
情境創(chuàng)設(shè)·語(yǔ)法精講
教材鏈接
(1)(教材P50)There are varius reasns why peple cmpse petry.
(2)(教材P50)One f the simplest kinds f pem is the “l(fā)ist pem”, which cntains a list f things, peple, ideas, r descriptins that develp a particular theme.
(3)(教材P50)List pems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases which give bth a pattern and a rhythm t the pem.
(4)(教材P51)Anther simple frm f pem that amateurs can easily write is the cinquain, which is made up f five lines.
(5)(教材P51)Haiku is a Japanese frm f petry that cnsists f 17 syllables.
(6)(教材P51)The haiku pem (E) n the right is a translatin frm Japanese, which shws a mment in the life f a delicate butterfly.
觀(guān)察上面句子, 它們中均包含了定語(yǔ)從句 , 其中(1)、(3)、(5)中的定語(yǔ)從句為限制性定語(yǔ)從句, (6)中的為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句, (2)和(4)中既有限制性定語(yǔ)從句也有非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
要點(diǎn)精析
1. 定語(yǔ)從句的基本概述
(1)定義:在主從復(fù)合句中, 修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句一般跟在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。
(2)先行詞:被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。
(3)關(guān)系詞:引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。
①關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩類(lèi)。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, wh, whm, whse, as; 關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why等。
②關(guān)系詞的作用主要有三點(diǎn):連接主從句、替代先行詞、在定語(yǔ)從句中作成分。
2.定語(yǔ)從句的分類(lèi)
根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間關(guān)系的緊密程度, 定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
(1)限制性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞, 不用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi), 刪除后會(huì)影響整個(gè)句子的表達(dá)。
She is the nurse wh lks after the children.
她就是照料這些孩子的保姆。
D yu still remember the man wh taught us English?
你還記得教我們英語(yǔ)的那位男士嗎?
(2)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi), 起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用, 如省略, 句子意思仍然完整明確。
The bk, which he lst yesterday, has been fund.
他昨天丟了的那本書(shū)已經(jīng)找到了。
His daughter, wh is in Bstn nw, is cming hme next week. 他女兒現(xiàn)在在波士頓, 下個(gè)星期就要回來(lái)了。
3. 關(guān)系代詞的用法
(1)基本用法
This is the present (that/which) Jack gave me fr my birthday. 這是杰克送給我的生日禮物。
The wrk that/which has just been finished is very imprtant. 剛剛完成的那份工作很重要。
The man (wh/whm/that) yu met just nw is my ld friend. 你剛才遇見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人是我的老朋友。
The number f peple that/wh cme t visit the city each year reaches ne millin. 每年來(lái)這座城市游覽的人數(shù)達(dá)到了一百萬(wàn)。
This is the scientist whse achievements are well knwn.
這就是那位成就卓著的科學(xué)家。
(2)宜用that, 不宜用which的情況
①先行詞是all、few、little(少)、much、nne、nthing、everything、smething等不定代詞, 或被它們修飾時(shí)。
D yu have anything that yu want t say fr yurself?
你有什么要為自己說(shuō)的嗎?
Have yu taken dwn everything that Mr Li said?
你已經(jīng)把李先生所說(shuō)的話(huà)全部記下來(lái)了嗎?
②先行詞是序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)或被序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。
This is the best way that has been used against pllutin. 這是已經(jīng)用過(guò)的抗污染的最好的辦法。
The last place that we visited in Beijing was the Great Wall. 我們?cè)诒本﹨⒂^(guān)的最后一個(gè)地方是長(zhǎng)城。
③當(dāng)先行詞被the nly, the very等修飾時(shí)。
This is the very bus that I’m waiting fr.
這就是我正在等的公交車(chē)。
This is the nly bike that I can affrd.
這是我能買(mǎi)得起的唯一的一輛自行車(chē)。
④先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。
I can remember well the persn and pictures that I saw in the rm. 我能清楚地記得我在那個(gè)房間所見(jiàn)到的人和照片。
⑤當(dāng)主句是以which, wh等疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句時(shí)。
Which is the bike that yu lst?
哪輛是你丟的自行車(chē)?
⑥主句是there be句型且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)。
There is a seat in the crner that is still available.
在那個(gè)角落還有一個(gè)空座位。
(3)宜用which不宜用that的情況
①在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中, 用which, 不用that。
China Tday attracts a wrldwide readership, which shws mre and mre peple all ver the wrld want t learn abut China. 《今日中國(guó)》吸引了世界各地的讀者, 這表明世界上越來(lái)越多的人想了解中國(guó)。
②關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí), 通常用which, 而不用that。
This is the huse in which Lu Xun nce lived.
這是魯迅曾住過(guò)的房子。
(4)as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
①as 引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。as既可以指人, 也可以指物。在定語(yǔ)從句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。常用在s…as…, such…as…, as…as…, the same…as…等結(jié)構(gòu)中。I have gt int the same truble as he has.
我惹了和他一樣的麻煩。
Such reasns as we give can persuade him t give up this flish plan. 我們給出的這些理由可以說(shuō)服他放棄這個(gè)愚蠢的計(jì)劃。
②as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 意為“正如; 正像”, 可放在句首、句末或句中。常用的表達(dá)有:
as we all knw = as is knwn t us all眾所周知
as is reprted/expected正如報(bào)道/預(yù)料的那樣
as is ften the case情況常常是這樣
as has been said befre正如之前所說(shuō)
4. 關(guān)系副詞的用法
Oppsite is St Paul’s Cathedral, where yu can hear sme lvely music. 對(duì)面是圣保羅大教堂, 在那里你能聽(tīng)到一些優(yōu)美的音樂(lè)。
I will never frget the days when I stayed in Tibet.
我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記待在西藏的日子。
We dn’t knw the reasn why he didn’t attend the party. 我們不知道他沒(méi)參加聚會(huì)的原因。
注意:
當(dāng)先行詞為一些表示抽象地點(diǎn)的名詞, 如pint, stage, case, situatin, psitin等, 且關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 通常用關(guān)系副詞where。
They have reached the pint where they have t separate with each ther. 他們已經(jīng)到了必須分手的地步。
There are cases where this rule is inapplicable.
在一些情況下, 這個(gè)規(guī)則是不適用的。
5.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因的名詞, 且關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 用關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。有時(shí)可用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)替換關(guān)系副詞。
(1)關(guān)系代詞的選用
“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 若先行詞指人, 關(guān)系代詞常用whm; 若先行詞指物, 關(guān)系代詞常用which。
In the dark street, there wasn’t a single persn t whm she culd turn. 在黑暗的街道上, 沒(méi)有一個(gè)她可以求助的人。
Scientists try t prtect the island n which rare animals live. 科學(xué)家努力保護(hù)那個(gè)稀有動(dòng)物居住的島。
(2)介詞的選用
①根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞或形容詞的某種習(xí)慣搭配。Sme experts think reading is the fundamental skill n/upnwhich schl educatin depends. 一些專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為閱讀是學(xué)校教育所依賴(lài)的基本技能。This is the new prduct with which the bss is very satisfied. 這是老板非常滿(mǎn)意的那款新產(chǎn)品。
②根據(jù)先行詞的搭配習(xí)慣。
There are varius ways in which we can slve this prblem. 我們有很多方法可以解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
③根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句所表達(dá)的意義。
The clrless gas withut which we can’t live is called xygen. 這種我們離開(kāi)它就不能生存的無(wú)色氣體被稱(chēng)為氧氣。
實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練
Ⅰ. 單句語(yǔ)法填空
1.(2020課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)The best bks are the nes that pen further as time passes.
2.(2020課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that/which we use every day.
3.(2020課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)The lngest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilmeter race walk, which is abut five miles lnger than the marathn.
4.(2020課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)Here’s a handful f ways that/which will set yu in the right directin.
5.(2020全國(guó)新高考Ⅰ)Judges will chse up t 50 hnrable mentin winners, wh will each receive a T-shirt in memry f Earhart’s final flight.
6.(2020課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ)I see libraries as a safe haven(避風(fēng)港) fr readers and writers, a bridge that/which helps put tgether a reader with a bk.
7.(2020課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅲ)In ancient China lived an artist whse paintings were almst lifelike.
8.(2020天津)Dr. Rwan, whse secretary resigned tw weeks ag, has had t d all his wn typing.
9.(2020江蘇)Many lessns are nw available nline, frm which students can chse fr free.
10.(2020海南)Amazingly, the trees grw in such a way that/in which their leaves and branches, althugh clse tgether, never actually tuch thse f anther tree.
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1.我們已經(jīng)進(jìn)入一個(gè)夢(mèng)想有機(jī)會(huì)成真的最佳時(shí)代。
We have entered int an age where dreams have the best chance f cming true .
2.夾克的邊緣上有一塊布, 可以在黑暗中發(fā)光。
On the edge f the jacket, there is a piece f clth that gives ff light in the dark .
3.這是我讀過(guò)的最有趣的書(shū)之一。
This is ne f the mst interesting bks that I have ever read .
4.很多年輕人都去了偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)追求自己的夢(mèng)想, 他們中大部分都接受過(guò)良好的教育。
Many yung peple, mst f whm are well-educated , headed fr remte regins t chase their dreams.
5.正如報(bào)道的那樣, 吸煙的人數(shù)僅在一年內(nèi)就已經(jīng)減少了百分之十七。
The number f smkers, as is reprted , has drpped by 17 percent in just ne year.
6.桌面上那些封面閃閃發(fā)亮的書(shū)是我們的獎(jiǎng)品。
The bks n the desk, whse cvers are shining , are prizes fr us.
7.幸福和成功經(jīng)常青睞那些善于發(fā)現(xiàn)自身優(yōu)勢(shì)的人。Happiness and success ften cme t thse wh are gd at recgnizing their wn strengths .
8.我們將把在公園的野餐推遲到下周, 屆時(shí)天氣可能會(huì)更好。
We will put ff the picnic in the park until next week, when the weather may be better .
9.一個(gè)月后我們將會(huì)達(dá)到年初所定的銷(xiāo)售目標(biāo)。
We’ll reach the sales targets in a mnth that/which we set at the beginning f the year .
10.他在當(dāng)?shù)匾凰咧猩系膶W(xué), 后來(lái)考上了北京大學(xué)。
He was educated at a lcal high schl, after which he was admitted t Peking University .關(guān)系代詞
指人
指物
主語(yǔ)
賓語(yǔ)
表語(yǔ)
定語(yǔ)
that
√
√
√
√
√
which
√
√
√
√
wh
√
√
√
√
whm
√
√
whse
√
√
√
as
√
√
√
√
√
狀語(yǔ)
when
where
why
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
原因狀語(yǔ)
這是一份高中英語(yǔ)人教版 (2019)選擇性必修 第三冊(cè)Unit 5 Poems導(dǎo)學(xué)案,共7頁(yè)。
這是一份高中英語(yǔ)人教版 (2019)選擇性必修 第三冊(cè)Unit 5 Poems學(xué)案,共18頁(yè)。
這是一份高中英語(yǔ)人教版 (2019)選擇性必修 第三冊(cè)Unit 5 Poems導(dǎo)學(xué)案,共5頁(yè)。
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