited peple n their way int a cffee shp. One grup was asked t seek ut an interactin(互動(dòng)) with its waiter; the ther, t speak nly when necessary. The results shwed that thse wh chatted with their server reprted significantly higher psitive feelings and a better cffee shp experience. ＂It’s nt that talking t the waiter is better than talking t yur husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactins with peripheral(邊緣的) members f ur scial netwrk matter fr ur well-being als.＂
Dunn believes that peple wh reach ut t strangers feel a significantly greater sense f belnging, a bnd with thers. Carducci believes develping such a sense f belnging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis f gd manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenmenn is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addictin t smartphnes.
B. Inapprpriate behaviurs in public places.
C. Absence f cmmunicatin between strangers.
D. Impatience with slw service.
33. What is imprtant fr successful small talk accrding t Carducci?
A. Shwing gd manners. B. Relating t ther peple.
C. Fcusing n a tpic. D. Making business deals.
34. What des the cffee-shp study suggest abut small talk?
A. It imprves family relatinships. B. It raises peple’s cnfidence.
C. It matters as much as a frmal talk. D. It makes peple feel gd.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Cnversatin Cunts B. Ways f Making Small Talk
C. Benefits f Small Talk D. Uncmfrtable Silence
Passage3(2018·新課標(biāo)卷III，B)
Cities usually have a gd reasn fr being where they are, like a nearby prt r river. Peple settle in these places because they are easy t get t and naturally suited t cmmunicatins and trade. New Yrk City, fr example, is near a large harbur at the muth f the Hudsn River. Over 300 years its ppulatin grew gradually frm 800 peple t 8 millin. But nt all cities develp slwly ver a lng perid f time. Bm twns grw frm nthing almst vernight. In 1896, Dawsn, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gld was discvered there in 1897, and tw years later, it was ne f the largest cities in the West, with a ppulatin f 30,000.
Dawsn did nt have any f the natural cnveniences f cities like Lndn r Paris. Peple went there fr gld. They travelled ver snw-cvered muntains and sailed hundreds f miles up icy rivers. The path t Dawsn was cvered with thirty feet f wet snw that culd fall withut warming. An avalanche(雪崩) nce clsed the path, killing 63 peple. Fr many wh made it t Dawsn, hwever, the rewards were wrth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 peple wh dug fr gld, 4,000 gt rich. Abut 100 f these stayed rich men fr the rest f their lives.
But n matter hw rich they were, Dawsn was never cmfrtable. Necessities like fd and wd were very expensive. But sn, the gld that Dawsn depended n had all been fund. The city was crwded with disappinted peple with n interest in settling dwn, and when they heard there were new gld discveries in Alaska, they left Dawsn City as quickly as they had cme. Tday, peple still cme and g — t see where the Canadian gld rush happened. Turism is nw the chief industry f Dawsn City — its present ppulatin is 762.
24. What attracted the early settlers t New Yrk City?
A. Its business culture.
B. Its small ppulatin.
C. Its gegraphical psitin.
D. Its favurable climate.
25. What d we knw abut thse wh first dug fr gld in Dawsn?
A. Tw-thirds f them stayed there.
B. One ut f five peple gt rich.
C. Almst everyne gave up.
D. Half f them died.
26. What was the main reasn fr many peple t leave Dawsn?
A. They fund the city t crwded.
B. They wanted t try their luck elsewhere.
C. They were unable t stand the winter.
D. They were shrt f fd.
27. What is the text mainly abut?
A. The rise and fall f a city.
B. The gld rush in Canada.
C. Jurneys int the wilderness.
D. Turism in Dawsn.
Passage4(2018·北京卷，A)
My First Marathn（馬拉松）
A mnth befre my first marathn, ne f my ankles was injured and this meant nt running fr tw weeks, leaving me nly tw weeks t train. Yet, I was determined t g ahead.
I remember back t my 7th year in schl. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us t run laps and then hit a sftball. I didn’t d either well. He later infrmed me that I was ＂nt athletic＂.
The idea that I was ＂nt athletic＂ stuck with me fr years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, nt abut cmpetitin r whether r nt I was athletic. It was all abut the battle against my wn bdy and mind. A test f wills!
The night befre my marathn, I dreamt that I culdn’t even find the finish line. I wke up sweating and nervus, but ready t prve smething t myself.
Shrtly after crssing the start line, my she laces(鞋帶) became untied. S I stpped t readjust. Nt the start I wanted!
At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂
By mile 17, I became ut f breath and the nce injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the curse walking a bit and then running again.
By mile 21, I was starving!
As I apprached mile 23, I culd see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clck sunding at 4 a.m. r questined my expenses n running.
I was ne f the final runners t finish. But I finished! And I gt a medal. In fact, I gt the same medal as the ne that the guy wh came in first place had.
Determined t be myself, mve frward, free f shame and wrldly labels(世俗標(biāo)簽), I can nw call myself a ＂marathn winner＂.
36. A mnth befre the marathn, the authr ____________.
A. was well trainedB. felt scared
C. made up his mind t runD. lst hpe
37. Why did the authr mentin the P.E. class in his 7th year?
A. T acknwledge the supprt f his teacher.
B. T amuse the readers with a funny stry.
C. T shw he was nt talented in sprts.
D. T share a precius memry.
38. Hw was the authr’s first marathn?
A. He made it.B. He quit halfway.
C. He gt the first prize.D. He walked t the end.
39. What des the stry mainly tell us?
A. A man wes his success t his family supprt.
B. A winner is ne with a great effrt f will.
C. Failure is the mther f success.
D. One is never t ld t learn.
題組二（2017年高考真題）
Passage1(2017·新課標(biāo)卷I，B)
Sme f the wrld’s mst famus musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans t celebrate the first annual Internatinal Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Natins Educatinal, Scientific and Cultural Organizatin) recently set April 30 as a day t raise awareness f jazz music, its significance, and its ptential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) vice acrss cultures.
Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the U.S. the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins.
It’s Jasn Mran’s jb t help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser fr jazz, Mran hpes t widen the audience fr jazz, make the music mre accessible, and preserve its histry and culture.
“Jazz seems like it’s nt really a part f the American appetite,” Mran tells Natinal Public Radi’s reprter Neal Cnan. “What I’m hping t accmplish is that my generatin and yunger start t recnsider and understand that jazz is nt black and write anymre. It’s actually clr, and it’s actually digital.”
Mran says ne f the prblems with jazz tday is that the entertainment aspect f the music has been lst. “The music can’t be presented tday the way it was in 1908 r 1958. It has t cntinue t mve, because the way the wrld wrks is nt the same,” says Mran.
Last year, Mran wrked n a prject that arranged Fats Waller’s music fr a dance party, “just t kind f put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is cncert music,” says Mran. “Fr me, it’s the recntextualizatin. In music, where des the emtin(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) n hw talk abut urselves and hw smething as abstract as a Charlie Parker recrd gets us int a dialgue abut ur emtins and ur thughts? Smetimes we lse sight that the music has a wider cntext,” says Mran, “s I want t cntinue thse dialgues. Thse are the things I want t fster.”
28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as Internatinal Jazz Day?
A. T remember the birth f jazz.
B. T prtect cultural diversity.
C. T encurage peple t study music.
D. T recgnize the value f jazz.
29. What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Jazz becming mre accessible.
B. The prductin f jazz grwing faster.
C. Jazz being less ppular with the yung.
D. The jazz audience becming larger.
30. What can we infer abut Mran’s pinin n jazz?
A. It will disappear gradually.
B. It remains black and white.
C. It shuld keep up with the times.
D. It changes every 50 years.
31. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Explring the Future f Jazz
B. The Rise and Fall f Jazz
C. The Stry f a Jazz Musician
D. Celebrating the Jazz Day
Passage2(2017·新課標(biāo)II卷，C)
Terrafugia Inc. said Mnday that its new flying car has cmpleted its first flight, bringing the cmpany clser t its gal f selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transitin – has tw seats, fur wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and burns 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.
Arund 100 peple have already put dwn a $10,000 depsit t get a Transitin when they g n sale, and thse numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia intrduces the Transitin t the public later this week at the New Yrk Aut Shw. But dn’t expect it t shw up in t many driveways. It’s expected t cst $279,000.And it wn’t help if yu’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.
Inventrs have been trying t make flying cars since the 1930s, accrding t Rbert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has cme clser than anyne t making the flying car a reality. The gvernment has already permitted the cmpany t use special materials t make it easier fr the vehicle t fly. The Transitin is nw ging thrugh crash tests t make sure it meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviatin Administratin’s decisin five years ag t create a separate set f standards fr light sprt aircraft, which are lwer than thse fr pilts f larger planes. Terrafugia
says an wner wuld need t pass a test and cmplete 20 hurs f flying time t be able t fly the Transitin, a requirement pilts wuld find relatively easy t meet.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. The basic data f the Transitin.
B. The advantages f flying cars.
C. The ptential market fr flying cars.
C. The designers f the Transitin.
29. Why is the Transitin unlikely t shw up in t many driveways?
A. It causers traffic jams.
B. It is difficult t perate.
C. It is very expensive.
D. It burns t much fuel.
30. What is the gvernment’s attitude t the develpment f the flying car?
A. Cautius B. Favrable.
C. Ambiguus. D. Disapprving.
31. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Flying Car at Aut Shw B. The Transitin’s First Flight
C.Pilts’ Dream Cming True D. Flying Car Clser t Reality
Passage3(2017·天津卷)
This mnth, Germany’s transprt minister, Alexander Dbrindt, prpsed the first set f rules fr autnmus vehicles(自主駕駛車輛). They wuld define the driver’s rle in such cars and gvern hw such cars perfrm in crashes where lives might be lst.
The prpsal attempts t deal with what sme call the “death valley” f autnmus vehicles: the grey area between semi-autnmus and fully driverless cars that culd delay the driverless future.
Dbrindt wants three things: that a car always chses prperty(財(cái)產(chǎn)) damage ver persnal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based n age r race; and that if a human remves his r her hands frm the driving wheel — t check email, say — the car’s maker is respnsible if there is a crash.
“The change t the rad traffic law will permit fully autmatic driving,” says Dbrindt. It will put fully driverless cars n an equal legal fting t human drivers, he says.
Wh is respnsible fr the peratin f such vehicles is nt clear amng car makers, cnsumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律責(zé)任) issue is the biggest ne f them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University f Leeds, UK.
An assumptin behind UK insurance fr driverless cars, intrduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and mnitring the rad” at every mment.
But that is nt what many peple have in mind when thinking f driverless cars. “When yu say ‘driverless cars’, peple expect driverless cars.” Merat says. “Yu knw — n driver.”
Because f the cnfusin, Merat thinks sme car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully autmated withut peratin.
Driverless cars may end up being a frm f public transprt rather than vehicles yu wn, says Ryan Cal at Stanfrd University, Califrnia. That is happening in the UK and Singapre, where gvernment-prvided driverless vehicles are being launched.
That wuld g dwn prly in the US, hwever. “The idea that the gvernment wuld take ver driverless cars and treat them as a public gd wuld get abslutely nwhere here,” says Cal.
46. What des the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. A place where cars ften break dwn.
B. A case where passing a law is impssible.
C. An area where n driving is permitted.
D. A situatin where drivers’ rle is nt clear.
47. The prpsal put frward by Dbrindt aims t __________.
A. stp peple frm breaking traffic rules
B. help prmte fully autmatic driving
C. prtect drivers f all ages and races
D. prevent serius prperty damage
48. What d cnsumers think f the peratin f driverless cars?
A. It shuld get the attentin f insurance cmpanies.
B. It shuld be the main cncern f law makers.
C. It shuld nt cause deadly traffic accidents.
D. It shuld invlve n human respnsibility.
49. Driverless vehicles in public transprt see n bright future in _________.
A. SingapreB. the UK
C. the USD. Germany
50. What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A. Autnmus Driving: Whse Liability?
B. Fully Autmatic Cars: A New Breakthrugh
C. Autnmus Vehicles: Driver Remved!
D. Driverless Cars: Rt f Rad Accidents
題組三（2016年高考真題）
Passage1(2016·新課標(biāo)全國卷I)
The meaning f silence varies amng cultural grups. Silences may be thughtful, r they may be empty when a persn has nthing t say. A silence in a cnversatin may als shw stubbrnness, uneasiness,r wrry. Silence may be viewed by sme cultural grups as extremely uncmfrtable; therefre attempts may be made t fill every gap(間隙) with cnversatin. Persns in ther cultural grups value silence and view it as necessary fr understanding a persn’s needs.
Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part f cmmunicating amng peple, just as sme traditinal Chinese and Thai persns d. Therefre, when a persn frm ne f these cultures is speaking and
suddenly stps, what may be implied(暗示) is that the persn wants the listener t cnsider what has been said befre cntinuing. In these cultures, silence is a call fr reflectin.
Other cultures may use silence in ther ways, particularly when dealing with cnflicts amng peple r in relatinships f peple with different amunts f pwer. Fr example, Russian, French, and Spanish persns may use silence t shw agreement between parties abut the tpic udner discussin. Hwever, Mexicans may use silence when instructins are given by a persn in authrity rather than be rude t that persn by arguing with him r her. In still anther use, persns in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign f respect, particularly t an elder r a persn in authrity.
Nurses and ther care-givers need t be aware f the pssible meanings f silence when they cme acrss the persnal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses shuld recgnize their wn persnal and cultural cnstructin f silence s that a patient’s silence is nt interrupted t early r allwed t g n unnecessarily. A nurse wh understands the healing(治愈) value f silence can use this understanding t assist in the care f patients frm their wn and frm ther cultures.
What des the authr say abut silence in cnversatins?
It implies anger.
It prmtes friendship.
It is culture-specific.
It is cntent-based.
Which f the fllwing peple might regard silence as a call fr careful thught?
The Chinese.
The French.
The Mexicans.
The Russians.
What des the authr advise nurses t d abut silence?
Let it cntinue as the patient pleases.
Break it while treating patients.
Evaluate its harm t patients.
Make use f its healing effects.
What may be the best title fr the text?
A. Sund and Silence
B. What It Means t Be Silent
C. Silence t Native Americans
D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gld
Passage2(2016·新課標(biāo)全國卷 = 3 \* ROMAN II)
Reading can be a scial activity. Think f the peple wh belng t bk grups. They chse bks t read and then meet t discuss them. Nw, the website BkCrssing.cm turns the page n the traditinal idea f a bk grup.
Members g n the site and register the bks they wn and wuld like t share. BkCrssing prvides an identificatin number t stick inside the bk. Then the persn leaves it in a public place, hping that the bk will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader wh finds it.
Bruce Pedersn, the managing directr f BkCrssing, says, “The tw things that change yur life are the peple yu meet and bks yu read. BkCrssing cmbines bth.”
Members leave bks n park benches and buses, in train statins and cffee shps. Whever finds their bk will g t the site and recrd where they fund it.
Peple wh find a bk can als leave a jurnal entry describing what they thught f it. E-mails are then sent t the BkCrssers t keep them updated abut where their bks have been fund. Bruce Pedersn says the idea is fr peple nt t be selfish by keeping a bk t gather dust n a shelf at hme.
BkCrssing is part f a trend amng peple wh want t get back t the “real” and nt the virtual(虛擬). The site nw has mre than ne millin members in mre than ne hundred thirty-five cuntries.
9. Why des the authr mentin bk grups in the first paragraph?
A. T explain what they are.
B. T intrduce BkCrssing.
C. T stress the imprtance f reading.
D. T encurage readers t share their ideas.
10. What des the underlined wrd “it” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. The bk.B. An adventure.
C. A public place.D. The identificatin number.
11. What will a BkCrsser d with a bk after reading it?
A. Meet ther readers t discuss it.
B. Keep it safe in his bkcase.
C. Pass it n t anther reader.
D. Mail it back t its wner.
12. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Online Reading: A Virtual Tur
B. Electrnic Bks: A new Trend
C. A Bk Grup Brings Traditin Back
D. A Website Links Peple thrugh Bks
Passage3(2016·四川卷)
A warm drink f milk befre bed has lng been the best chice fr thse wanting a gd night’s sleep. But nw a study has fund it really des help peple nd ff—if it is milked frm a cw at night.
Researchers have discvered that “night milk” cntains mre melatnin(褪黑激素), which has been prven t help peple feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers frm Seul, Suth Krea, invlved mice being fed with dried milk pwder made frm cws milked bth during the day and at night.
Thse given night milk, which cntained 10 times the amunt f melatnin, were less active and less anxius than thse fed with the milk cllected during daytime, accrding t the study published in The Jurnal f Medicinal Fd.
Night milk quickened the start f sleep and caused the mice t sleep lnger.
While the effect f cws milk harvested at different time has nt been tested n humans up t nw, taking melatnin drugs has been suggested t thse wh are struggling t fall asleep at night.
Previus studies have als indicated that milk can be excellent fr helping sleep because f the calcium cntent, which helps peple t relax.
Milk is als sugar-free and additive-free with nutritinists recmmending skimmed milk as the best chice befre bed as it is the least fattening. The mre fat yu take in befre bedtime, the greater burden yu will put n yur bdy at night.
22. Accrding t the text, the mice fed with daytime milk_______.
A. started sleep mre easily B. were mre anxius
C. were less active D. wke up later
23. Which f the fllwing is true f melatnin accrding t the text?
A. It’s been tested n mice fr ten years
B. It can make peple mre energetic
C. It exists in milk in great amunt
D. It’s used in sleeping drugs
24. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Night Milk and Sleep B. Fat Sugar and Health
C. An Experiment n MiceD. Milk Drinking and Health
25.Hw des the authr supprt the theme f the text?
A. By giving examples.B. By stating arguments.
C. By explaining statistical data. D. By prviding research results.
題組四（名校模擬題）
Passage 1(2018屆河南省許昌平頂山高三聯(lián)考)
Persuasin is t cnvince smene t agree with yu, just like art which als calls fr special techniques t accmplish. Accrding t the ancient Greeks, there are three basic tls f persuasin: eths, paths and lgs.
Eths is a speaker’s way f cnvincing the audience that he is trustwrthy, hnest and reliable. One cmmn way a speaker can develp eths is by explaining hw much experience r educatin he has in the field. After all, yu’re mre likely t listen t advice abut hw t take care f yur teeth frm a dentist than a fireman.
Paths is a speaker’s way f cnnecting with an audience's emtins. Fr example, a plitician wh is trying t cnvince an audience t vte fr him might say that he alne can save the cuntry frm a terrible war. These wrds are intended t fill the audience with fear, thus making them want t vte fr him. Similarly, an animal charity might shw an audience pictures f injured dgs and cats t make the viewers feel pity, s they will be mre likely t dnate mney.
Lgs is the use f facts, statistics r ther evidence t supprt yur argument. An audience will believe yu if yu have cnvincing data t back up yur claims. Presenting this evidence is much mre persuasive than simply saying “believe me”.
Althugh eths, paths and lgs all have their strengths, they are ften mst effective when used tgether. S, the next time yu listen t a speech, watch a cmmercial r listen t a friend try t cnvince yu t lend him sme mney, be n the lkut fr these ancient Greek tls f persuasin.
1.What is the purpse f persuasin?
A. T advise smebdy t supprt yu.
B. T help smene have special skill
C. T cnvince smebdy t realize his aim.
D. T talk smene int being hnest.
2.What is a speaker’s way f cnvincing the audience t trust him?
A. Paths.B. Eths.C. Lgs.D. Educatin.
3.What d a plitician and an animal charity have in cmmn?
A. Bth prevent themselves frm being hurt.
B. Bth save peple frm terrible wars.
C. Bth make the audience supprt them.
D. Bth persuade peple t dnate mney.
4.Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Cnvince the AudienceB. Three Basic Tls f Persuasin
C. Believe MeD. Strength f Persuasin
Passage 2(2018屆河北省衡水中學(xué)高三四模)
James Grss, a psychlgy prfessr at Stanfrd University, has a 13-year-ld daughter wh lves math and science. “It hasn’t ccurred t her yet that’s unusual,” he says. “But I knw in the next cuple f years, it will.”
She’s already being pulled ut f class t d advanced things with a cuple f ther kids, wh are guys. And as smene wh studies human emtin fr a prcessin, Grss says, “I knw as time ges n, she will feel increasingly lnely as a girl wh’s interested in math and science, and be at risk f narrwing her chices in life befre finding ut hw far she culd have gne.’’
Grss’ cncern clearly shws what has been a tuchy subject in the wrld f science fr a lng time: Why are there still s few wmen in science, and hw might that affect what we learn frm research?
Wmen nw make up half the natinal wrkfrce, earn mre cllege and graduate degrees than men, and by sme estimates represent the largest single ecnmic frce in the wrld. Yet the gender gap in science persists, t a greater degree than in ther prfessins, particularly in high-end, math-intensive fields such as cmputer science and engineering.
Accrding t US Census Bureau statistics, wmen in fields cmmnly referred t as STEM (science, technlgy, engineering, mathematics) made up 7 percent f that wrkfrce in 1970, a figure that had jumped t 23 percent by 1990. But the rise essentially stpped there. Tw decades later, in 2011, wmen made up 26 percent f the science wrkfrce.
1.Accrding t James Grss, in the near future his daughter may _________ .
A. becme a great scientist
B. feel lnely and have fewer chices
C.be pulled ut f class with sme guys
D. learn math and science better and better
2.We can learn frm the text that_________ .
A. wmen are cleverer than men in cllege
B. men represent the largest single ecnmic frce
C. wmen make up mre than 50% f the natinal wrkfrce
D. the number f wmen graduating frm cllege is larger than that f men
3.Hw des the authr develp the last paragraph?
A. By prviding examples.B. By making cmments.
C. By fllwing time rder.D. By explaining the prcess.
4.Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Why It Is Imprtant t Get Mre Wmen Int Science
B. James Grss, Cnfusin Abut His daughter
C. Situatin f Wmen in the Whle Cuntry
D. Future f wmen in the Wrkfrce
Passage 3(2017屆西安市第一中學(xué)高三?？?
The Taj Mahal (泰姬陵)is cnsidered t be ne f the mst beautiful buildings in the wrld and the finest example f the late style f Indian architecture (建筑).It is at Agra in nrthern India. It lies beside the River Jumna in the middle f gardens with quiet pls.
The Taj Mahal was built by the Mgul emperr (皇帝) Shah Jehan, wh ruled India in the seventeenth century. It is in memry f his favrite wife, Arjumand Banu Bagam, knwn as Mumtaz Mahal, wh died in 1631. The building, which was cmpleted between 1632 and 1638，was designed by a lcal Muslim architect(建筑師),Ustad Ahmad Lahri. The whle building, with gardens and gateway structures, was cmpleted in 1643. The Taj Mahal stands at ne end f the garden tmb with marble (大理石)path. The rm is sftly lighted by the light that passes thrugh duble screens f carved marble set high in the walls. The building nw is kept in gd cnditin.
It tk 22 years t build the Taj Mahal. Shah Jehan planned a similar building, but in black instead f white, t lie n the ther side f the river. But befre it culd be built. Shah Jehan was imprisned (監(jiān)禁)by his sn and buried next t his wife in the Taj Mahal.
1. The Taj Mahal was built fr________.
A. MumtazB. Shah
C. either Mumtaz r ShahD. bth Mumtaz and Shah
2. Why d yu think Shah Jehan was buried next t his wife?
A. His wn tmb hadn’t been built.
B. He hped t be buried there.
C. King and Queen shuld be buried tgether.
D. He liked Mumtaz all his life.
3. The passage mainly tells us________.
A. why the Taj Mahal was built
B. the lve stry between Shah and Mumtaz
C. sme infrmatin abut the Taj Mahal
D. the Taj Mahal―the pride f Indians
4. Frm the passage we can learn that________.
A. the Taj Mahal lks mre beautiful than befre
B. the Taj Mahal desn’t exist nw
C. the Taj Mahal has cmpletely changed
D. the Taj Mahal has becme a place f interest
Passage 4(2017屆)
Nwadays, csmetics(化妝品) are an imprtant part f the life and culture f tday.
Csmetics can cver up the deficiencies f nature. Regular use f a bdy ltin will keep the skin sft and supple. Whatever prduct yu use, start with a fundatin, making sure the clr blends with yur skin. Sme wmen als use a cncealer r primer t hide spts and flaws r blemishes f the skin.
Nt nly as an act f curtesy(禮貌),but als t lk gd, wmen spend time and energy--plishing their appearances. At the very least, lipsticks and fundatins can be fund in any wman’s purse these days. It is nt enugh; wmen always want t be prettier, yunger, and mre attractive. That is why csmetic prducts are s ppular amng female shppers.
In recent years, a new trend has emerged. Cmpanies began prducing prducts such asclgne, shaving cream, and shwer gel fr ur male cunterparts. The demand increased as men paid mre attentin t their skins and images. Several manufacturers have devted part f their prduct lines fr the needs f this new grup f custmers.
Untuched markets are still enrmus. With affrdable price tags, skin care, makeup, and fragrance(香味) will cntinue t expand their user base t preteens and senir citizens in bth genders.
1.Why csmetic prducts are s ppular amng female shppers?
A. T in search f ppularity and extravagance.
B. Csmetics play a rle in keeping the skin sft and supple.
C. meets the needs f the csmetic market.
D. The need fr scial etiquette mainly fr man.
2.The predicate f the underline sentence is＂_________＂.
A. useB. regular use
C. will keepD. keep
3.The main idea in the last secnd paragraphs is_______.
A. The lve fr beauty is cmmn t all men.
B. With the develpment f sciety, men als pay attentin t use csmetics.
C. It is cntrversial fr men t use csmetics.
D.A gentleman makes mney in right way.
4.Which statement abut the article is incrrect?
A. Untuched markets in wmen using csmetics are still enrmus.
B. Men als want t be prettier, yunger, and mre attractive.
C. citizens will shp skin care with affrdable price.
D. Skin care regardless f men and wmen.
題組一
Passage 1
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一檔英國系列電視節(jié)目，給觀眾介紹如何減少食物浪費(fèi)以及如何以較少的預(yù)算做出美味佳肴。
24.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段知道Gd Mrning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle可知，她開辟了一個(gè)新的節(jié)目。故選B。
26.C 【解析】寫作意圖題。根據(jù)文章第四段中的which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.可知，Save Mney: Gd Fd節(jié)目是Save Mney: Gd Health節(jié)目之后，給觀眾一些建議：如何從眾多的市場(chǎng)上的健康產(chǎn)品中獲取價(jià)值。故選C。
27.D 【解析】主旨要義題。根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容可知，文章作者一直在講如何用較少的錢做出好的食物。根據(jù)文章中的prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget. 在資金緊張的情況下，準(zhǔn)備可口且有營養(yǎng)的飯菜； hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under ￡5 per family a day. 如何減少食物浪費(fèi)同時(shí)給每日生活費(fèi)低于5英鎊的每個(gè)家庭準(zhǔn)備食譜； hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves. 我們自己做這種食物有多便宜； less expensive but still tasty recipes.不貴可仍然可口的食譜?？梢酝浦狣正確。
Passage2
【文章大意】這是一篇議論文。在當(dāng)今社會(huì)，人們?cè)诠矆?chǎng)合或沉迷于智能手機(jī)，或與不舒服的沉默抗?fàn)帲吧酥g缺乏溝通。但人與人之間是需要適當(dāng)?shù)慕徽勯e聊的，閑聊是人際關(guān)系社會(huì)交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好處。
32.C 【解析】主旨大意題。題干問的是：第一段描述了什么現(xiàn)象。在公共場(chǎng)合（比如在電梯里，在銀行排隊(duì)，或在飛機(jī)上）人們深深地專注于他們的智能手機(jī)，或者更糟糕的是，與不舒服的沉默抗?fàn)帯Ｓ写丝芍?，陌生人之間缺乏溝通。A項(xiàng)意為：沉迷于智能手機(jī)。B項(xiàng)意為：在公共場(chǎng)所不適當(dāng)?shù)男袨椤項(xiàng)意為：陌生人之間缺乏溝通。D項(xiàng)意為：對(duì)緩慢的服務(wù)不耐煩。故選C項(xiàng)。學(xué)&科網(wǎng)
34.D 【解析】推理判斷題。題干問的是：咖啡店的研究對(duì)閑聊有什么建議。根據(jù)第四段的調(diào)查結(jié)果可知，那些與服務(wù)員聊天的人，有顯著的積極情緒和更好的咖啡店體驗(yàn)。由此可知，D項(xiàng)符合題意。A項(xiàng)意為：閑聊改善了家庭關(guān)系。B項(xiàng)意為：閑聊提高了人們的信心。C項(xiàng)意為：閑聊和正式談話一樣重要。D項(xiàng)意為：閑聊讓人感覺很好。故選D項(xiàng)。
35.C 【解析】主旨大意題。整篇文章剛開始介紹了社會(huì)的現(xiàn)象（公共場(chǎng)合人們沉迷于智能手機(jī)，陌生人之間缺乏溝通交流），接著分析了這一問題的原因，接下來有專家對(duì)閑聊進(jìn)行了研究，最后得出結(jié)論，閑聊都有什么樣的好處。A項(xiàng)意為：談話很重要。B項(xiàng)意為：閑聊的方法。C項(xiàng)意為：閑聊的好處。D項(xiàng)意為：不舒服的沉默。故選C項(xiàng)。
Passage3
【話題解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了Dawsn這座城市的發(fā)展原因、過程與現(xiàn)狀。
24.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中Cities usually have a gd reasn fr being where they are, like a nearby prt r river. Peple settle in these places because they are easy t get t and naturally suited t cmmunicatins and trade. New Yrk City, fr example, is near a large harbur at the muth f the Hudsn River.可知，人們選擇在河邊或港口設(shè)城是因?yàn)榻煌ǚ奖?，便于做生意。而紐約就是在哈德森河口附近的一個(gè)大港口，故紐約吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置，故C正確。
25.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句Of the first 20,000 peple wh dug fr gld, 4,000 gt rich. Abut 100 f these stayed rich men fr the rest f their lives.可知，在最初挖黃金的兩萬人中有4000人變富有，所以是五分之一的人變富了，故B正確。
26.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中and when they heard there were new gld discveries in Alaska, they left Dawsn City as quickly as they had cme.可知，人們離開Dawsn的主要原因是聽說在Alaska發(fā)現(xiàn)了黃金，也就是他們要去別的地方尋找發(fā)財(cái)?shù)臋C(jī)會(huì)。故B正確。
27.A 【解析】主旨大意題。第一段簡(jiǎn)要介紹城市發(fā)展的原因，引出Dawsn這一城市的興起，第二段介紹了該城市興起的原因，第三段介紹人們選擇離開該城市的原因及現(xiàn)在的狀況，所以全文圍繞Dawsn這個(gè)城市的發(fā)展起伏。故A正確。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文為一篇記敘文。講述了自己第一次跑馬拉松，憑借自己的意志力成功跑完全程的勵(lì)志故事。
38.A 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第10段I was ne f the final runners t finish. But I finished! And I gt a medal. In fact, I gt the same medal as the ne that the guy wh came in first place had. 可知，作者堅(jiān)持到了最后，而且得到了一塊獎(jiǎng)牌，雖然不是第一名，由此可見他成功地跑完了馬拉松。故選A。
39.B 【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，作者在講述自己跑馬拉松的經(jīng)歷，再根據(jù)最后一段Determined t be myself, mve frward, free f shame and wrldly labels(世俗標(biāo)簽), I can nw call myself a ＂marathn winner＂. 可知，作者成功跑完馬拉松源于自己的意志。故選B。
題組二
Passage1
【文章大意】為提高人們對(duì)于爵士樂的重視程度，UNESCO把4月30日定為國際爵士日，然而這一行為還是沒能挽救爵士樂。Jasn Mran認(rèn)為時(shí)代在進(jìn)步，為了將老一代人和年輕一代人連接起來，爵士樂也應(yīng)該不斷進(jìn)步。
28.D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的UNESCO( United Natins Educatinal, Scientific and Cultural Organizatin) recently set April 30 as a day t raise awareness f jazz music, its significance, and its ptential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) vice acrss cultures.可知UNESCO把4月30日定為國際爵士日是為了讓人們重視爵士樂，意識(shí)到它的重要性以及它作為連接各文化的紐帶之聲的潛在功能，也就是為了讓人們意識(shí)到爵士樂的價(jià)值。故選D。
29.C 推理判斷題。根據(jù)前文Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the U.S. the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins可知盡管UNESCO為爵士樂設(shè)了紀(jì)念日，但美國的爵士樂聽眾依然在減少，并且年齡在老化，爵士樂沒能將年輕一代人連接起來。再結(jié)合It’s Jasn Mran’s jb t help change that(是Jasn Mran的工作是幫助改變那一情況)可推測(cè)that指代的是前文中爵士樂在年輕一代人中失去吸引力的現(xiàn)象。故選C。
31.A 標(biāo)題選擇題。通讀全文可知本文主要講UNESCO為提高人們對(duì)爵士樂的重視而設(shè)立爵士日，但實(shí)際收效甚微。有人認(rèn)為爵士樂應(yīng)隨著時(shí)代的進(jìn)步而進(jìn)步，否則它將失去對(duì)人們的吸引力，因此本文主要是探索爵士樂的未來，故選A。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了Terrafugia公司研制出了飛車，試飛成功，預(yù)計(jì)將于明年進(jìn)行銷售。本文主要對(duì)飛車的歷史由來及其構(gòu)架進(jìn)行了介紹。
28.A 【解析】段落大意題。根據(jù)“The vehicle-named the Transitin – has tw seats wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and bums 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.”可知選A。
29.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“But dn’t expect it t shw up in t many driveways. It’s expected t cst
$279,000”可知，因?yàn)門ransitin 的價(jià)格較高，所以不太可能在太多的馬路上出現(xiàn)。故選C。
30.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“he gvernment has already permitted the cmpany t use special materials t
make it easier fr the vehicle t fly”以及“Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviatin Administratin’s decisin five years ag t create a separate set f standards fr light sprt aircraf”可知，政府對(duì)于飛車的研發(fā)是比較支持的。故選B。
31.D 【解析】標(biāo)題歸納題。瀏覽全文，主要從飛車的試飛成功、飛車的構(gòu)架以及多年以前人們對(duì)飛車的
設(shè)想至今成為現(xiàn)實(shí)展開說明。故選D。
Passage3
【文章大意】這是一篇新聞報(bào)道。文章記敘了德國交通部長的對(duì)于自主駕駛車輛的規(guī)章制度的一個(gè)提議，引出說明了位于科技前沿的無人駕駛的自動(dòng)化車輛在英國、新加坡和美國的不同前景。
46.D 【解析】根據(jù)第二段的句子the grey area between semi-autnmus and fully driverless cars that culd delay the driverless future可知選D。
49. C 【解析】根據(jù)最后一段That wuld g dwn prly in the US, hwever. “The idea that the gvernment wuld take ver driverless cars and treat them as a public gd wuld get abslutely nwhere here,” says Cal.可知選C。
50. A 【解析】通讀全文可以知道，本文主要講述了誰來對(duì)無人駕駛的機(jī)動(dòng)車輛負(fù)責(zé)。故選A。
題組三
Passage1
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文， 主要介紹了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同內(nèi)涵。
32.C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章首段首句The meaning f silence varies amng cultural grups 可知，作者認(rèn)為沉默是有文化特性的。
33.A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中 what may be implied is that the persn wants the listener t cnsider what has been said befre cntinuing可知中國人認(rèn)為談話時(shí)人們沉默是在思考。
34.D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)末段末句A nurse wh understands the healing value f silence can use this understanding t assist in the care f patients 可知，作者建議護(hù)士要用沉默來治療病人。故選D 。
35.B 主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了在不同文化背景下談話期間的沉默的不同含義，由此判斷B選項(xiàng)可以概括文章內(nèi)容。故選B 。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文屬于說明文，介紹了BkCrssing.cm所進(jìn)行的分享圖書活動(dòng)的目的以及具體過程。
29.B 目的意圖題。作者在第一段中提出讀書也是一種社交活動(dòng)，那些參加讀書小組的人經(jīng)常在一起閱讀討論所讀內(nèi)容，增強(qiáng)相互之間的理解。接著在最后一句提出BkCrssing.cm,說明作者提到讀書小組的目的正是為了介紹網(wǎng)站BkCrssing.cm。故B正確。
30.A 代詞指代題。根據(jù)本句“... hping that the bk will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader wh finds it”可知，那些留下書的人希望自己的書能夠隨著找到它的人走得更遠(yuǎn)。可知其中的it指代前半句提到的同一事物“the bk”。故A正確。
31.C 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段最后一句“... the idea is fr peple nt t be selfish by keeping a bk t gather dust n a shelf at hme”可知，讓書蒙上塵土是一種很自私的行為，網(wǎng)站BkCrssing.cm的目的正是鼓勵(lì)人們與別人分享圖書，所以拿到書的人最可能繼續(xù)把書傳遞下去。故C項(xiàng)正確。
32.D 標(biāo)題概括題。根據(jù)文章第三段可知BkCrssing.cm把改變?nèi)松膬煞N事物：遇到的人和讀過的書聯(lián)系在一起。D項(xiàng)內(nèi)容能夠涵蓋文章的中心思想。
Passage3
【文章大意】本文介紹了晚上喝牛奶和睡眠之間的關(guān)系。
23. D 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段中的“taking melatnin drugs has been suggested t thse wh are struggling t fall asleep at night”可知D項(xiàng)符合題意。
24. A 主旨大意題。綜合全文可知，本文講的是晚上喝牛奶和睡眠之間的關(guān)系。故A項(xiàng)符合題意。
25.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)前三段中的But nw a study, Researchers have discvered that 和The study, by researchers frm Seul, Suth Krea可知作者是通過提供研究結(jié)果來支持文章主題的。故選D。
題組四
Passage1
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了源自于古希臘且一直沿用至今的說服他人的藝術(shù)，其中包括eths、paths、lgs三種方式以及用這三種方式說服他人在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的可能性。
1.A 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第一句話“Persuasin is t cnvince smene t agree with yu, just like art which als calls fr special techniques t accmplish.”可知，說服是為了建議人們支持你。故選A。
2.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段前兩句“Eths is a speaker’s way f cnvincing the audience that he is trustwrthy, hnest and reliable. One cmmn way a speaker can develp eths is by explaining hw much experience r educatin he has in the field.”可知，演講者說服聽眾相信他的方法是Eths，故選B。
3.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“Fr example, a plitician wh is trying t cnvince an audience t vte fr him might say that he alne can save the cuntry frm aterrible war.”和最后一句“Similarly, an animal charity might shw an audience pictures f injured dgs and cats t make the viewers feel pity, s they will be mre likely t dnate mney.”可知，政治家可能會(huì)說他會(huì)獨(dú)自一人從可拍的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中挽救一個(gè)國家為了說服觀眾為他投票，動(dòng)物慈善機(jī)構(gòu)向觀眾展示受傷的貓或者狗的圖片是為了讓觀眾感到可憐，更可能捐款。因此可知，政治家和慈善機(jī)構(gòu)的共同之處是他們都想讓聽眾支持他們。故選C。
4.B 【解析】標(biāo)題判斷題?？v觀全文可知，文章主要介紹了說服人的藝術(shù)，包括eths、paths、lgs三中不同的方式，以及這三種方式在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的可能性。因此推斷B項(xiàng)“說服的三種基本方式”為最佳標(biāo)題，概況了文章中心主旨。故選B。
Passage2
【文章大意】主旨大意：主要講述在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，女性越來優(yōu)秀，但在一些領(lǐng)域男女仍比例失調(diào)嚴(yán)重，男性占多數(shù)。
2.D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段中“Wmen nw make up half the natinal wrkfrce, earn mre cllege and graduate degrees than men, and by sme estimates represent the largest single ecnmic frce in the wrld.”可知，女性大學(xué)生要比男生多。故選D。
3.C 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段提到的三個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)可以判斷，此段是根據(jù)時(shí)間順序來發(fā)展的。故選C。
4.A 【解析】主旨大意題。文章主要講述在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，女性越來優(yōu)秀，但在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域男女仍比例失調(diào)嚴(yán)重，男性占多數(shù)。故選A。
Passage3
【語篇解讀】本文主要講述了泰姬陵的一些信息。
1. A 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段"It is in memry f his favrite wife "可知應(yīng)選A。
2. A 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)該文最后一段最后一句可知Shah Jehan的墳?zāi)惯€沒有被建好就被兒子監(jiān)禁了，只好埋在他妻子的旁邊，故選A。
3. C【解析】主旨大意題。本文主要講述有關(guān)泰姬陵的一些信息，故答案為C。
4. D【解析】推理判斷題。其他三項(xiàng)的信息文中并沒有提到或涉及，用排除法可選D。
Passage4
【語篇解讀】本文主要講述化妝品市場(chǎng)，分析了女性人群喜歡購買化妝品的原因，進(jìn)而講述了化妝品公司開始開拓男性市場(chǎng)，并預(yù)測(cè)兒童和老年人將會(huì)成為更大的化妝品市場(chǎng)。
1.B 【解析】考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段前兩句＂Csmetics can cver up the deficiencies f nature. Regular use f a bdy ltin will keep the skin sft and supple.＂和第三段倒數(shù)第二句＂It is nt enugh; wmen always want t be prettier, yunger, and mre attractive.＂可知化妝品能夠掩蓋瑕疵，經(jīng)常使用洗滌液可以使皮膚柔軟光滑，女人們總是想更漂亮，更年輕和更有吸引力，因此推斷化妝產(chǎn)品受女性顧客歡迎的原因是它對(duì)于保持皮膚柔軟光滑起作用。故選B。學(xué)&科網(wǎng)
2.C 【解析】考查推理判斷。畫線句句意是：經(jīng)常使用身體洗滌劑會(huì)保持皮膚柔軟。主語是Regular use，謂語動(dòng)詞是will keep。故選C。
3.B 【解析】考查段落大意。倒數(shù)第二段主要講述最近幾年出現(xiàn)了新趨勢(shì)，隨著男人們更加注意他們的皮膚和形象，男性化妝品的需求增加，化妝品公司開始生產(chǎn)男性化妝品，因此推斷，隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展男人也開始使用化妝品。故選B。

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