高考英語(yǔ)一輪（新課標(biāo)通用）訓(xùn)練檢測(cè)：專題三閱讀理解考點(diǎn)十八　科普研究類 Word版含解析-試卷下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

A
限時(shí)8分鐘
Culd the device, smartphne r PC, which yu're using affect the mral decisins yu make when using it? T test it, researchers presented multiple dilemmas t a sample set f 1,010 peple． The participants were assigned a device at randm．
One case f the questins participants were asked is the classic “trlley (有軌電車(chē)) prblem”： A runaway trlley is headed twards five peple tied up n a set f train tracks． Yu can d nthing, resulting in the deaths f five peple, r push a man ff a bridge, which will stp the trlley． The practical respnse is t kill ne man t save five lives, which 33．5 percent f smartphne users chse, cmpared t 22．3 percent f PC users．
“What we fund in ur study is that when peple used a smartphne t view classic mral prblems, they were mre likely t make mre unemtinal, reasnable decisins when presented with a highly emtinal dilemma，” Dr Albert BarqueDuran, the lead authr f the study, tld City University f Lndn． “This culd be due t the increased time pressure ften present with smartphnes and als the increased psychlgical distance which can ccur when we use such devices cmpared t PCs．”
As fr why the researchers started this study, Dr BarqueDuran nted, “Due t the fact that ur scial lives, wrk and even shpping take place nline, it is imprtant t think abut hw the cntexts where we typically face mral decisins and are asked t engage in mral behavir have changed, and the impact this culd have n the hundreds f millins f peple wh use such devices daily．” It's clear that we need mre research n hw ur devices affect ur mral decisinmaking because we're using screens at an everincreasing rate．
1．Why did the authr mentin the trlley prblem?
A．T intrduce a difficult prblem t readers．
B．T intrduce the aim f carrying ut the study．
C．T shw an example f the questins in the study．
D．T shw the difficulty in dealing with dilemmas．
答案：C 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“One case f the questins participants were asked is the classic ‘trlley (有軌電車(chē)) prblem’”可以推斷出，作者提及到電車(chē)問(wèn)題，只是展示了研究的問(wèn)題中的一個(gè)例子。故選C。
2．Hw d the smartphne users f the study behave in dealing with emtinal dilemmas?
A．Calmly． B．Cruelly．
C．Hesitantly． D．Enthusiastically．
答案：A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中的“What we fund in ur study is that when peple used a smartphne t view classic mral prblems, they were mre likely t make mre unemtinal, reasnable decisins when presented with a highly emtinal dilemma”可知，對(duì)于情感困境，手機(jī)使用者更能夠鎮(zhèn)定地處理。故選A。
3．Dr Albert believes that cmpared with PCs, smartphnes ________．
A．help peple bear mre pressure
B．help peple make decisins quicker
C．make peple feel mre mentally distant
D．make peple stay happier t slve prblems
答案：C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句可知，與電腦相比較，手機(jī)更使人感到心理上的疏遠(yuǎn)。故選C。
4．What can we infer frm the text?
A．Shpping nline has a great effect n making mral decisins．
B．The peple using smartphnes are mre than thse using PCs．
C．Peple wh ften use smartphnes r PCs always meet with dilemmas．
D．It is cmmn fr peple t be invlved in making mral decisins in daily life．
答案：D 推理判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是最后一段可知，研究者進(jìn)行研究的目的是為了證明這些設(shè)備是否影響道德決策，而且全文最后一句指出還須進(jìn)行更多的研究，故排除A；文中未提出使用手機(jī)的人比使用電腦的人多，故排除B；由全文內(nèi)容，尤其是第一段第一句可知，道德決策不僅存在于手機(jī)用戶和電腦用戶之間，只不過(guò)本文是在研究使用這些設(shè)備是否對(duì)道德決策有影響，故排除C。
B
限時(shí)8分鐘
Mst Americans are wrried abut new technlgy． They are cncerned that machines, including rbts, will take ver wrk nw dne by humans． These findings cme frm a new reprt by the Pew Research Center f Washingtn D． C．
Abut 75 percent f Americans questined by Pew said autmatin will increase incme inequality between the rich and the middle class and pr． And 64 percent f peple expect autmatin t be s cmmn in America that peple will face difficulty finding things t d with their lives．
Sme f the cncerns abut technlgy cme frm a distrust abut whether machines will always make the right decisin． Many Americans believe humans have better judgement in dealing with cmplex matters． One example is selecting a persn fr a jb． Threequarters f Americans said they wuld nt want t apply fr a jb that uses a cmputer prgram t chse the mst qualified persn．
“Mst Americans want the gvernment t limit autmatin． Fr example, 87 percent supprt a requirement that all driverless vehicles have a human in the driver's seat wh can take cntrl when an emergency ccurs． And 85 percent want t limit machines t mstly ding jbs that are dangerus r unhealthy fr humans． And nly 25 percent expect mre jbs t cme frm autmatin，” Pew said．
Mark Zuckerberg, the cfunder f Facebk, spke last May t graduating senirs frm Harvard University in Massachusetts． His talk centered n the uncertain future facing yung peple． “Our generatin will have t deal with tens f millins f jbs replaced by autmatin like selfdriving cars and trucks．” Zuckerherg tld the graduates．
Zuckerberg said yung peple had better launch (發(fā)起) prjects that wuld bring bth jbs and direct benefits t the peple f the wrld． He said in his speech that 30,000 peple wrked t put a man n the mn, and millins f peple built the Hver Dam as well as ther great prjects ver the last 100 years．
5．What d many Americans think f technlgy accrding t Paragraph 3?
A．Useful． B．Effective．
C．Dangerus． D．Undependable．
答案：D 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容，尤其是該段的第一句可知，與人類處理復(fù)雜問(wèn)題的能力相比，科技的可靠性令很多美國(guó)人擔(dān)憂。故選D。
6．Why d Americans want a human in driverless vehicles?
A．T test the new technlgy．
B．T make a driver．
C．T ensure persnal safety．
D．T entertain the passengers．
答案：C 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第二句可知，87%的美國(guó)人支持在一輛無(wú)人駕駛的汽車(chē)?yán)锱鋫湟粋€(gè)人來(lái)確保人身安全。故選C。
7．What did Zuckerberg encurage the students t d?
A．Refuse selfdriving vehicles．
B．Create new jb chances．
C．Fcus n small prjects．
D．Fight against rbts．
答案：B 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“Zuckerberg said yung peple had better launch (發(fā)起) prjects that wuld bring bth jbs and direct benefits t the peple f the wrld．”可知，Zuckerberg鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造新的工作機(jī)會(huì)。故選B。
8．Which f the fllwing wuld be the best title fr the text?
A．New Technlgy Creates Mre Jbs
B．New Technlgy Brings Mre Fairness
C．Americans Wrry Machines Will Take Jbs
D．Rbts Make Wrk Easy t D fr Wrkers
答案：C 標(biāo)題判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是第一段第一、二句可知，本文講述的是美國(guó)人擔(dān)憂機(jī)器將接管現(xiàn)在由人做的工作。
C
限時(shí)8分鐘
Scientists in Britain have managed t teach bumblebees (大黃蜂) t pull strings t get t fd and then pass n what they have learned t thers in their clny (群體)—shwing a high level f intelligence despite their tiny brains．
Researchers at Queen Mary University f Lndn said the experiments, ften used t test the intelligence f apes (猿) and birds, shwed fr the first time that sme insects are up t the task, and can als pass skills n thrugh several generatins．
The findings add t the evidence suggesting the ability fr “culture spread”—the ability t learn and pass n knwledge and skills—may nt be exclusive t humans．
In the research, published in the jurnal PLOS Bilgy n Tuesday, the scientists were able t train 23 ut f a grup f 40 bees t pull strings with their legs and feet．
The strings were attached t discs—r artificial “flwers”—cntaining fd at their center but placed under a transparent screen． The bees, sptting the fd beneath the screen, learned t pull the “flwers” ut by pulling the string with their legs and feet t be able t get t it．
Frm anther grup f bees given the chance t slve the task withut any training, nly tw f 110 were successful．
Anther grup f bees were then allwed t bserve the trained bees pulling the strings, and 60 percent f them successfully learned the skill． Finally, trained bees were put in clnies, and the scientists fund the technique spread successfully t a majrity f the clny's wrker bees．
Lars Chittka, a Queen Mary University prfessr wh guided the prject, said the team is interested in figuring ut the brain prcesses behind the bees' learning and teaching skills．
9．What des the underlined wrd “exclusive” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Unique． B．Ordinary．
C．Widespread． D．Beneficial．
答案：A 詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段中的“shwed fr the first time that sme insects are up t the task, and can als pass skills n thrugh several generatins”可知，大黃蜂也具有學(xué)習(xí)并傳播所學(xué)技能的能力，結(jié)合第三段可知，調(diào)查結(jié)果增加了證據(jù)表明大黃蜂所具有的“文化傳播”的能力，并非人類獨(dú)有。
10．What did the researchers find abut bees?
A．Bees are as clever as birds．
B．Bees learn best in insects．
C．Bees can be trained t learn skills．
D．Bees are brn gd learners．
答案：C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“the scientists were able t train 23 ut f a grup f 40 bees t pull strings with their legs and feet”和第五段第二句中的“l(fā)earned t pull the ‘flwers’ ut by pulling the string with their legs and feet t be able t get t it”可知，蜜蜂可以通過(guò)訓(xùn)練學(xué)習(xí)技能。
11．What may the research team fcus n next?
A．Where bees learn skills． B．What else bees can d．
C．Hw bees' brain wrks． D．Hw bees teach thers．
答案：C 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一句中的“the team is interested in figuring ut the brain prcesses behind the bees' learning and teaching skills”可知，該小組感興趣的是弄清楚蜜蜂學(xué)習(xí)和教學(xué)技能背后的大腦活動(dòng)過(guò)程，所以研究小組下一步可能關(guān)注蜜蜂的大腦是如何工作的。
12．What may be the best title fr the text?
A．Bees Can Learn and Teach
B．Small Bees, Great Abilities
C．Let Bees Learn
D．Bees Are Smarter
答案：A 標(biāo)題判斷題。結(jié)合全文尤其是第一段可知，文章主要介紹一項(xiàng)科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，大黃蜂經(jīng)過(guò)訓(xùn)練可以學(xué)習(xí)并傳播所學(xué)技能。
D
限時(shí)7分鐘
“Have yu ever been ut n a bat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have yu jumped in the water and felt the rush f energy as waves came ver yu？” asked Jamie Taylr f the Wave Energy Grup at University f Edinburgh． “There is certainly a lt f energy in waves，” he said． Scientists are wrking t use that energy t make electricity． Mst waves are created when winds blw acrss the cean． “The wind starts ut by making little ripples (漣漪), but if they keep n blwing, thse ripples get bigger and bigger and turn int waves，” Taylr said． “Waves are ne f nature's ways f picking_up energy and then sending it ff n a jurney．” When waves cme tward the shre, peple can set up dams t blck the water and send it thrugh a large wheel called a turbine (渦輪機(jī))． The turbine can then pwer an electrical generatr t prduce electricity．
“The resurce is huge，” said Janet Swain f the Wrldwatch Institute． “We will never run ut f wave pwer．” Besides, wave energy des nt create the same pllutin as ther energy surces, such as il r cal． Oceans cver three quarters f the Earth's surface—that wuld make wave pwer seem ideal fr creating energy thrughut the wrld, thugh there are sme weak pints yet t vercme．
Swain said that wave pwer still csts t much mney． She als said that its effects n sea animals are still unknwn． What is mre, wave pwer culd affect fishing and bat traffic． Traditinal surces f energy like il and gas may smeday run ut． “Demand fr energy t pwer ur TVs and cmputers, drive ur cars, and heat and cl ur hmes is rising rapidly thrughut the wrld，” Swain said． In the future when yu turn n a light, an cean wave culd be prviding the electricity!
13．The writer uses the tw questins at the beginning f the passage t ________．
A．test the readers' knwledge abut waves
B．draw the readers' attentin t the tpic
C．shw Jamie Taylr's imprtance
D．invite the readers t answer them
答案：B 推理判斷題。作者在問(wèn)題后談到了波浪能源的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，所以文章開(kāi)頭的兩個(gè)問(wèn)句是為了引起讀者的注意，從而引出文章主題。故選B。
14．The underlined phrase “picking up” is clsest in meaning t “________”．
A．starting again B．speeding up
C．imprving D．gathering
答案：D 詞義猜測(cè)題。本句中的“and then sending it ff n a jurney”是關(guān)鍵信息，it指代energy, send ．．． ff意為“把……發(fā)散出去”，由此可知，前一動(dòng)作是收集能源的過(guò)程。故picking up在此意為“收集”，與gathering同義。故選D。
15．It can be inferred that smeday we might nt wrry abut ________．
A．ur pwer supply B．ur bat traffic
C．a(chǎn)ir pllutin D．ur supply f sea fish
答案：A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段前兩句可知，資源很龐大，所以將來(lái)終有一天我們不必再為電力供應(yīng)擔(dān)憂。never run ut f “永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)用完”是關(guān)鍵信息。故選A。
16．We can make better use f wave energy if we ________．
A．shrten its jurney t thusands f hmes
B．build mre small pwer statins n the ceans
C．reduce the cst f turning it int electric pwer
D．quicken the steps f prducing electricity
答案：C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“Swain said that wave pwer still csts t much mney．”可知，波浪能源仍耗資很多。由此可知，如果我們能降低波浪能源的發(fā)電成本，我們將會(huì)更好地利用波浪能源。故選C。
A
限時(shí)8分鐘
⊕(2019·成都市高中畢業(yè)班摸底測(cè)試)As evlutin tends t remve waste，hw cme we evlved such large, energycnsuming brains? The dminant hypthesis (假設(shè)) suggests that tugh scial interactins are the driving frce． But ur new study dne in an unusual way shws that human brain expansin is likely driven by eclgy (生態(tài))．
Scientists have tested the eclgical and scial hyptheses befre． The cmmn apprach is t lk at many species and investigate whether large brains are assciated with specific prblems． Fr example, d primates r ther animals with large brains have a diet that is challenging t find but nutritinally rewarding? This wuld indicate an eclgical rigin． Or d they live in large grups where they face lts f scial prblems?
While many studies have fund such assciatins, there is a prblem． It cannt tell whether large brains evlved t slve the difficult prblems r whether they evlved fr ther reasns and then enabled their bearers t deal with the hard prblems．
T find ut the causes f brain expansin, we recreated the scenaris (可能出現(xiàn)的情況) f the tw hyptheses using a mathematical mdel． We fund that a cmbinatin f eclgical and scial challenges d prduce the brain size we see in humans． But it was eclgical challenges that expanded brains． In cntrast t the dminant view and ur wn expectatin, we fund that scial challenges cntributed by decreasing brain size． But yu need bth factrs t get the brain size we see tday—if there were n scial challenges ur brains wuld have been even larger but likely prly suited t scial life． Bigger isn't necessarily better．
But many animals face hard eclgical prblems． Why dn't they all have large brains? We fund that eclgical prblems nly lead t humansized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grw． S ur results and thse f thers' suggest that hard eclgy and the accumulatin f cultural knwledge culd act tgether t prduce a humansized brain．
Will the human brain expand further? The cmplexity f the systems invlved makes it impssible t say much with certainty at present．
1．In mst peple's view, what makes human evlve large brains?
A．Scial challenges．
B．Scial and eclgical challenges．
C．Eclgical challenges．
D．Cmpetitin with ther large animals．
答案：A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“The dminant hypthesis (假設(shè)) suggests that tugh scial interactins are the driving frce．”并結(jié)合第一段內(nèi)容可知，大部分人認(rèn)為棘手的社會(huì)交往活動(dòng)是人類大腦進(jìn)化的動(dòng)力，故A項(xiàng)正確。
2．What's the prblem f the cmmn apprach?
A．Its mdel is nt reliable enugh．
B．It desn't tell the cause and effect clearly．
C．Its hypthesis cannt be prved effectively．
D．It desn't find brain size is cnnected with prblems．
答案：B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“It cannt tell whether large brains evlved t slve the difficult prblems r whether they evlved fr ther reasns and then enabled their bearers t deal with the hard prblems．”可知，傳統(tǒng)的研究方法無(wú)法解釋清楚大腦進(jìn)化的原因和影響，故B項(xiàng)正確。
3．Why dn't many animals have large brains?
A．They dn't learn frm each ther．
B．They dn't face hard eclgical prblems．
C．They dn't need t cperate with each ther．
D．They dn't keep learning tugh skills as they grw．
答案：D 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第二、三句“Why dn't they all have large brains? We fund that eclgical prblems nly lead t humansized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grw．”可知，只有當(dāng)個(gè)體在成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中不斷學(xué)習(xí)艱難的技能時(shí)，生態(tài)環(huán)境才會(huì)導(dǎo)致人類特定大小的大腦。據(jù)此可以判斷，動(dòng)物在成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中并沒(méi)有持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)艱難的技能，所以動(dòng)物沒(méi)有大的大腦，故D項(xiàng)正確。
4．Which f the fllwing d the researchers find mst surprising?
A．Animals dn't have large brains．
B．Scial challenges decrease brain size．
C．Eclgical challenges increase brain size．
D．It's unclear whether human brains will expand further．
答案：B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第四句“In cntrast t the dminant view and ur wn expectatin, we fund that scial challenges cntributed by decreasing brain size．”可知，與主流觀點(diǎn)及我們自己的預(yù)期相反，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)社會(huì)挑戰(zhàn)導(dǎo)致大腦變小。據(jù)此可知，社會(huì)挑戰(zhàn)導(dǎo)致大腦變小是令人驚訝的發(fā)現(xiàn)，故B項(xiàng)正確。
B
限時(shí)8分鐘
調(diào)題庫(kù)[4]D篇，序號(hào)與A篇順排
⊕(2019·合肥市高三調(diào)研性測(cè)試)Babies teach their lder brthers and sisters empathy (共鳴), accrding t a new study． Empathy means understanding and entering thers' feelings． Until nw, yunger kids have generally been regarded t learn plenty frm their lder brthers r sisters but dn't give back much． But this study, published in Child Develpment cnfirms that yunger siblings (兄弟姐妹) ensure their big brthers and sisters dn't grw int disgusting peple—n easy task．
“Althugh it's assumed that lder siblings and parents are the primary scializing influences n yunger siblings' develpment, we fund that bth yunger and lder siblings psitively cntributed t each ther's empathy ver time，” study cauthr Marc Jambn said in a statement． Prir sibling studies have fcused n the influence f lder brthers and sisters, prbably because their impacts are mst bvius． As ne review f literature ntes, studies have shwn that lder siblings influence everything frm their yunger siblings' mtr develpment t their risk f smking later in life． And althugh separate studies have tried t pin_dwn effects that yunger siblings have n their lder siblings, the specific influence f baby brthers and sisters remains unclear．
Fr this new study, Jambn and his clleagues recruited (招募) a diverse grup f 452 Canadian sibling pairs between the ages f 18 mnths and fur years． At the start f the study, individual researchers assessed children's baseline empathy levels by visiting the kids at hme and then pretending t hurt themselves r break a valuable item． Eighteen mnths later, they fund small but significant increases in empathy．
One unexpected exceptin—lder sisters did nt appear t experience increased empathy after 18 mnths living with their little brthers, specifically． The researchers aren't sure why this exceptin appeared, and they recmmend that future studies dive int mre cmplex phenmena．
5．What has been fund in the new study?
A．Yung kids culd shw mre sympathy n thers．
B．Yung siblings knw mre abut empathy than the lder．
C．Yunger siblings culd cntribute t their lder nes' empathy．
D．Yunger kids can learn a lt frm their lder brthers r sisters．
答案：C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“Babies teach their lder brthers and sisters empathy (共鳴), accrding t a new study．”可知，新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)嬰兒會(huì)對(duì)他們的哥哥和姐姐的共鳴產(chǎn)生影響，故選C。
6．What des Marc Jambn say abut kids' empathy develpment?
A．Siblings influence each ther in a psitive way．
B．Parents play a mre imprtant rle than teachers．
C．Older siblings have far mre bvius influences．
D．Yunger siblings make much smaller cntributins．
答案：A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句中的“Althugh it's assumed that lder siblings and parents are the primary scializing influences n yunger siblings' develpment, we fund that bth yunger and lder siblings psitively cntributed t each ther's empathy ver time”可知，Marc Jambn認(rèn)為在共鳴方面兄弟姐妹之間是以積極的方式互相影響、互相促進(jìn)的，故選A。
7．What d the underlined wrds “pin dwn” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Assess． B．Limit． C．Cnfirm． D．Reduce．
答案：C 詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境中的althugh，并結(jié)合該句中的“the specific influence f baby brthers and sisters remains unclear”可知，盡管不同的研究已經(jīng)確定了這種影響，但具體影響還不確定，由此可推知，pin dwn和cnfirm “確認(rèn)”含義相近，故選C。
8．What can we infer abut the study frm the last paragraph?
A．It ffers n exceptins．
B．It appears t be under cntrl．
C．It is recgnized t be scientific．
D．It needs t be carried ut further．
答案：D 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“The researchers aren't sure why this exceptin appeared, and they recmmend that future studies dive int mre cmplex phenmena．”可推知，這種例外產(chǎn)生的原因還不能確定，有待進(jìn)一步的研究考證，故選D。
C
限時(shí)10分鐘
(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)A buildityurself slar still (蒸餾器) is ne f the best ways t btain drinking water in areas where the liquid is nt readily available．Develped by tw dctrs in the US Department f Agriculture, it's an excellent water cllectr． Unfrtunately, yu must carry the necessary equipment with yu, since it's all but impssible t find natural substitutes． The nly cmpnents required，thugh, are a 5′× 5′ sheet f clear r slightly milky plastic, six feet f plastic tube, and a cntainer—perhaps just a drinking cup—t catch the water． These pieces can be flded int a neat little pack and fastened n yur belt．
T cnstruct a wrking still, use a sharp stick r rck t dig a hle fur feet acrss and three feet deep． Try t make the hle in a damp area t increase the_water_catcher's prductivity． Place yur cup in the deepest part f the hle． Then lay the tube in place s that ne end rests all the way in the cup and the rest f the line runs up—and ut—the side f the hle．
Next, cver the hle with the plastic sheet, securing the edges f the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet's center dwn with a rck． The plastic shuld nw frm a cne (圓錐體) with 45degreeangled sides． The lw pint f the sheet must be centered directly ver, and n mre than three inches abve, the cup．
The slar still wrks by creating a greenhuse under the plastic． Grund water evaprates (蒸發(fā)) and cllects n the sheet until small drps f water frm, run dwn the material, and fall ff int the cup． When the cntainer is full, yu can suck the refreshment ut thrugh the tube, and wn't have t break dwn the still every time yu need a drink．
9．What d we knw abut the slar still equipment frm the first paragraph?
A．It's delicate． B．It's expensive．
C．It's cmplex． D．It's prtable．
答案：D 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段尾句“These pieces can be flded int a neat little pack and fastened n yur belt．”可知，這些東西可以折疊放進(jìn)小包中系在腰帶上，由此可知這一太陽(yáng)能蒸餾器裝置是“可以隨身攜帶的”。故選D。
10．What des the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A．The tube． B．The still． C．The hle． D．The cup．
答案：B 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的描述可知，制作一個(gè)蒸餾器裝置，需要挖一個(gè)四英尺寬、三英尺深的洞，要盡量在潮濕的地方挖洞來(lái)增加the water catcher的出水量，結(jié)合全文可知，增加的應(yīng)該是整個(gè)蒸餾器裝置的出水量。故選B。
11．What is the last step f cnstructing a wrking slar still?
A．Dig a hle f a certain size．
B．Put the cup in place．
C．Weight the sheet's center dwn．
D．Cver the hle with the plastic sheet．
答案：C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段首句中的“．．． weighting the sheet's center dwn with a rck”可知，最后一步是用石塊將塑料板的中心位置壓下去。故選C。
12．When a slar still wrks, drps f water cme int the cup frm__________．
A．the plastic tube B．utside the hle
C．the pen air D．beneath the sheet
答案：D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段可知，地下水蒸發(fā)后在塑料板下方凝結(jié)成水滴，然后墜落到杯子里。故選D。
D
限時(shí)12分鐘
(2018·北京高考)
PlasticEating Wrms
Humans prduce mre than 300 millin tns f plastic every year． Almst half f that winds up in landfills (垃圾填埋場(chǎng)), and up t 12 millin tns pllute the ceans． S far there is n effective way t get rid f it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stmachs f sme hungry wrms．
Researchers in Spain and England recently fund that the wrms f the greater wax mth can break dwn plyethylene, which accunts fr 40% f plastics． The team left 100 wax wrms n a cmmercial plyethylene shpping bag fr 12 hurs, and the wrms cnsumed and brke dwn abut 92 milligrams, r almst 3% f it． T cnfirm that the wrms' chewing alne was nt respnsible fr the plyethylene breakdwn, the researchers made sme wrms int paste (糊狀物) and applied it t plastic films． 14 hurs later the films had lst 13% f their mass—apparently brken dwn by enzymes (酶) frm the wrms' stmachs． Their findings were published in Current Bilgy in 2017．
Federica Bertcchini, cauthr f the study, says the wrms' ability t break dwn their everyday fd—beeswax—als allws them t break dwn plastic． “Wax is a cmplex mixture, but the basic bnd in plyethylene, the carbncarbn bnd, is there as well，” she explains． “The wax wrm evlved a methd r system t break this bnd．”
Jennifer DeBruyn, a micrbilgist at the University f Tennessee, wh was nt invlved in the study, says it is nt surprising that such wrms can break dwn plyethylene． But cmpared with previus studies, she finds the speed f breaking dwn in this ne exciting． The next step, DeBruyn says, will be t identify the cause f the breakdwn． Is it an enzyme prduced by the wrm itself r by its gut micrbes (腸道微生物)?
Bertcchini agrees and hpes her team's findings might ne day help emply the enzyme t break dwn plastics in landfills． But she expects using the chemical in sme kind f industrial prcess—nt simply “millins f wrms thrwn n tp f the plastic．”
13．What can we learn abut the wrms in the study?
A．They take plastics as their everyday fd．
B．They are newly evlved creatures．
C．They can cnsume plastics．
D．They wind up in landfills．
答案：C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段前兩句可知，蠕蟲(chóng)能消耗塑料。故選C。
14．Accrding t Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step f the study is t ________．
A．identify ther means f the breakdwn
B．find ut the surce f the enzyme
C．cnfirm the research findings
D．increase the breakdwn speed
答案：B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段最后兩句可知，DeBruyn說(shuō)，下一步將找出分解的原因。這種酶是蠕蟲(chóng)自身產(chǎn)生的，還是腸道微生物產(chǎn)生的？即根據(jù)Jennifer DeBruyn的說(shuō)法，下一步將找出這種酶的來(lái)源。故選B。
15．It can be inferred frm the last paragraph that the chemical might ________．
A．help t raise wrms
B．help make plastic bags
C．be used t clean the ceans
D．be prduced in factries in future
答案：D 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句可知，她希望通過(guò)某種工業(yè)生產(chǎn)程序使用這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)，而不是簡(jiǎn)單地“把數(shù)百萬(wàn)條蟲(chóng)子扔在塑料上”。由此可推知，將來(lái)這種化學(xué)制品可能由工廠生產(chǎn)。故選D。
16．What is the main purpse f the passage?
A．T explain a study methd n wrms．
B．T intrduce the diet f a special wrm．
C．T present a way t break dwn plastics．
D．T prpse new means t keep ecbalance．
答案：C 主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了研究發(fā)現(xiàn)蠕蟲(chóng)能分解塑料，即一種分解塑料的新方法。故選C。
E
限時(shí)10分鐘
(2019·山東師范大學(xué)附中高三第二次模擬考試)If yu ask mst peple what water tastes like, they'll prbably tell yu that water has n taste and they may give yu a funny lk． But if yu were a fruit fly, asking anther fruit fly, that questin might have a different answer．
T a fruit fly, water has a taste． Scientists want t knw hw the fruit fly knws water because this infrmatin may help in learning hw ther animals—r even individual cells—manage t use water in the right way． Water is vital t life, but t much r t little can be deadly t a living creature． S by understanding hw the fruit fly tastes water, researchers may learn mre abut ther living things．
Accrding t the new study, a prtein (蛋白質(zhì)) called PPK28 makes it pssible fr a fly t taste water． Prteins build cells and tissues, fight disease and carry messages between cells． It's nt surprising that a prtein is respnsible fr the fruit fly's ability t taste water．
The PPK28 prtein is part f a larger family f similar prteins． One f these related prteins is used by mammals (including humans) t taste salt． Scientists have nt fund a prtein that enables humans t “taste” water．
In the experiment, Camern and his team cmpared nrmal fruit flies with fruit flies whse taste cells had been disabled． The fruit flies were given a special chemical that wuld glw (發(fā)光) when the fly used the PPK28 prtein． Then the scientists led the flies t water． When the nrmal flies tasted the water, the PPK28 prtein lit up—shwing that it was in use．
The fruit fly in particular is s interesting that sme scientists are hard at wrk creating a cmplete map f the fruit fly brain． This map will shw all f a fly's neurns and help scientists understand hw the neurns wrk tgether．
17．Hw d mst peple feel when asked the taste f water?
A．Amused． B．Frightened．
C．Disappinted． D．Disgusted．
答案：A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“If yu ask mst peple what water tastes like, they'll prbably tell yu that water has n taste and they may give yu a funny lk．”可知，當(dāng)人們被問(wèn)及水的滋味時(shí)，他們會(huì)感到這個(gè)問(wèn)題很可笑，故選A。
18．Why d scientists want t knw hw the fruit fly knws water?
A．T decrease the number f the fruit fly．
B．T knw mre abut ther creatures．
C．T manage t use water crrectly．
D．T describe the taste f water．
答案：B 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“Scientists want t knw hw the fruit fly knws water because this infrmatin may help in learning hw ther animals—r even individual cells—manage t use water in the right way．”可知，科學(xué)家通過(guò)研究果蠅如何分辨水的滋味來(lái)更多地了解其他生物，故選B。
19．What d we knw abut the PPK28 prtein?
A．It can make humans taste salt．
B．The fruit fly can't live withut it．
C．It enables the fruit fly t taste water．
D．The fruit fly uses it t avid illnesses．
答案：C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“Accrding t the new study, a prtein (蛋白質(zhì)) called PPK28 makes it pssible fr a fly t taste water．”可知，PPK28蛋白質(zhì)使得果蠅能夠辨別水的滋味，故選C。
20．What will the scientists cntinue t wrk at?
A．Studying the fruit fly's neurn systems．
B．Telling mre infrmatin abut cells．
C．Creating maps f human brains．
D．Making the PPK28 prtein．
答案：A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句中的“that sme scientists are hard at wrk creating a cmplete map”和第二句“This map will shw all f a fly's neurns and help scientists understand hw the neurns wrk tgether．”可知，科學(xué)家們會(huì)繼續(xù)致力于研究果蠅的神經(jīng)元是如何協(xié)同工作的，故選A。

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