歷年來高考試題中的生詞量有增無減?！督虒W大綱》要求學生“讀懂生詞率不超過3%的傳記、故事、記敘文、科普小品文和有關(guān)社會文史知識等不同題材的材料?！痹谟⒄Z閱讀訓練和測試中的生詞障礙往往會成為學生理解的“絆腳石”，這些“絆腳石”的出現(xiàn)大致分五類：1．舊詞新義，考查詞匯表中未出現(xiàn)的詞義；如：Nearby is the Indianaplis race curse, where the natin’s mst famus car race is held each year n May 30th.我們學過 curse的意思是“過程，課程”等，在此顯然不符句意。根據(jù)上下文 curse是汽車賽舉行的地方，可推斷 curse在該句是“車道”或“跑道”的意思。2．合成詞、轉(zhuǎn)化詞與派生詞，如shplifting，heartbrken，cmputer-literate，decisin-thinking，imperfect等；3．“靈活”的常用詞增多，這些詞必須根據(jù)具體的上下文語境才能正確理解；4．“新鮮”的外國人名、地名、專有名稱增多，這些詞有些帶有一定的文化背景5．超綱生詞。
有的學生在閱讀訓練和測試中存在著“生詞恐懼心理”，一遇到生詞就有讀不下去的感覺。那么閱讀理解時遇到大量生詞該怎么辦? 查詞典當然是排除詞義障礙的一種方法，當然這只有在平常的閱讀訓練中才可以使用。但是，頻繁的查閱詞典既影響閱讀速度，又容易破壞學生閱讀的思路和興趣。況且，一詞多義是英語詞匯的主要特點，詞典不一定能為學生提供單詞在特定的上下文中的具體或確切的含義。平時的練習中遇到生詞不要馬上查詞典，可以通過一定的方法來猜測理解。猜測詞義不僅是一項閱讀技巧，也是高考閱讀能力考查的一個方面，每年在高考閱讀中都有猜測詞義的試題。掌握正確方法快速而又準確地猜測出生詞的含義，對提高閱讀速度和答題效率相當重要。
該類題常見的考查形式有：
1. The phrase “…”in the sentence culd be replaced by ____.
2. The wrd “…” in the paragraph refers t ____.
3. What is the meaning f the underlined wrd in the paragraph? / What des the unlined wrd mean?
4. Which f the fllwing is the clsest in meaning t the phrase “…”?
5. The wrd “…” mst nearly means ____.
對此類試題，考生應該進行大膽猜測，但這種猜測不是胡亂的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介紹幾種常見的猜測詞義的方法供同學們加以運用。
1．構(gòu)詞法猜詞
閱讀中常常會遇到一些由熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞。掌握構(gòu)詞法對猜測詞義很有幫助。如：unfreseeable.這個詞，可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法把它拆成un, fre, see , able；其中 see 是詞根，fre是“先，前，預”的含義，un是否定，able是“能……的，可……的”，因此unfreseeable是“未能預見到的”意思。
…Baker cncludes that peple d nt have the ability t sense when they’re being stared at. If peple dubt the utcme f his tw experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see fr themselves.” …
70. The underlined wrd “utcme” in the last paragraph mst prbably means .
A. value B. result
C. perfrmance D. cnnectin
【答案】B
2．利用同義近義詞猜詞
在生詞所出現(xiàn)的上下文中，有時會出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)，這時可從熟悉的詞語中推知生詞的含義。統(tǒng)稱在詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或r，這些詞語或短語在句中作相同的成分，并且and或r連接的兩項內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進的，由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個生詞所屬的義域，甚至推出它的大致詞義。
…Fermat’s Last Therem（定理）, first put frward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the therem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French wman scientists wh made a majr advance in wrking ut the prblem, and wh had t dress like a man in rder t be able t study at the Ecle Plytechnique. …
65. Which f the fllwing best explains the meaning f the wrd “baffle” as it is used in the text?
A. T encurage peple t raise questins.
B. T cause difficulty in understanding.
C. T prvide a persn with an explanatin.
D. T limit peple’s imaginatin.
【答案】B
3．利用反義詞猜詞
對比是描述，說明事物的常用方式。在對比中，對比的事物是互為相反的，因此根據(jù)反義或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系可從已知推出未知。利用反義詞來說明生詞的意義，如反義詞ht and cld, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句為肯定與否定或是與不是等，在句內(nèi)詞與詞之間，在段內(nèi)句與句之間的關(guān)系上起著互為線索的作用。
…A child’s birthday party desn’t have t be a hassle ; it can be a basket f fun, accrding t Beth Anacleri, an Evastn mther f tw, ages 4 and 18 mnths. …
74.What des the underlined wrd “hassle” prbably mean?
A. A party designed by specialists.
B. A plan requiring careful thught.
C. A situatin causing difficulty r truble.
D. A demand made by guests.
【答案】C
【解析】根據(jù)前句的否定desn’t與后句的肯定can be這一對比關(guān)系，可以判斷出，為了慶祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻煩，可以買一個生日開心包。Hassle的意思應該與fun相反，而與difficulty, truble相近。答案為C。
4．利用上下文語境猜詞
任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有關(guān)。利用上下文提供的情景和線索，進行合乎邏輯的綜合分析進而推測詞義，是閱讀過程中的一大關(guān)鍵，這也是近年來高考考查的熱點。
（2018·新課標卷III）
Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects. Why d we ften assume that mre is mre when it cmes t kids and their belngings? The gd news is that I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less.
I fund the pre-hlidays a gd time t encurage yung children t dnate less-used things, and it wrked. Because f ur effrts, ur daughter Gergia did decide t dnate a large bag f tys t a little girl whse mther was unable t pay fr her hliday due t illness. She chse t sell a few larger bjects that were less ften used when we prmised t put the mney int her schl fund(基金）(ur kindergarten daughter is serius abut becming a dctr).
……
【文章大意】這是一片夾敘夾議文。文章講述作者引導孩子主動捐獻玩具，并從玩耍簡單玩具中獲得快樂的做法。
【答案】A
5．利用定義和解釋猜詞
有些文章，特別是科技文章，通常會對一些關(guān)鍵詞給予定義，我們可以利用定義來猜測這些詞的意思。釋義法就是根據(jù)文章中的字里行間，對生詞以定語（從句）、表語甚至用逗號、破折號等標點符號引出并加以解釋說明的方式。
“Organic prduce is always better, ” Gld said. “The fd is free f pesticides (農(nóng)藥), and yu are generally supprting family farms instead f large farms. And mre ften than nt it is lcally (本地)grwn and seasnal, s it is mre tasty.” Gld is ne f a grwing number f shppers buying int the rganic trend, and supermarkets acrss Britain are cunting n mre like him as they grw their rganic fd business.
62. What is the meaning f “the rganic trend” as the wrds are used in the text?
A. Grwing interest in rganic fd.
B. Better quality f rganic fd.
C. Rising market fr rganic fd.
D. Higher prices f rganic fd.
【答案】A
【解析】由Gld is ne f a grwing number f shppers buying smething可以推斷出，越來越多的顧客像Gld一樣開始購買有機食物，其實也就是對這類食物產(chǎn)生了越來越濃厚的興趣。答案為A。
6．根據(jù)語義轉(zhuǎn)折猜詞
有時文章的作者為了增強表達效果，會用一些含有表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞，副詞或短語。如：thugh, althugh, still, but, yet, instead, instead f, hwever, while, n the cntrary, n the ther hand, unlike, rather than, fr ne thing, fr anther等，我們可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折意思猜測詞義。
…Hwever bvius these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually nt s bvius as they seem except when we take special pains t think abut the subject.
…
71. In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” prbably means “_____”.
A. try very hard B. take ur time
C. are very unhappy D. feel especially painful
【答案析】A
7．利用經(jīng)驗和常識猜詞
…“I was n the way t a persnal-injury accident in West Nashville. As I gt nt Highway 40, blue lights and sirens(警笛) ging, I fell in behind a gld Pntiac Firebird that suddenly seemed t take ff quickly dwn the highway. The driver smehw panicked at the sight f me. He was ging mre than a hundred miles an hur and began passing cars n the shulder.”
63. The meaning f “panicked” in Paragraph 2 is related t ___________ .
A. shame B. hate C. anger D. fear
【答案】D
【解析】根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容描述，可以知道panicked 意思是“驚慌”，相當于fear。
題組一（2018年高考真題）
Passage1(2018·新課標卷I，C)
Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging. When the wrld was still ppulated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (聯(lián)系)grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther.Sme language experts believe that 10,000 years ag, when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrializatin, the develpment f the natin-state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages, ften spken by many peple, while ht, wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers. Eurpe has nly arund 200 languages; the Americas abut 1,000; Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位數(shù))f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld’s languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
Already well ver 400 f the ttal f, 6,800 languages are clse t extinctin(消亡), with nly a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at randm, Busuu in Camern (eight remaining speakers),Chiapanec in Mexic(150), Lipan Apache in the United States(tw r three)r Wadjigu in Australia (ne, with a questin-mark): nne f these seems t have much chance f survival.
28. What can we infer abut languages in hunter-gatherer times?
A. They develped very fast. B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patterns. D. They were clsely cnnected.
29. Which f the fllwing best explains "dminant " underlined in paragraph 2？
A. Cmplex. B. Advanced.
C. Pwerful. D. Mdern.
30. Hw many languages are spken by less than 6, 000 peple at present?
A. Abut 6,800 B. Abut 3,400
C. Abut 2,400 D. Abut 1,200
31. What is the main idea f the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peple’s lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C. Human develpment results in fewer languages.
D. Gegraphy determines language evlutin.
Passage2(2018·新課標卷II，)
Steven Stein likes t fllw garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when yu cnsider that he’s an envirnmental scientist wh studies hw t reduce litter, including things that fall ff garbage trucks as they drive dwn the rad. What is even mre interesting is that ne f Stein's jbs is defending an industry behind the plastic shpping bags.
Americans use mre than 100 billin thin film plastic bags every year. S many end up in tree branches r alng highways that a grwing number f cities d nt allw them at checkuts(收銀臺) . The bags are prhibited in sme 90 cities in Califrnia, including Ls Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein t make the case that their prducts are nt as bad fr the planet as mst peple assume.
Amng the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allw shppers t purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require mre energy t prduce and transprt. And while plastic bags may be ugly t lk at, they represent a small percentage f all garbage n the grund tday.
The industry has als taken aim at the prduct that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shpping bags. The strnger a reusable bag is, the lnger its life and the mre plastic-bag use it cancels ut. Hwever, lnger-lasting reusable bags ften require mre energy t make. One study fund that a cttn bag must be used at least 131 times t be better fr the planet than plastic.
Envirnmentalists dn't dispute（質(zhì)疑） these pints. They hpe paper bags will be banned smeday t and want shppers t use the same reusable bags fr years.
24. What has Steven Stein been hired t d?
A. Help increase grcery sales.B. Recycle the waste material.
C. Stp things falling ff trucks.D. Argue fr the use f plastic bags.
25. What des the wrd “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Bans n plastic bags.B. Effects f city develpment.
C. Headaches caused by garbage.D. Plastic bags hung in trees.
26. What is a disadvantage f reusable bags accrding t plastic-bag makers?
A. They are quite expensive.B. Replacing them can be difficult.
C. They are less strng than plastic bags.D. Prducing them requires mre energy.
27. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Plastic, Paper r NeitherB. Industry, Pllutin and Envirnment
C. Recycle r Thrw AwayD. Garbage Cllectin and Waste Cntrl
Passage3(2018·浙江卷，B)
Steven Stein likes t fllw garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when yu cnsider that he’s an envirnmental scientist wh studies hw t reduce litter, including things that fall ff garbage trucks as they drive dwn the rad. What is even mre interesting is that ne f Stein's jbs is defending an industry behind the plastic shpping bags.
Americans use mre than 100 billin thin film plastic bags every year. S many end up in tree branches r alng highways that a grwing number f cities d nt allw them at checkuts(收銀臺) . The bags are prhibited in sme 90 cities in Califrnia, including Ls Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein t make the case that their prducts are nt as bad fr the planet as mst peple assume.
Amng the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allw shppers t purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require mre energy t prduce and transprt. And while plastic bags may be ugly t lk at, they represent a small percentage f all garbage n the grund tday.
The industry has als taken aim at the prduct that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shpping bags. The strnger a reusable bag is, the lnger its life and the mre plastic-bag use it cancels ut. Hwever, lnger-lasting reusable bags ften require mre energy t make. One study fund that a cttn bag must be used at least 131 times t be better fr the planet than plastic.
Envirnmentalists dn't dispute（質(zhì)疑） these pints. They hpe paper bags will be banned smeday t and want shppers t use the same reusable bags fr years.
24. What has Steven Stein been hired t d?
A. Help increase grcery sales.B. Recycle the waste material.
C. Stp things falling ff trucks.D. Argue fr the use f plastic bags.
25. What des the wrd “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Bans n plastic bags.B. Effects f city develpment.
C. Headaches caused by garbage.D. Plastic bags hung in trees.
26. What is a disadvantage f reusable bags accrding t plastic-bag makers?
A. They are quite expensive.B. Replacing them can be difficult.
C. They are less strng than plastic bags.D. Prducing them requires mre energy.
27. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Plastic, Paper r NeitherB. Industry, Pllutin and Envirnment
C. Recycle r Thrw AwayD. Garbage Cllectin and Waste Cntrl
Passage4(2018·北京卷，D)
Preparing Cities fr Rbt Cars
The pssibility f self-driving rbt cars has ften seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away frm materializing in the real wrld. Well, the future is apparently nw. The Califrnia Department f Mtr Vehicles began giving permits in April fr cmpanies t test truly self-driving cars n public rads. The state als cleared the way fr cmpanies t sell r rent ut self-driving cars, and fr cmpanies t perate driverless taxi services. Califrnia, it shuld be nted, isn’t leading the way here. Cmpanies have been testing their vehicles in cities acrss the cuntry. It’s hard t predict when driverless cars will be everywhere n ur rads. But hwever lng it takes, the technlgy has the ptential t change ur transprtatin systems and ur cities, fr better r fr wrse, depending n hw the transfrmatin is regulated.
While much f the debate s far has been fcused n the safety f driverless cars(and rightfully s), plicymakers als shuld be talking abut hw self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissins(排放) and ffer mre cnvenient, affrdable mbility ptins. The arrival f driverless vehicles is a chance t make sure that thse vehicles are envirnmentally friendly and mre shared.
D we want t cpy — r even wrsen — the traffic f tday with driverless cars? Imagine a future where mst adults wn individual self-driving vehicles. They tlerate lng, slw jurneys t and frm wrk n packed highways because they can wrk, entertain themselves r sleep n the ride, which encurages urban spread. They take their driverless car t an appintment and set the empty vehicle t circle the building t avid paying fr parking. Instead f walking a few blcks t pick up a child r the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The cnvenience even leads fewer peple t take public transprt — an unwelcme side effect researchers have already fund in ride-hailing(叫車) services.
A study frm the University f Califrnia at Davis suggested that replacing petrl-pwered private cars wrldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems culd reduce carbn emissins frm transprtatin 80% and cut the cst f transprtatin infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) and peratins 40% by 2050. Fewer emissins and cheaper travel sund pretty appealing. The first cmmercially available driverless cars will almst certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, cnsidering the cst f self-driving technlgy as well as liability and maintenance issues(責任與維護問題). But driverless car wnership culd increase as the prices drp and mre peple becme cmfrtable with the technlgy.
Plicymakers shuld start thinking nw abut hw t make sure the appearance f driverless vehicles desn’t extend the wrst aspects f the car-cntrlled transprtatin system we have tday. The cming technlgical advancement presents a chance fr cities and states t develp transprtatin systems designed t mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it.
47. Accrding t the authr, attentin shuld be paid t hw driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transprtatin-related prblems
B. prvide better services t custmers
C. cause damage t ur envirnment
D. make sme peple lse jbs
48. As fr driverless cars, what is the authr’s majr cncern?
A. Safety. B. Side effects.
C. Affrdability. D. Management.
49. What des the underlined wrd ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Emplyed. B. Replaced.
C. Shared. D. Reduced.
50. What is the authr’s attitude t the future f self-driving cars?
A. Dubtful. B. Psitive.
C. Disapprving. D. Sympathetic.
題組二（2017年高考真題）
Passage1(2017·新課標卷II，D)
When a leafy plant is under attack, it desn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, tw scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reprted that yung maple trees getting bitten by insects send ut a particular smell that neighbring plants can get. These chemicals cme frm the injured parts f the plant and seem t be an alarm. What the plants pump thrugh the air is a mixture f chemicals knwn as vlatile rganic cmpunds, VOCs fr shrt.
Scientists have fund that all kinds f plants give ut VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way f crying ut. But is anyne listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighburs react.
Sme plants pump ut smelly chemicals t keep insects away. But thers d duble duty. They pump ut perfumes designed t attract different insects wh are natural enemies t the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker wh was lunching nw becmes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical cnversatins help the neighbrs .The damage is usually mre serius n the first plant, but the neighbrs, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what t d.
Des this mean that plants talk t each ther? Scientists dn’t knw. Maybe the first plant just made a cry f pain r was sending a message t its wn branches, and s, in effect, was talking t itself. Perhaps the neighbrs just happened t “verhear” the cry. S infrmatin was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentinal back and frth.
Charles Darwin, ver 150 years ag, imagined a wrld far busier, nisier and mre intimate(親密的)
than the wrld we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whle lt ging n.
32. What des a plant d when it is under attack?
A. It makes nises. B. It gets help frm ther plants.
C. It stands quietly D. It sends ut certain chemicals.
33. What des the authr mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.
B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready t fight back.
D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34.Scientists find frm their studies that plants can .
A. predict natural disasters
B. prtect themselves against insects
C. talk t ne anther intentinally
D. help their neighbrs when necessary
35.what can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. The wrld is changing faster than ever.
B. Peple have strnger senses than befre
C. The wrld is mre cmplex than it seems
D. Peple in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
Passage2(2017·新課標III卷，C)
After years f heated debate, gray wlves were reintrduced t Yellwstne Natinal Park. Furteen wlves were caught in Canada and transprted t the park. By last year, the Yellwstne wlf ppulatin had grwn t mre than 170 wlves.
Gray wlves nce were seen here and there in the Yellwstne area and much f the cntinental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human develpment. By the 1920s, wlves had practically disappeared frm the Yellwstne area. They went farther nrth int the deep frests f Canada, where there were fewer humans arund.
The disappearance f the wlves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk ppulatins — majr fd surces (來源) fr the wlf — grew rapidly. These animals cnsumed large amunts f vegetatin (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence f wlves, cyte ppulatins als grew quickly. The cytes killed a large percentage f the park’s red fxes, and cmpletely drve away the park’s beavers.
As early as 1966, bilgists asked the gvernment t cnsider reintrducing wlves t Yellwstne Park. They hped that wlves wuld be able t cntrl the elk and cyte prblems. Many farmers ppsed the plan because they feared that wlves wuld kill their farm animals r pets.
The gvernment spent nearly 30 years cming up with a plan t reintrduce the wlvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully mnitrs and manages the wlf packs in Yellwstne. Tday, the debate cntinues ver hw well the gray wlf is fitting in at Yellwstne. Elk, deer, and cyte ppulatins are dwn, while beavers and red fxes have made a cmeback. The Yellwstne wlf prject has been a valuable experiment t help bilgists decide whether t reintrduce wlves t ther parts f the cuntry as well.
28. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellwstne area.
C. The cnflict between farmers and gray wlves.
D. The reintrductin f wlves t Yellwstne Park.
29. What des the underlined wrd ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Tested.B. Separated.
C. Frced ut.D. Tracked dwn.
30. What did the disappearance f gray wlves bring abut?
A. Damage t lcal eclgy.
B. A decline in the park’s incme.
C. Preservatin f vegetatin.
D. An increase in the variety f animals.
31. What is the authr’s attitude twards the Yellwstne wlf prject?
A. Dubtful. B. Psitive.
C. Disapprving. D. Uncaring.
Passage3(2017·天津卷)
This mnth, Germany’s transprt minister, Alexander Dbrindt, prpsed the first set f rules fr autnmus vehicles(自主駕駛車輛). They wuld define the driver’s rle in such cars and gvern hw such cars perfrm in crashes where lives might be lst.
The prpsal attempts t deal with what sme call the “death valley” f autnmus vehicles: the grey area between semi-autnmus and fully driverless cars that culd delay the driverless future.
Dbrindt wants three things: that a car always chses prperty(財產(chǎn)) damage ver persnal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based n age r race; and that if a human remves his r her hands frm the driving wheel — t check email, say — the car’s maker is respnsible if there is a crash.
“The change t the rad traffic law will permit fully autmatic driving,” says Dbrindt. It will put fully driverless cars n an equal legal fting t human drivers, he says.
Wh is respnsible fr the peratin f such vehicles is nt clear amng car makers, cnsumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律責任) issue is the biggest ne f them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University f Leeds, UK.
An assumptin behind UK insurance fr driverless cars, intrduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and mnitring the rad” at every mment.
But that is nt what many peple have in mind when thinking f driverless cars. “When yu say ‘driverless cars’, peple expect driverless cars.” Merat says. “Yu knw — n driver.”
Because f the cnfusin, Merat thinks sme car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully autmated withut peratin.
Driverless cars may end up being a frm f public transprt rather than vehicles yu wn, says Ryan Cal at Stanfrd University, Califrnia. That is happening in the UK and Singapre, where gvernment-prvided driverless vehicles are being launched.
That wuld g dwn prly in the US, hwever. “The idea that the gvernment wuld take ver driverless cars and treat them as a public gd wuld get abslutely nwhere here,” says Cal.
46. What des the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. A place where cars ften break dwn.
B. A case where passing a law is impssible.
C. An area where n driving is permitted.
D. A situatin where drivers’ rle is nt clear.
47. The prpsal put frward by Dbrindt aims t __________.
A. stp peple frm breaking traffic rules
B. help prmte fully autmatic driving
C. prtect drivers f all ages and races
D. prevent serius prperty damage
48. What d cnsumers think f the peratin f driverless cars?
A. It shuld get the attentin f insurance cmpanies.
B. It shuld be the main cncern f law makers.
C. It shuld nt cause deadly traffic accidents.
D. It shuld invlve n human respnsibility.
49. Driverless vehicles in public transprt see n bright future in _________.
A. SingapreB. the UK
C. the USD. Germany
50. What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A. Autnmus Driving: Whse Liability?
B. Fully Autmatic Cars: A New Breakthrugh
C. Autnmus Vehicles: Driver Remved!
D. Driverless Cars: Rt f Rad Accidents
Passage4(2017·江蘇卷)
Befre birth, babies can tell the difference between lud sunds and vices. They can even distinguish their mther’s vice frm that f a female stranger. But when it cmes t embrynic learning (胎教), birds culd rule the rst. As recently reprted in The Auk: Ornithlgical Advances, sme mther birds may teach their yung t sing even befre they hatch (孵化). New-brn chicks can then imitate their mm’s call within a few days f entering the wrld.
This educatinal methd was first bserved in 2012 by Snia Kleindrfer, a bilgist at Flinders University in Suth Australia, and her clleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were fund t repeat ne sund ver and ver again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp t their mthers—a sund that served as their regular ＂feed me!＂ call.
T find ut if the special quality was mre widespread in birds, the researchers sught the red-backed fairy wren, anther species f Australian sngbird. First they cllected sund data frm 67 nests in fur sites in Queensland befre and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the rder and number f ntes. A cmputer analysis blindly cmpared calls prduced by mthers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.
It turns ut that baby red-backed fairy wrens als emerge chirping like their mms. And the mre frequently mthers had called t their eggs, the mre similar were the babies’ begging calls. In additin, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that mst clsely imitated their mm’s vice were rewarded with the mst fd.
This bservatin hints that effective embrynic learning culd signal neurlgical (神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的) strengths f children t parents. An evlutinary inference can then be drawn. ＂As a parent, d yu invest in quality children, r d yu invest in children that are in need?＂ Kleindrfer asks. ＂Our results suggest that they might be ging fr quality.＂
58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means＂____________＂.
A. be the wrst B. be the best
C. be the as bad D. be just as gd
59. What are Kleindrfer’s findings based n?
A. Similarities between the calls f mms and chicks.
B. The bservatin f fairy wrens acrss Australia.
C. The data cllected frm Queensland’s lcals.
D. Cntrlled experiments n wrens and ther birds.
60. Embrynic learning helps mther birds t identify the baby birds which ____________.
A. can receive quality signals
B. are in need f training
C. fit the envirnment better
D. make the ludest call
題組三（2016年高考真題）
Passage1(2016·新課標全國卷I)
I am Peter Hdes , a vlunteer stem cell curier. Since March 2012, I’ve dne 89 trips—f thse , 51 have been abrad. I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells（干細胞）in my little bx because I’ve gt tw ice packs and that’s hw lng they last. In all, frm the time the stem cells are harvested frm a dnr(捐獻者) t the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve gt 72 hurs at mst. S I am always cnscius f time.
I had ne trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Prvidence, Rhde Island, and was meant t fly t Washingtn then back t Lndn. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Prvidence, the lady n the desk said:“Well, I’m really srry, I’ve gt sme bad news fr yu—there are n flights frm Washingtn.” S I tk my bx and put it n the desk and I said:“In this bx are sme stem cells that are urgently needed fr a patient-please, please, yu’ve gt t get me back t the United Kingdm.” She just drpped everything. She arranged fr a flight n a small plane t be held fr me，re-ruted(改道)me thrugh Newark and gt me back t the UK even earlier than riginally scheduled.
Fr this curier jb, yu’re cnsciusly aware that in that bx yu’re gt smething that is ptentially ging t save smebdy’s life.
29. Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd “curier” in Paragraph1?
A. prviderB. delivery man
C. cllectr D. medical dctr
30.Why des Peter have t cmplete his trip within 42hurs?
A. He cannt stay away frm his jb t lng.
B. The dnr can nly wait fr that lng.
C. The peratin needs that much time.
D. The ice wn’t last any lnger.
31. Which flight did the wman put Peter n first?
A. T Lndn.B. T Newark.
C. T Prvidence. D. T Washingtn.
Passage2(2016·新課標全國卷 = 3 \* ROMAN II)
Five years ag, when I taught art at a schl in Seattle, I used Tinkertys as a test at the beginning f a term t find ut smething abut my students. I put a small set f Tinkertys in frnt f each student, and said: “Make smething ut f the Tinkertys. Yu have 45 minutes tday—and 45minutes each day fr the rest f the week.”
A few students hesitated t start. They waited t see what the rest f the class wuld d. Several thers checked the instructins and made smething accrding t ne f the mdel plans prvided. Anther grup built smething ut f their wn imaginatins.
Once I had a by wh wrked experimentally with Tinkertys in his free time. His cnstructins filled a shelf in the art classrm and a gd part f his bedrm at hme. I was delighted at the presence f such a student. Here was an exceptinally creative mind at wrk. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whse creativity wuld infect(感染) ther students.
Encuraging this kind f thinking has a dwnside. I ran the risk f lsing thse students wh had a different style f thinking. Withut fail ne wuld declare, “But I’m just nt creative.”
“D yu dream at night when yu’re asleep?”
“Oh, sure.”
“S tell me ne f yur mst interesting dreams.” The student wuld tell smething wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky r in a time machine r grwing three heads. “That’s pretty creative. Wh des that fr yu?”
“Nbdy. I d it.”
“Really—at night, when yu’re asleep?”
“Sure.”
“Try ding it in the daytime, in class, kay?”
25. The teacher used Tinkertys in class in rder t ________.
A. knw mre abut the students
B. make the lessns mre exciting
C. raise the students’ interest in art
D. teach the students abut ty design
26. What d we knw abut the by mentined in Paragraph 3?
A. He liked t help his teacher.B. He preferred t study alne.
C. He was active in class.D. He was imaginative.
27. What des the underlined wrd “dwnside” in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Mistake.B. Drawback.
C. Difficulty.D. Burden.
28. Why did the teacher ask the students t talk abut their dreams?
A. T help them t see their creativity.
B. T find ut abut their sleeping habits.
C. T help them t imprve their memry.
D. T find ut abut their ways f thinking.
Passage3(2016·新課標卷III)
On ne f her trips t New Yrk several years ag, Eudra Welty decided t take a cuple f New Yrk friends ut t dinner. They settled in at a cmfrtable East Slide cafe and within minutes, anther custmer was appraching their table.
＂Hey, aren’t yu frm Mississippi?＂ the elegant, white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. ＂I’m frm Mississippi t.＂
Withut a secnd thught, the wman jined the Welty party. When her dinner partner shwed up, she als pulled up a chair.
＂They began telling me all the news f Mississippi,＂ Welty said. ＂I didn’t knw what my New Yrk friends were thinking.＂
Taxis n a rainy New Yrk night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the grup gt up t leave, it was puring utside. Welty’s new friends immediately sent a waiter t find a cab. Heading back dwntwn tward her htel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn f events that had changed their Big Apple dinner int a Mississippi state reunin(團聚).
＂My friends said: ‘Nw we believe yur stries,’＂ Welty added. ＂And I said: ‘Nw yu knw. These are the peple that make me write them.’＂
Sitting n a sfa in her rm, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, lked pleased with this explanatin.
＂I dn’t make them up,＂ she said f the characters in her fictin these last 50 r s years. ＂I dn’t have t.＂
Beauticians, bartenders, pian players and peple with purple hats, Welty’s peple cme frm afternns spent visiting with ld friends, frm walks thrugh the streets f her native Jacksn, Miss., frm cnversatins verheard n a bus. It annys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has nw given ut. Smetimes, sitting n a bus r a train, she hears nly a fragment(片段) f a particularly interesting stry.
25. What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe?
A. Tw strangers jined her．
B. Her childhd friends came in
C. A heavy rain ruined the dinner．
D. Sme peple held a party there.
26. The underlined wrd ＂them＂ in Paragraph 6 refers t Welty’s _______.
A. readers B. parties
C. friends D. stries
27. What can we learn abut the characters in Welty’s fictin?
A. They live in big cities.
B. They are mstly wmen.
C. They cme frm real life.
D. They are pleasure seekers.
Passage4(2016·四川卷)
If yu culd have ne superpwer, what wuld it be?
Dreaming abut whether yu wuld want t read minds, see thrugh walls, r have superhuman strength may sund silly, but it actually gets t the heart f what really matters in yur life.
Every day in ur wrk, we are inspired by the peple we meet ding extrardinary things t imprve the wrld.
They have a different kind f superpwer that all f us pssess: the pwer t make a difference in the lives f thers.
We’re nt saying that everyne needs t cntribute their lives t the pr. Yur lives are busy enugh ding hmewrk, playing sprts, making friends, seeking after yur dreams. But we d think that yu can live a mre pwerful life when yu devte sme f yur time and energy t smething much larger than yurself. Find an issue yu are interested in and learn mre. Vlunteer r, if yu can, cntribute a little mney t a cause. Whatever yu d, dn’t be a bystander. Get invlved. Yu may have the pprtunity t make yur biggest difference when yu’re lder. But why nt start nw?
Our wn experience wrking tgether n health, develpment, and energy the last twenty years has been ne f the mst rewarding parts f ur lives. It has changed wh we are and cntinues t fuel ur ptimism abut hw much the lives f the prest peple will imprve in the years ahead.
24. What des the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Yur life style.B. Yur life value.
C. Yur truble in life.D. Yur life experience.
25. Why des the authr say they are inspired every day?
A. They pssess different kinds f superpwers.
B. They have gt the pwer t change the wrld.
C. Sme peple arund them are making the wrld better.
D. There are many pwerful peple in their life and wrk.
26. What des the authr stress in Paragraph 5?
A. Learning mre and cntributing mre t a cause.
B. Rising abve self and acting t help thers.
C. Wrking hard t get a bigger pprtunity.
D. Trying yur best t help the pr.
27. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. The authr believes the lives f the prest will get better.
B. Much mre prgress will be made in the near future.
C. The wrk n health is the mst valuable experience.
D. Peple’s effrts have been materially rewarded.
題組四（名校模擬題）
Passage 1(2018屆福建省百所重點校高三年聯(lián)合考試)
The stry f Sir Nichlas Wintn is the ne that yu wuld imagine culd nly happen n the silver screen. Sir Nichlas Wintn was a British man wh went t heric effrts, ptentially putting himself at risk, during Wrld War II. Sir Wintn was respnsible fr ensuring the safety f six hundred and sixty-nine Jewish children by aiding their escape frm cuntries ccupied by Nazis. Finally, the Jewish children were brught t England where he wrked t make sure families in his native cuntry wuld help the kids by taking them int their hmes.
Recently, this unbelievable stry has again been making the runds n the Internet, particularly after a rerun f the BBC shw called “That’s Life”, which featured Sir Wintn. Peple arund the wrld were mved at the details f the stry, with saying it t be the best stry they’ve ever seen.
Sir Wintn kept his entire plan cmpletely secret, even his wife had n idea abut his planning until fifty years later. After the war, years passed and many peple remained in the dark abut Sir Wintn’s extrardinary achievement. Sme fifty years later, his wife Greta was searching in their huse and discvered a Wintn’s ntebk which dcumented the names f all the children. She wrked with BBC and they prduced a TV episde (插曲) f their prgram “That’s Life” that served as an hnr fr Sir Wintn’s wrk.
In 2003, Sir Wintn was knighted by the Queen f England fr his wrk. He als was even nminated fr a Nbel Peace Prize. He als had a small planet named after him by Czech astrnmers. Sir Wintn died peacefully in his sleep at the ld age f ne hundred and six, in 2015. Leaders arund the wrld paid tribute (悼念). Israel’s ambassadr t the United Kingdm, Daniel Taub, said, “He was a her f ur time, having saved 669 Jewish children frm Nazis. His stry, as a pint f light in a perid f darkness, will frever be remembered.”
1.What happened t the 669 Jewish children?
A. They were killed by Nazis.
B. They returned t their wn hmes.
C. They fled t their native cuntries.
D. They were raised by English families.
2.What made Wintn’s stry spread widely?
A. Peple’s chatting nline.B. The prgram “That’s Life”.
C. His wife’s prmtin.D. Praises frm sme leaders.
3.Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined expressin “remained in the dark’, in Paragraph 3?
A. felt dubtfulB. remained mved
C. knew nthingD. criticized smething
4.What d we knw abut Wintn?
A. He was brn in 1909.B. Nazis tried t arrest him.
C. He named a small planet.D. Many children paid tribute t him.
Passage 2((2018屆河南省中原名校高三質(zhì)量考評)
A ROBOT cmpanin fr lder peple aims t prmte activity and deal with lneliness by urging them t take part in digital and physical activities.
The ElliQ rbt, made by Israel-based start-up Intuitin Rbtics, will be published at the Design Museum in Lndn this week. ElliQ is a small desktp device that cnsists f a dmed (拱形的) “bdy” and a separate detachable (可拆卸的) screen.
Created in cllabratin with Swiss designer Yves Behar, the rbt is able t encurage a degree f scial engagement. Similar t hme assistants like the Amazn Ech, peple can simply talk t it, and there are visual clues that culd be particularly helpful fr thse with hearing difficulties.
A key purpse f ElliQ is t act as an easy platfrm t access existing services such as scial media, and messaging prgrams. Fr example, the device culd alert the users that their grandchild has psted a new pht n Facebk, shw it t them n the screen.
ElliQ can recmmend activities vluntarily. It might ask if yu’re interested in watching a vide, fr instance, r suggest a walk. It can als act as reminder t take medicatin.
Having a rbt cnstantly ffer suggestins culd bviusly get annying, s the device uses machine learning t tailr these suggestins t individual preferences. If a suggestin is met with a psitive respnse nce, ElliQ might try it again. If nt, it might change fr a different tack.
1.Which f the fllwing statements is NOT true?
A.A rbt cmpanin fr lder peple will strngly advise them t participate in digital and physical activities t be healthy.
B. The ElliQ rbt is published at the Design Museum in Lndn.
C. The screen f the ElliQ rbt can be remved if necessary.
D. The ElliQ rbt is created by Swiss designer Yves Behar and Israel-based start-up Intuitin Rbtics.
2.The underlined wrd “alert” is clsest m meaning t ________ .
A. declareB. annunceC. remindD. say
3.ElliQ can serve the fllwing purpses EXCEPT________.
A. when the user’s friend updates his mments (朋友圈), it can shw it t the user n the screen.
B.it can recmmend sme activities even the user desn’t ask.
C.it will cnstantly give suggestins regardless f the user’s individual preference.
D.it can help thse with hearing difficulties by ffering visual clues.
4.In which clumn we are mst likely t find the passage?
A. News & TechnlgyB. Peple
C. Health D. Internatinal Affairs
Passage 3(2017屆黑龍江大慶一中高三第三段測)
One f the main challenges facing many cuntries is hw t maintain their identity in the face f glbalizatin and the grwing multi-language trend. ＂One f the main reasns fr ecnmic failure in many African cuntries is the fact that, with a few imprtant exceptins, mther-tngue educatin is nt practiced in any f the independent African states.＂ said Neville Alexander, Directr f the Prject fr the Study f Alternative Educatin in Suth Africa at the University f Cape Twn.
In respnse t the spread f English and the increased multi-language trends arising frm immigratin, many cuntries have intrduced language laws in the last decade. In sme, the use f languages ther than the natinal language is banned in public spaces such as advertising psters. One f the first such legal prvisins(規(guī)定) was the 1994 ＂Tubn law＂ in France, and the idea has been cpied in many cuntries since then. Such effrts t gvern language use are ften cnsidered as futile by language experts, wh are well aware f the difficulty in cntrlling fashins in speech and knw frm research that language switching amng bilinguals is a natural prcess.
It is especially difficult fr native speakers f English t understand the desire t maintain the ＂purity＂ f a language by law. Since the time f Shakespeare, English has cntinually absrbed freign wrds int its wn language. English is ne f the mst mixed and rapidly changing languages in the wrld, but that has nt been a barrier t acquiring superirity and pwer. Anther reasn fr the failure f many native English speakers t understand the rle f the state regulatin is that it has never been the Angl-Saxn way f ding things. English has never had a state-cntrlled authrity fr the language, similar, fr example, t the Academic Francaise in France.
The need t prtect natinal languages is, fr mst western Eurpeans, a recent phenmenn- especially the need t ensure that English des nt unnecessarily take ver t many fields. Public cmmunicatin, educatin and new ways f cmmunicatin prmted by technlgy, may be key fields t defend.
1.Neville Alexander believes that __________.
A. mther-tngue educatin is nt practiced in all African cuntries
B. glbalizatin has resulted in the ecnmic failure f Africa
C. glbalizatin has led t the rise f multi-language trend
D. lack f mther-tngue educatin can lead t ecnmic failure
2.The underlined wrd ＂futile＂ (in paragraph 2) mst prbably means ＂ ___________＂.
A. wrkable B. practical
C. useless D. unnecessary
3.What can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. English has taken ver fields like public cmmunicatin and educatin.
B. Many aspects f natinal culture are threatened by the spread f English.
C. Mst language experts believe it is imprtant t prmte a natinal language.
D. Eurpeans have lng realized the need t prtect a natinal language.
4.The best title fr the passage is __________.
A. Fighting against the rule f English
B. Prtecting lcal languages and identities
C. Glbalizatin and multi-language trend
D. T maintain the purity f language by law
Passage 4(2017屆河南省新鄉(xiāng)市第一中學高三?？?
Scientists in Britain have managed t teach bumblebees(大黃蜂) t pull strings t get t fd and then pass n what they have learned t thers in their clny(群體)—shwing a high level f intelligence despite their tiny brains.
Researchers at Queen Mary University f Lndn said the experiments, ften used t test the intelligence f apes (猿) and birds, shwed fr the first time that sme insects are up t the task, and can als pass skills n thrugh several generatins.
The findings add t the evidence suggesting the ability fr ＂culture spread＂ — the ability t learn and pass n knwledge and skills — may nt be exclusive t humans.
In the research, published in the jurnal PLOS Bilgy n Tuesday, the scientists were able t train 23 ut f a grup f 40 bees t pull strings with their legs and feet.
The strings were attached t discs — r artificial ＂flwers＂ — cntaining fd at their center but placed under a transparent screen. The bees, sptting the fd beneath the screen, learned t pull the ＂flwers＂ ut by pulling the string with their legs and feet t be able t get t it.
Frm anther grup f bees given the chance t slve the task withut any training, nly tw f 110 were successful.
Anther grup f bees was then allwed t bserve the trained bees pulling the strings, and 60 percent f them successfully learned the skill. Finally, trained bees were put in clnies, and the scientists fund the technique spread successfully t a majrity f the clny’s wrker bees.
Lars Chittka, a Queen Mary University prfessr wh guided the prject, said the team is interested in figuring ut the brain prcesses behind the bees’ learning and teaching skills.
1.What des the underlined wrd ＂exclusive＂ in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Ordinary. B. Unique.
C. Beneficial. D. Widespread.
2.What did the researchers find abut bees?
A. Bees learn best in insects.
B. Bees are as clever as birds.
C. Bees are brn gd learners.
D. Bees can be trained t learn skills.
3.What may the research team fcus n next?
A. What else bees can d.
B. Where bees learn skills.
C. Hw bees teach thers.
D. Hw bees’ brain wrk.
4.What may be the best title fr the text?
A. Small bees, great abilities
B. Bees can learn and teach
C. Bees are smarter
D. Let bees learn
題組一
Passage1
【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文。文章講述了隨著社會的發(fā)展人類語言越來越少及其原因。
29.C 【解析】猜測詞義題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.可知，英語、西班牙語和漢語正在替代其他語言。由此推知dminant languages意為：強有力的語言。故選C。
30.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中的At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages.和The median number (中位數(shù)) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld’s languages are spken by fewer peple than that. 可知，目前世界上大約有6800種語言，但是講的人數(shù)少于6000人的占一半即3400.故選B。
31.C 【解析】主旨要義題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的主題句Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging.可知，語言的產(chǎn)生和消失進行了幾千年，但最近時代語言產(chǎn)生的少，消失的太多。故選C。
Passage2
【文章大意】文章分析了幾種購物袋的使用情況，塑料袋造成了環(huán)境問題，盡管紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)和運輸需要更多的能源，希望消費者使用耐用可重復使用的袋子。
24.D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段ne f Stein's jbs is defending an industry behind the plastic shpping bags.和第二段plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein t make the case that their prducts are nt as bad fr the planet as mst peple assume.可知塑料袋生產(chǎn)商雇用Steven Stein是為了證明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人想象的那樣對地球有害，是對塑料袋被禁用的解釋和爭論。故選D。
25.A 【解析】詞義猜測題。上文介紹在許多美國大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到這種現(xiàn)狀，塑料袋生產(chǎn)商雇用Steven Stein等科學家是為了證明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人想象的那樣對地球有害。headwinds“逆風”，此處指塑料袋被禁用的現(xiàn)狀，即Bans n plastic bags，故選A。
26.D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段Hwever, lnger-lasting reusable bags ften require mre energy t make.可知塑料袋生產(chǎn)商認為生產(chǎn)耐用且能重復使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故選D。
Passage3
【文章大意】文章分析了幾種購物袋的使用情況，塑料袋造成了環(huán)境問題，盡管紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)和運輸需要更多的能源，希望消費者使用耐用可重復使用的袋子。
24.D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段ne f Stein's jbs is defending an industry behind the plastic shpping bags.和第二段plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein t make the case that their prducts are nt as bad fr the planet as mst peple assume.可知塑料袋生產(chǎn)商雇用Steven Stein是為了證明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人想象的那樣對地球有害，是對塑料袋被禁用的解釋和爭論。故選D。
25.A 【解析】詞義猜測題。上文介紹在許多美國大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到這種現(xiàn)狀，塑料袋生產(chǎn)商雇用Steven Stein等科學家是為了證明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人想象的那樣對地球有害。headwinds“逆風”，此處指塑料袋被禁用的現(xiàn)狀，即Bans n plastic bags，故選A。
26.D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段Hwever, lnger-lasting reusable bags ften require mre energy t make.可知塑料袋生產(chǎn)商認為生產(chǎn)耐用且能重復使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故選D。
27.A 【解析】標題歸納題。文章講述了使用塑料袋造成的環(huán)境問題，紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)和運輸需要更多的能源，希望消費者使用耐用可重復使用的袋子。對這三種方式進行了對比，Plastic, Paper r Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引讀者，最適合作為標題。故選A。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文為議論文。文章主要討論有關(guān)無人駕駛汽車的發(fā)展前景和面臨的問題。
47.A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段While much f the debate s far has been fcused n the safety f driverless cars(and rightfully s), plicymakers als shuld be talking abut hw self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissins(排放) and ffer mre cnvenient, affrdable mbility ptins. 可知，政策制定者應該討論無人駕駛車怎么幫助削減交通阻塞，減少尾氣排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行選擇，由此可見人們應該多關(guān)注無人駕駛車怎么幫助處理與交通有關(guān)的問題。故選A。
48.D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段But hwever lng it takes, the technlgy has the ptential t change ur transprtatin systems and ur cities, fr better r fr wrse, depending n hw the transfrmatin is regulated. 可知，不管花多長時間，這項技術(shù)都有可能改變我們的交通系統(tǒng)和我們的城市，不管是好是壞，這取決于如何這種轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)绾伪灰?guī)范，再根據(jù)文章最后一句話The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it. 可知，我們需要為其做好計劃，故作者的主要關(guān)注點是對這種轉(zhuǎn)變的管理規(guī)范，故選D。
50.B 【解析】觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章最后一段The cming technlgical advancement presents a chance fr cities and states t develp transprtatin systems designed t mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it. 中的 advancement，mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. 以及plan fr it可推知，作者是積極的態(tài)度。故選B。
題組二
Passage1
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當植物受到攻擊時，會發(fā)出VOCs，以此來保護自己或者與周圍的植物通過化學物質(zhì)進行交流。
32.D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“reprted that yung maple trees getting bitten by insects send ut a particular
smell that neighbring plants can get. These chemicals cme frm the injured parts f the plant and seem t be an alarm”可知，當植物受到傷害時，會分泌一種特殊的化學物質(zhì)。
33.A 【解析】詞義推測題。根據(jù)“Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker wh was lunching nw
becmes lunch”，一旦它們到達這里，這些攻擊者就會受到植物的攻擊，故選A。
34.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)“Scientists have fund that all kinds f plants give ut VOCs when being
attacked” 及“Sme plants pump ut smelly chemicals t keep insects away... ”可知答案選B。
35.C 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)“imagined a wrld far busier, nisier and mre intimate(親密的) than the wrld
we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whle lt ging n”可知，這個世界遠比我們看到或聽到的更熱鬧、更親密，我們認知能力有限，有很多事仍在繼續(xù)發(fā)生，遠比我們想象的要復雜。故選C。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了美國黃石公園重新引進灰狼的事情。人類活動的影響使灰狼的數(shù)量逐漸減少，鹿群數(shù)量逐漸增加，從而導致植被被大量破壞。
28.D 【解析】主旨大意題。文章開門見山地提出黃石公園引進灰狼的舉措，然后在下文中詳細介紹其原因以及帶來的良好的轉(zhuǎn)機，由此判斷本文的中心話題是美國黃石公園對灰狼的引進。
29.C 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)本段后兩句可知，因為人類的發(fā)展，侵占了灰狼的領(lǐng)域，灰狼逐漸向北遷徙，由此推斷灰狼被人類排擠走了。
31.B 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章末段的最后一句可知，作者認為引進灰狼的項目是很有價值的實驗，因此可推知作者對這一舉措持肯定的態(tài)度。
Passage3
【文章大意】這是一篇新聞報道。文章記敘了德國交通部長的對于自主駕駛車輛的規(guī)章制度的一個提議，引出說明了位于科技前沿的無人駕駛的自動化車輛在英國、新加坡和美國的不同前景。
46.D 【解析】考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)第二段的句子the grey area between semi-autnmus and fully driverless cars that culd delay the driverless future可知選D。
47.B 【解析】考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容The prpsal attempts t deal with what sme call the “death valley” f autnmus vehicles…可知選B。
48.D【解析】考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第六、七、八段內(nèi)容可知選D。
49.C 【解析】考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)最后一段That wuld g dwn prly in the US, hwever. “The idea that the gvernment wuld take ver driverless cars and treat them as a public gd wuld get abslutely nwhere here,” says Cal.可知選C。
50.A 【解析】通讀全文可以知道，本文主要講述了誰來對無人駕駛的機動車輛負責。故選A。
Passage4
【文章大意】文章介紹了鳥類在胎教方面的超凡本領(lǐng)。實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)鳥兒在孵化時不停地鳴叫是為了教會以后出生的雛鳥歌唱的本領(lǐng)，從而挑選出能夠適應環(huán)境的雛鳥。
58.B【解析】根據(jù)第二段＂when the errs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp t their mthers＂可知，鳥兒在孵化小鳥的時候，鳴叫對未出生的小鳥有很大影響，它們被孵化后也能發(fā)出類似的聲音，說明鳥兒很擅長胎教。
60.C【解析】根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的＂the baby birds that mst clsely imitated their mm’s vice were rewarded with the mst fd＂和最后一段＂Our results suggest that they might be ging fr quality.＂可知，模仿母鳥模仿得最好的雛鳥得到最多的食物，研究結(jié)果表明，母親會選擇質(zhì)量好的雛鳥。由此可知，胎教幫助母鳥辨別出那些適應環(huán)境較好的孩子。
題組三
Passage1
【文章大意】本文是一篇記敘文，主要介紹了作者在一次運送造血干細胞途中的一段經(jīng)歷，表現(xiàn)了人們之間的友愛。
29.B 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容 I’ve dne 89 trips和I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells in my little bx以及第二段內(nèi)容可知作者是運送干細胞的人，也就是delivery man。故選B 。
30.D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells in my little bx because I’ve gt tw ice packs and that’s hw lng they last.可知冰盒只能保持42小時適宜的溫度。故選D 。
31.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段末句 She arranged fr a flight n a small plane t be held fr me, re-ruted me thrugh Newark 可知，這位好心的女士首先安排作者去Newark的航班。故選 B。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文屬于記敘文，作者通過讓學生拼裝玩具發(fā)現(xiàn)并鼓勵學生的創(chuàng)造性和想象力。
25.A 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“t find ut smething abut my students.”可知，作者使用Tinkertys是為了弄清楚學生的一些事情。故A正確。
26.D 【解析】推理判斷題。文章第三段第一句中提到的這個男孩在空閑時間拼裝這些玩具，而且他的作品堆滿了藝術(shù)教室的架子，家里的臥室里也有很多。第三段倒數(shù)第二句“Here was an exceptinally creative mind at wrk”說明他是一個很有想象力和創(chuàng)造性的人。故D項正確。
27.B 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線單詞后一句“I ran the risk f lsing thse students wh had a different style f thinking.”可知我冒著失去那些有不同思維方式的學生的危險。說明我的這種教育方法也有不足之處。故畫線詞意為“drawback缺點”。故B正確。
Passage3
【文章大意】文章介紹了一位女作家請紐約的朋友吃飯時發(fā)生的故事。Welty是一位年紀比較大的作家，她來自密西西比。Welty的作品都是來自于現(xiàn)實的生活。
25.A 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的＂anther custmer was appraching their table＂和第三段的＂the wman jined the Welty party. When her dinner partner shwed up, she als pulled up a chair＂可知，先后有兩個陌生人（一位女士及其同伴）加入了Welty的聚會，故選A。
26.D 【解析】猜測詞義題。畫線的them指代前面提到的人或物，根據(jù)＂Nw we believe yur stries＂可知，them指代的是Welty寫的小說里面的故事，聽了Welty和兩個陌生人的有關(guān)密西西比的談話之后，Welty的朋友相信了Welty小說里的故事都是來源于生活，故選D。
27.C 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)＂I dn’t make them up＂和＂Welty’s peple cme frm afternns spent visiting with ld friends, frm walks thrugh the streets f her native Jacksn, Miss., frm cnversatins verheard n a bus.＂可知，Welty小說里的人物并不是虛構(gòu)的，他們都來源于現(xiàn)實生活，故選C。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文以虛擬語氣的問句形式開頭，鼓勵人們奉獻自己的一些時間和精力去幫助別人，最窮人的生活將會變得更好。
24.B 【解析】詞義猜測題。此處是說，夢想著能讀懂別人心思，看穿墻，或者擁有超能力，這些可能聽起來很荒唐，但是實際上它是你生活的價值的核心。故選B。
25.C 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段Every day in ur wrk, we are inspired by the peple we meet ding extrardinary things t imprve the wrld.可知每天在我們的工作中，我們會受到一些人的鼓舞，他們在做一些特別的事情來改善世界。故選C。
26.B 【解析】推理判斷題。綜合第五段內(nèi)容可知，作者想要告訴我們，提升自己，行動起來幫助別人。故選B。
27.A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句可知，它已經(jīng)改變了我們是誰，并將在以后的這些年里繼續(xù)點燃我們對改善窮人生活的樂觀情緒。故選A。
題組四
Passage1
【文章大意】文章主要講述Sir Nichlas Wintn在納粹期間幫助669個猶太孩子逃到英國的故事。如今而且BBC把這一故事搬上熒幕，讓大眾知道在黑暗時期還有這樣一個英雄給人們帶來光明。
2.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段的第一句“Recently, this unbelievable stry has again been making the runds n the Internet, particularly after a rerun f the BBC shw called “That’s Life””可知，這個故事被BBC做成電視節(jié)目，重新出現(xiàn)在人們的視野中，使這個故事被人們所熟知。故選Ｂ。
3.C 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)前面的句意可知，Sir Nichlas Wintn一直對自己的英雄事跡保密，甚至是他的妻子。所以，此處應為不為人們所知道。故選C。
4.A 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Sir Wintn died peacefully in his sleep at the ld age f ne hundred and six, in 2015.”可知，Sir Wintn 生于1909年。故選A。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了一款能夠幫助老年人處理孤獨的機器人伴侶。
1.B 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“The ElliQ rbt, made by Israel-based start-up Intuitin Rbtics, will be published at the Design Museum in Lndn this week.”可知，ElliQ在倫敦的設(shè)計博物館發(fā)布，故B項正確。
2.C 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞后的“the users that their grandchild has psted a new pht n Facebk, shw it t them n the screen.”可知，這個設(shè)備能提醒老年人他們的孫子或?qū)O女在Facebk發(fā)布新照片并展示給他們看，故C項正確。
3.C 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三、四段對ElliQ功能的介紹可知，ElliQ會提醒老年人朋友圈有新動態(tài)，為他們推薦一些活動以及通過提供視覺線索幫助聽力有困難的老年人，但并沒有說不管個人喜好如何它都會不斷地提出建議，故C項正確。
4.A 【解析】推理判斷題。本文介紹的是一款能夠幫助老年人處理孤獨的機器人伴侶，屬于科技范疇，最有可能出現(xiàn)在科技新聞中，故A 項正確。
Passage3
【語篇解讀】現(xiàn)在世界全球化導致很多國家的獨特的文化收到了沖擊和影響，本文講述的正是這方面的話題。很多國家都采取了很多的措施來保護本國的文化。
2.C 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)本句Such effrts t gvern language use are ften dismissed as futile by language experts, wh are well aware f the difficulty in cntrlling fashins in speech and knw frm research that language switching amng bilinguals is a natural prcess.可知，很多語言專家都認為管理語言使用的努力是無用的，因為這樣的控制是沒有什么效果的。故C正確。
3.B 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段第一句One f the main challenges facing many cuntries is hw t maintain their identity in the face f glbalizatin and the grwing multi-language trend.可知，很多國家都因為英語的廣泛推廣而導致本國的語言和文化受到了沖擊和影響。故B正確。
4.B 【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段One f the main challenges facing many cuntries is hw t maintain their identity in the face f glbalizatin and the grwing multi-language trend.可知，現(xiàn)在世界全球化導致很多國家的獨特的文化受到了沖擊和影響，本文講述的正是這方面的話題。故B正確。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文為說明文，屬于科普類文章。介紹了大黃蜂有學習能力，還會傳播自己學到的知識。
1.B 【解析】猜測詞義題。依據(jù)第二段可知，大黃蜂也具有學習并傳播所學知識的能力，結(jié)合第三段本句話可知，這種能力并非人類獨有的，故選B項。
2.D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三、四、五、六、七段可知，蜜蜂可以被訓練學習技能。D項正確。
3.D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一句 team is interested in figuring ut the brain prcesses behind the bees’ learning and teaching skills.可知，該小組感興趣的是找出蜜蜂學習和教學技能背后的大腦活動過程。故D項正確。
4.B 【解析】主旨大意題。綜合全文尤其第一段可知，文章主要介紹一項科學發(fā)現(xiàn)，大黃蜂也可以學習并傳播所學技能，故選B項。

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