語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題05 名詞【考點(diǎn)精講精練】-最新中考語(yǔ)法一點(diǎn)通講義-試卷下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

中考總復(fù)習(xí)一般分為三輪：
1、第一輪復(fù)習(xí)為基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的單元、章節(jié)復(fù)習(xí)。
通過(guò)第一輪的復(fù)習(xí)，使學(xué)生系統(tǒng)掌握基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、基本技能和方法，形成明晰的知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和穩(wěn)定的知識(shí)框架。我們從雙基入手，緊扣中考知識(shí)點(diǎn)來(lái)組織單元過(guò)關(guān)。
2、第二輪復(fù)習(xí)打破章節(jié)界限實(shí)行大單元、小綜合、專(zhuān)題式復(fù)習(xí)。
第二輪復(fù)習(xí)絕不是第一輪復(fù)習(xí)的壓縮文檔，而是一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)綜合、鞏固、完善、提高的過(guò)程。復(fù)習(xí)的主要任務(wù)及目標(biāo)是：完成各部分知識(shí)的條理，歸納，糅合，使各部分知識(shí)成為一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體，力求實(shí)現(xiàn)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)重點(diǎn)化，重點(diǎn)知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)化，網(wǎng)絡(luò)知識(shí)題型化，題型設(shè)計(jì)生活化。
3、第三輪復(fù)習(xí)是知識(shí)、能力深化鞏固的階段。
復(fù)習(xí)資料的組織以中考題及模擬題為主，回扣教材，查缺補(bǔ)漏，進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練。同時(shí)，要教給學(xué)生一些必備的應(yīng)試技巧和方法，使學(xué)生有足夠的自信從容地面對(duì)中考。
語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題五、名詞（必考）
考點(diǎn)精講
名詞即表示人或物名稱(chēng)的詞，它分為專(zhuān)有名詞和普通名詞兩大類(lèi)。專(zhuān)有名詞表示人、地方、事物、組織等名稱(chēng)的詞，如：Lucy, China, the Great Wall.
考點(diǎn)1 可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
名詞按其所表示的事物的性質(zhì)可分為可數(shù)名詞（Cuntable Nuns）與不可數(shù)名詞（Uncuntable Nuns），可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式，
名詞復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成形式部分規(guī)則如下：
2.某國(guó)人變復(fù)數(shù)
（1）中國(guó)人 a Chinese-Chinese; （2）日本人 a Japanese- Japanese
（2）英國(guó)人 an Englishman-Englishmen;（3）法國(guó)人 a Frenchman-Frenchmen
（4）美國(guó)人 American- Americans （5）德國(guó)人 German-Germans
可用口訣記憶這一點(diǎn)，即：中日不變英法變，其余s加后面。
3.以-結(jié)尾的名詞，有些在詞尾加-es,它們是“黑人英雄愛(ài)吃西紅柿土豆”。如：
Negr-Negres her-heres tmat-tmates ptat-ptates
而一般在詞尾后加-s。如：z-zs radi-radis
4.復(fù)合名詞前面的名詞是man, wman變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，構(gòu)成復(fù)合名詞的兩個(gè)名詞全都要變成復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果是其他詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，只需把后面的名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。
如：man teacher-men teachers 男老師 by student-by students 男生
5.字母、數(shù)字、引語(yǔ)或縮略語(yǔ)的復(fù)數(shù)形式是在其后面加’s或-s.如:
There are tw f’s in the wrd “ffice”. Many VIPs are cming t ur city.
6.有些以-f或-ef結(jié)尾的詞直接加-s變復(fù)數(shù)。如：
rf-rfs belief-beliefs prf-prfs chief-chiefs
7.一些名詞加-s后，讀音會(huì)發(fā)生變化。如：bath [bɑ:θ]-baths [bɑ: ez]
題組訓(xùn)練---可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)
1. Japanese ___________ 2. Frenchman ___________ 3. American ____________
4. Egyptian ___________ 5. German _____________ 6. Australian ____________
7. pht ______________ 8. tmat ______________ 9. ptat _______________
10. pian _____________ 11. kangar ____________ 12. knife ____________
13. wman driver ________________ 14. apple tree _______________
考點(diǎn)2 不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)
表示方法：不可數(shù)名詞需要計(jì)量時(shí)，用“數(shù)詞或冠詞+量詞+f+不可數(shù)名詞”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示，量詞可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)，但f后的名詞只能用原形。如：a piece f paper一張紙 tw pieces f paper 兩張紙；a piece f bread一片面包；a glass f milk一杯牛奶，等等。

(2015·西藏自治區(qū)·歷年真題)Mr．Black gave us_________ n hw t keep healthy．
A. sme piece f adviceB. sme pieces f advice
C. sme piece f advicesD. sme pieces f advices
考點(diǎn)3 名詞所有格
名詞所有格表示名詞之間的所有關(guān)系。有兩種表示形式：一種是’s所有格，另一種是f所有格。如：
Beijing is China’s capital. 北京是中國(guó)的首都。
Beijing is the capital f China. 北京是中國(guó)的首都。
用and連接兩個(gè)并列的單數(shù)名詞表示共有關(guān)系，這時(shí)只在最后一個(gè)名詞后加’s。如：This is Mary and her sister’s bedrm.
用and連接兩個(gè)并列名詞，表示分別擁有各自的物品時(shí)，兩個(gè)名詞都在詞尾加’s表示所有關(guān)系，如：These are Tm’s and Mary’s bags.
以-s結(jié)尾的名詞，在s后加“’”；不以s結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加’s。如：
教師節(jié) Teachers’ Day 兒童節(jié) Children’s Day
f所有格常用來(lái)表示無(wú)生命的東西。如: the dr f the rm.
雙重所有格（當(dāng)物主代詞不可與a, an, this, that, these, thse, sme, any, each, every, such, anther等詞一起前置修飾一個(gè)名詞，而必須用雙重所有格）有兩種形式：f+名詞所有格；f+名詞性物主代詞。如：
He is a friend f my brther’s.
Is she a daughter f yurs?
表示店鋪、醫(yī)院、診所、住宅等名稱(chēng)時(shí)，常在名詞后加上’s代表全稱(chēng)。如：at the dctr’s
由sme-, any-, every-與-ne/-bdy結(jié)合起來(lái)的復(fù)合名詞，如smene, everybdy等和else連用時(shí)，’s應(yīng)加在else后。如：smebdy else’s pencil
表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市等無(wú)生命的東西的名詞，也可以在詞尾加“’s”或“’”來(lái)構(gòu)成所有格。如：an hur’s ride
(2022·廣西壯族自治區(qū)·歷年真題)The wman in a hat is_____________aunt.
A. Jack and JhnB. Jack’s and Jhn
C. Jack’s and Jhn’sD. Jack and Jhn’s
考點(diǎn)4 名詞的轉(zhuǎn)化
某些名詞后面加-y構(gòu)成形容詞表示“充滿(mǎn)……的”。如:
clud-cludy 多云的 sun-sunny 晴天的
某些名詞后面加-ful構(gòu)成形容詞表示“具有……性質(zhì)的”。如：
use-useful 有用的 care-careful 小心的
部分表示人的名詞后加-ly構(gòu)成形容詞，這種形容詞常具有贊美的意味。如：
friend-friendly 友好的 lve-lvely 可愛(ài)的
某些名詞后加-less構(gòu)成形容詞，表示“沒(méi)有……的”。如：
care-careless 粗心的 use-useless 沒(méi)用的
考點(diǎn)5 易混淆點(diǎn)
有些名詞既是可數(shù)名詞，又是不可數(shù)名詞，但意義有所不同。如：
wrk（工作）-a wrk（著作） glass（玻璃）-a glass（玻璃杯）
paper（紙）-a paper（報(bào)紙；文件；試卷） tea（茶）-a tea（一種茶，表示種類(lèi)）
wd（木頭）-a wd（小樹(shù)林） rm（空間）-a rm（房間）
有些名詞雖以-s結(jié)尾，但它們不是復(fù)數(shù)。如：
physics 物理， maths 數(shù)學(xué)， plitics 政治，news 新聞
三、“數(shù)詞-名詞單數(shù)-形容詞”構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞，中間的名詞不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式而須用單數(shù)形式。如：She is a five-year-ld girl.
四、雙重所有格與f所有格的區(qū)別。需要仔細(xì)體會(huì)語(yǔ)境。如：
He is a friend f yur father’s. 他是你父親的一個(gè)朋友。（你父親的朋友不止一個(gè)）
He is a friend f yur father. 他是你父親的朋友。（強(qiáng)調(diào)他對(duì)你父親的友好）
五、同義詞辨析
1.family, huse與hme
family指“家、家庭”，可強(qiáng)調(diào)家庭中的全體成員，不指住房；hme作“家”講，指人們生活居住的地方，強(qiáng)調(diào)居住的范圍和環(huán)境；huse有“住宅，家”之意，強(qiáng)調(diào)房屋和居住點(diǎn)。如：
My family are very kind. He left hme fr Beijing. They lived in a small huse.
2.jb與wrk
jb是可數(shù)名詞，指一項(xiàng)具體的工作；wrk是不可數(shù)名詞，指工作、勞動(dòng)、努力。
3.prblem與questin
兩個(gè)詞都表示“問(wèn)題”。一般老說(shuō)，prblem總是與“困難”相聯(lián)系，它可以指社會(huì)問(wèn)題、數(shù)學(xué)問(wèn)題，這種“問(wèn)題”是“有待解決的”，與之搭配的動(dòng)詞是slve；questin常與“疑問(wèn)、質(zhì)問(wèn)、詢(xún)問(wèn)”相關(guān)，這種“問(wèn)題”是“有待回答的”，常與動(dòng)詞answer連用。如：He asked me sme questins. There is n prblem that he is hnest.
4.vice, nise與sund
vice是“嗓音”；nise是“吵鬧聲”，指不悅耳、不和諧的嘈雜聲；sund是指人所聽(tīng)到的自然界的任何聲音。如：
I recgnize her vice at nce.
Dn’t make s much nise.
At the ft f the hill, yu culd hear nthing but the sund f the running
message, infrmatin, news
message作“音信”解，一般指口頭傳遞的或書(shū)寫(xiě)的“消息”，是可數(shù)名詞。
infrmatin作“信息”解，通常指在閱讀、觀(guān)察、談話(huà)或書(shū)信往來(lái)中特別關(guān)注的消息、情報(bào)、資料等。它側(cè)重內(nèi)容，是不可數(shù)名詞。
news作“新聞”解，一般指通過(guò)廣播、電視、報(bào)紙等新聞媒體向大眾發(fā)布的社會(huì)各方面的最新消息，它側(cè)重一個(gè)“新”字，是不可數(shù)名詞。
advice, suggestin
advice是不可數(shù)名詞，如果表達(dá)幾條建議可以借助量詞piece，a piece f advice一條建議
suggestin是可數(shù)名詞，可以直接加s。sme suggestins 一些建議
1. (2020·全國(guó)·單元測(cè)試)The three ________ upstairs are t small t have enugh ________ fr a duble bed.
A. rm; rmB. rm; rmsC. rms; rmD. rms; rms
2. (2022·新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)克拉瑪依市·模擬題)—Thank yu fr the ______ yu gave me.
—I'm glad they're helpful.
A. suggestinsB. adviceC. newsD. infrmatin
考點(diǎn)6 詞義辨析
名詞還有一個(gè)重要考點(diǎn)就是名詞的詞義辨析，根據(jù)題意選擇正確的名詞，所以背誦單詞是基礎(chǔ)，同學(xué)們一定要堅(jiān)持每天背誦單詞，爛熟于心。
考點(diǎn)精練
中考語(yǔ)法—名詞專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)
（共計(jì)50小題，每小題2分，總分100分。）
—What a gd ______ yu've given me! Thanks a lt.
—My pleasure.
A. infrmatinB. newsC. suggestinD. advice
Hw much ________ d we need t make a banana milk shake？
A. bananasB. applesC. cffeeD. milk
It's sprts time. Mst ______ students in Class 1 are playing ftball n the playgrund.
A. byB. bysC. by'sD. bys'
There are fifty _________ in ur schl. They are all friendly t us.
A. wman teachersB. wmen teacherC. wman teacherD. wmen teachers
It's sprts time．Mst ________ students in Class 1 are playing ftball n the playgrund．
A. byB. bysC. by'sD. bys'
Yesterday fr dinner I had a piece f beef，vegetables and _____.
A. sme riceB. a few riceC. a little ricesD. a rice
—Culd yu tell me the ______ f making such tasty cakes?
—Well, I just fllw the instructins in the ckbk.
A. timeB. methdC. cstD. menu
I’d like sme_____and_____．
A. banana； tmatB. bananas； tmat
C. bananas； tmatesD. banana； tmates
My grandpa knws the histry and medical ______ f many plants.
A. wealthB. priceC. valueD. cst
In a cnversatin between tw persns, 65% f ______ is dne thrugh bdy language.
A. infrmatinB. prnunciatinC. intrductinD. cmmunicatin
—Where were yu brn, Michael?
—I was brn in a small village with nly three _______ peple.
A. hundredB. hundredsC. hundreds f
Shanghai is ne f _______ in the wrld.
A. the biggest citiesB. biggest cities
C. the biggest cityD. bigger cities
The nline shp sells ____________ shes at a very gd price．
A. childB. child’sC. childrenD. children’s
The pliceman give us much ____________ n hw t prtect persnal infrmatin．
A. tipB. reasnC. adviceD. suggestin
The students f Grade 7 visited Mike's farm and saw many _________ there.
A. birdB. duckC. sheepD. rabbit
—What wuld yu like, sir?
—A cup f ______, please.
A. ptatB. cffeeC. bananaD. hamburger
Mr. Wang gave me several useful _____ n hw t learn better.
A. adviseB. advicesC. suggestD. suggestins
______ fathers can't g t the class meeting because they have gne t business．
A. Jack and Mike'sB. Jack's and Mike's
C. Jack and MikeD. Jack's and Mike
It is five years since we began t enjy a ______ spring hliday each year.
A. ten-dayB. ten dayC. ten day’sD. ten-days
—Where are yu ging t spend yur summer hliday, Jenny?
—I haven't made a yet. I'm ging t talk abut it with my family tmrrw.
A. decisinB. prmiseC. jurneyD. suggestin
—Are all the students frm in yur class?
—N, there are nly 3 ??????????????in ur class. The thers are frm ther cuntries.
A. Germany；GermenB. Germany；Germans
C. German；GermansD. German；Germany
If yu wrk harder, yu’ll have anther______ t play the vilin at a cncert.
A. sleepB. chanceC. mistakeD. prblem
Three fifths f the teachers in ur schl are ______.
A. man teachersB. men teachersC. wman teachersD. wmen teacher
A ______ player set a new recrd at the sprts meeting.
A. 16-years-ldB. 16 year ldC. 16-year-ldD. 16 years ld
Mr Liu is a wise man, and he ften gives us a few ______.
A. suggestinsB. adviceC. hbbiesD. knwledge
After playing ftball fr mre than half an hur, the students tk ______ rest.
A. a few minute’sB. a little minute’s
C. a few minutes?D. a little minutes?
With the intrductin f the "duble reductin" plicy （雙減政策），ne f the_____ _____ that the students have less hmewrk.
A. changes；isB. change；isC. changes；are
If yu want t be a dctr like Zhng Nanshan, hard wrk is the key t ________.
A. treasureB. beautyC. successD. health
—What d yu think f ur htel?
—Gd! I’m especially satisfied with the high ______ f yur service.
A. levelB. speedC. praiseD. price
Nbdy thught it is easy t finish s much wrk in ______.
A. tw days' timeB. tw-days timeC. tw day's timeD. tw days time
—Can I help yu?
— Please give me ______ abut the trains t Daqing.
A. a few infrmatinsB. a little infrmatins
C. a little infrmatinD. a few infrmatin
Uncle Li has a farm, there are sme ______ n the farm.
A. chicken and sheepB. chickens and sheeps
C. chickens and sheepD. chicken and sheeps
—Are yu thirsty?
—Yes, please give us .
A. three bttle waterB. three bttle f water
C. three bttles f waterD. three bttles f waters
34. A candle des nt prduce as ??????? light as a light bulb.
A. manyB. muchC. fewD. little
35. The prblems are difficult t slve. Please give me _______.
A. many adviceB. sme adviceC. an adviceD. sme advices
36. —Can I help yu, Madam?
—Yes. ______, please.
A. Tw pair f scksB. Tw pairs f scks
C. Tw pairs f sckD. Tw pair f sck
37. Abut 200 ______ went t see the Asian Fashin Shw last night.
A. GermanB. AustralianC. ChineseD. American
38. We believe that China will becme ne f ______ in the wrld.
A. the strng cuntriesB. the strngest cuntry
C. the strngest cuntriesD. the strng cuntry
39. Chinese fd is s delicius that ______ freigners are learning t ck it.
A. manyB. muchC. fewD. little
40. T ur jy, China has made much ______ in scientific research in the past 20 years.
A. peaceB. trubleC. prgressD. nise
41. —Hw far is yur hme frm the train statin？
— It's abut 20__________walk．
A. minuteB. minutesC. minute'sD. minutes'
42. —Wuld yu like smething t drink?
—Yes, ______ please.
A. sme meatB. sme cakesC. sme dumplingsD. sme cffee
43. —Peter, hw far is it frm yur hme t schl?
—It's nly five ______ walk.
A. minuteB. minutesC. minute'sD. minutes'
44. These tw schlbags are ______.
A. Jack's and PaulB. Jack's and Paul's
C. Jack and Paul'sD. Jack and Paul
45. Our hspital needs tw ______, yu can ask yur daughter t have a try.
A. wmen dctrsB. wman dctrsC. wman dctrD. wmen dctr
46. All received fresh flwers n Wmen's Day.
A. wman teacherB. wman teachersC. wmen teachersD. wmen teacher
47. —Yu have a nice huse! Whse rm is this？
— It's ___________.
A. Jack and Peter'sB. Jack's and Peter's
C. Jack's and PeterD. Jack and Peter
48. There are _____ teachers in ur schl and ______ f them are _______ teachers.
A. three hundreds; tw thirds; wmen
B. three hundred; tw third; wman
C. three hundreds; tw third; wman
D. three hundred; tw thirds; wmen
49. In mst hmes, peple ck meals in the ________.
A. bathrmB. gardenC. bedrmD. kitchen
50. Mari peple in New Zealand tuch when they meet.
A. treesB. nsesC. capsD. desks
情況
構(gòu)成方法
讀音
例詞
一般情況
加-s
在清輔音后讀/s/
在濁輔音和元音后讀/z/
在t后讀/ts/
在d后讀/dz/
cake-cakes
day-days
student-students
bed-beds
以-s, -x, -sh, -ch等結(jié)尾的詞
加-es
讀/IZ/
bus-buses,
bx-bxes
watch-watches
以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞
變y為i，再加-es
讀/z/
baby-babies,
city-cities
cuntry-cuntries
以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞
加-s
讀/z/
ty-tys
mnkey-mnkeys
以f(fe)結(jié)尾的詞
變f(fe)為ves
讀/vz/
leaf-leaves,
life-lives
wlf-wlves
不規(guī)則變化
改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母；
單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同；
其他形式
man-men,
wman-wmen,
ft-feet,
sheep-sheep
muse-mice

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