?沖刺2022年中考英語首字母填空臨考押題（上海專用）10
（一）
People who have a rosy(樂觀的) outlook(觀點) on the world may live healthier, longer lives because they have fewer stressful events to deal with, new research suggests.
Scientists found that while optimists(樂觀者) reacted to, and r_____1_____ from, stressful situations in much the same way as pessimists(悲觀者), the optimists felt better emotionally because they had fewer stressful events in their daily lives.
How optimists minimize(最小化) their stress is unclear, but the researchers believe they either avoid arguments, lost keys, traffic jams and other irritations, or simply f_____2_____ to think them stressful in the first place.
Previous studies have found evidence that optimists live longer and healthier lives, but researchers do not c_____3_____ understand why having a glass-half-full(樂觀的) attitude might make healthy aging.
"Given prior(先前的) work linking optimism to longevity(長壽), healthy aging, and lower risks of major diseases, it seemed like a logical next step to study whether optimism might protect a_____4_____ the effects of stress among older adults," said Dr Lewina Lee, a clinical psychologist at the Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System.
Lee and her colleagues analyzed information p_____5_____ by 233 men who were at least 21 years old when they enrolled(登記) in the US Veterans Affairs Normative Ageing Study(美國退伍軍人事務規(guī)范老齡化研究) between 1961 and 1970. Surveys in the 1980s and 90s assessed(評估) the men's levels of optimism.
Between 2002 and 2010, they finished up to three eight-day-long diary entries(事項) that recorded their mood and any stressful situations they faced.
"We found that more optimistic men reported having fewer daily stressors, which partially e_____6_____ their lower levels of negative mood," Lee said.
Levels of optimism or pessimism tend to be very stable across people's lives, but Lee believes there are w_____7_____ to build a more rosy outlook for those who want to.


答案：
1.recovered 2.fail 3.completely 4.against 5.provided 6.explained 7.ways

譯文：
新研究顯示，擁有積極樂觀世界觀的人更健康、更長壽，因為他們面對的壓力事件更少。
科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管面對壓力局面時，樂觀者和悲觀者在反應和恢復方面差不多，但樂觀者的情緒更為健康，因為他們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械膲毫κ录佟?br /> 樂觀者如何將其壓力最小化這一點尚不明確，但研究者認為他們能不去理會諸如爭論、丟失鑰匙或者交通堵塞這種煩心事，或者一開始就沒有把它們認為是壓力事件。
之前的研究已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明樂觀者更為長壽、健康，但是研究者不完全理解為什么有樂觀的態(tài)度能讓人們健康地變老。
退伍軍人事務部波士頓醫(yī)療保健機構(gòu)臨床心理醫(yī)生萊維娜·李（Lewina Lee）博士表示，鑒于此前的研究將樂觀與長壽、健康地變老以及降低重大疾病的風險相聯(lián)系，下一步似乎就應該研究樂觀能否保護老年人免受壓力的負面影響。
李和同事分析了來自233位男性的信息，這些男性在1961至1970年間注冊了美國退伍軍人事務規(guī)范老齡化研究，其中年齡最小的是21歲。研究人員在20世紀80年代和90年代對這些男性的樂觀程度進行了評估。
在2002至2010年間，他們完成了多達三個為期八天的日記條目撰寫，記錄了他們的情緒以及遇到的壓力事件。
“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)更樂觀的人報告有更少的日常壓力源，這在一定程度上解釋了他們更低的負面情緒水平，”李表示。
樂觀或悲觀的程度在人們的一生中往往是很穩(wěn)定的，但是李認為如果想要培養(yǎng)樂觀心態(tài)的話，還是有一些方法的。


（二）
A widely used kind of recycled plastic bottle passes more potentially(潛在地) harmful chemicals into their contents than newly manufactured(制造) bottles, researchers have warned.
Researchers from Brunel University London found 150 chemicals that leached(滲入) into drinks from plastic bottles, with 18 of those chemicals found in levels exceeding(超過) regulations. And they found that drinks bottled using recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) can contained h_____1_____ concentrations(濃度) of chemicals than those bottled using new PET, which suggests that problems with the recycling process may be causing pollution.
PET is the third most w_____2_____ used type of plastic in food packaging, with one of its most popular end uses in single-use drinks bottles. Such bottles are also one of the most commonly found forms of plastic litter, leading to a number of initiatives(倡議) to i_____3_____ levels of PET recycling.
But PET is also known for being the source of a number of potential chemical pollutants(污染物), which can cause cardiovascular(心血管) problems and cancer, among other ill e_____4_____.
Dr Eleni Iacovidou, a lecturer from Brunel's centre for pollution research and policy, who led the study, said: "We found these chemicals can come from v_____5_____ sources, such as the catalysts(催化劑) and additives(添加劑) used during production."
In particular, to reduce the number of chemicals found in bottled drinks, the study suggests that a technology known as the "super cleaning" process could be used, which uses a three-stage process to clean old plastics before recycling—a high-temperature wash, a gas wash, and a chemical wash.
Iacovidou said: "Recycling processes already i_____6_____ the cleaning of the bottles before turning them into secondary raw material for use. By investing in new super-cleaning technologies, we can maximize(最大化) the possibility of decontaminating(凈化) recycled PET to levels similar to virgin(原始的) PET."
"We all have a responsibility to take. We need to start thinking about how to p_____7_____ the use of PET bottles in our households by investing, for example, in water filters(凈水器), or large water containers and learning how to deal with our plastic waste properly," she said.


答案：
1.higher 2.widely 3.increase 4.effects 5.various 6.include 7.prevent

譯文：
研究人員告誡道，相比首次生產(chǎn)的塑料瓶，廣泛使用的再生塑料瓶會使更多潛在的有害化學物質(zhì)滲入飲品。
倫敦布魯內(nèi)爾大學的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，有150種化學物質(zhì)會從塑料瓶滲入飲品，其中18種化學物質(zhì)的含量超標。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，相比首次生產(chǎn)的PET，再生PET會使瓶裝飲品中化學物質(zhì)的濃度變高，這表明循環(huán)過程中出現(xiàn)的問題可能會造成污染。
PET是食品包裝行業(yè)使用第三廣泛的一種塑料，普遍用來制造一次性飲料瓶。而這些瓶子又是最常見的一種塑料垃圾，從而引發(fā)許多旨在增加PET循環(huán)利用水平的倡議。
但眾所周知，PET也是許多潛在化學污染物的來源，而這些化學物質(zhì)又會導致心血管疾病和癌癥，還會產(chǎn)生其他一些不良影響。
布魯內(nèi)爾大學污染研究與政策中心講師埃萊尼·亞科維杜博士是這項研究的負責人，她表示：“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些化學物質(zhì)的來源多種多樣，可能來自飲品生產(chǎn)過程中的催化劑和添加劑?！?br /> 需要注意的是，為了減少瓶裝飲品中的化學物質(zhì)，該研究建議使用一種叫做“超級清潔”的技術(shù)——回收利用廢棄塑料制品之前對其進行三個階段的清潔，即高溫清洗、氣體清洗和化學清洗。
杜表示：“循環(huán)過程首先對塑料瓶進行清潔，然后再將其制成待使用的次生原料。通過引進新型的超級清潔技術(shù)，我們可以最大程度地清除再生PET中的有害物質(zhì)，使其恢復至近似原始PET的水平?！?br /> 她還說：“每一個人都要擔起責任。我們需要開始考慮如何在家中避免使用PET瓶，例如可以花錢安裝凈水器或是購買大型貯水器，還可以學習如何正確處理塑料廢物?！?br />

（三）
Smith had to drive across the Sahara Desert. It was a journey across hundreds of miles of empty desert.
After he had been driving for a few hours, there was a sandstorm. His car left the road and then b_____1_____ down.
Smith began walking north across the hot sand under the scorching(極熱的) sun. He hoped he would soon reach the road again. Soon, his tongue was thick with thirst. He needed water, but e_____2_____ he looked there was nothing except sand.
Smith kept walking. Then, about an hour later, a man riding a camel came into sight. Smith waved to him. The man on the camel rode up to him and stopped. “Please,”Smith said, “I am dying of thirst. Let me have some of your water.” The man slowly s_____3_____ his head. “You can’t have any water,” he said, “but I’ll sell you a necktie.” “I don’t want a necktie,” Smith shouted at him angrily. “I need water.” But the man turned away quickly and rode off.
Smith continued walking. Two hours later, he met a_____4_____ man riding a camel. This time he asked if he could buy some water, but the man r_____5_____, saying, “No, but I’ll sell you a necktie.” Furiously, Smith turned away from him and continued walking.
Three hours later, by which time he was near death, Smith saw a large luxury hotel in the distance. It stood a_____6_____ in the middle of the desert, surrounded by palm trees.
Smith managed to reach the main entrance. He was about to enter the hotel when the doorman stopped him. “Hey!” he said. “This is a first-class hotel. You can’t come in here w_____7_____ a necktie.”


答案：
1.broke 2.everywhere 3.shook 4.another 5.refused6.alone 7.without

譯文：
史密斯不得不開車穿過撒哈拉沙漠。這是一次穿越數(shù)百英里的空沙漠的旅程。 他開了幾個小時后，出現(xiàn)了一場沙塵暴。他的車離開了路，然后拋錨了。
史密斯開始在炎熱的陽光下向北穿過炎熱的沙子。他希望他很快就能再次上路。不久，他的舌頭就太干了。他需要水，但無論他看到哪里，除了沙子，他什么也沒有。
史密斯一直走。大約一小時后，一個騎著駱駝的人出現(xiàn)了。史密斯向他揮手。騎駱駝的人騎到他跟前停了下來?！罢垎枺笔访芩拐f，“我快渴死了。給我一些你的水?！蹦侨寺負u了搖頭?！澳悴荒芎热魏嗡?，”他說，“但我愿意賣給你一條領(lǐng)帶?！薄拔也幌氪蝾I(lǐng)帶，”史密斯憤怒地對他喊道?！拔倚枰?。”但那人迅速轉(zhuǎn)過身去，騎馬走了。
史密斯繼續(xù)行走。兩小時后，他遇到了另一個騎著駱駝的人。這一次，他問他能不能買些水，但那人拒絕了，他說：“不，但我要賣給你一條領(lǐng)帶?！笔访芩购苌鷼獾剞D(zhuǎn)過身去，繼續(xù)走著。
三個小時后，史密斯瀕臨死亡，他看見遠處有一家大型豪華酒店。它獨自矗立在沙漠的中央，周圍都是棕櫚樹。
史密斯設法到達了正門。他正要進旅館時，看門人攔住了他。嘿他說?！斑@是一家一流的酒店。你不帶領(lǐng)帶來這里。”


（四）
It is quite reasonable to blame(指責) traffic jams, the cost of gas and the great speed of modern life, but manners on the road are becoming h_____1_____. Everybody knows that the nicest men would become fierce tigers behind the wheel. It is all right to have a tiger in a cage, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter.
Road politeness is not only good manners, but a good sense. It takes the most cool-headed drivers great p_____2_____ to give up the desire to beat back when forced to face rude driving. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way toward reducing the p_____3_____ of quarreling and fighting. A friendly nod or a wave of thanks in answer to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and becomes so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such behavior of politeness is not enough. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to r_____4_____ politeness when they see it.
However, misplaced(錯位的) politeness can also be d_____5_____. A typical(典型的) example is the driver who waves a child crossing the street at a wrong place into the path of oncoming cars that may not be able to stop in time. The same goes for(適用于) e_____6_____ old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they want to.
An experienced driver, whose manners are perfect, told me it would help if drivers learnt to correctly join in a traffic stream without causing total blockages that give rise to unpleasant feelings. U_____7_____, modern drivers can’t even learn to drive, let alone master the roadmanship (公路駕車技能). Years ago, experts warned us that the fast increase of the car ownership would demand more give-and-take(give-and-take) from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.


答案：
1.horrible 2.patience 3.possibility 4.recognize 5.dangerous6.encouraging 7.Unfortunately

譯文：
指責交通堵塞、汽油成本和現(xiàn)代生活的高速速度是相當合理的，但路上的禮儀正變得可怕。每個人都知道最好的人會在方向盤時變成兇猛的老虎。把一只老虎關(guān)在籠子里也沒關(guān)系，但讓一只老虎坐在駕駛座上則是另一回事。
道路禮貌不僅是禮貌，而且是理智。當被迫面對粗魯?shù)鸟{駛時，最冷靜的司機需要極大的耐心才能放棄反擊的欲望。另一方面，有一點禮貌也有助于減少爭吵和打架的可能性。對禮貌行為的友好的點頭或揮手感謝，有助于創(chuàng)造一種友好的氣氛，在現(xiàn)代交通條件下變得非常必要。但是，這種禮貌的行為還遠遠不夠。如今，許多司機在看到禮貌時，甚至似乎都認不出它。
然而，錯位的禮貌也可能是危險的。一個不典型的例子是，司機會揮手讓一個孩子在錯誤的地方過馬路，讓迎面駛來的汽車可能無法及時停下來。同樣的道理也適用于鼓勵老太太們隨時隨地過馬路。
一位經(jīng)驗豐富的司機，他的舉止完美，他告訴我，如果司機學會正確地加入車流，而不會造成引起不愉快感覺的完全堵塞，就會有所幫助。不幸的是，現(xiàn)代司機甚至不會學習駕駛，更不用說掌握道路技巧了。多年前，專家們警告我們，汽車擁有量的快速增加將需要所有道路使用者更多的回報。現(xiàn)在是讓我們所有人都把這一信息銘記于心的時候了。


（五）
A recent survey in the United States showed that the average family spent more money on its pets than on its children. Although rather shocking, it should not s_____1_____ anyone who has seen the doggy parlors(客廳) where loved pets rest. Are Americans unique in treating their little friends in this way? No, the English, too, pay more attention to their pets.
This can clearly be seen when we look at pet foods, which often contain more vitamins than human food. They certainly cost m_____2_____. Last year the British public spent two hundred million pounds on pet food alone, to say nothing of veterinary(獸醫(yī)) bills or animal furniture. It is difficult not to feel a_____3_____ about this when considering what the same amount could do for victims of starvation(饑餓) and poverty(貧困), so it is not unusual for me to get hot under collar when I read an old man left all his money to his dog instead of his children.
There are a variety of reasons why I find pets-raising alarming. They cause p_____4_____ problems. An example of this is New York where they have great difficulty getting rid of the mess that dogs leave on the streets. Many people find this funny, but in a number of large cities it is a major problem. Animals can cause disease, too. It is the threat of rabies-a disease with no known cure.
Another problem is the c_____5_____ of pet owners. Most little children want a dog or a cat, and they continually push their mothers and fathers until they get one. It is only when the "sweet little thing" has been brought home that the parents r_____6_____ how much time and money must be spent on"Rover(漫游者)"or"Bonzo(瘋狂的人)". Then they just abandon it. As a result, they are allowed to run free. English farmers lose hundreds of sheep a year, killed by someone's pet and you must have read of children being hurt by some pets of their own.
F_____7_____, I would only suggest that we have got our priorities(優(yōu)先考慮的事) wrong and that something should be done about it.


答案：
1.surprise 2.much3.angry 4.physical 5.carelessness 6.realize 7.Finally

譯文：
美國最近的一項調(diào)查顯示，普通家庭花在寵物身上的錢比花在孩子身上的錢要多。雖然相當令人震驚，但任何見過寵物狗店的人都不感到驚訝。美國人這樣對待小朋友的方式是獨一無二的嗎？不，英國人也要更多地注意他們的寵物。
當我們看到寵物食品時，我們可以清楚地看到這一點，它們通常比人類食物含有更多的維生素。它們當然要花很多錢。去年，英國公眾僅在寵物食品上就花費了2億英鎊，更不用說獸醫(yī)費和動物家具了。當考慮相同的數(shù)量可以為饑餓和貧困的受害者做的事，很難讓人不感到生氣，所以當我讀一個老人把他所有的錢給他的狗，而不是他的孩子，我也不覺得奇怪了。
我覺得養(yǎng)寵物的原因令人擔憂。它們會導致身體問題。這樣的一個例子就是紐約，他們很難擺脫狗在街上留下的混亂。許多人覺得這很有趣，但在許多大城市，這是一個主要問題。動物也會引起疾病。這是狂犬病的威脅——一種沒有已知治愈方法的疾病。
另一個問題是寵物主人的粗心大意。大多數(shù)小孩想要一只狗或一只貓，他們不斷地強迫他們的父母，直到他們得到一只。只有當“甜蜜的小東西”被帶回家時，父母才會意識到，在“漫游者”或“瘋狂的人”上必須花多少時間和金錢。然后他們就放棄了它。因此，它們被允許自由運行。英國農(nóng)民每年失去數(shù)百只羊，被別人的寵物殺死，你一定讀到過孩子們被自己的寵物傷害的故事。
最后，我只建議我們把優(yōu)先事項做錯了，應該采取措施。


（六）
We can see that different people have different ways of living, the way of how to make a living is quite a lot, when you meet somebody and ask, “ How do you make a living?” I think people with different jobs will have different answers, even the answers of people who have the same job will, to some extent, not the same. H_____1_____ this will happen? In fact, life is colorful, the way of making a living is different according to their different jobs and their different feelings.
Believe in y_____2_____ when no one else does.When so many people are struggling to earn a living, it’s refreshing(耳目一新的) to hear about a man who has found success through a very simple but unique idea. Jason Sadler, aged 26, wears a different T-shirt every day, and gets paid for doing so.
$83,000 a year would be c_____3_____ pretty good pay by most people. To make that much money, you’d generally need an advanced(高級的) degree or a lot of experience in your field. But Jason Sadler is different. All he needs to do is wearing a different T-shirt every day.
He isn’t a male model. He’s just an o_____4_____ 26-year-old young man from Florida. But about a year ago, he decided to sell his upper body as advertising space by wearing a different company’s T-shirt every day. He took photos of himself in the shirt and put them on his website. His fee for wearing the shirts r_____5_____ from day to day. It started at $1 on January 1st, and had gone up to $365 by December 31st.
According to The New York Times, he was inspired by Million Dollar Homepage, a successful project in which a British man sold on million pixels(像素) on a website for $1 each. Sadler’s success also d_____6_____ on his experience as the chief marketing officer of the web design company Thought and Theory, with which he became very f_____7_____ with marketing.
At any place, his efforts have paid off. He sold every T-shirt spot for 2009. And he made $84,795 from T-shirt ad sales and website ad sales. In 2010, he expanded(擴大) his business by employing another T-shirt wearer on the West Coast, and doubled his price.


答案：
1.How 2.yourself 3.considered 4.ordinary 5.rose 6.depends 7.familiar

譯文：
我們可以看到，不同的人有不同的生活方式，如何謀生的方式是很多的，當你遇到一個人，并問，“你是怎么謀生的？”我認為有不同工作的人會有不同的答案，甚至是有相同工作的人的答案，在某種程度上，也會是不一樣的。這將如何發(fā)生？事實上，生活是豐富多彩的，謀生的方式因他們不同的工作和不同的感受而不同。
當沒有別人相信自己的時候就相信自己。當這么多人都在努力謀生時，聽到一個人通過一個非常簡單但獨特的想法獲得了成功是令人耳目一新的。26歲的杰森·薩德勒每天都穿一件不同的t恤，并因此得到了報酬。
一年83000美元將被認為是相當不錯的薪水。為了賺那么多錢，你通常需要一個高級學位或在你所在領(lǐng)域的大量經(jīng)驗。但杰森·薩德勒則有所不同。他所需要做的就是每天穿一件不同的t恤。 他不是一個男模特。他只是一個來自佛羅里達的26歲年輕人。但大約一年前，他決定每天穿一件不同公司的T恤，以出售自己的上半身作為廣告空間。他拍了一些自己穿著襯衫的照片，并放在了自己的網(wǎng)站上。他穿這些襯衫的費用每天都在上漲。1月1日的起價為1美元，到12月31日已經(jīng)漲到了365美元。
據(jù)《紐約時報》報道，他的靈感來自于一個價值百萬美元的主頁，這是一個成功的項目，一個英國人在一個網(wǎng)站上以每個網(wǎng)站1美元的價格賣出了百萬像素。薩德勒的成功也取決于他作為網(wǎng)頁設計公司思想和理論的首席營銷官的經(jīng)驗，他對此非常熟悉市場營銷。
在任何一個地方，他的努力都取得了回報。他賣掉了2009年的每一件T恤廣告。他從t恤廣告銷售和網(wǎng)站廣告銷售中賺了84,795美元。2010年，他擴大了業(yè)務，在西海岸雇傭了另一位T恤使用者，并將價格翻了一番。



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