沖刺2022年中考英語首字母填空臨考押題（上海專用）03（一）Scientists Teach Goldfish to Drive a Car on LandScientists in Israel have taught goldfish an unusual way to reach a target(目標(biāo))—by driving a small robotic car on dry land. The experiment was designed to test whether goldfish could find their way in conditions very d_____1_____ from their natural living conditions.The experiment was led by researchers at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Israel. They wanted to see whether goldfish’s ability to navigate (find their way) d_____2_____ on their natural environment, or if they could navigate even under very unusual conditions. They learned that goldfish can find their way, even on dry land.To test the goldfish, the researchers c_____3_____ a special robotic car that could drive forward, backward, and from side to side. The scientists called the car a “Fish Operated Vehicle” (FOV).A goldfish was placed inside a water tank on the FOV. Using a special system, the car tracked where the goldfish was and what direction it was swimming. The FOV would then automatically move in the same direction.The scientists worked with six various goldfish. They tested them by placing the car in a small room with a pink target on one side. The fish were g_____4_____ a food pellet(小球) when the car touched the target.At first, it took the fish about a half an hour to drive to the target. But by the end of the experiment, they were able to c_____5_____ the same challenge in less than a minute.Shachar Givon, one of the researchers said, “As anyone who has tried to learn how to ride a bike or to drive a car knows, it is challenging at first.”Not only did the goldfish show that they could drive to the target, they weren’t fooled by fake targets of other colors. They were also able to get themselves free when the car was stuck next to a wall.T_____6_____ the experiment showed that the fish were able to navigate to a target, it’s not likely that the fish knew they were controlling a car. They may not have even realized they were moving on land. The researchers say that in the future it may be p_____7_____ to change the FOV to test these ideas.  答案：1.different 2.depends 3.created 4.given 5.complete 6.Though 7.possible 譯文：科學(xué)家們教金魚在陸地上駕駛汽車以色列科學(xué)家教金魚用一種不同尋常的方式來到達(dá)目標(biāo)——在陸地上駕駛一輛小型機器人汽車。該實驗旨在測試金魚是否能在與自然生活條件非常不同的條件下找到解決辦法。該實驗由以色列內(nèi)蓋夫的本-古里安大學(xué)的研究人員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。他們想看看金魚的導(dǎo)航能力（找到它們的路）是否取決于它們的自然環(huán)境，或者它們是否能在特殊的條件下進(jìn)行導(dǎo)航。他們知道金魚可以找到自己的路，即使是在陸地上。為了測試這些金魚，研究人員發(fā)明了一種特殊的機器人汽車，它可以向前、向后、左右行駛?？茖W(xué)家們稱這輛車為“錦鯉機車”(FOV)。一條金魚被放在了FOV上的一個水箱里。汽車使用一個特殊的系統(tǒng)，跟蹤金魚的位置和游泳的方向。然后，FOV就會自動向同一方向移動。科學(xué)家們研究了六條不同的金魚。他們把車放在一個小房間里，一邊有一個粉紅色的目標(biāo)。當(dāng)汽車碰到目標(biāo)時，這些魚會得到一粒魚食。起初，魚花了大約半個小時才開車開到目標(biāo)上。但在實驗結(jié)束時，他們已經(jīng)在不到一分鐘的時間內(nèi)完成了同樣的挑戰(zhàn)。其中一名研究人員沙查爾·吉文說：“任何試圖學(xué)習(xí)如何騎自行車或開車的人都知道，這一開始是一個挑戰(zhàn)。”金魚不僅顯示了它們可以開車到目標(biāo)，而且沒有被其他顏色的假目標(biāo)干擾。當(dāng)汽車卡在墻旁時，他們也能獲得自由。雖然實驗表明，這些魚能夠?qū)Ш降揭粋€目標(biāo)，但這些魚不太可能知道他們在控制一輛汽車。他們甚至可能還沒有意識到自己是在陸地上移動。研究人員表示，未來可能有可能改變FOV來測試這些想法。  （二）David Bennett, a 57-year-old man from the US, received the world’s first pig heart transplant(移植) in January. He died two months later, on March 9.It may sound like a failure, but it a_____1_____ is a big step forward for xenotransplantation(異種器官移植). Xenotransplantation has been a hot topic in medical research for many years, as doctors and scientists look for ways to s_____2_____ the big problem of organ(器官) transplant waiting lists. In the US alone, over 100,000 patients(病人) are on a list waiting for new organs. Many of them will die before getting their c_____3_____ to receive a heart, lung or kidney(腎). Therefore, medical science has turned to animal organs. Doctors have experimented with xenotransplantation since the early 20th century. There are f_____4_____ success stories. Usually, patients’ bodies reject(排斥) the animal organs. Bennett lived much longer than other xenotransplant patients. That’s because scientists removed pig genes(基因) that would cause fast rejection.Then they added human genes to help the body a_____5_____ the organ.“A lot of new information will come out that will help the field move forward at a faster pace(節(jié)奏),” Muhammad Mohiuddin, director of the transplant program, told The Guardian.In a_____6_____ xenotransplant success, in 2021, doctors at New York University attached(連接) gene-edited pig kidneys to a human patient’s blood vessels(血管) outside of the body. Also that year, doctors at the University of Alabama put the gene-edited pig kidneys inside a patient’s body. T_____7_____ these recent successes were short-lived, they show that there may be a way forward for xenotransplants.  答案：1.actually 2.solve 3.chance 4.few 5.accept 6.another 7.Though 譯文：來自美國的57歲男子大衛(wèi)·班尼特(David Bennett)今年1月接受了世界上第一次豬心臟移植手術(shù)。兩個月后，3月9日，他去世了。這聽起來像是失敗的，但實際上是異種移植向前邁出的一大步。多年來，異種移植一直是醫(yī)學(xué)研究的熱門話題，因為醫(yī)生和科學(xué)家都在尋找方法來解決器官移植等待名單的大問題。僅在美國，就有超過10萬名患者在等待新器官的名單上。他們中的許多人在有機會獲得心臟、肺或腎之前死亡。因此，醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)向了動物器官。自20世紀(jì)初以來，醫(yī)生們就開始試驗異種移植。很少有成功的故事。通常，病人的身體排斥動物器官。班尼特比其他異種移植患者的壽命要長得多。這是因為科學(xué)家們刪除了會導(dǎo)致快速排斥的豬基因。然后，他們添加了人類基因來幫助身體接受這個器官。移植項目主任穆罕默德·穆希丁告訴《衛(wèi)報》：“許多新信息將公布，幫助該領(lǐng)域以更快的速度向前發(fā)展。”在另一次2021年異種移植的成功中，紐約大學(xué)的醫(yī)生將基因編輯的豬腎連接到人類患者體外的血管上。同樣是在那一年，阿拉巴馬大學(xué)的醫(yī)生們將經(jīng)過基因編輯的豬腎臟放入了病人的體內(nèi)。雖然這些最近的成功是短暫的，但它們表明，異種移植可能有一條前進(jìn)的道路。  （三）International Women's DayInternational Women's Day(IWD) is celebrated around the world on March 8 every year. It b_____1_____ as a campaign(運動) for better working conditions by women in New York at the turn(世紀(jì)之交) of the 20th century.The first official IWD was on February 28, 1909. N_____2_____ knows for sure why the date changed to March 8, but this is the date when thousands of women started annual(每年的) marches(游行) in New York’s streets.The first international women’s conference took place in 1910, in Denmark. Since then, IWD has s_____3_____around the world. Today it is an important day to highlight(強調(diào)) the economic, political and social contributions women have made to our world. Women can now be h_____4_____ that things are moving in the right direction.IWD is an official holiday in many countries, i_____5_____ Algeria, China, Cuba, Italy, Poland, Vietnam, and Zambia. All across the world, men give flowers and other gifts to the women in their lives - mothers, wives, girlfriends, sisters, teachers, etc.In Portugal and Romania, women celebrate by having "women-only" dinners. IWD is a big e_____6_____ in India, where people hold celebrations throughout the day. Indian men want to show how important women are to their society. All around the world women are becoming more p_____7_____ in business, entertainment, politics and other areas. There are over a dozen nations today with women leaders. However, IWD is still necessary to highlight the inequality(不平等)millions of women still face.  答案：1.began 2.Nobody 3.spread 4.happier 5.including 6.event 7.powerful 譯文：國際婦女節(jié)每年的3月8日，世界各地都會慶祝國際婦女節(jié)(IWD)。它始于20世紀(jì)之交，旨在為紐約婦女改善工作條件的運動。第一次正式的國際婦女節(jié)是在1909年2月28日。沒有人確切知道為什么這個日期改為3月8日，但這是成千上萬的女性開始每年在紐約街頭游行的日期。第一次國際婦女會議于1910年在丹麥舉行。從那時起，IWD就傳遍了世界各地。今天是強調(diào)婦女對我們的世界所作出的經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治和社會貢獻(xiàn)的重要一天。女性現(xiàn)在可以更高興了，因為事情正朝著正確的方向發(fā)展。國際婦女節(jié)是許多國家的官方假日，包括阿爾及利亞、中國、古巴、意大利、波蘭、越南和贊比亞。在世界各地，男士都會給他們生活中的女性送鮮花和其他禮物——母親、妻子、女朋友、姐妹、老師等等。在葡萄牙和羅馬尼亞，婦女們通過舉辦“只有婦女才能參加”的晚餐來慶祝。國際婦女節(jié)在印度是一個大型活動，人們一整天都在舉行慶祝活動。印度男人想要展示女性對她們的社會有多重要。世界各地的女性在商業(yè)、娛樂、政治和其他領(lǐng)域都在變得越來越強大。今天有十幾個國家有女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。然而，IWD仍然有必要強調(diào)數(shù)百萬婦女仍然面臨的不平等。  （四）Things You Didn’t Know About the Leaning Tower of Pisa(比薩斜塔)The Leaning Tower of Pisa, with beauty and folly(愚蠢), is one of the most famous buildings in the world. But behind that famous tilt(傾斜) is a fascinating history. If you w_____1_____ how history’s most famous architectural mishap(事故) happened, check out our list of the things you didn’t know about the Leaning Tower of Pisa.1. The tower was built to show off (with stolen money)After attacking and occupying Palermo(巴勒莫) in 1063, the city government needed a place to display all of the treasures that adventurers had brought back from Sicily(西西里島), so they d_____2_____ to build the “Field of Miracles”, which would eventually be home to a Cathedral, Baptistery, cemetery, and one very tall bell tower.2.It’s not the only leaning tower in PisaBecause of the soft soil of the entire area, there are actually several leaning towers of Pisa. You can see a_____3_____ two towers in Pisa’s Borgo Stretto(博爾戈·斯特雷托). 3.The tower has leaned in multiple(多個的) directionsMany engineers tried, h_____4_____ of years to correct the famous lean. When construction began again on the third story in the 13th century, engineers tried to prevent the tilt by building straight upwards, but the center of gravity(重力) was thrown off and the tower simply began to lean in a different direction. 4.Wars and economic conflict(沖突) may have saved the towerDebt(債務(wù)) and war aren't good for great construction projects in Italy, but for Leaning Tower of Pisa, they may have just been a saving grace(恩澤). Some structural engineers think that continued delays in construction over 200 years may have given the soil underneath(在下面) the tower time to compress(壓縮), f_____5_____ stopping it from falling over.5.You can climb to the top That’s right—the most famous structurally unsound(不健全) building in the world is o_____6_____ to visitors. It hosts large numbers of visitors every day.6.The tower is currently(目前) stableIn 2008 engineers found that the tower is officially no longer moving—the first time in its history that it hasn’t been slowly leaning to one side. 200 years from now, let’s just h_____7_____ we have the technology to save the tower for 200 more years!  答案：1.wonder 2.decided 3.another 4.hundreds 5.finally 6.open 7.hope 譯文：關(guān)于比薩斜塔，你不知道的事比薩斜塔，美麗和愚蠢并存，是世界上最著名的建筑之一。但在這一著名的傾斜事件的背后，是一段迷人的歷史。如果你想知道最著名的建筑事故是如何發(fā)生的，看看我們列出的你不知道的關(guān)于比薩斜塔的事。1.建造這座塔是為了炫耀（用偷來的錢）在1063年攻占巴勒莫后，市政府需要一個地方來展示冒險家們從西西里島掠奪來的所有寶藏，所以他們決定建造“奇跡之地”，最終成為大教堂、洗禮地、墓地和一個非常高的鐘樓的所在地。2.這不是比薩唯一的斜塔由于整個地區(qū)的軟土，實際上有幾個斜塔。你可以在比薩的博爾戈·斯特雷托看到另外兩個。3.這座塔已經(jīng)向多個方向傾斜了幾百年來，許多工程師都嘗試修正塔的傾斜。13世紀(jì)，當(dāng)?shù)谌龑釉俅伍_始施工時，工程師們試圖通過垂直向上的建筑來阻止傾斜，但由于重心被變動，塔又開始向另一個的方向傾斜。4.戰(zhàn)爭和經(jīng)濟(jì)沖突可能拯救了這座塔債務(wù)和在意大利的戰(zhàn)爭對偉大的建筑項目通常不是好事，但就比薩斜塔而言，它們可能恰恰相反。一些結(jié)構(gòu)工程師認(rèn)為，200多年的持續(xù)延誤可能使已經(jīng)略微傾斜的塔下面的土壤有時間壓縮，最終使其免于倒塌。5.你可以爬到塔頂沒錯，這座世界上最著名的結(jié)構(gòu)不健全的建筑現(xiàn)在正向游客開放。它每天都接待大量的游客。6.這座塔目前還很穩(wěn)定2008年，工程師們發(fā)現(xiàn)這座塔已經(jīng)正式停止移動---這是它歷史上第一次沒有慢慢地傾斜到一側(cè)。200年后，我們只是希望我們有技術(shù)讓這座塔繼續(xù)存在下一個200年！  （五）Ants have the ability to sniff(嗅) out cancerous cells(癌細(xì)胞) in humans, a new study has d_____1_____, suggesting they could be used for cancer diagnosis(診斷) in future.To conduct their research, the scientists performed tests with 36 ants, smelling cells under a laboratory setting. F_____2_____, the specialists make the ants smell a sample(樣本) of cancerous human cells. This odor(氣味) was then associated with a reward of sugar solution(糖溶液). In a second step, the researchers make the ants smell two different odors. One was a new smell and the o_____3_____ was the smell of the cancerous cells. Once this test was successful, the researchers make the ants smell different cancerous cells. T_____4_____, the scientists found that ants discriminate(區(qū)分) between cancerous and healthy cells and between two cancerous lines.This isn't the first time that scientists have used the animal sense of smell to r_____5_____ cancerous cells.“Dogs' noses are well suited for medical diagnosis and used for the detection of  volatile organic compounds(揮發(fā)性有機化合物),” the researchers explained.However, training them to do so requires several months to a year.On the other hand, “insects can be easily raised in controlled conditions, they are c_____6_____, they have a very well-developed olfactory(嗅覺) system and they can be trained with very few trials(試驗),”the researchers point out.“Our approach could possibly be used in many other complex odor detection tasks, i_____7_____ the detection of narcotics(毒品), explosives(爆炸物), spoiled(過期的) food, or other diseases, including malaria(瘧疾), infections(傳染病), and diabetes(糖尿病).”  答案：1.discovered 2.First 3.other 4.Therefore 5.recognize 6.cheap 7.including 譯文：一項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，螞蟻能嗅出人體內(nèi)的癌細(xì)胞，這表明螞蟻可用于未來對癌癥的診斷。為了開展這一研究，科學(xué)家用36只螞蟻進(jìn)行了測試，讓它們在實驗室環(huán)境中聞細(xì)胞的氣味。首先，科學(xué)家讓螞蟻聞一份人體癌細(xì)胞的樣本，每當(dāng)螞蟻聞癌細(xì)胞，就會給它們糖液獎勵。接下來，研究人員讓螞蟻聞兩種不同的氣味。一種是新氣味，另一種是癌細(xì)胞的氣味。這一測試獲得成功后，研究人員又讓螞蟻聞兩種不同的癌細(xì)胞。于是，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)“螞蟻能將癌細(xì)胞和健康細(xì)胞區(qū)分開來，也能分辨不同的癌細(xì)胞”。這不是科學(xué)家第一次利用動物嗅覺來識別癌細(xì)胞。研究人員解釋道：“狗鼻子很適合用于醫(yī)療診斷以及識別癌細(xì)胞（的揮發(fā)性有機化合物）。”但是，讓狗學(xué)會識別癌細(xì)胞需要長達(dá)幾個月至一年的訓(xùn)練。研究人員指出，與此同時，“在受控條件下養(yǎng)殖昆蟲很容易，成本低廉，而且昆蟲嗅覺發(fā)達(dá)，只需幾次測試就能訓(xùn)練出數(shù)百只昆蟲。”“我們的方法未來也可用于其他一系列復(fù)雜的氣味識別任務(wù)，包括識別毒品、爆炸物、過期食品或瘧疾、傳染病、糖尿病等疾病。”  （六）For the first time, scientists have grown plants in soil from the moon collected by Nasa's Apollo astronauts.Researchers had no idea if a_____1_____would sprout(發(fā)芽) in the harsh(貧瘠的) moon dirt and wanted to see if it could be used to grow food by a new generation of lunar explorers.The results s_____2_____ them a lot."OMG! Plants actually grow in lunar stuff. Are you kidding me?" said Robert Ferl of the University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.Ferl and his colleagues planted thale cress(鼠耳芥) in moon soil returned by Apollo 11's Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, and o_____3_____moon-walkers years ago and the seeds sprouted.The bad new was that after the first week, the coarseness(粗糙) and other properties(特性) of the lunar soil stressed the small, so they grew more s_____4_____ than seedlings(幼苗) planted in fake moon dirt from Earth.Most of the moon plants ended up stunted(發(fā)育不良). Results were p_____5_____ on Thursday in Communications Biology.The longer the soil was exposed(暴露) to radiation(輻射) and solar wind on the moon, the w_____6_____ the plants seemed to do."This is a big step forward to know that you can grow plants," said Simon Gilroy, a space plant biologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, who had no role in the study. "The real next step is to go and do it on the s_____7_____ of the moon."  答案：1.anything 2.surprised 3.other 4.slowly 5.published 6.worse 7.surface 譯文：科學(xué)家首次在美國宇航局阿波羅號宇航員從月球上收集的土壤里種出了植物。研究人員原本不知道貧瘠的月球土壤里能否長出東西，想看看新一代月球探險者能否用月球土壤種植食物。實驗結(jié)果讓他們驚呆了。“天哪。植物實際上是可以在月球上生長的。這是在開玩笑嗎？”美國佛羅里達(dá)大學(xué)食品和農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究所的羅伯特·菲爾說。菲爾和他的同事在阿波羅11號宇航員尼爾·阿姆斯特朗、巴茲·奧爾德林和其他登月者數(shù)年前帶回的月球土壤上種植鼠耳芥，結(jié)果種子發(fā)芽了。壞消息是，過了一周后，月球土壤的粗糙和其他特性給初生的鼠耳芥幼苗造成了很大壓力，所以月球土壤上種植的鼠耳芥幼苗比來自地球的仿月球土壤上種植的鼠耳芥幼苗生長速度更緩慢。大多數(shù)月球上的植物最終都發(fā)育不良了。研究結(jié)果于周四發(fā)表在《通訊生物學(xué)》雜志上。月球上的土壤暴露在嚴(yán)酷的輻射和太陽風(fēng)下的時間越長，植物的長勢似乎就越差。沒有參與該研究的威斯康星大學(xué)麥迪遜分校太空植物學(xué)家西蒙·吉爾羅伊說：“知道能在月球土壤上種植物是向前邁了一大步。”“下一步就是在月球表面上種植物。”   

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