?第二講　冠詞和介詞
一、冠詞
[語法規(guī)則再現(xiàn)]
(一)不定冠詞的基本用法
1．表示泛指某個人或事物。
Are you interested in becoming a musician and getting a recording contract?
你對成為一名音樂家并獲得錄制合同感興趣嗎？
2．用在第一次提到的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，表示泛指。
My friend John is a handsome young man，a young man everyone likes to work with.
我的朋友約翰是一個英俊的年輕人，一個每個人都喜歡與他共事的年輕人。
3．表示“某一個”，相當(dāng)于a certain。
I remember he came here on a Sunday and left soon.
我記得他在某個星期天來過，并且很快就離開了。
4．用在序數(shù)詞前，表示“再一，又一”。
He missed the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比賽中沒得到金牌，但是在跳遠(yuǎn)比賽中他還有機(jī)會。
5．用在形容詞的比較級前，表示“一個更……的”。
If we sit near the front of the bus，we'll have a better view.
如果我們坐在公共汽車的前部，視野就會更好些。
6．用于物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞具體化時。
物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞僅表示概念時，是不可數(shù)名詞，前面不加不定冠詞。但如果表示具體的人或事，特別是前面有形容詞修飾時，就變成了可數(shù)名詞，前面可加不定冠詞。
Tony is a famous pianist.I'm absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.
托尼是一位著名的鋼琴家，我十分確信這個星期天他的音樂會一定會成功。

不定冠詞常用于某些固定搭配中，常見的有：
have a gift for有……的天賦　
have a holiday度假
get a lift/ride搭便車
pay a visit to參觀
lend sb.a hand幫助某人
as a result因此
as a rule通常；照例
in a hurry匆忙地
at a distance離一段距離
a waste of ……的浪費(fèi)
What a pity！真遺憾！
be/go on a diet節(jié)食
a collection of一批……
a knowledge of知道
have a good time玩得高興
make a living謀生
in a sense/way在某種意義上
for a while暫時；一時
all of a sudden突然
a matter of ……的問題
have a population of有……的人口
cover an area of占……的面積
(二)定冠詞的基本用法
1．特指雙方都知道的或上文提到過的人或物。
I went to a university in New Zealand.The university was founded in the early twentieth century.
我在新西蘭的一所大學(xué)就讀，這所大學(xué)建立于20世紀(jì)初。
2．用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或形容詞前，表示一類人或物。
①As we all know，the brain is the centre of thought.
眾所周知，大腦是思維的中心。
②As a matter of fact，the rich aren't always happy.
事實(shí)上，富人并非總是快樂的。

“the＋adj.”表示一類人的常用短語：
the rich富人 the dead死者
the poor窮人 the aged老人
the old老人 the living活著的人
the young年輕人
the injured/wounded受傷的人
3．用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞或副詞最高級以及形容詞only，very，same等之前。
We're bringing you an exciting evening of live rock and pop music from the best local bands.
我們帶你去參加當(dāng)?shù)刈詈玫臉逢?duì)帶來的搖滾和流行音樂之夜。
4．用于被限制性修飾語加以限制的人或物前。
5．用于表示朝代、年代的名詞前，或用于整十的數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)前，表示某個年代。
As is well known to all，the Second World War broke out in the 1930s.
眾所周知，二戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)于20世紀(jì)30年代。
6．用于表示姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前，表示一家人或夫婦倆。
The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.
史密斯夫婦住在我們樓上的公寓里。
7．用于世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前。
No one knows exactly how the moon came into existence，as it happened so long ago.
沒有人確切知道月球是怎樣形成的，因?yàn)檫@發(fā)生在很久之前。
8．用于被演奏的樂器前。
As far as I know，he likes playing the piano.
據(jù)我所知，他喜歡彈鋼琴。

1.固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的定冠詞。
(1)用于“by＋the＋表示計量單位的名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“按……計算”。
—It's said that John will be in a job paying over $60，000 a year.
—Right，he will also get paid by the week.
——據(jù)說，約翰將獲得一個年薪超過6萬美元的工作。
——是的，他的工資還將按周支付。
(2)用于“動詞＋sb.＋介詞＋the＋身體某一部分”結(jié)構(gòu)中。
His nose bled when the thief hit him in the face.
那個賊打到了他的臉，他鼻子出血了。
(3)用于the more...the more...(越……越……)結(jié)構(gòu)中。
The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you will make.
你越小心，就會越少犯錯誤。
2.固定短語中的定冠詞。
at the moment 此刻；目前
in the end最后；最終
to tell the truth說實(shí)話
to the point中肯；切題
at the same time同時
on the contrary相反
on the whole總的來說
in the distance在遠(yuǎn)處
by the way順便說一下
in the middle of在……中間
(三)零冠詞的基本用法
1．表示泛指的不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。
①Keeping a diary is a good habit，by which you'll make great progress.
記日記是一個可以讓你取得巨大進(jìn)步的好習(xí)慣。
②Telephones are still playing an important role in people's life.
電話在人們的生活中仍然起著重要的作用。
2．表示月份、季節(jié)、星期幾、節(jié)假日、洲、三餐、球類、學(xué)科、棋類名詞前。
A year can be divided into four seasons—spring，summer，autumn and winter.
一年可以分為四季——春、夏、秋、冬。
3．與by連用的表示交通工具、通訊工具的名詞前。
Are you going there by plane or by ship?
你是乘飛機(jī)還是乘船去那里？
4．系動詞turn后的單數(shù)名詞作表語時。
After years of hard work，Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.
多年的努力之后，湯姆成了工程師而瑪麗成了一位優(yōu)秀的經(jīng)理。
5．表示頭銜和職務(wù)的名詞作表語、同位語或補(bǔ)足語時。
Dr.Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
這所學(xué)校的校長彼得·斯彭斯博士告訴我們說：“這里五分之一的學(xué)生都會到牛津大學(xué)或者劍橋大學(xué)繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)?！?br />
1.固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的零冠詞。
“零冠詞＋單數(shù)名詞＋as/though＋主語＋謂語，主句”，意為“雖然……但是……”。
Young man as he is，he has seen much of the world.
盡管他很年輕，但他閱歷很豐富。
2.固定短語中的零冠詞。
on purpose故意地 by chance碰巧
catch fire著火 at dawn在黎明
face to face面對面 out of date過時的
make room for讓位 in debt負(fù)債
in shape健康 on foot步行
in danger在危險中 side by side并排
　from time to time不時地
hand in hand手拉手
day after day日復(fù)一日地
heart and soul全心全意地
①Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push-ups too to stay in shape.
湯姆總是在早上慢跑，他通常也做俯臥撐來保持健康。
②The dictionary is out of date：many words have been added to the language since it was published.
這本字典過時了：自從它出版以來，這門語言已增添了許多單詞。
[典型例題分析]
1．They can be seen in many factories and have gone to such far places as ________moon.
the　[月球是世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物，因此用定冠詞the。]
2．It is not ________easy job，but Lucy does it properly.
an　[第一次提到某物，因此用不定冠詞；easy發(fā)音以元音因素開頭，因此用不定冠詞an。]
[語法專項(xiàng)對練]
Ⅰ.在下列句中空白處填入適當(dāng)冠詞，不需用冠詞處畫斜線(/)
1．As he approached the bridge，the sound got louder and then he saw a pitiful sight.
2．Recently when he took a look at his collection of books，he discovered the old book borrowed 61 years ago.
3．But a parent of another child came up with an even better idea—getting the whole class to learn sign language along with Jack.
4. Are you sure that the party came to / power in the 1960s.
5．As we all know，there is an electric field inside the earth.
6．As / unemployment is very high at the moment，it is very difficult for people to find / work.
7．It is believed that / computer is the most important of the twentieth century.
8．It's / bad manners to blow your nose at / table.
9．Most seriously，relying on smartphones to make friends does not give us the same advantage as making new friends in the real world.
10．For your generation to live in a better world，there is so much our generation can do.
11．I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.
12．The more learned a man is，the more modest he usually becomes.
13．Brian is gifted in writing music；he is very likely to be a Beethoven.
14．The village where I was born has grown into a town.
15．It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across the night sky.
16．Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century.
17．India attained / independence in 1947，after a long struggle.
18．The parents were shocked by the news that their son needed an operation on his knee.
19．—Why didn't you invite John to your birthday party?
—Well，you know he's a wet blanket.
20．Jane's grandmother had wanted to write a children's book for many years，but one thing or another always got in the way.
Ⅱ.語法填空
在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
1．An old gentleman whose eyesight (視力) was falling came to stay in a hotel room with 2.a bottle of wine (酒) in each hand.On the wall there was 3.a fly which he mistook for a nail (釘子)．So as soon as he hung them on，the bottles fell broken and the wine split all over the floor.
When a waitress discovered what had happened，she felt really sorry for him and wanted to give him 4.a hand.
So 5.the next morning when he was out taking 6.a walk in the garden，she put a nail on the wall exactly where the fly had stayed.
Now the old man entered his room.7.The smell of the split wine reminded him of 8.the accident.When he looked up at the wall，he found the fly was there again! He walked to it carefully and hit it with all his strength.
On hearing a loud cry, waitress rushed in.To her great surprise，9.the poor old man was there sitting on the floor，his face was pale and 10.a lot of blood was running on his right hand.
二、介詞
[語法規(guī)則再現(xiàn)]
(一)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞
1．表示兩地位置關(guān)系的in，on，to。
介詞
用法
in
表示某一地域之內(nèi)的某方位。
Shandong Province is in the east of China.
山東位于中國東部。
on
表示與某地相鄰的關(guān)系。
Shandong Province is on the north of Jiangsu Province.
山東省在江蘇省的北邊。
to
表示在某一地域之外的某方位(不屬于該范圍)。
Japan lies to the east of China.
日本在中國的東邊。
2.表示上下位置關(guān)系的on，beneath；over，under；above，below。
介詞
用法
on和
beneath
on表示“在……之上”，意指與表面有接觸，反義詞是beneath。
There are some bananas on the desk.
桌子上有些香蕉。
The earth lay beneath a blanket of snow.
大地被厚厚的白雪覆蓋著。
over
和
under
over表示“在……之上”，指在物體的正上方或覆蓋在物體表面，反義詞是under。
A lamp was hanging over the table.
桌子上方吊著一盞燈。
We spread a carpet over the floor.
我們給地板鋪上了地毯。
They are playing chess under the tree.
他們正在樹下下棋。
above
和
below
above表示“在……之上”，指離開物體表面而在其上方，但不一定是正上方，反義詞是below。
The plane flew above the clouds.
飛機(jī)在云層上飛行。
Please do not write below this line.
請不要寫在這條線下面。
3.表示“穿過；越過；經(jīng)過”的across，through，over，past。
介詞
用法
across
表示“橫穿，穿越”，運(yùn)動在物體的表面進(jìn)行。
They ran straight across the road.
他們徑直跑過了馬路。
through
表示“穿過”，動作在物體內(nèi)部進(jìn)行。
Walk through the small gate and you will find the garage.
穿過那扇小門，你就看見車庫了。
over
表示“從(某物)一邊到另一邊”，強(qiáng)調(diào)從上方跨過、越過。
Go over the mountain，and you can see my hometown.
翻過那座山你就能看見我的家鄉(xiāng)了。
past
表示“從……旁經(jīng)過”。
Will you be going past my house on your way home?
你回家的路上會經(jīng)過我家嗎？
4.表示“在……之間”的between，among。
介詞
用法
between
一般指空間或時間上的兩者之間或多者中的兩兩之間。
They planted a lot of trees between the two buildings.
他們在兩座樓之間種了很多樹。
among
一般指在三者或三者以上之間。
He quickly disappeared among the crowd.
他很快消失在人群中。
(二)表示時間的介詞
1．表示“在……”的in，on，at。
介詞
用法
in
后接時間段，如世紀(jì)、朝代、時代、年、季節(jié)、月等或表示上午、下午、晚上的詞，即在較長的一段時間內(nèi)。
Many flowers are blossoming in spring.
許多花在春季綻放。
In 2010，he graduated from Shandong University.
2010年，他畢業(yè)于山東大學(xué)。
on
后接表示特定的日子、具體的日期、星期幾、節(jié)日或具體某一天的上午、下午或晚上的詞。
They set out on a Friday morning.
他們在一個周五的早上出發(fā)了。
On September 17，they held a party to celebrate Hellen's birthday.
9月17日那天，他們舉行聚會為海倫過生日。
at
后接表示某一具體時刻，或把某一段時間看作某一時刻的詞及某些節(jié)假日的名詞。
We often have lunch at 12：00.
我們經(jīng)常12點(diǎn)吃午飯。
People send each other cards and presents at Christmas.
人們在圣誕節(jié)互贈賀卡和禮物。
2.表示“在一段時間內(nèi)”的during，in。
介詞
用法
during
強(qiáng)調(diào)時間的延續(xù)，可以表示在某段時間內(nèi)自始至終的狀態(tài)，謂語動詞一般是延續(xù)性的。
During the meal we talked about the TV play.
我們在吃飯時談起了那部電視劇。
The shop was closed during the whole three months.
整整3個月那家商店都沒有營業(yè)。
in
較準(zhǔn)確地說出某個動作發(fā)生的時間。
The fire happened in the evening.
那場大火發(fā)生在晚上。
3.表示“……之后”的in，after。
介詞
用法
in
“in＋一段時間”用于一般將來時，表示將來的一段時間之后。
We will meet again in two weeks.
兩周后我們還會再見面的。
This project will be finished in four months.
這個項(xiàng)目4個月后完工。
after
“after＋一段時間”用于一般過去時，表示過去的一段時間之后。
He left home in 1984 and came home after twenty years.
他1984年離家，20年之后才回來。
“after＋時間點(diǎn)”可用于一般將來時，表示某一時刻之后。
My father will be back after four o'clock.
我父親將會在4點(diǎn)之后回來。

注意：“in＋一段時間”也可用于一般過去時，意為“在……以內(nèi)”。
He wrote the book in two and a half years.
他在兩年半的時間內(nèi)寫完了這本書。
4．表示“在……之前”的by，before。
介詞
用法
by
表示“不遲于某時”，包括某時在內(nèi)。
I will finish the work by Friday.
最晚星期五我會完成這項(xiàng)工作。(包括星期五在內(nèi))
before
表示“在某時之前”，不包括某時在內(nèi)。
I will finish the work before Friday.
星期五之前我會完成這項(xiàng)工作。(不包括星期五)
5.表示時間延續(xù)的for，from，since。
介詞
用法
for
“for＋時間段”表示動作延續(xù)多久，不涉及動作的起始與終止時間。作時間狀語時，句子可用一般過去時、完成時或?qū)頃r。
I worked in this factory for ten years.
我在這家工廠工作過10年。
I have worked in this factory for ten years.
我在這家工廠已經(jīng)工作10年了。
I will stay in Shanghai for ten days.
我要在上海待10天。
from
“from＋時間點(diǎn)”表示行為或狀態(tài)的起始時間，不涉及持續(xù)時間的長短。
My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five.
我妹妹從5歲時就開始學(xué)習(xí)舞蹈。
since
“since＋時間點(diǎn)”說明動作的起始時間，表示自過去某時延續(xù)至今的一段時間，常與現(xiàn)在完成時或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時連用。
I haven't seen her since ten years ago.
自從10年前我就再沒見過她。
She has been watching TV since seven o'clock.
她從7點(diǎn)開始就一直看電視。
續(xù)表
(三)表示運(yùn)動方向的along，into，to，from
介詞
用法
along
表示動作“沿著”某物進(jìn)行。
I was driving my car along a muddy path.
我正沿著一條泥濘的小路開車。
into
表示動作“進(jìn)入……里面”；還可表示“朝，向；觸及”。
The man walked into the house in the dark.
那個男人摸黑走進(jìn)了屋里。
to
表示動作的朝向，意為“朝，向，對著(某方向或某處)”。
She is on the way to the train station.
她正在去火車站的路上。
from
表示某人、某物出發(fā)的源地和方向。
He comes from Shanghai.
他來自上海。
Ernest ran away from home twice.
厄內(nèi)斯特兩次離家出走。
(四)常用介詞短語的構(gòu)成
1．介詞＋名詞。
for example例如　in all總共　in common共同的
in hospital住院　in need需要　on earth究竟
on business出差　on show展覽
2．形容詞＋介詞。
be good/bad for對……有益處/害處
be good/bad at擅長/不擅長于……
be famous for因……而出名
be famous as作為……而出名
be angry with sb.生某人的氣
be strict with對……要求嚴(yán)格
3．動詞＋介詞。
be made of由……制成(從成品中能看出原材料)
be made from由……制成(從成品中看不出原材料)
belong to屬于
agree to同意
be made up of由……組成(強(qiáng)調(diào)由單個的個體組成)
be/become used to (doing) sth.習(xí)慣于(做)某事
be used as被當(dāng)作……來使用
answer for對……負(fù)責(zé)
注意：to既可作動詞不定式符號，后接動詞原形，也可用作介詞，后跟名詞、代詞或動名詞。在下列詞組中to為介詞，在使用時應(yīng)特別注意，后接動詞時，需用其動名詞形式。如：
pay attention to注意　lead to導(dǎo)致
look forward to期望　be/get used to習(xí)慣于
(五)易混介詞，介詞短語辨析
介詞短語
用法
例句
because
of
一般作狀語，不作表語，位于句首或句尾
Because of illness，the boy did not go to school.
這個男孩生病了，所以沒去上學(xué)。
owing to
通常作狀語，一般不用作表語
The flight was delayed owing to technical reasons.
這次飛行由于技術(shù)原因而被推遲。
due to
通常作表語或狀語，一般不位于句首
The failure is due to his carelessness.
失敗是由他的粗心造成的。
thanks to
“幸虧，多虧”，只能作狀語，多表示正面意義，有時也表示諷刺含義
Thanks to you，everyone knows about it now.
多虧了你，現(xiàn)在大家都知道此事了。
[典型例題分析]
1．She likes to travel and meet new people who have their own opinions that are different ________hers.
from　[be different from意為“與……不同”。]
2．In your daily life，there are many examples where your parents control hundreds ________things for you when you are a kid.
of　[hundreds of意為“上百的”。]
[語法專項(xiàng)對練]
Ⅰ.用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空
1．Mary is flying to France on the morning of July 2 and will arrive in (at/in) Paris at 10 a．m.
2．I have been in China since 2007.
3．How I miss my parents! I intend to return home in a month.
4．Look out! It's dangerous to walk across the road.
5．The River Danube runs through ten European countries.
6．It is important for us to make full use of time.
7．It's a good idea to offer the old books to the children who need them.
8．Hong Kong is in the southeast of China.
9．Last Sunday，a group of pupils talked happily in a loud voice as they went to the countryside on their bikes.
10．At school，we learn some other subjects besides English.
11．As a sports fan，my brother is looking forward to the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris.
12．Tim is going to give his father a surprise on Father's Day.
13．You can improve your English by reading more.
14．I like flowers，and I hope to study at a school with many flowers and trees in it.
15．My cousin usually gets up at half past six.
16．The “teacher-free exam” means that students take their exams without teachers.Students must be honest.
17．Teenagers under sixteen are not allowed to drive.
18．John is standing between Lucy and Lily.
19．—What did you get for your birthday，Tony?
—An Apple watch from my aunt.
20．Welcome to our store.We have all types of skirts in all colors.
Ⅱ.語法填空
在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
Father's Day occurs on the 3rd Sunday in June.The idea for creating a day 1.for children to honor their fathers began in Spokane，Washington.A woman 2.with the name of Sonora Smart Dodd thought 3.of the idea for Father's Day while listening to a Mother's Day sermon 4.in 1909.
Having been raised 5.by her father，Henry Jackson Smart，after her mother died，Sonora wanted her father to know how special he was 6.to her.It was her father that made all the parental sacrifices and was，7.in the eyes of his daughter，a courageous，selfless，and loving man.Sonora's father was born in June，so she chose to hold the first Father's Day celebration 8.in Spokane，Washington 9.on the 19th of June，1910.
In 1924 President Calvin Coolidge announced the third Sunday in June 10.as Father's Day.Roses are the flowers for Father's Day.

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