沖刺2022年中考英語首字母填空臨考押題（上海專用）11（一）Listen to the whales: "Meet us, don't eat us"Iceland, one of the few countries in the world to hunt whales commercially(商業(yè)地), announced in February its plan to end the hunt from 2024, t_____1_____ it has not officially banned(禁止) it yet. Falling demand for whale meat has influenced the decision. "There is little proof that there is any economic advantage to this activity," the country's fisheries minister said. Experts also praised a campaign(活動) carried out largely by Icelanders and local whale-watching companies. Whaling has been hunted around Iceland since the e_____2_____1600s, but it wasn't until the 19th century that steamships(汽船) and explosive harpoons(爆炸魚叉) allowed US and European companies to hunt the animals on a large commercial scale(規(guī)模). In recent decades, an association of local whale-watching companies, led by the International Fund for Animal Welfare and IceWhale, has f_____3_____ to end it. Their campaign has aimed to turn the tide(趨勢) on whale hunting in Iceland using the slogan "meet us, don't eat us". Contrary(相反的) to what many visitors believe, whale is not considered a d_____4_____ dish among Icelanders. In fact, only 2% of Icelanders say they regularly eat it. The biggest eaters of minke whale(小須鯨) have been the country's roughly(大體上) 2 million annual(每年的) visitors, many of whom believe it is an Icelandic special food. "Meet us, don't eat us" has had a big influence on the government's a_____5_____ towards whaling. Politicians have also realized that a whale that's alive brings more economic benefits than a dead whale. Whale watching has become a booming(急速發(fā)展的) business. One in five tourists in Iceland take a whale-watching trip, making about $12 million every year. Tour companies have p_____6_____ a large role in the campaign to end whaling and also fought to eject(驅(qū)逐) whale hunters from some main hunting areas. In 2017, the fisheries minister announced an expanded "no whaling zone", forcing hunters further out to sea, where there are fewer whales, making the hunt economically infeasible(不可行的). Conservationists(自然環(huán)境保護(hù)人士) are exploring ways to make whale tourism sustainable(可持續(xù)的). Whale-watching companies have created a code of conduct(行為準(zhǔn)則), i_____7_____ agreeing not to make sudden noises and approaching animals gradually.   答案：1.though 2.early 3.fought 4.delicious 5.attitude 6.played 7.including  譯文：請聽聽鯨魚們的心聲：“食不如識”冰島是世界上為數(shù)不多進(jìn)行商業(yè)捕鯨的國家之一。冰島政府在2月份宣布，計劃從2024年起停止商業(yè)捕鯨，不過該活動目前還未被官方禁止。人們對鯨魚肉需求的下降影響了冰島政府的這一決定。該國的漁業(yè)部長表示：“沒有證據(jù)表明這種活動有任何經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢。”相關(guān)專家還贊許了一項主要由冰島居民和當(dāng)?shù)赜^鯨公司開展的鯨類保護(hù)運(yùn)動。自17世紀(jì)初以來，就一直有人在冰島附近捕鯨，但直到19世紀(jì)，汽船和爆炸魚叉的出現(xiàn)才使得美國和歐洲的捕魚公司得以進(jìn)行大規(guī)模商業(yè)化的捕鯨。而近幾十年來，國際愛護(hù)動物基金會和一個叫“冰鯨”的民間組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)著當(dāng)?shù)赜^鯨公司組建的聯(lián)合會，一直致力于禁止捕鯨活動。他們的這項運(yùn)動口號為“食不如識”，旨在扭轉(zhuǎn)冰島捕鯨的趨勢。與許多游客的認(rèn)知相反的是，鯨魚肉在冰島人眼中算不上是美食。事實上，只有2%的冰島人說他們經(jīng)常吃鯨魚肉。食用小須鯨最多的人群反而是每年來冰島的游客，人數(shù)在兩百萬左右，許多游客都以為鯨魚肉是冰島的特色美食。“食不如識”這一口號也很大程度上影響了政府對于捕鯨的態(tài)度。政客們也意識到，一頭活著的鯨魚比一頭獵殺來食用的鯨魚能帶來更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。觀鯨已成為一項蓬勃發(fā)展的業(yè)務(wù)。在冰島，五分之一的游客都會參加觀鯨旅行，每年能貢獻(xiàn)大約1200萬美元的收入。這些旅游公司在禁止捕鯨的運(yùn)動中發(fā)揮了很大作用，并且還力爭將捕鯨者趕出一些重點(diǎn)捕鯨區(qū)。2017年，冰島漁業(yè)部長宣布擴(kuò)大“禁止捕鯨區(qū)”的范圍，迫使捕鯨者去到更遠(yuǎn)的海域去，那兒的鯨魚數(shù)量較少，使他們無法通過捕鯨來獲取收益。自然環(huán)境保護(hù)人士正在探索讓觀鯨旅行變得可持續(xù)的方法。觀鯨公司已經(jīng)制定了一套船只行為準(zhǔn)則，包括不會突然發(fā)出噪聲（嚇到鯨類），并且要漸漸地靠近這些動物。  （二）Why Was the Alphabet Invented?It is said "A picture is worth a thousand words." The phrase brings a question: If art can express more than the words, then why was the alphabet(字母表) ever invented? "The creation of writing is the event that gave human a history," says Lydia Wilson in the new BBC documentary, "The Secret History of Writing". Wilson is a research associate at the University of Cambridge. "What m_____1_____ our ancestors start writing things down?" she asks. Archaeologists(考古學(xué)家) have taught us that b_____2_____ the alphabet was invented, "written" communication was in the form of pictures, known as hieroglyphics(象形文字). But hieroglyphics were complex to read and it's believed that only a s_____3_____ group of scribes(抄寫員) was able to decipher(破譯) thousands of images that represented specific words. While it's not clear e_____4_____ when or how, researchers say sometime between 1900 and 1700 BCE, an alphabetic system was developed that enabled more people to read and write. "The giant leap(飛躍) came when somebody thought of this matter, that you could draw a picture which represented something that someone could r_____5_____ but at the same time that sign could be used just for the sound of the thing it looked like, so the sound became drawn out or separated from the picture," says Irving Finkle of the British Museum in the documentary. "And, this giant leap was rather simple and it's something which could have occurred to a child, but nevertheless is of great lasting significance." The concept(概念) of using a sign to represent a sound has been called the Rebus Principle(“畫謎”原理); it allows words to be spelled out with pictures. That is to say, specific images were assigned to different consonants(輔音) and those symbols, in turn, were strewn(散落) together to f_____6_____ new words. Scholars who study the history of the written word believe that this new system was invented by a Semitic-speaking(講閃米特語的) people who used new symbols—now known as letters—to represent the sounds of their language. Some scholars believe these inventors were not the intellectual(知識分子) scribes of the day but that, paradoxically(自相矛盾), "Our writing system was invented by people who couldn't read," wrote Wilson. Three thousand years from now, what will archaeologists think of emojis? Are today's emojis yesterday's hieroglyphics? Absolutely, says Israeli Egyptologist(埃及古物學(xué)者) Orly Goldwasser. And, while it may be fun for some to try to figure out what an emoji sentence means, c_____7_____ trying your hand at writing in hieroglyphics if you will.   答案：1.made 2.before 3.small 4.exactly 5.recognize 6.form 7.consider  譯文：為什么要發(fā)明字母表?俗話說“一圖勝千言”。但這句話也引出了一個問題：如果藝術(shù)能比文字表達(dá)更多內(nèi)涵，那為什么還要發(fā)明字母表呢？“書寫的發(fā)明使得人類有了歷史，”劍橋大學(xué)助理研究員莉迪亞·威爾遜在BBC最近的紀(jì)錄片《書寫的秘密歷史》中談道，“那么到底是什么促使我們的祖先開始把東西寫下來？”考古學(xué)家告訴我們，在字母被發(fā)明之前，“書面”交流是以圖片的形式進(jìn)行的，這些“文字”就是象形文字。是象形文字讀起來很復(fù)雜，據(jù)說只有少部分的“抄寫員”才能破譯這數(shù)千種圖畫所代表的特定文字。雖然還不清楚字母表發(fā)明的確切時間和方式，但研究人員稱，大約是在公元前1900年至1700年間，字母系統(tǒng)逐步形成，讓更多的人得以閱讀、書寫。 紀(jì)錄片中，大英博物館的歐文·芬克爾介紹說：“有人想到，你可以畫下代表某一個東西的圖案，而且這個圖案別人都認(rèn)識，但同時我們又只采用這個標(biāo)記所代表東西的發(fā)音，這樣我們就可以從這個圖案當(dāng)中抽離出一個發(fā)音，這是一個巨大的飛躍。這一點(diǎn)其實小孩子都有可能想得到，但卻帶來了長期的重大影響。”用符號代表聲音的概念被稱為“畫謎”原理，這讓單詞可以用圖案拼寫出來。也就是說，特定的圖案被分配給了各種輔音發(fā)音，而這些符號又被分散開來自由組合形成新單詞。研究文字歷史的學(xué)者認(rèn)為，這個新系統(tǒng)是由一個講閃米特語的民族發(fā)明的，他們采用新的符號來代表他們語言中的發(fā)音，這些符號也就是我們現(xiàn)在所說的字母。有些學(xué)者認(rèn)為發(fā)明字母的人并不是那些作為知識分子的抄寫員，相反，有些矛盾的是，“我們的書寫系統(tǒng)是由那些不識字的人發(fā)明的，”威爾遜寫道。而在三千年后的今天，考古學(xué)家又如何看待今天的emoji表情符號呢？現(xiàn)在的emoji就是過去的象形文字嗎？“絕對可以這么說”，來自以色列的埃及研究專家奧麗·戈德瓦瑟如是說。而且，雖然對一些人來說，解讀用emoji寫的句子是什么意思也許是一件很有趣的事，但其實如果你愿意的話，也可以試著用象形文字來寫東西。  （三）Self-esteem is the way we feel about ourselves. It has a great influence on how we make decisions and socialize. Normally, people with low self-esteem easily think low about themselves, so it is very important to understand what causes low self-esteem and how we can get over it.Because of trust, we sometimes accept the control from other people who tell us what to do. However, we need to understand it may have serious effects, e_____1_____ when that person has negative behaviors, like being cruel, or overly criticizing(批評) others. Remember that you cannot change a person quickly, but you must change how you react to their words and behaviors towards you. Always remember that only you have control of your reaction.Do not just f_____2_____ on your past unwise choices or feel guilty(內(nèi)疚的) about them. Everyone makes mistakes. But if you think more, every mistake you made in the past has caused something positive. Making mistakes will open many doors for improvement. If you’re feeling very guilty about a decision you made, write it down and write beside it every p_____3_____ positive result that happened to you. This will help you cherish(珍惜) those decisions rather than feel upset about them.Besides, it is not w_____4_____ to dream a big thing. However, there will be some harmful effects on your self-esteem if it is your only goal and you f_____5_____ to achieve it. Most of the time we set unrealistic(不現(xiàn)實的) goals and not being able to achieve them makes us think that we are not good enough. Therefore, it is a good idea to set a huge goal but remember to set up small milestones that you can achieve along the way.Last but not least, comparing yourself to other people is so easy to become a bad habit. We think that the picture we see on social media is their whole story, not realizing that it is just their best look. Keep in mind that what you see is not a_____6_____ what it seems. Moreover remember that they worked hard to achieve what you see from them, then learn from them to be a better you.Hopefully, these t_____7_____ help you develop your self-esteem. You will not be able to live a joyful life if you let your low self-esteem take over.  答案：1.especially 2.focus 3.possible 4.wrong 5.fail 6.always 7.tips  譯文：自尊是我們對自己的感覺。它對我們?nèi)绾巫鰶Q定和進(jìn)行社交活動有很大的影響。通常情況下，低自尊的人很容易輕視自己，所以了解是什么導(dǎo)致了低自尊以及我們?nèi)绾慰朔欠浅Ｖ匾摹?由于信任，我們有時會接受別人告訴我們來控制我們該做什么。然而，我們需要了解它可能會有嚴(yán)重的影響，特別是當(dāng)那個人有消極的行為，如殘忍，或過度批評他人。記住，你不能迅速改變一個人，但你必須改變你對他們對你的言語和行為的反應(yīng)。永遠(yuǎn)記住，只有你能控制自己的反應(yīng)。不要只關(guān)注你過去的不明智的選擇或?qū)λ鼈兏械絻?nèi)疚。每個人都會犯錯誤。但如果你再想更多，你過去犯的每一個錯誤都會了一些積極的東西。犯錯誤會打開許多改進(jìn)的大門。如果你對自己所做的一個決定感到特別內(nèi)疚，那就把它寫下來，并在它旁邊寫下所有可能發(fā)生在你身上的積極結(jié)果。這將幫助你珍惜這些決定，而不是對它們感到沮喪。 此外，夢想一件大事也沒有錯。然而，如果這是你唯一的目標(biāo)，而你沒有實現(xiàn)它，就會對你的自尊產(chǎn)生一些有害的影響。大多數(shù)時候，我們設(shè)定了不切實際的目標(biāo)，卻無法實現(xiàn)，會讓我們認(rèn)為自己不夠好。因此，設(shè)定一個偉大的目標(biāo)是一個好主意，但要記住建立一個你可以實現(xiàn)的小里程碑。最后但并非最不重要的是，把自己和別人比較很容易成為一個壞習(xí)慣。我們認(rèn)為，我們在社交媒體上看到的畫面是他們的全部故事，而沒有意識到這只是他們最好的形象。請記住，你所看到的并不總是像它看起來的那樣。此外，請記住，他們努力工作，去實現(xiàn)你從他們身上看到的東西，然后向他們學(xué)習(xí)，成為一個更好的你。 希望這些建議能幫助你發(fā)展你的自尊心。如果你讓你的自卑取代，你將無法過快樂的生活。  （四）Being invited to dinner is a big treat for Americans, but as a new comer who happens to feel sorry for American food, I find it a painful task. First, I cannot get used to eating sweet and salty things together. Second, terrible-tasting food must be praised to the skies. Third, it is not filling, you have to make yourself a_____1_____ meal after going home.One time, a colleague said to my husband, “My father is a good cook and invites you two to have a taste of his cooking skill this weekend.” It would have been embarrassing to refuse, so we had to a_____2_____ it. The meal turned out to be canned chicken with vegetables and rice, which tasted funny. Following this dish was a dessert of cored(去核的) apples, stuffed(塞滿) with plum jam and coated in sugar. Eating it made me feel like vomiting(嘔吐), but I had to say, “Delicious! Delicious!” It was unspeakably painful.Often when we were invited to dinner by Americans, I f_____3_____that they were not inviting us to eat but to look at the tableware(餐具). They do not use rice bowls. At the beginning of the meal the table is set with three plates, for each person, three glasses, a knife, a fork, a big spoon and a little spoon. The big spoon is s_____4_____ used, however, for they do not drink soup but lots of cold water, so the glasses see much service. The first course is usually raw salad or fruit salad, followed by bread and butter. After that some strange-looking and odd-tasting little dishes are served while people eat and talk. Then comes the main course, usually a piece of chicken or steak or a slice of ham, with a few fried potatoes and some peas, or whatever, boiled to a pulp(果肉). When this is f_____5_____, dessert is served, fruit pie or ice cream, and cake, which is murder to eat, for it is tasteless. Last comes coffee or tea. American tea is a bag of tea-leaves in a cup of hot water, at which point, the dinner is c_____6_____ over. Then you are invited into the living room to talk for two or three hours. The Americans talk and laugh, and we do not u_____7_____ what is being said. It is really unbearably(不能忍受地) painful. That is why I find eating American meals most troublesome.  答案：1.another 2.accept 3.felt 4.seldom 5.finished6.considered 7.understand  譯文：被邀請吃晚餐對美國人來說是一種很大的享受，但作為一個碰巧對美國食物感到遺憾的新人，我覺得這是一項痛苦的任務(wù)。首先，我不能習(xí)慣一起吃甜的和咸的東西。第二，必須把味道不好的食物夸上天。第三，它不飽，你必須在回家后再給自己做一頓飯。有一次，一位同事對我丈夫說：“我父親是個好廚師，他邀請你們倆這個周末來嘗嘗他的烹飪技巧。”“拒絕將會很尷尬，所以我們不得不接受它。這頓飯是罐裝雞肉配蔬菜和米飯，嘗起來很有趣。這道菜之后是一道核蘋果的甜點(diǎn)，里面塞滿了李子果醬和一層糖。吃它讓我覺得像嘔吐，但我不得不說：“美味！美味可口！“這是一種難以形容的痛苦。當(dāng)美國人邀請我們?nèi)コ燥垥r，我常常覺得他們不是在邀請我們?nèi)コ燥?，而是去看餐具。他們不使用飯碗。在用餐的開始，桌子上有三個盤子，每個人，三個杯子，一把刀，一把叉子，一個大勺子和一個小勺子。然而，大勺子很少使用，因為它們不喝湯，只喝很多冷水，所以杯子有很多服務(wù)。第一道菜通常是生沙拉或水果沙拉，然后是面包和黃油。在那之后，在人們吃飯和交談的時候，人們會提供一些外觀奇怪、味道奇怪的小菜肴。然后是主菜，通常是一塊雞肉、牛排或一片火腿，外加一些炸土豆和一些豌豆，或其他任何東西，煮成果肉。當(dāng)這是吃完后，甜點(diǎn)是供應(yīng)，水果派或冰淇淋，和蛋糕，吃它太要命了，因為它是無味的。最后是咖啡或茶。美國茶是一包裝在一杯熱水中的茶葉，這樣，晚餐就被考慮結(jié)束了。然后你就會被邀請到客廳里聊上兩三個小時。美國人說說笑，我們不明白他們在說什么。這真的是令人難以忍受的痛苦。這就是為什么我覺得吃美國飯最麻煩。  （五）Chris didn’t leave the band room as usual after class. As he put his saxophone(薩克斯) c_____1_____ back, he felt a hand on his shoulder. Mr. Black stood behind him and asked,“Are you excited about Jazz Band(爵士樂隊) Camp next week?” Chris was the only student at James Madison Middle School that was a_____2_____ into the best camp. He would be playing in a jazz band with the most talented students in the state.“Actually, Mr. Black,” Chris said quietly, “I'm really nervous. What if I don't play well?”Mr. Black smiled at Chris and said lightly, “You’re the best middle school saxophone player I’ve had the pleasure of teaching. You will blow away the people at camp with your talent. Is there a_____3_____ else troubling you?”Chris lowered his head. It was easy to admit that he might not be the best saxophone player at camp, but it was really hard for him to face the fact that he was probably the only 12-year-old boy that had n_____4_____ been to an overnight summer camp. What if he didn’t make any friends? What would the food be like?Mr. Black looked down into Chris’s eyes. “My f_____5_____ summer camp experience was a music camp when I was your age. For some reason, I had the ideas in my head that I wasn’t going to make any friends and that I was going to miss my mom’s cooking.” He laughed again. “Well, I did miss my mom’s cooking, but I was s_____6_____ by how quickly I made friends with the other kids from the band and the orchestra(管弦樂隊) kids too.”Just then, the door opened and Mr. Graham, the orchestra teacher walked in. “Actually, Mr. Graham said, “That’s where we m_____7_____ 25 years ago!We’ve been best friends ever since!”  答案：1.carefully 2.accepted 3.anything 4.never 5.first 6.surprised 7.met  譯文：克里斯下課后沒有像往常一樣離開樂隊的教室。當(dāng)他小心地把薩克斯管放回去時，他感到一只手放在肩上。布萊克先生站在他身后問：“你對下周的爵士樂隊（爵士樂隊）夏令營感到興奮嗎？”克里斯是詹姆斯·麥迪遜中學(xué)唯一被最佳夏令營錄取的學(xué)生。他將和該州最有才華的學(xué)生一起在一個爵士樂隊演奏。 “事實上，布萊克先生，”克里斯平靜地說，“我真的很緊張。如果我打得不好呢？” 布萊克先生對克里斯笑了笑，輕松地說：“你是我有幸教過的最好的中學(xué)薩克斯管手。你將用你的才能給夏令營的人留下深刻印象。還有什么困擾你的嗎？”克里斯低下了頭。我們很容易承認(rèn)他可能不是夏令營里最好的薩克斯管手，但對他來說真的很難面對這樣一個事實：他可能是唯一一個從未參加過通宵夏令營的12歲男孩。如果他沒有交朋友呢？這些食物會是什么樣的呢？ 布萊克先生俯視著克里斯的眼睛。“我第一次參加夏令營是在我和你這個年紀(jì)的時候參加音樂夏令營。出于某種原因，我有這樣一個想法，即我不會交任何朋友，我會錯過我媽媽的烹飪。他又笑了起來。“嗯，我確實很想念我媽媽的烹飪習(xí)慣，但令我驚訝的是，我很快就和樂隊以及管弦樂隊的其他孩子們成為了朋友。” ????????????? 就在這時，門開了，管弦樂隊老師格雷厄姆先生走了進(jìn)來。事實上，格雷厄姆先生說，“25年前我們就是在那里認(rèn)識的！”從那以后，我們就一直是最好的朋友！

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