第3講　介詞 1．表示方位的介詞We walked across① the beach，through② the woods and finally came to③ the house which was under④the big tree marked in⑤ the map.After stepping into⑥ the house，we found a small black table，over⑦ which was a lamp.Then we looked around⑧，only to find nothing.My friend found something special—an empty box.Beneath⑨ it was a note saying，“Stand beside⑩ the window and look out of? it.” From? the window we saw another house beyond? a small hill.[規(guī)則感悟]　①across指從較為平坦的表面穿過。②through指從立體的事物中間穿過。③to指“到某處，去某處”。④under在……下面，無接觸面。⑤in在……里面。⑥into到……里面。⑦over在……正上方(無接觸面)；on在……上面(有接觸面)。⑧around在/向……周圍。⑨beneath在……下面(有接觸面)。⑩beside在……旁邊。?out of向/在……外面。?from從……。?beyond 在/向……較遠(yuǎn)的一邊，超出。2．表示時間的介詞It happened on① a Saturday morning in② November,2021.My parents left home at③ 6∶00 am to meet my uncle at the airport and told me they would come back in② two hours.However，it wasn’t long before④ someone knocked at the door，and I looked through the peephole and saw a stranger.I quickly locked the door from the inside，and didn’t open it until⑤ my parents came back.During⑥ the two hours，the stranger always tried to tell me something but I wouldn’t listen to him.On seeing my parents，the stranger said，“I have been waiting out of the door for⑦ two hours since 6∶10 am.” Why had my uncle changed so much over⑧ the years?[規(guī)則感悟]　①on指在具體的某一天。②in用在年/月/季節(jié)/世紀(jì)等大時間之前，或者指上/下午或晚上；也可用在表示一段時間的詞之前，表示“多久之后”。③at用在幾點鐘或night/noon之前。④before在……之前。⑤until直到……時候。⑥during在……期間。⑦for表示延續(xù)一段時間。⑧over表示“在……期間”，表延續(xù)。3．表示原因的介詞John was punished for① cheating in the exam.His father was angry at/over② it and he trembled with③ anger because of④ John’s bad behaviour.[規(guī)則感悟]　①for表示原因，后面可以跟名詞(詞組)或動名詞。②at/over用在表示情緒的形容詞之后，后面跟代詞或名詞(詞組)。③with用在表示情緒的名詞之前。④because of/owing to/due to/thanks to之后不跟陳述句，跟名詞(短語)/名詞性從句。4．其他重要介詞Between① the two opinions，I am for② the first one but against③ the second one.By④ wearing school uniforms，students can be treated equally by④ others despite⑤ the different economic backgrounds among⑥ them.Besides⑦，the price is within⑧ students’ reach.Most students except⑨ a minority of them say school uniforms are good except for⑩ the fact that they are not fashionable.[規(guī)則感悟]　①between表示“兩者之間”。②for表示“支持”。③against表示“反對”。④by表示“借助/通過……”，也可以表示“被……”。⑤despite表示“盡管”，等于in spite of。⑥among表示在三者或三者以上中。⑦besides表示“除此之外(還)”。⑧within表示“在……范圍之內(nèi)”。⑨except表示同類事物除外。⑩except for表示與整體陳述相對的細(xì)節(jié)修補。一、介詞的省略1．當(dāng)表示時間的詞前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等時，介詞常省略。We watched an exciting football match last week.上周我們觀看了一場激動人心的足球賽。Come any day you like.你想哪天來就哪天來。2．表示時間的名詞前有不定冠詞，且不定冠詞作“每一……”講時，其前不用介詞。An apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天一個蘋果，醫(yī)生遠(yuǎn)離我。3．習(xí)慣搭配中介詞的省略。一些常和動詞、名詞或形容詞搭配使用的介詞?？墒÷?，常見的此類搭配有spend some time (in) doing sth，waste some time (in) doing sth，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth，be busy (in) doing sth，stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth等。Frank insisted that he was not asleep although I had great difficulty (in) waking him up.弗蘭克堅持說自己沒有睡覺，雖然我叫醒他費了好大勁。二、介詞不可省略的問題1．在被動語態(tài)中，動詞短語中的介詞不能省略。The children have been taken good care of in the kindergarten.這些孩子在幼兒園里得到了很好的照顧。2．當(dāng)非謂語動詞表示被動意義時，相關(guān)介詞也不可省略。The problem is well worth paying attention to.這個問題很值得關(guān)注。3．在定語從句中，當(dāng)從句的謂語和先行詞構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系且從句謂語為不及物動詞時，必須加上介詞。The library which we often go to is not far away from our school.我們常去的那個圖書館距離我們學(xué)校不遠(yuǎn)。三、介詞短語1．介詞與名詞構(gòu)成的搭配：(1)at＋名詞at a loss不知所措at the cost of以……的代價at peace處于和平狀態(tài)at the risk of冒……的危險at war處于戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài)at the mercy of在……支配下；由……擺布at the same time同時(2)on＋名詞on exhibition/show/display在展出on account of因為on fire著火on average平均；一般地on sale出售；打折on behalf of代表on no account/condition決不on the decrease/increase在減少/在增加on holiday/vacation在度假(3)by＋名詞by accident/chance偶然地by hand手工by mistake錯誤地by the day按天算by coincidence碰巧by nature天生地(4)in＋名詞in cash用現(xiàn)金付款in charge of掌管in depth在深度上in return作為回報in detail詳細(xì)地in danger (of) 在危險中，垂危in height在高度上in spite of盡管in length在長度上in exchange for作為交換in favor of支持，贊成in no time立刻in case of萬一；如果；假使in no way決不in support of為支持……in place of代替in honour of為向……表示敬意in possession of擁有，占有in memory of為了紀(jì)念……in addition to另外(5)of＋名詞of benefit有益處的of significance有意義的of help有幫助的of use有用的of importance重要的of value有價值的(6)out of＋名詞out of balance失去平衡out of order發(fā)生故障out of breath上氣不接下氣out of sight看不見out of control失去控制out of the question不可能out of date過期out of work失業(yè)out of touch失去聯(lián)系(7)under＋名詞under attack遭到襲擊under treatment在治療中under pressure在壓力下under control處于控制之中under repair在修理中under discussion在討論中(8)with＋名詞with delight/joy高興地with fear害怕地with difficulty困難地with pleasure樂意地with ease輕而易舉地(9)beyond＋名詞beyond compare無與倫比beyond description難以描述beyond reach夠不到beyond expression/words難以表達(dá)2．形容詞與介詞構(gòu)成的搭配：(1)be＋adj.＋aboutbe anxious about為……憂慮be curious about對……好奇be particular about對……講究/挑剔be worried/concerned about對……擔(dān)心(2)be＋adj.＋atbe angry at因/對……生氣be good at擅長be astonished at對……吃驚be present at出席(3)be＋adj.＋inbe absorbed in專注于……be active in積極于……be dressed in穿著……be engaged in忙于……be rich in富含……be occupied in忙于……(4)be＋adj.＋forbe eager for渴望……be famous for因……著名be fit for適合，勝任……be ready for準(zhǔn)備好……be sorry for對……感到抱歉be prepared for為……做好準(zhǔn)備(5)be＋adj.＋frombe absent from缺席be different from不同于be far from遠(yuǎn)離be free from不受……影響(6)be＋adj.＋tobe close to接近……be devoted to致力于……be equal to等于……；勝任……be familiar to對……熟悉be friendly to對……友好be harmful to對……有害be kind to對……友好be similar to與……相似be grateful to對……心存感激(7)be＋adj.＋ofbe aware of意識到……be fond of喜歡……be proud of因……而自豪be short of缺乏……be critical of對……挑剔(8)be＋adj.＋withbe busy with忙于……be familiar with對……熟悉be combined with與……結(jié)合be patient with對……有耐心be popular with受……歡迎be pleased with對……感到滿意be angry with (sb)對(某人)生氣3．介詞與其他詞構(gòu)成的搭配：but for要不是instead of代替regardless of不管，不顧apart from除……之外up to直到；由……決定according to根據(jù)along with隨著together with連同by means of用……辦法；借助……owing to因為四、動詞與介詞構(gòu)成的搭配1．“動詞＋sb＋of＋sth”結(jié)構(gòu)accuse sb of sth指責(zé)/控告某人某事cure sb of sth治好某人的某種疾病rid sb of sth使某人擺脫某物cheat sb of sth騙走某人某物remind sb of sth使某人想起某事inform sb of sth通知某人某事rob sb of sth搶劫某人某物warn sb of sth警告某人某事convince sb of sth使某人確信某事suspect sb of sth懷疑某人某事2．“動詞＋sb＋for＋doing sth”結(jié)構(gòu)blame sb for doing sth指責(zé)某人做某事批評某人做某事原諒某人做某事punish sb for doing sth因做某事而懲罰某人thank sb for doing sth感謝某人做某事3．“動詞＋sb/sth＋from＋(doing) sth”結(jié)構(gòu)prevent/stop/keep sb/sth from doing sth阻止某人/物做某事 protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb/sth from being done保護(hù)某人/物免于被……ban/prohibit sb/sth from doing sth禁止某人/物做某事4．其他常考的動詞與介詞的搭配account for 占……(比例)；解釋……(原因)act as 充當(dāng)；起作用break away from 脫離；逃離bring about 引起；導(dǎo)致；造成call for (去)接；需要；(公開)要求carry out 履行；實施；執(zhí)行carry through 幫助……渡過難關(guān)；成功完成；順利實現(xiàn)come across (偶然)遇見，碰見；發(fā)現(xiàn)come to an end 終止，結(jié)束come up with 提出do harm to 對……有害do without 沒有……也行；沒有……而設(shè)法對付過去end up with 以……結(jié)束get across 被傳達(dá)；被理解；把……講清楚get around 傳播；流傳；各處走動get down to 開始做某事；開始認(rèn)真注意(或?qū)Υ?/span>)某事get over 解決；克服；控制get rid of 除去，去掉；免除，擺脫get through 正式通過；(用電話)接通，聯(lián)系上；順利通過(考試等)give rise to使發(fā)生give way to屈服；退讓；讓步go against違反；與……不符go in for參加考試(或競賽)；對某事物有興趣，愛好go through經(jīng)歷keep in touch with與……保持聯(lián)系look down on/upon輕視；瞧不起look into調(diào)查；審查make the best of充分利用；盡力而為be made up of由……組成put up with忍受，容忍see through看穿；識破see to照料；處理set about著手做show around/round領(lǐng)(某人)參觀show off炫耀；展示take in吸入；理解，領(lǐng)會take on承擔(dān)；呈現(xiàn)，具有work out計算出；制定出對點練習(xí)1．She patted him on the head and said，“My little boy，do you feel more comfortable now than before？”2．If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time，would you like to do that? 3．As a result，he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannot write by means of a pen or pencil.4．But wildlife today disappears or is in danger just because humans do harm to it.5．Many times we don’t realize how routine our lives have become and how much we take them for granted until we find ourselves in a new situation.6．The teacher paused on purpose to remind the students to stop talking.1．The study found that between 1985 and 2017，average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men.(2021·浙江1月)2．Museums must compete for people’s spare time and money with other amusements.(2020·新高考全國Ⅰ)3．Some time after 10000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived in，through agriculture.(2020·浙江7月)    層級一　基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo)練單句語法填空1．—We had a really damp September this year.—I can’t remember an autumn when it rained so much.2．But she quickly realized that it was probably because of the fact that she sat in the last row.3．Among the “four new great inventions”，online shopping was invented and pioneered by Michael Aldrich in the U．K.in 1979.4．“As soon as he opens his(he) mouth and sings in Chinese，the Chinese are very surprised and they feel proud of him，” said his music teacher.5．But it’s difficult for me to decide what activities we should organize and how to plan them(they)．6．I suddenly realized I had grown up and that I had to look after myself(I) and live independently.7．When they grow older than three years old，it is easier for girls to catch colds than boys.8．Pregnant women，for example，should limit their(they) intake of coffee.9．This young man likes travelling—he is always on the move.10．It means that we cannot use some modern household items，like washing machines because they use too much water.層級二　高考真題練單句語法填空1．The tactile(可觸知的) paintings work as a way to reveal art to the blind because we don’t see with just our eyes：We see with our brains.(2022·浙江6月)2．Luc Gandarias，who’s now thirteen，went blind suddenly at age seven.(2022·浙江6月) 3. A friend of his，Wu Fan，volunteered to be his companion during the trip.(2022·全國甲)4．He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept.20，planning to hike back to Xi’an in five months.(2022·全國甲)5．May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day，which was named officially by the United Nations on November 27th,2019.(2022·全國乙)6．May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day...To celebrate the festival，a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.(2022·全國乙)7．The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled(揭幕) at the ceremony，opening its(it) first exhibition：The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea.(2022·全國乙)8．Covering an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.(2022·新高考全國Ⅰ)9．It was built originally to protect the city in/during the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored(修復(fù))．(2021·全國甲)10．Although Mary loved flowers，neither she nor her husband was known as a gardener.(2021·浙江6月)層級三　語篇提能練語法填空(2019·全國Ⅲ改編)On our way to the house,1.             was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long 2.             would take to get there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.We were first greeted with the barking by a pack 3.             dogs，seven to be exact.They were well trained 4.             their masters who had great experience with caring for these animals.Our hosts shared many of 5.            (they) experiences and recommended wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in 6.         backyard.When they were free from work，they invited 7.            (we) to local events and let us know of 8.             interesting competition to watch，together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.On 9.           last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert 10._____   a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.1．答案　it解析　考查代詞。句意：在我們?nèi)ツ亲孔拥穆飞?，雨下得如此大以至于我們?nèi)滩蛔∠脒€要多久才能到達(dá)那里。it 可以指天氣。故填it。2．答案　it解析　考查代詞。此處是句式It takes (sb) some time to do sth，it為形式主語，to do不定式為真正的主語。故填it。3．答案　of解析　考查介詞。a pack of一群……。故填of。4．答案　by解析　考查介詞。此處是被動語態(tài)，應(yīng)填表示“被”的介詞。故填by。5．答案　their解析　考查代詞。experience是名詞，前面需要一個形容詞性物主代詞來修飾它。故填their。6．答案　the解析　考查冠詞。空格處修飾名詞backyard，是特指的他們的院子。故填the。7．答案　us解析　考查代詞。空格處作invited的賓語，應(yīng)用賓格形式。故填us。8．答案　an解析　考查冠詞?？崭窈?/span>interesting的發(fā)音以元音音素開頭，且此處泛指“一場有趣的比賽”。故填an。9．答案　the解析　考查冠詞。on the last day在最后一天。故填the。10．答案　on解析　考查介詞。on a beautiful farm在一個美麗的農(nóng)場上。故填on。1．在抽象名詞具體化時，使用不定冠詞使文章更加生動簡潔　(2020·全國Ⅱ)我們一邊摘蘋果，一邊吃蘋果。真是一件樂事??！We picked apples while having a good taste of them.What a pleasure!　(2021·新高考全國Ⅰ)因為被內(nèi)容所吸引，閱讀Youth成為我每天必須做的一件事。Because I am attracted by the contents，reading Youth becomes a must for me every day. 2．使用it作形式主語可以豐富文章句式　(2022·全國乙)學(xué)生自身迫切需要提高自律，家長和老師也迫切需要加強指導(dǎo)。It’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline，and it’s also urgent for parents and teachers to strengthen the guidance.　(2021·上海)從你上一封信中得知你對學(xué)習(xí)漢語很感興趣，真是太好了。It’s great to learn from your last letter that you are interested in learning Chinese. 3．使用it 作形式賓語可以使句子亮點更多　(2022·浙江1月)我認(rèn)為說服他接受我的觀點是不可能的，所以我不想浪費我們的時間來討論。I thought it impossible to persuade him into accepting my views，so I didn’t want to waste our time discussing.　(2021·全國乙)雖然在線學(xué)習(xí)讓人們獲得知識更容易了，但對于缺乏自律的人來說，在線學(xué)習(xí)也是一個挑戰(zhàn)。Although online learning makes it easier for people to gain knowledge，being online is also a challenge for people who lack self-discipline.4．用介詞短語代替簡單的狀語從句　(2022·全國乙)由于他們?nèi)狈ψ月?，他們更容易沉迷于網(wǎng)上聊天或玩游戲。Because of their lack of self-discipline，they’re more easily addicted to chatting online or playing games.　(2021·天津6月)因為你們的熱情款待和幫助，我在英國過得很愉快。Because of your kind hospitality and help，I enjoyed myself so much in England.

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