
關(guān)系代詞基本概念
在復(fù)合句中作定語的句子叫作定語從句,引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有兩類:關(guān)系代詞(wh,whm,that,which,whse等)和關(guān)系副詞(when,where,why)。定語從句一般放在它所修飾的名詞、代詞或整個主句之后,被修飾或限制的名詞或代詞叫作先行詞。定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。
關(guān)系代詞的用法
1.that
可指人或物;在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語。指人時,相當(dāng)于wh或whm;指物時,相當(dāng)于 which。不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句;不可置于介詞后作賓語。
D yu still remember the chicken farm that/which we visited three mnths ag?
2.which
指物;在定語從句中作主語、賓語。
The bk which/that was n the desk was bught by my father.(主語)
在桌子上的那本書是我父親買的。
3.wh,whm,whse
(1)wh主格,在從句中作主語,只可指人。
D yu knw the man wh/that is talking with yur mther?
Thse wh want t see the film set dwn yur names, please.
This is the persn wh/whm/that yu shuld thank fr helping yur sn.
(2)whm賓格,在從句中只能作賓語;只可指人。
Lk, here are sme peple wh/whm/that I want yu t meet.
(3)whse表所屬關(guān)系,在從句中作定語。譯為某人的,某物的。
I prefer the rm whse windws face suth.我喜歡那間窗戶朝南的房間。
Any student whse family is t pr t g t schl can get help frm the gvernment.
[溫馨提示]
whse指物時,常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來代替:
He vlunteered t jin in the activity whse aim is t help thse wh are in truble.
=He vlunteered t jin in the activity,the aim f which is t help thse wh are in truble.
=He vlunteered t jin in the activity,f which the aim is t help thse wh are in truble.
他自愿參加那項活動,活動的目標(biāo)是幫助那些陷入困境的人。
關(guān)系代詞的辨析
1)只能用that,不能用 which的情況
1.先行詞是 all,smething,everything,anything,nthing,little,much,few等不定代詞或先行詞被all,any,every,n,little,much,sme等詞修飾。
All the peple that cme frm the cuntry wrk much harder.
所有來自農(nóng)村的人工作都更努力得多。
2.先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級、the nly,the very,the last等修飾時,關(guān)系代詞通常只用that,不用 which。
The first English nvel that I read was Cities.
我讀的第一本英文小說是《城市》。
This is ne f the mst exciting ftball games that I have ever seen.
這是我見過的最激動人心的足球比賽之一。
This is the nly thing that we can d nw.
這是我們現(xiàn)在唯一能做的事情。
3.先行詞既有人又有物時,關(guān)系代詞只用that,不用 which。
The scientist and his achievements that yu tld me abut are admired by us all.
我們所有人都?xì)J佩你告訴我的那位科學(xué)家和他所取得的成就。
The freign visitrs spke highly f the pineers and their perfrmances that they saw at the Children's Palace.
外國游客高度贊揚(yáng)了他們在少年宮所看到的少先隊員以及他們的表演。
4.句中其他位置已出現(xiàn) which,為避免重復(fù),不用 which而用that引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句。
Which is the car that has vertaken us?
超過我們的是哪輛車?
①這是我參觀過的最漂亮的公園。
This is the mst beautiful park that I have visited.
②我們常常談起我們記得的那些人和事。
We ften talk abut the persns and things that we remember.
③我已找到昨天丟的鋼筆。
I have fund the very pen that I lst yesterday.
2)只用which,不能用that的情況
1.在介詞提前到關(guān)系代詞之前形成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)來修飾表事物的先行詞時,關(guān)系代詞必須用which。
Is this the huse in which Shakespeare was brn?
這是莎士比亞出生的房子嗎?
This is the reference bk f which the teacher is speaking.
這是老師正在談及的那本參考書。
2.先行詞為“thse+表事物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時,關(guān)系代詞通常只用 which而不用that。
Students shuld keep in mind thse regulatins which restrict their behavir.
學(xué)生應(yīng)牢記那些規(guī)范自己的行為準(zhǔn)則。
A bkshp shuld deal with a variety f thse best sellers which are newly published.
書店應(yīng)該經(jīng)營新出版的各種暢銷書。
3.當(dāng)先行詞指物,關(guān)系詞在句中作主語或賓語,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞只能用 which,而不用that。
①The huse in which I used t live has becme a she shp.
②Have yu ever read the bk, which was written by a yung girl?
3)只用wh/whm,不能用that的情況
先行詞指人,關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞的賓語且直接跟在介詞后時,只能用whm引導(dǎo),且不可省略。
This is the vluntary teacher frm whm we’ve learned a lt.這就是我們從他那里學(xué)到了很多知識的支教老師。
使用定語從句的注意事項
1.關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,定語從句的謂語動詞要和先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。
Thse wh are ver 45 years ld wn’t be permitted t g int the hall.
超過45歲的人不允許進(jìn)入大廳。
[溫馨提示]
“ne f+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作先行詞,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;“the nly ne f+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作先行詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
This is ne f the bks which were written by Charles Dickens.
這是查爾斯·狄更斯所寫的書的其中一本。
He is the nly ne f the bys in ur class wh has learned t play glf.
他是我們班里唯一一個學(xué)過打高爾夫球的男孩。
2.為避免關(guān)系詞的重復(fù),被關(guān)系代詞所代替的成分不可在從句中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。
This is the apartment which he bught last year.(bught后不可加it)
這就是他去年買的那所公寓。
Part tw 關(guān)系副詞+限制性定語從句串講
關(guān)系副詞在引導(dǎo)定語從句時, 其功能相當(dāng)于介詞短語, 在從句中作狀語。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有when、where、why。
1.when引導(dǎo)的定語從句
(1)當(dāng)先行詞是表示時間的名詞(如time,day,year,mnth,week等)且在從句中作時間狀語時,定語從句要用when引導(dǎo)。
I still remember the time when I first became a cllege student.我仍然記得我初為大學(xué)生的那段時光。
(2)when可以轉(zhuǎn)化成“介詞+which”的形式。
I have frgtten the exact date when (=n which) this cuntry became independent.我忘記這個國家獨(dú)立的確切日期了。
(3)當(dāng)先行詞表示時間,且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語、賓語或表語時,不能用when,而要用關(guān)系代詞that 或 which引導(dǎo)定語從句(作賓語時關(guān)系詞可省略)。
I'll remember the days (which/that) I spent with yu.我會記得和你度過的那些日子。
2.where引導(dǎo)的定語從句
(1)當(dāng)先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞(如place,rm,muntain等)且關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語時,定語從句要用where引導(dǎo)。
This is the htel where (=in which) they are staying.這就是他們住的旅館。
(2)where可以轉(zhuǎn)化成“介詞+which”的形式。
This is the htel where (=in which) they are staying.這就是他們住的旅館。
(3)當(dāng)先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語、賓語或表語時,用關(guān)系代詞that或which引導(dǎo)定語從句(作賓語時關(guān)系詞可省略)。
His father wrks in a factry which/that makes radi parts.他的父親在一家生產(chǎn)收音機(jī)零件的工廠工作。
(4)如果先行詞為表示抽象地點(diǎn)的名詞(如case,state,cnditin,psitin,pint,situatin等),且定語從句中成分完整時,用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)。
We have reached a pint where a change is needed.我們到了必須改一改的地步。
He gets int a situatin where it is hard t decide what is right and wrng.他陷入一種難以分辨是非的局面。
It puts me in a psitin where I can't affrd t take the jb.這使我陷入一種不能接受此工作的境地。
3.why引導(dǎo)的定語從句
(1)當(dāng)先行詞是表示原因的名詞reasn,且關(guān)系詞在從句中作原因狀語時,定語從句要用why引導(dǎo)。
(2)可以用fr which來代替why。
This is the reasn why (=fr which) he leaves s sn.這就是他匆匆離去的原因。
[名師點(diǎn)津] (1)有時為了表達(dá)得更清楚,可以在關(guān)系副詞where/when前加上介詞t,frm等。
(2)對一些特殊的先行詞如time,day,huse,place,reasn等要注意具體情況具體分析,作主語、賓語和表語可用that/which引導(dǎo)定語從句,作狀語可用when/where/why等或“介詞+which”引導(dǎo)定語從句。
China is the birthplace f kites,frm where kites spread t Japan,Krea,Thailand and India.中國是風(fēng)箏的故鄉(xiāng),風(fēng)箏從這里傳到了日本、韓國、泰國和印度。
I'll never frget the days when we wrked tgether.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我們在一起工作的日子。(作狀語)
I'll never frget the days (which/that) we spent tgether last summer.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我們?nèi)ツ晗奶煲黄鸲冗^的日子。(作賓語)
即時檢測--單句語法填空
The basketball team I am crazy fr is ding very well in this seasn.
2.I still remember the day everything changed when a single phne call delivered the lng-awaited news f my dream jb ffer.
This is the palace I fund the lst wallet after searching fr hurs.
4.Eating junk fd is ne f the wrst things a persn can d t their health.
5.The materials are needed fr the experiment have already been rdered.
6.The ld lady daughter is an English teacher is ur neighbr.
7.The picture she was lking at was beautiful.
8.He talked a lt abut things and persns they remembered in the schl.
9.I knw it is really tugh fr yu t cmplete this task n yur wn. Is there anything I can d fr yu?
10.I nce read a stry theme was amazingly inspiring.
11.Yu must have had sme mments yu were disappinted. If s, hw did yu deal with them?
12.He made a hle in the wall which he culd get int the huse.
13.The Spring Festival is an ccasin Chinese peple are reunited with family members.
14.The nly thing we can d is t give him sme mney.
15.The tall white building rf is red stands ut against the blue sky.
The huse the capitalist used t live in is nw a nursery.
17.I als fund many live stream websites users can watch live perfrmances f DJ and singers and sme can even buy virtual gifts fr the perfrmers.
18.D yu knw the reasn she has changed her mind?
19.This is the nly ne f the students handwriting is the best.
20.Yu must shw my wife the same respect yu shw me.
答案:
1.The basketball team I am crazy fr is ding very well in this seasn.
【答案】that/which
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:我為之瘋狂的籃球隊在這個賽季表現(xiàn)很好??崭裉幰龑?dǎo)的是限制性定語從句,從句中缺少賓語,先行詞basketball team是“籃球隊”,因此空格處用關(guān)系代詞that/which。故填that/which。
2.I still remember the day everything changed when a single phne call delivered the lng-awaited news f my dream jb ffer.
【答案】when/n which
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:我仍然記得那一天,一切都改變了,一個電話傳來了我夢寐以求的工作機(jī)會的消息??仗幰龑?dǎo)定語從句,先行詞是day,關(guān)系詞在從句中作時間狀語,使用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo);此處也可使用“介詞+關(guān)系詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句,指“在那一天”使用介詞n,關(guān)系詞在從句中作n的賓語,使用關(guān)系代詞which,故填when/n which。
This is the palace I fund the lst wallet after searching fr hurs.
【答案】where
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:這就是我找了幾個小時才找到丟失錢包的地方。分析句子可知,此處為關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語從句,先行詞為the palace,在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語成分。故填where。
4.Eating junk fd is ne f the wrst things a persn can d t their health.
【答案】that
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:吃垃圾食品是個人對健康所能做的最糟糕的事情之一??仗幰龑?dǎo)限制性定語從句,修飾先行詞things,先行詞為物,關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語,先行詞前面有最高級wrst修飾,應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that。故填that。
5.The materials are needed fr the experiment have already been rdered.
【答案】that/which
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:實驗所需的材料已經(jīng)被訂購了。句子謂語是have already been rdered,空處引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句修飾主語The materials,先行詞指物,關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語,應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that或which引導(dǎo)。故填that或which。
6.The ld lady daughter is an English teacher is ur neighbr.
【答案】whse
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:女兒是英語老師的那位老太太是我們的鄰居??仗幰龑?dǎo)限制性定語從句,先行詞為lady,作從句中daughter的定語,用關(guān)系代詞whse引導(dǎo)從句。故填whse。
7.The picture she was lking at was beautiful.
【答案】that/which
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:她正在看的那幅畫很漂亮。本句是一個包含定語從句的復(fù)合句,先行詞是The picture,指物,且在從句中作賓語,所以可以用關(guān)系代詞that或which來引導(dǎo)定語從句。故填 that/which。
8.He talked a lt abut things and persns they remembered in the schl.
【答案】that
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:他談了很多他們在學(xué)校里記得的事情和人。空處引導(dǎo)定語從句,先行詞是things and persns,既有人又有物,在這種情況下,只能用關(guān)系代詞that來引導(dǎo)定語從句。故填that。
9.I knw it is really tugh fr yu t cmplete this task n yur wn. Is there anything I can d fr yu?
【答案】that
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:我知道你一個人完成這項任務(wù)真的很難。有什么我能為你做的嗎?分析句子可知,句子為限制性定語從句,先行詞為不定代詞“anything”,指物,在從句中作賓語,故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞“that”引導(dǎo)從句。故填that。
10.I nce read a stry theme was amazingly inspiring.
【答案】whse
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:我曾經(jīng)讀過一個故事,它的主題非常鼓舞人心??仗幰龑?dǎo)限制性定語從句,先行詞為stry,作從句中theme的定語,用關(guān)系代詞whse引導(dǎo)。故填whse。
11.Yu must have had sme mments yu were disappinted. If s, hw did yu deal with them?
【答案】when
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:你一定有過失望的時候。如果有,你是如何處理的?定語從句修飾先行詞mments,在從句作時間狀語,故用when。故填when。
12.He made a hle in the wall which he culd get int the huse.
【答案】thrugh
【詳解】考查介詞。句意:這個聰明的男孩在墻上挖了一個洞,通過這個洞他可以看到房子里發(fā)生的事情?!巴ㄟ^”譯為thrugh,空處是“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句,先行詞是hle,指物,關(guān)系詞which在從句中作介詞thrugh的賓語。故填thrugh。
13.The Spring Festival is an ccasin Chinese peple are reunited with family members.
【答案】when
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:春節(jié)是中國人民與家人團(tuán)聚的時刻??仗幰龑?dǎo)限制性定語從句,修飾先行詞an ccasin,且在從句中作時間狀語,所以應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)。故填when。
14.The nly thing we can d is t give him sme mney.
【答案】that
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:我們唯一能做的就是給他一些錢。空格處引導(dǎo)定語從句,先行詞 thing在從句中作賓語,前面有The nly修飾,只能用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)。故填that。
15.The tall white building rf is red stands ut against the blue sky.
【答案】whse
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:那座屋頂是紅色的白色高樓,在藍(lán)天的映襯下顯得格外醒目。空格處引導(dǎo)定語從句,先行詞building,在從句中作定語,修飾后面的名詞rf,用關(guān)系代詞whse引導(dǎo)。故填whse。
The huse the capitalist used t live in is nw a nursery.
【答案】that/which
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:資本家過去住的房子現(xiàn)在是一個托兒所。空處需要填入關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾名詞the huse,在從句中作介詞in的賓語,因此用that或者which。故填that/which。
17.I als fund many live stream websites users can watch live perfrmances f DJ and singers and sme can even buy virtual gifts fr the perfrmers.
【答案】where
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:我還發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多直播網(wǎng)站,用戶可以觀看DJ和歌手的現(xiàn)場表演,有些甚至可以為表演者購買虛擬禮物。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語從句,先行詞是websites,表示地點(diǎn),因此用關(guān)系副詞where來引導(dǎo),表示“在這些網(wǎng)站上”。故填where。
18.D yu knw the reasn she has changed her mind?
【答案】why
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:你知道她改變主意的原因嗎?空格處引導(dǎo)的是限制性定語從句,從句中不缺主語或賓語,先行詞reasn是原因,因此空格處用關(guān)系副詞why,故填why。
19.This is the nly ne f the students handwriting is the best.
【答案】whse
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:這是唯一一個書寫最好學(xué)生。ne f后面為復(fù)數(shù)名詞students,修飾students部分為定語從句,指代students,在從句中作定語,應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞whse,表示“誰的”。故填whse。
20.Yu must shw my wife the same respect yu shw me.
【答案】as
【詳解】考查定語從句。句意:你必須給予我的妻子和給予我一樣的尊重。此處引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句,先行詞是respect,指物,且有the same修飾,應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo),在從句中作shw的賓語。故填as。
先行詞
關(guān)系代詞
在從句中所作成分
人
wh
主語、賓語、表語
whm
賓語
that
主語、賓語、表語
whse
定語
物
that
主語、賓語、表語
which
主語、賓語
whse
定語
關(guān)系副詞
先行詞
功能
when
表時間的名詞
時間狀語
where
表地點(diǎn)的名詞
地點(diǎn)狀語
why
表原因的名詞
原因狀語
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