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Unit 8 語法篇



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學(xué)生通過本講學(xué)習(xí)，能夠掌握本單元的重點(diǎn)語法，并在綜合能力上有一定的拓展。



名詞：
1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類：
（1）、專有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中華人民共和國(guó))
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長(zhǎng)城)
姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
（2）、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。如：pupil, family, man, foot.普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
▲可數(shù)名詞是可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如： box, child, orange；
▲不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如：water, news, oil, population, information .
2、英語可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。
1、名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下：
①在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]：少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos. 有生命加-es, 沒生命加-s
③以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives. 妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷嚇得發(fā)了慌，躲在架下保己命，半片樹葉遮目光。
2、不規(guī)則變化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。
如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名詞所有格：
名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語、賓語或主語。其構(gòu)成法如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加’s。如：Childern’s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister’s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如：
today’s newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),
China’s population(中國(guó)的人口).
(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關(guān)系。如：
a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).
2、[注解]：
① ‘s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(診所)
② 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
③ “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)和謂語之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題：
1、謂語和謂語基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即：主語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時(shí),
① 如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數(shù)形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三 班有張中國(guó)地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語仍用單數(shù)：The news is very exciting. (這個(gè)消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)
7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),謂語則用單數(shù)。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語時(shí),謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)
10、主語中含有with的短語時(shí),謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語時(shí),謂語采用就近原則。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你對(duì),要么是他對(duì)。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對(duì)的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語一般用單數(shù)。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)
13、主語中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時(shí),謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： What’s the population of China?(中國(guó)人口是多少？)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))





一、單項(xiàng)選擇
1. People in America eat much ?.

A.
coffee
B.
onions
C.
beef
D.
iced water
2. --- How many ? there in the box?
--- There is only one.

A.
sandwich is
B.
sandwiches are

C.
sandwich are
D.
sandwichs are
3. Give me ? onion and a tomato, and I need them to make my sandwich.

A.
a
B.
the
C.
an
D.
/
4. --- What did you have for breakfast?
--- I had ?.

A.
three bread
B.
three pieces of bread

C.
three pieces bread
D.
three pieces of breads
5. ? cheese do you need?

A.
How many
B.
How much
C.
How
D.
How long
二、按要求轉(zhuǎn)換句型
6. The watermelon is 15 yuan. (就劃線部分提問)
? ? is the watermelon?
7. There are sixty minutes in an hour. (就劃線部分提問)
? ? ? are there in an hour?
8. Miss Gao needs 3 spoons of honey. (就劃線部分提問)
? ? honey ? Miss Gao need?



基礎(chǔ)演練
一、單選
1. Let’s _______ banana and apple milk shake.
A. make B. makes C. do D. doing
2. I need two _______.
A. teaspoon of honey B. teaspoons of honeys
C. teaspoons of honey D. teaspoon of honeys
3. _______ people are there in your town? — One hundred thousand.
A. How many B. How much C. How old D. How often
4. First put some salt on the water and then ______.
A. Mix them up B. Mix up them C. Mix it up D. Mix up it
5. Here is a recipe _______ Super chicken Sandwich.
A. at B. in C. for D. on
二、適當(dāng)形式填空
1. How _______ (many/much) yogurt do we need?
2. Next you need _______ (cut) up three bananas.
3. _______ (make) dinner is a very interesting thing for me.
4. _______ (add) the salt to the noodles, please.
5. He can drink three cups of _______ (juice).
6. How many _______ (watermelon) do you want?
7. I would like a big bowl of ______ (noodles).
8. There _______ (be) two slices of bread.
9. I don’t like _______ (some) sugar in the tea.
10. I like dessert so I don’t like to drink coffee _______ (with) sugar.


鞏固提高
1. 我們需要兩茶匙蜂蜜。
We need two _______ of honey..
2. 在頂上放上另外一片面包。
Put another slice of bread _______ _______ _______.
3. — 你想要多少橙汁？ 一杯。
— _______ _______ orange do you want? — One cup.
4. 這是一份制作草莓冰激凌的食譜。
Here is a _______ _______ strawberry ice cream.
5. 你需要幾茶匙黃油？
_______ _______ teaspoons of butter do you need?
連詞組句
6. do, make, beef, and, noodles, how, you, tomato,
____________________________________________?
7. cut, up, the, green, onions, and, put, them, on, the, pancake
_____________________________________________.
8. you, like, cabbage, beef, dumplings, would, some, and,
_____________________________________________.
9. many, of , do, how, want, cup, coffee, you,
_______________________________________________?
10. turn, off, the, TV, before, you, go, to, bed,
________________________________________________.


一、單項(xiàng)選擇（共15小題；共15.0分）
1. --- What do you need to make the tomato noodles?
--- ? onion and ? tomato, please.

A.
A; a
B.
An; an
C.
A; an
D.
An; a
2. Tom is in good health, because he often exercises and eats a lot of healthy ?.

A.
food
B.
water
C.
pear
D.
carrot
3. --- ? do you make fruit salad?
--- First, cut up the apples, bananas and pears. And then...

A.
When
B.
Where
C.
Why
D.
How
4. --- What did you eat for breakfast this morning?
--- Two ? and some vegetables.

A.
chicken
B.
piece of chicken

C.
pieces of chicken
D.
pieces of chickens
5. --- ? water do we need to make the soup?
--- Three cups.

A.
How many
B.
How much
C.
How long
D.
How soon
6. It's dark(暗的) in the room. Please ? the light.

A.
turn on
B.
turn up
C.
turn down
D.
turn off
7. " ? exercise every day, my son. It's good for your health." Dad often said to him.

A.
Takes
B.
Taking
C.
Take
D.
To take
8. We must cut ? the tomatoes and put them ? the blender.

A.
off; in
B.
up; into
C.
down; into
D.
over; in
9. --- Can I help you, sir?
--- Yeah, but I don't know ? a banana milk shake. Maybe you can teach me.

A.
what to do
B.
when to make
C.
how to make
D.
why to do
10. --- Tom, supper is ready.
--- I don't want to eat ?, Mum. I'm not feeling well.

A.
everything
B.
nothing
C.
something
D.
anything
11. --- How did you celebrate your father's birthday yesterday?
--- We celebrated it ? a big dinner in a restaurant.

A.
have
B.
to have
C.
by having
D.
to having
12. You may fill the turkey ? these bread pieces.

A.
in
B.
by
C.
with
D.
to
13. --- There ? little yogurt in the fridge(冰箱). Could you buy some for me, Dick?
--- All right, Mom.

A.
is
B.
are
C.
am
D.
have
14. Here ? two cups ? milk for you. Help yourself please.

A.
is; of
B.
is; in
C.
are; of
D.
are; in
15. --- Let's make tomato and beef noodles.
--- ?.

A.
Sounds good
B.
You're welcome

C.
That's right
D.
Don't worry
二、完形填空（共10小題；共15.0分）
Pizza is a kind of popular food. It 16 ? from Italy. The pizza capital of the world is Naples. The world's first pizza 17 ? is still there. It 18 ? in 1830. The best pizza of today has a(n) 19 ? history. It was first made by a person 20 ? Raffaele Esposito in the 1880s. This pizza has the same 21 ? as the Italian flag. The Italian flag is red, white and 22 ?. The pizza has red tomatoes, white cheese and green herbs.
There are many different kinds of pizza today. We can 23 ? chicken pizza, vegetable pizza, etc. in the restaurant. Some pizza has tomatoes, and some pizza 24 ? tomatoes. Most pizza is round, 25 ? some isn't. You can choose any kind you want.
16.
A.
come
B.
comes
C.
are
D.
am
17.
A.
theater
B.
club
C.
train
D.
restaurant
18.
A.
opens
B.
turns on
C.
opened
D.
turned on
19.
A.
long
B.
short
C.
excited
D.
boring
20.
A.
name
B.
names
C.
named
D.
naming
21.
A.
colors
B.
shape
C.
time
D.
recipe
22.
A.
black
B.
blue
C.
yellow
D.
green
23.
A.
order
B.
make
C.
do
D.
sell
24.
A.
has
B.
doesn't have
C.
is
D.
isn't
25.
A.
or
B.
so
C.
but
D.
because


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三、閱讀與表達(dá)(判斷式)（共5小題；共10.0分）
Erica is a twelve-year-old girl. She can make delicious noodles. Here is her recipe for noodles. Try it and taste for yourself!
Soup Ingredients:
● one cup of orange juice
● one cup of lemon juice
● one teaspoon of honey
Other Ingredients:
● noodles
● salt
● 3 slices of chicken
● some strawberries (cut up)
● some green onions (cut up)
● some lettuce
● 2 slices of cheese
Steps:
First, mix the orange juice, lemon juice and honey together. Then you have great soup for use!
Then, boil the noodles and add some salt into the water. Put the noodles into cold water.
Next, put the noodles in a big bowl! Add the chicken slices, strawberries, green onions and lettuce to the noodles and mix them up. Put the cheese on it.
Finally, pour the soup into the noodles.
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，判斷正誤，正確的為T，錯(cuò)誤的為F。
26. Erica can cook delicious noodles.
27. Erica uses four ingredients to make the soup.
28. Erica doesn't use green onions or tomatoes to cook the noodles.
29. The noodles must be cold.
30. The last step to make the noodles is to put the cheese on it.
四、閱讀理解（共5小題；共10.0分）
The food in England is very different from our Chinese food. People in England eat a lot of potatoes. They like to eat them every day. They eat bread for breakfast and usually for another meal. They eat their bread with butter, maybe cheese, or jam(果醬) that we don't eat much in China. Cheese and butter are made from milk. People in England drink a lot of milk, too. They drink cold and hot milk, and they put it in their tea, too. They are the biggest tea drinkers in the world. They like Chinese tea, but they drink mostly strong black tea from India and Sri Lanka. They don't eat much rice. For their main meal, they like meat or fish with potatoes and one or two vegetables. After the main meal they often have something sweet. They call it dessert. They don't have dumplings in England.
31. From the passage we know English food is ? Chinese food.

A.
always the same as
B.
nicer than

C.
quite different from
D.
worse than
32. Which of the following isn't English people's favorite?

A.
Rice and dumplings
B.
Fish and meat

C.
Potatoes and bread
D.
Milk and tea
33. Most English people drink tea from ?.

A.
China
B.
America

C.
India and Sri Lanka
D.
Japan
34. We don't eat ? much in China.

A.
dumplings
B.
vegetables

C.
bread with butter
D.
rice
35. What do people in England often eat after the main meal?

A.
Milk with sugar.
B.
Desserts.

C.
Strong black tea.
D.
Fish and meat.
五、閱讀與表達(dá)(問答式)（共5小題；共10.0分）
Everyone has to eat and drink. But for most people, food is not just a matter of survival(生存). Food brings people together when they come to a dinner or a party. One way or another, food is an important part of your lifestyle. In the U.S., there are fast food restaurants, coffee shops and family restaurants. When you eat outside, you need to know the eating culture.
You can find McDonald's and KFC in many countries around the world. ① ? you look at the menu, and say what you would like to eat. ② ? they give you the food. Then you sit down and eat your food there or take it away. There is no need to leave a tip(小費(fèi)).
In a coffee shop you can sit at a table. The waiter usually brings you coffee when you sit down. Then you tell him what you would like to eat and he brings it to you. You pay for the food and drinks when you leave.
In a family restaurant the waiter shows you where to eat. If you can't eat up all the food, the waiter gives you a doggy bag (剩菜袋) to take your food home. You add 15℅ of the bill(賬單) as a tip.
任務(wù)一：回答下列問題。
36. What will the waiter do after you go into a coffee shop and sit down?
?
37. When do people need to give a tip in a family restaurant from the passage?
?
任務(wù)二：將文中劃線句子譯為漢語。
38. ?
任務(wù)三：在文中①、②處填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~，使上下文連貫。
????i. ① ?
????ii. ② ?
任務(wù)四：給短文擬一個(gè)標(biāo)題。
40. ?
六、單詞拼寫(單句首字母填空)（共2小題；共2.0分）
41. The h ? is too small to plant a tree.
42. It's so cold today. I think the t ? must be very low.
七、單詞拼寫(根據(jù)中文提示拼寫單詞)（共3小題；共3.0分）
43. This big restaurant can ?(接待) many people every day.
44. Do you like to eat ?(三明治)?
45. Leaves turn yellow and brown in ?(秋天).
八、適當(dāng)形式填空(單句適當(dāng)形式)（共5小題；共5.0分）
46. Many ?(travel) come here to fish every day.
47. Dumplings are ?(tradition) food in China.
48. ?(final), you may add some salt to the soup.
49. Do you have an idea of ?(give) thanks?
50. I'd like two spoons of ?(honey).
九、翻譯(根據(jù)中文提示完成句子)（共5小題；共5.0分）
51. 請(qǐng)打開電視，今天有場(chǎng)籃球賽。
? ? the TV, please. There is a basketball match today.
52. 籃子里有一些蔬菜，你能把它們切碎嗎？
There are some vegetables in the basket. Could you ? them ??
53. 請(qǐng)你把坑里灌滿水。
Please ? the hole ? water.
54. 昨天父親買了兩箱酸奶。
My father bought ? ? ? yogurt yesterday.
55. 別忘了加一些糖和鹽。
Don't forget ? ? some sugar and salt.
十、對(duì)話7選5（共5小題；共10.0分）
A: 56. ?
B: OK, how do we make it?
A: First, cut up some fruits like apples, bananas or a watermelon.
B: I like eating bananas and apples. How about three apples and three bananas?
A: Sure. 57. ?
B: I have a big bowl. Here you are.
A: 58. ?
B: How much yogurt do we need?
A: 59. ?
B: What else do we need?
A: Would you like to put some honey?
B: Oh, a little, please.
A: 60. ? Do you want to have a taste?
B: How delicious!

A.
Then put some yogurt in the bowl(碗).

B.
One spoon is enough.

C.
How do you make a banana milk shake?

D.
Let's make fruit salad.

E.
Finally, mix them all up.

F.
Put the fruits into a bowl.

G.
How many apples do you need?
**、適當(dāng)形式填空(短文適當(dāng)形式)（共10小題；共10.0分）
Dear Xiaoxi,
John is good at making popcorn, so he 61. ?(show) me how to make it today. First, he 62. ?(put) some corn and 63. ?(little) sugar into the popcorn machine. Then he 64. ?(turn) on the popcorn machine. After a while, he turned it off and 65. ?(pour) the popcorn out.
We 66. ?(enjoy) the popcorn when it cooled down. How delicious it 67. ?(be)! I can 68. ?(make) popcorn now. How about 69. ?(your)?
Please 70. ?(write) back soon.
Yours,
Wang Ling
**、作文（共1小題；共25.0分）
71. 西紅柿炒雞蛋（scrambled eggs with tomatoes）是一道家常菜，它既美味可口又簡(jiǎn)單易做。根據(jù)所給提示，以How to make scrambled eggs with tomatoes為題寫一篇80個(gè)詞左右的短文。

原料
一個(gè)西紅柿、三個(gè)雞蛋、一個(gè)青椒（green pepper）、鹽、油（oil）
步驟
1. 將西紅柿和青椒切碎；
2. 把雞蛋打破（break）放入碗里并攪拌；
3. 往雞蛋里放些鹽并攪拌；
4. 將平底鍋（pan）加熱，鍋里放些油，然后放入雞蛋、西紅柿和青椒；
5. 翻炒兩分鐘即可。
How to Make Scrambled Eggs with Tomatoes
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