（含檢測(cè)訓(xùn)練及答案）
高考頻度：★★★★★
考點(diǎn)詳解
高考閱讀理解對(duì)文章的主旨大意進(jìn)行命題，旨在考查考生通過(guò)對(duì)原文快速瀏覽正確
獲取語(yǔ)篇的大意，并對(duì)文章的主題、標(biāo)題、段落、中心思想加以歸納理解以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在閱讀短文時(shí)，能夠提煉文章的中心情節(jié)，體會(huì)作者的主要意圖，充分運(yùn)用邏輯概括能力，透過(guò)字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點(diǎn)、中心論點(diǎn)及作者的情感傾向。
在高考閱讀理解中，針對(duì)短文主旨常見(jiàn)的命題形式如下：
(1) What wuld be the best title fr the text? /What is the tpic f the text?
(2) The main tpic / subject f the passage is _________.
(3) The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme f this passage is…
(4) The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis n _________.
(5) What is mainly discussed in the text?
(6) What is the main idea f the passage?
(7) What’s the main pint the writer is trying t make in the last paragraph?
(8) The purpse f this passage is.
(9) Which f the fllwing statements is best supprted by the text?
(10) Which f the fllwing best summarized the passage?
(11) The passage mainly fcuses n.
從上述命題形式可以看出，此類閱讀測(cè)試題主要可概括為兩大類，即怎樣理解段落及文章整體的中心思想和怎樣擬定或選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題。下面結(jié)合高考題實(shí)例來(lái)具體分析此類題目的解題技巧。
怎樣理解段落及文章整體的主旨大意
——主題句定位法
文章是由段落組成的。段落是發(fā)展一個(gè)主題的一群句子，段落圍繞著中心思想展開(kāi)，而段落的中心思想又是為文章整體的中心思想服務(wù)的。尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：通過(guò)分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出每小段的主題句，通過(guò)主題句找出文章的主題。找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是確定文章主旨大意的關(guān)鍵。主題是文章要表達(dá)的中心思想，文章的主題句通常都有一個(gè)話題，它是文章的核心?！爸黝}句定位法”是一種行之有效的方法。
但是由于文章的不同，表現(xiàn)的手法也各有不同，主題句出現(xiàn)的位置也不是一成不變的。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說(shuō)明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過(guò)尋找短文的主題句來(lái)歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開(kāi)頭、中間、結(jié)尾（含在開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾同時(shí)出現(xiàn)、首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句）。因此，仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法(skimming)，瀏覽時(shí)，一般不需逐句細(xì)讀，只選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重點(diǎn)搜索主題線索和主題信息。
文章主題常?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)文章的寫作方法來(lái)體現(xiàn)，有以下五種情況：
1. 中心主題句出現(xiàn)在文首
開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山，提出主題，隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的演繹法寫作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出觀點(diǎn)，后舉例論證，主題句則出現(xiàn)在段首的寫作方法。
新聞報(bào)道通常就采用這種寫法。新聞報(bào)道的首句通常稱為“新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”，“導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”實(shí)際上就是主題句，是對(duì)全文內(nèi)容的高度概括。大意題、標(biāo)題一般可在第一句話找到答題依據(jù)。
典例剖析
（新課標(biāo)III卷，C） With the yung unable t affrd t leave hme and the ld at risk f islatin(孤獨(dú)), mre families are chsing t live tgether.
The drway t peace and quiet, fr Nick Bright at least, leads straight t his mther-in-law, she lives n the grund flr, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their tw daughters.
Fur years ag they all mved int a three-strey Victrian huse in Bristl - ne f a grwing number f multigeneratinal families in the UK living tgether under the same rf. They share a frnt dr and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her wn kitchen, bathrm, bedrm and living rm n the grund flr.
“We flated the idea t my mum f sharing at a huse,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spke mre with Nick because I think it’s a big thing fr Nick t live with his mther-in-law.”
And what des Nick think? “Frm my standpint, it all seems t wrk very well. Wuld I recmmend it? Yes, I think I wuld.”
It’s hard t tell exactly hw many peple agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising fr sme time. Official reprts suggest that the number f husehlds with three generatins living tgether had risen frm 325,000 in 2001t 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties f multigeneratinal family are mre cmmn. Sme peple live with their elderly parents; many mre adult children are returning t the family hme, if they ever left. It is said that abut 20% f 25-34-year-lds live with their parents, cmpared with 16% in 1991.The ttal number f all multigeneratinal husehlds in Britain is thught t be abut 1.8 millin.
Stries like that are mre cmmn in parts f the wrld where multigeneratinal living is mre firmly rted. In India, particularly utside cities, yung wmen are expected t mve in with their husband’s family when they get married.
31．What is the text mainly abut?
A．Lifestyles in different cuntries.B．Cnflicts between generatins.
C．A husing prblem in Britain.D．A rising trend f living in the UK.
【答案】31．D
【解析】31．主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其根據(jù)第一段“With the yung unable t affrd t leave hme and the ld at risk f islatin(孤獨(dú)), mre families are chsing t live tgether.”可知，由于年輕人負(fù)擔(dān)不起離家的費(fèi)用，而老年人又面臨著被孤立的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，越來(lái)越多的家庭選擇住在一起。所以短文主要是關(guān)于英國(guó)生活方式的一種上升趨勢(shì)。故選D項(xiàng)。
2. 主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾
在細(xì)節(jié)后，歸納要點(diǎn)、印象、結(jié)論、建議或結(jié)果，以概括主題。這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的歸納法寫作方式，即細(xì)節(jié)表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主題句則常位于末段。
典例剖析
（新課標(biāo)I卷，D） The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn，Ohi，fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse，even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. ＂We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants glw(發(fā)光)in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran’s team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light，abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by，is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn trees int self-pwered street lamps.
In the future，the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff＂switch＂where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce(電源)-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin(傳輸).Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.
35．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．Can we grw mre glwing plants?
B．Hw d we live with glwing plants?
C．Culd glwing plants replace lamps?
D．Hw are glwing plants made pllutin-free?
【答案】35．C
【解析】35．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中Lighting accunts fr abut 7%f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin. Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.可知照明約占美國(guó)總耗電量的7%。由于照明通常遠(yuǎn)離電源，例如從發(fā)電廠到偏僻公路上路燈的距離，在傳輸過(guò)程中會(huì)損失大量能源。發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。結(jié)合文章主要說(shuō)明了綠色植物對(duì)人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開(kāi)發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物，文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過(guò)程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢(shì)，指出在未來(lái)發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的作用。由此可知，C選項(xiàng)“發(fā)光的植物能取代路燈嗎？”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。
典例剖析
Lacrsse (曲棍球) is a ppular sprt in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it t train fr war. They invented this game befre Clumbus arrived in the New Wrld.
Peple play lacrsse utdrs. The lacrsse field is seven meters lng. At each end f the field there is a gal. The gal is a net. There are ten players n each team. Each player has a stick called “ crss”. The player hit a ball int the net as many times as pssible. Lacrsse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks. Players ften get great fun it playing lacrsse.
There are many lacrsse clubs and lacrsse teams all ver Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrsse games n TV r listen t the lacrsse games ver the radi.
At ne time lacrsse was the natinal summer sprt in Canada. Tday it is still ppular with Canadians.
1.The passage is mainly abut ___________.
A. Hw t Play Lacrsse
B. Lacrsse in Canada
C. The Histry f Lacrsse
D. Lacrsse—A Ppular Game in Canada
【答案】D
【解析】作者先后兩次提到“長(zhǎng)曲棍球在加拿大很受歡迎”，顯然選項(xiàng)D最符合短文的主題。
4. 中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒(méi)有明確的主題句
閱讀這樣的文章，就要求考生根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。該類型的試題則迎刃而解。
典例剖析
（新課標(biāo)II卷，D） I have a special place in my heart fr libraries. I have fr as lng as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, smetimes reading up t three bks a day as a child. Stries were like air t me and while ther kids played ball r went t parties, I lived ut adventures thrugh the bks I checked ut frm the library.
My first jb was wrking at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years ld .It was a dream jb and I did everything frm shelving bks t reading t the children fr stry time.
As I grew lder and became a mther, the library tk n a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and bks were ur main surce(來(lái)源) f entertainment. It was a big deal fr us t lad up and g t the lcal library, where my kids culd pick ut bks t read r bks they wanted me t read t them.
I always read ,using different vices ,as thugh I were acting ut the stries with my vice and they lved it !It was a special time t bnd with my children and it filled them with the wnderment f bks .
Nw, I see my children taking their children t the library and I lve that the excitement f ging t the library lives n frm generatin t generatin.
As a nvelist, I’ve fund a new relatinship with libraries. I encurage readers t g t their lcal library when they can’t affrd t purchase a bk. I see libraries as a safe haven(避風(fēng)港) fr readers and writers, a bridge that helps put tgether a reader with a bk. Libraries, in their wn way, help fight bk piracy(盜版行為) and 1 think all writers shuld supprt libraries in a significant way when they can. Encurage readers t use the library. Share library annuncements n yur scial media. Frequent them and talk abut them when yu can.
35．Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Reading: A Surce f Knwledge
B．My Idea abut writing
C．Library: A Haven fr the Yung
D．My Lve f the Library
【答案】35．D
【解析】35．主旨大意題?？v觀全文可知，文章講述了作者是一名熱情地讀者，孩提時(shí)喜歡閱讀，工作在圖書館。有了孩子以后，一家人去圖書館讀書，閱讀的習(xí)慣代代傳承下去，作為小說(shuō)家，作者呼吁其他作家支持圖書館，宣傳圖書館。因此推斷全文圍繞“作者對(duì)圖書館的愛(ài)”展開(kāi)講述。故D項(xiàng)“我對(duì)圖書館的愛(ài)”為最佳標(biāo)題。故選D。
4. 主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間
通常前面只提出問(wèn)題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展。
典例剖析
The Sahara Festival is a celebratin f the very recent past. The three-day event is nt fixed t the same dates each year, but generally takes place in Nvember r December. It is well attended by turists, but even better attended by lcals.
During the pening ceremnies, after the fficial greetings frm the gvernment leaders, peple wh attend the festival begin t march smartly befre the viewing stands, and white camels transprt their riders acrss the sands. Hrsemen frm different natins display their beautiful clthes and their fine hrsemanship. One fllwing anther, grups f musicians and dancers frm all ver the Sahara take their turn t shw ff their wnderful traditinal culture. Grups f men in blue and yellw play hrns and beat drums as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a grup f wmen in lng dark dresses dance with their hair: their lng, dark, shiny hair is thrwn back and frth in the wind t the rhythm f their dance.
…
67. This passage mainly tells readers_______.
A. what happens n the pening day f the Sahara Festival
B. hw peple celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival
C. what takes place at the clsing ceremnies f the Sahara Festival
D. hw animals race n the first and the last days f the Sahara Festival
【答案】A
【解析】從文中第二段第一句話“During the pening ceremnies,”可以看出，本文主要是介紹“撒哈拉節(jié)”開(kāi)幕式上的活動(dòng)。答案選A。
怎樣給閱讀文章整體加注標(biāo)題
——高度概括法
對(duì)文章主旨大意的考察，不僅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出現(xiàn)，而且也可以用選擇或擬定文章標(biāo)題的形式出現(xiàn)。因此，選擇文章標(biāo)題，首先可以按照主旨大意的確定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定標(biāo)題。
標(biāo)題位于文章之首，用來(lái)高度概括文章內(nèi)容，點(diǎn)明文章主題。它是段落中心思想最精練的表達(dá)形式。標(biāo)題可幫助讀者迅速推測(cè)出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的觀點(diǎn)和意圖。那么如何選擇文章的標(biāo)題呢？
首先，要考慮標(biāo)題對(duì)文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何。一般要求能覆蓋全文內(nèi)容，體
現(xiàn)文章主旨。要避免下列三種情況：①概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太?。虎谶^(guò)度概括（多表現(xiàn)為脫離本文章內(nèi)容的發(fā)揮）；③以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象具體的大意。
其次，要考慮標(biāo)題的針對(duì)性，即標(biāo)題范圍要恰當(dāng)，針對(duì)性強(qiáng)。要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，
仔細(xì)考慮所選標(biāo)題與文章主題是否有密切的關(guān)系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大則中心就不突出，太小也發(fā)揮不了應(yīng)起的作用；精確度高，不能隨意改變語(yǔ)言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是單詞、短語(yǔ)，也可以是句子。
再次要注意標(biāo)題的醒目性，標(biāo)題的選擇要簡(jiǎn)潔、突出、新穎，標(biāo)題是文章的點(diǎn)睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面。標(biāo)題的好壞往往影響了文章的可讀性，讀者常常從標(biāo)題上決定文章的閱讀取舍。故標(biāo)題一般比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，以此來(lái)吸引讀者對(duì)文章的興趣。
最后要注意，要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標(biāo)題，還需要了解標(biāo)題的基本擬定方法。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，擬定標(biāo)題是以話題為核心，與控制性概念的詞按一定的語(yǔ)法濃縮為概括主題句或中心思想的詞組。比如某一文章的中心句為：CHINA issued the first set f stamps depicting the tp 128 Chinese family names n Thursday Nv. 18th 2004 in Beijing.
話題：Stamps
控制性概念：CHINA issued the first set f stamps depicting the tp 128 Chinese family names
標(biāo)題：China issued 1st set f stamps n family names
典例剖析
（湖南高三二模） I live in a small studi.I sleep in a bed that flds dwn frm the wall.I have six dress shirts.I have 10 shallw bwls that I use fr salads and main dishes.When peple cme ver fr dinner.I pull ut my extendable dining rm table.I dn't have a single CD r DVD and I have 10 percent f the bks I nce did.
I have cme a lng way frm the life I had in the late’90s,when,having made a frtune frm an Internet start-up sale,I had a giant huse full f stuff(物品)-electrnics and cars and appliances and furniture.
Smehw this stuff ended up running my life,r a lt f it;the things I cnsumed ended up cnsuming me.My life became unnecessarily cmplicated.There were lawns(草坪)t mw,flrs t mp,a car t insure,wash,refuel,repair and register and tech t set up and keep wrking.Wh had I becme?My huse and my things were my new emplyers fr a jb I had never applied fr.I started t wnder why my theretically upgraded life didn't feel any better and why I felt mre anxius than befre.
Fr me,it tk 15 years t get rid f the things I had cllected and live a bigger,better,richer life with less.
I like material things as much as anyne.I studied prduct design in schl.But my experiences shw that after a certain pint,material bjects have a tendency t crwd ut the emtinal needs they are meant t supprt.I knw the best stuff in life isn't stuff at all,and that relatinships,experiences and meaningful wrk are the main parts f a happy life.
My latest prject is t design thughtfully cnstructed small hmes that supprt ur lives,nt the ther way arund.The huse 1 design cntains less stuff and makes it easier fr wners t live within their means and t limit their envirnmental ftprint.My space is well-built,affrdable and as functinal as living spaces twice the size.I frequently have dinner parties fr 12.I sleep better knwing I'm nt using mre resurces than I need.I have less-and enjy mre.
My space is small.My life is big.
31．What is the best title fr the text?
A．Living Better with Less
B．Cnsuming Less t Save Mney
C．Lnging fr the Gd Old Days
D．Building a Cmfrtable Living Space
【答案】31．A
【解析】31．主旨大意題。 本文主題為“簡(jiǎn)單生活使作者的生活更美好”( live a bigger, better, richer life with less) ，起始段、尾段以及中間各段落均圍繞該主題展開(kāi)敘述。故選A。
檢測(cè)訓(xùn)練
題組一（高考真題）
Passage1(全國(guó)卷III，B)
When “Rise f the Planet f the Apes” was first shwn t the public last mnth, a grup f excited animal activists gathered n Hllywd Bulevard. But they weren’t there t thrw red paint n fur-cat-wearing film stars. Instead, ne activist, dressed in a full-bdy mnkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks fr nt using real apes (猿)!”
The creative team behind “Apes” used mtin-capture (動(dòng)作捕捉) technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that recrds an actr’s perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image (圖像). In this case, ne f a realistic-lking ape.
Yet “Apes” is mre exceptin than the rule. In fact, Hllywd has been ht n live animals lately. One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment f animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs n mre than 2,000 prductins this year. Already, a number f films, including “Water fr Elephants,” “The Hangver Part Ⅱ” and “Zkeeper,” have drawn the anger f activists wh say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated prperly.
In sme cases, it’s nt s much the treatment f the animals n set in the studi that has activists wrried; it’s the ff-set training and living cnditins that are raising cncerns. And there are questins abut the films made utside the States, which smetimes are nt mnitred as clsely as prductins filmed in the States.
24．Why did the animal activists gather n Hllywd Bulevard?
A．T see famus film stars.
B．T ppse wearing fur cats.
C．T raise mney fr animal prtectin.
D．T express thanks t sme filmmakers.
25．What des paragraph 2 mainly talk abut?
A．The cst f making “Apes.”
B．The creatin f digitalized apes.
C．The publicity abut “Apes.”
D．The perfrmance f real apes.
26．What des the underlined phrase “keeping tabs n” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Listing cmpletely.
B．Directing prfessinally.
C．Prmting successfully.
D．Watching carefully.
27．What can we infer frm the last paragraph abut animal actrs?
A．They may be badly treated.
B．They shuld take further training.
C．They culd be traded illegally
D．They wuld lse ppularity.
Passage2浙江省高考英語(yǔ)試卷（1月）
Tday's wrld is nt an easy adjustment fr yung adults. Key skill set fr success is persistence (毅力), a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers frm Brigham Yung University discvered that fathers are in a unique psitin t help their adlescent children learn persistence.
BYU prfessrs Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after fllwing 325 American families ver several years. And ver time，the persistence gained thrugh fathers led t higher achievement in schl.
"There are relatively few studies that stress the unique rle f fathers，"Padilla-Walker said. "This research als helps t prve that characteristics such as persistence-which can be taught-are key t a child's life success.”
Researchers determined that dads need t practice an "authritative" parenting style. Authritative parenting is nt authritarian:rigid，demanding r cntrlling. Rather，an authritative parenting style includes sme f the fllwing characteristics:children feel warmth and lve frm their father；respnsibility and the reasns behind rules are stressed children are given an apprpriate level f autnmy(自主權(quán)).
In the study，abut 52 percent f the dads exhibited abve-average levels f authritative parenting. A key finding is that ver time，children raised by an authritative father were significantly mre likely t develp persistence，which leads t better utcmes in schl.
This particular study examined 11 t 14-year-lds living in tw-parent hmes. Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a rle in teaching the benefits f persistence，which is an avenue f future research.
27．What is special abut the BYU prfessrs' study?
A．It centered n fathers' rle in parenting.
B．It was based n a number f large families.
C．It analyzed different kinds f parenting styles.
D．It aimed t imprve kids' achievement in schl.
28．What wuld an authritative father d when raising his children?
A．Ignre their demands.B．Make decisins fr them.
C．Cntrl their behavirs.D．Explain the rules t them.
29．Which grup can be a fcus f future studies accrding t the researchers?
A．Single parents.
B．Children aged frm 11 t 14.
C．Authritarian fathers.
D．Mthers in tw-parent hmes.
30．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A．Three Characteristics f Authritative Fathers.
B．Key Skills fr Yung Adults t Succeed in Future.
C．Children Tend t Learn Determinatin frm Father.
D．Family Relatinship Influences Schl Perfrmance.
Passage3(全國(guó)卷III，D)
We are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes (基因), they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years. Peple in Ethipian highlands have adapted t living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising peple in East Africa and nrthern Eurpe have gained a mutatin (突變) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptatin - nt t air r t fd, but t the cean. A grup f sea-dwelling peple in Sutheast Asia have evlved int better divers. The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in the hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally lived n husebats; in recent times, they’ve als built huses n stilts (支柱) in castal waters. “They are simply a stranger t the land,” said Redney C．Jubilad, a University f Hawaii researcher wh studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilad first met the Bajau while grwing up n Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing r harvesting shellfish. “We were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders,” Dr. Jubilad said. “I culd see them actually walking under the sea.”
In2015, Melissa Ilard, then a graduate student in genetics at the University f Cpenhagen, heard abut the Bajau. She wndered if centuries f diving culd have led t the evlutin f physical characteristics that made the task easier fr them. “it seemed like the perfect chance fr natural selectin t act n a ppulatin,” said Dr. Ilard. She als said there were likely a number f ther genes that help the Bajau dive.
32．What des the authr want t tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A．Envirnmental adaptatin f cattle raisers.B．New knwledge f human evlutin.
C．Recent findings f human rigin.D．Significance f fd selectin.
33．Where d the Bajau build their huses?
A．In valleys.B．Near rivers.C．On the beach.D．Off the cast.
34．Why was the yung Jubilad astnished at the Bajau?
A．They culd walk n stilts all day.B．They had a superb way f fishing.
C．They culd stay lng underwater.D．They lived n bth land and water.
35．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at SeaB．Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C．Basic Methds f Genetic ResearchD．The Wrld’s Best Divers
Passage4普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試（天津卷)（7月)
Fr peple, wh are interested in sund, the field f sund technlgy is definitely making nise. In the past, sund engineers wrked in the back rms f recrding studis, but many f tday’s sund prfessinals are sharing their knwledge and experience with prfessinals in ther fields t create new prducts based n the phenmenn we call sund.
Sund can be used as a weapn. Imagine that a plice fficer is chasing a thief. The thief tries t escape. And the fficer can’t let him get away. He pulls ut a special device, pints it at the suspect, and switches it n. The thief drps t the grund. This new weapn is called a Lng Range Acustic Device(LRAD, 遠(yuǎn)程定向聲波發(fā)射器). It prduces a deafening sund s painful that it temprarily disables a persn. The nise frm the LRAD is directed like a ray f light and travels nly int the ears f that persn, but it is nt deadly.
Fr thse wh hunger fr sme peace and quiet, sund can nw create silence. Let’s say yu are at the airprt, and the little by n the seat next t yu is humming(哼唱) a shrt cmmercial sng. He hums it ver and ver again, and yu are abut t g crazy. Thanks t the Silence Machine, a British inventin, yu can get rid f the sund withut upsetting the by r his parents. One may wnder hw the Silence Machine wrks. Well, it functins by analyzing the waves f the incming sund and creating a secnd set f utging waves. The tw sets f waves cancel each ther ut. Simply turn the machine r pint it at the target, and yur peace and quiet cmes back.
Directed sund is a new technlgy that allws cmpanies t use sund in much the same way sptlights(聚光燈) are used in the theater. A sptlight lights up nly ne sectin f a stage; similarly, “sptsund” creates a circle f sund in n targeted area. This can be useful fr businesses such as restaurants and stres because it ffers a new way t attract custmers. Restaurants can ffer a chice f music alng with the varius fd chices n the menu, allwing custmers mre cntrl ver the atmsphere in which they are dining. Directed sund is als beginning t appear in shpping centers and even at hmes.
46. What culd be inferred frm Paragraph 2 abut the effect f the LRAD?
A. It causes temprary hearing lss.
B. It slws dwn a running man.
C. It makes it easy t identify a suspect.
D. It keeps the suspect frm hurting thers.
47. The Silence Machine is a device specially designed t ________.
A. silence the peple arund yu
B. remve the sund f cmmercials
C. blck the incming sund waves
D. stp unwanted sund frm affecting yu
48. What feature d sptsunds and sptlights share?
A. They travel in circles.
B. They clear the atmsphere.
C. They can be transfrmed int energy.
D. They can be directed nt a specific area.
49. Directed sund can be used fr ________.
A. creative designs f restaurant menus
B. ideal sund effects n the theater stage
C. different chices f music fr businesses
D. strict cntrl ver any suspicius custmer
50. What des the passage fcus n?
A. Hw prfessinals invented sund prducts.
B. Inventins in the field f sund technlgy.
C. The grwing interest in the study f sund.
D. Hw sund engineers wrk in their studis.
題組二（高考真題）
Passage1(天津卷，B)
I must have always knwn reading was very imprtant because the first memries I have as a child deal with bks. There was nt ne night that I dn't remember mm reading me a strybk by my bedside. I was extremely inspired by the elegant way the wrds sunded.
I always wanted t knw what my mm was reading. Hearing mm say," I can't believe what's printed in the newspaper this mrning," made me want t grab it ut f her hands and read it myself. I wanted t be like my mm and knw all f the things she knew. S I carried arund a bk, and each night, just t be like her, I wuld pretend t be reading.
This is hw everyne learned t read. We wuld start ff with sentences, then paragraphs, and then stries. It seemed an unending jurney, but even as a six-year-ld girl I realized that knwing hw t read culd pen many drs. When mm said," The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden n the tp shelf," I knew where the candy was. My prgress in reading raised my curisity, and I wanted t knw everything. I ften fund myself telling my mm t drive mre slwly, s that I culd read all f the rad signs we passed.
Mst f my reading thrugh primary, middle and high schl was factual reading. I read fr knwledge, and t make A's n my tests. Occasinally, I wuld read a nvel that was assigned, but I didn't enjy this type f reading. I liked facts, things that are cncrete. I thught anything abstract left t much rm fr argument.
Yet, nw that I'm grwing and the wrld I nce knew as being s simple is becming mre cmplex, I find myself needing a way t escape. By pening a nvel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter int a wnderful and mysterius wrld where I am nw a new character. In these wrlds I can becme anyne. I dn't have t write dwn what happened r what technique the authr was using when he r she wrte this. I just read t relax.
We're taught t read because it's necessary fr much f human understanding. Reading is a vital part f my life. Reading satisfies my desire t keep learning. And I've fund that the pssibilities that lie within bks are limitless.
41. Why did the authr want t grab the newspaper ut f mm's hands？
A. She wanted mm t read the news t her.
B. She was anxius t knw what had happened.
C. She culdn't wait t tear the newspaper apart.
D. She culdn't help but stp mm frm reading.
42. Accrding t Paragraph 3，the authr's reading f rad signs indicates___________
A. her unique way t lcate herself
B. her eagerness t develp her reading ability
C. her effrt t remind mm t bey traffic rules
D. her grwing desire t knw the wrld arund her.
43. What was the authr's view n factual reading？
A. It wuld help her update test-taking skills.
B. It wuld allw much rm fr free thinking.
C. It wuld prvide true and bjective infrmatin.
D. It wuld help shape a realistic and serius attitude t life.
44. The authr takes nvel reading as a way t___________.
A. explre a fantasy land
B. develp a passin fr leaning
C. learn abut the adult cmmunity
D. get away frm a cnfusing wrld
45. What culd be the best title fr the passage？
A. The Magic f ReadingB. The Pleasure f Reading
C. Grwing Up with ReadingD. Reading Makes a Full Man
Passage2(新課標(biāo)卷I，D)
During the rsy years f elementary schl(小學(xué)), I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status. I was the queen f the playgrund. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cl kids. They rse in the ranks nt by being friendly but by smking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jkes n thers, amng whm I sn fund myself.
Ppularity is a well-explred subject in scial psychlgy. Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships, jump-start interpersnal skills and, when tapped early, are emplyed ever after in life and wrk. Then there’s the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence: status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.
Enviable as the cl kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies shw unpleasant cnsequences. Thse wh were highest in status in high schl, as well as thse least liked in elementary schl, are “mst likely t engage(從事)in dangerus and risky behavir.”
In ne study, Dr. Prinstein examined the tw types f ppularity in 235 adlescents, scring the least liked, the mst liked and the highest in status based n student surveys(調(diào)查研究). “We fund that the least well-liked teens had becme mre aggressive ver time tward their classmates. But s had thse wh were high in status. It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment, high status has just the ppsite effect n us."
Dr. Prinstein has als fund that the qualities that made the neighbrs want yu n a play date-sharing, kindness, penness — carry ver t later years and make yu better able t relate and cnnect with thers.
In analyzing his and ther research，Dr. Prinstein came t anther cnclusin: Nt nly is likability related t psitive life utcmes, but it is als respnsible fr thse utcmes, t. "Being liked creates pprtunities fr learning and fr new kinds f life experiences that help smebdy gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What srt f girl was the authr in her early years f elementary schl?
A. Unkind.B. Lnely.C. Generus.D. Cl.
33. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut？
A. The classificatin f the ppular.
B. The characteristics f adlescents.
C. The imprtance f interpersnal skills.
D. The causes f dishnrable behavir
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find abut the mst liked kids?
A. They appeared t be aggressive.
B. They tended t be mre adaptable.
C. They enjyed the highest status.
D. They perfrmed well academically.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Be Nice-Yu Wn’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-Yu Can Make It
D. Mre Self-Cntrl, Less Aggressiveness
Passage3(新課標(biāo)卷II，D)
Bacteria are an annying prblem fr astrnauts. The micrrganisms(微生物) frm ur bdies grw uncntrllably n surfaces f the Internatinal Space Statin, s astrnauts spend hurs cleaning them up each week. Hw is NASA vercming this very tiny big prblem? It’s turning t a bunch f high schl kids. But nt just any kids. It depending n NASA HUNCH high schl class, like the ne science teachers Gene Grdn and Dnna Himmelberg lead at Fairprt High Schl in Fairprt, New Yrk.
HUNCH is designed t cnnect high schl classrms with NASA engineers. Fr the past tw years, Grdn’s students have been studying ways t kill bacteria in zer gravity, and they think they’re clse t a slutin(解決方案). “We dn’t give the students any breaks. They have t d it just like NASA engineers,” says Flrence Gld, a prject manager.
“There are n tests,” Grdn says. “There is n graded hmewrk. There almst are n grades, ther than‘Are yu wrking twards yur gal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve gt t prduce this prduct and then, at the end f year, present it t NASA.’ Engineers cme and really d an in-persn review, and…it’s nt a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review f yur prduct.”
Grdn says the HUNCH prgram has an impact(影響) n cllege admissins and practical life skills. “These kids are s absrbed in their studies that I just sit back. I dn’t teach.” And that annying bacteria? Grdn says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers abut the prblem, readying a wrkable slutin t test in space.
32. What d we knw abut the bacteria in the Internatinal Space Statin?
A. They are hard t get rid f.B. They lead t air pllutin.
C. They appear different frms.D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpse f the HUNCH prgram?
A. T strengthen teacher-student relatinships.B. T sharpen students’ cmmunicatin skills.
C. T allw students t experience zer gravity.D. T link space technlgy with schl educatin
34. What d the NASA engineers d fr the students in the prgram?
A. Check their prduct.B. Guide prject designs
C. Adjust wrk schedules.D. Grade their hmewrk.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. NASA: The Hme f Astrnauts.
B. Space: The Final Hmewrk Frntier.
C. Nature: An Outdr Classrm.
D. HUNCH:A Cllege Admissin Refrm.
Passage4(北京卷，C)
The prblem f rbcalls has gtten s bad that many peple nw refuse t pick up calls frm numbers they dn't knw. By next year，half f the calls we receive will be scams(欺詐).We are finally waking up t the severity f the prblem by supprting and develping a grup f tls，apps and appraches intended t prevent scammers frm getting thrugh. Unfrtunately，it's t little，t late. By the time these “slutins"(解決方案)becme widely available，scammers will have mved nt cleverer means. In the near future，it's nt just ging t be the number yu see n yur screen that will be in dubt. Sn yu will als questin whether the vice yu're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number f pwerful vice manipulatin ( 處理 ) and autmatin technlgies that are abut t becme widely available fr anyne t use .At this year's I/O Cnference ,a cmpany shwed a new vice technlgy able t prduce such a cnvincing human –sunding vice that it was able t speak t a receptinist and bk a reservatin withut detectin.
These develpments are likely t make ur current prblems with rbcalls much wrse. The reasn that rbcalls are a headache has less t d with amunt than precisin A decade f data breaches(數(shù)據(jù)侵入)f persnal infrmatin has led t a situatin where scammers can easily learn yur mther 's name ，and far mre. Armed with this knwledge. they're able t carry ut individually targeted campaigns t cheat peple. This means. fr example，that a scammer culd call yu frm what lks t be a familiar number and talk t yu using a vice that sunds exactly like yur bank teller 's，ricking yu int "cnfirming " yur address，mther's name，and card number. Scammers fllw mney，s cmpanies will be the wrst hit. A lt f business is still dne ver the phne，and much f it is based n trust and existing relatinships. Vice manipulatin technlgies may weaken that gradually.
We need t deal with the insecure nature f ur telecm netwrks. Phne carriers and cnsumers need t wrk tgether t find ways f determining and cmmunicating what is real. That might mean either develping a unifrm way t mark vides and images, shwing when and wh they were made by. r abandning phne calls altgether and mving twards data-based cmmunicatins—using apps like Face Time r WhatsApp, which can be tied t yur identity.
Credibility is hard t earn but easy t lse, and the prblem is nly ging t harder frm here n ut.
38. Hw des the authr feel abut the slutins t prblem f rbecalls?
A. Panicked.B. Cnfused.C. Embarrassed.D. Disappinted.
39. taking advantage f the new technlgies，scammer can______.
A. aim at victims preciselyB. damage databases easily
C. start campaigns rapidlyD. spread infrmatin widely
40. What des the passage imply?
A. Hnesty is the best plicy.
B. Technlgies can be duble-edited.
C. There are mre slutins than prblems.
D. Credibility hlds the key t develpment.
41. Which f the fllwing wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Where the Prblem f Rbcalls Is Rted
B. Wh Is t Blame fr the Prblem f Rbealls
C. Why Rbcalls Are Abut t Get Mre Dangerus
D. Hw Rbcalls Are Affecting the Wrld f Technlgy
題組三（高考真題）
Passage1(新課標(biāo)卷I，B)
Gd Mrning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle — shwing families hw t prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget.
In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under ￡5 per family a day. And the Gd Mrning Britain presenter says she’s been able t put a lt f what she’s leant int practice in her wn hme, preparing meals fr sns, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11.
"We lve Mexican churrs, s I buy them n my phne frm my lcal Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay ￡5 fr a prtin(一份), but Matt makes them fr 26p a prtin, because they are flur, water, sugar and il. Everybdy can buy takeaway fd, but smetimes we’re nt aware hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves. "
The eight-part series(系列節(jié)目), Save Mney: Gd Fd, fllws in the ftsteps f ITV’s Save Mney: Gd Health, which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.
With fd ur biggest weekly husehld expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tnight’s Easter special they cme t the aid f a family in need f sme delicius inspiratin n a budget. The team transfrms the family’s lng weekend f celebratin with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
24. What d we knw abut Susanna Reid?
A. She enjys embarrassing her guests.B. She has started a new prgramme.
C. She dislikes wrking early in the mrning. D. She has had a tight budget fr her family.
25. Hw des Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A. He buys cking materials fr her.B. He prepares fd fr her kids.
C. He assists her in cking matters.D. He invites guest families fr her.
26. What des the authr intend t d in paragraph 4?
A. Summarize the previus paragraphs.B. Prvide sme advice fr the readers.
C. Add sme backgrund infrmatin.D. Intrduce a new tpic fr discussin.
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating SmartB. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making yurself a Perfect ChefD. Cking Well fr Less
Passage2(新課標(biāo)卷II，D)
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank r n an airplane, surrunded by peple wh are, like us, deeply fcused n their smartphnes r, wrse, struggling with the uncmfrtable silence.
What’s the prblem? It’s pssible that we all have cmprmised cnversatinal intelligence. It’s mre likely that nne f us start a cnversatin because it’s awkward and challenging, r we think it’s annying and unnecessary. But the next time yu find yurself amng strangers, cnsider that small talk is wrth the truble. Experts say it’s an invaluable scial practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimprtant is easy, but we can’t frget that deep relatinships wuldn’t
even exist if it weren’t fr casual cnversatin. Small talk is the grease(潤(rùn)滑劑) fr scial cmmunicatin, says Bernard Carducci, directr f the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Sutheast. ＂Almst every great lve stry and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key t successful small talk is learning hw t cnnect with thers, nt just cmmunicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, assciate prfessr f psychlgy at UBC, invited peple n their way int a cffee shp. One grup was asked t seek ut an interactin(互動(dòng)) with its waiter; the ther, t speak nly when necessary. The results shwed that thse wh chatted with their server reprted significantly higher psitive feelings and a better cffee shp experience. ＂It’s nt that talking t the waiter is better than talking t yur husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactins with peripheral(邊緣的) members f ur scial netwrk matter fr ur well-being als.＂
Dunn believes that peple wh reach ut t strangers feel a significantly greater sense f belnging, a bnd with thers. Carducci believes develping such a sense f belnging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis f gd manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenmenn is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addictin t smartphnes.
B. Inapprpriate behaviurs in public places.
C. Absence f cmmunicatin between strangers.
D. Impatience with slw service.
33. What is imprtant fr successful small talk accrding t Carducci?
A. Shwing gd manners. B. Relating t ther peple.
C. Fcusing n a tpic. D. Making business deals.
34. What des the cffee-shp study suggest abut small talk?
A. It imprves family relatinships. B. It raises peple’s cnfidence.
C. It matters as much as a frmal talk. D. It makes peple feel gd.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Cnversatin Cunts B. Ways f Making Small Talk
C. Benefits f Small Talk D. Uncmfrtable Silence
Passage3(新課標(biāo)卷III，B)
Cities usually have a gd reasn fr being where they are, like a nearby prt r river. Peple settle in these places because they are easy t get t and naturally suited t cmmunicatins and trade. New Yrk City, fr example, is near a large harbur at the muth f the Hudsn River. Over 300 years its ppulatin grew gradually frm 800 peple t 8 millin. But nt all cities develp slwly ver a lng perid f time. Bm twns grw frm nthing almst vernight. In 1896, Dawsn, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gld was discvered there in 1897, and tw years later, it was ne f the largest cities in the West, with a ppulatin f 30,000.
Dawsn did nt have any f the natural cnveniences f cities like Lndn r Paris. Peple went there fr gld. They travelled ver snw-cvered muntains and sailed hundreds f miles up icy rivers. The path t Dawsn was cvered with thirty feet f wet snw that culd fall withut warming. An avalanche(雪崩) nce clsed the path, killing 63 peple. Fr many wh made it t Dawsn, hwever, the rewards were wrth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 peple wh dug fr gld, 4,000 gt rich. Abut 100 f these stayed rich men fr the rest f their lives.
But n matter hw rich they were, Dawsn was never cmfrtable. Necessities like fd and wd were very expensive. But sn, the gld that Dawsn depended n had all been fund. The city was crwded with disappinted peple with n interest in settling dwn, and when they heard there were new gld discveries in Alaska, they left Dawsn City as quickly as they had cme. Tday, peple still cme and g — t see where the Canadian gld rush happened. Turism is nw the chief industry f Dawsn City — its present ppulatin is 762.
24. What attracted the early settlers t New Yrk City?
A. Its business culture.
B. Its small ppulatin.
C. Its gegraphical psitin.
D. Its favurable climate.
25. What d we knw abut thse wh first dug fr gld in Dawsn?
A. Tw-thirds f them stayed there.
B. One ut f five peple gt rich.
C. Almst everyne gave up.
D. Half f them died.
26. What was the main reasn fr many peple t leave Dawsn?
A. They fund the city t crwded.
B. They wanted t try their luck elsewhere.
C. They were unable t stand the winter.
D. They were shrt f fd.
27. What is the text mainly abut?
A. The rise and fall f a city.
B. The gld rush in Canada.
C. Jurneys int the wilderness.
D. Turism in Dawsn.
Passage4(北京卷，A)
My First Marathn（馬拉松）
A mnth befre my first marathn, ne f my ankles was injured and this meant nt running fr tw weeks, leaving me nly tw weeks t train. Yet, I was determined t g ahead.
I remember back t my 7th year in schl. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us t run laps and then hit a sftball. I didn’t d either well. He later infrmed me that I was ＂nt athletic＂.
The idea that I was ＂nt athletic＂ stuck with me fr years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, nt abut cmpetitin r whether r nt I was athletic. It was all abut the battle against my wn bdy and mind. A test f wills!
The night befre my marathn, I dreamt that I culdn’t even find the finish line. I wke up sweating and nervus, but ready t prve smething t myself.
Shrtly after crssing the start line, my she laces(鞋帶) became untied. S I stpped t readjust. Nt the start I wanted!
At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂
By mile 17, I became ut f breath and the nce injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the curse walking a bit and then running again.
By mile 21, I was starving!
As I apprached mile 23, I culd see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clck sunding at 4 a.m. r questined my expenses n running.
I was ne f the final runners t finish. But I finished! And I gt a medal. In fact, I gt the same medal as the ne that the guy wh came in first place had.
Determined t be myself, mve frward, free f shame and wrldly labels(世俗標(biāo)簽), I can nw call myself a ＂marathn winner＂.
36. A mnth befre the marathn, the authr ____________.
A. was well trainedB. felt scared
C. made up his mind t runD. lst hpe
37. Why did the authr mentin the P.E. class in his 7th year?
A. T acknwledge the supprt f his teacher.
B. T amuse the readers with a funny stry.
C. T shw he was nt talented in sprts.
D. T share a precius memry.
38. Hw was the authr’s first marathn?
A. He made it.B. He quit halfway.
C. He gt the first prize.D. He walked t the end.
39. What des the stry mainly tell us?
A. A man wes his success t his family supprt.
B. A winner is ne with a great effrt f will.
C. Failure is the mther f success.
D. One is never t ld t learn.
題組四（名校模擬題）
Passage 1（重慶高三開(kāi)學(xué)考試）
At the Wrld Ecnmic Frum last mnth, President Trump drew claps when he annunced the United States wuld respnd t the frum's prpsal t plant ne trillin(萬(wàn)億) trees t fight climate change. The trillin-tree idea wn wide attentin last summer after a study published in the jurnal Science cncluded that planting s many trees was “the mst effective climate change slutin t date”.
If nly it were true. But it isn't. Planting trees wuld slw dwn the planet's warming, but the nly thing that will save us and future generatins frm paying a huge price in dllars, lives and damage t nature is rapid and cnsiderable reductins in carbn release frm fssil fuels, t net zer by 2050.
Fcusing n trees as the big slutin t climate change is a dangerus diversin(偏離). Wrse still, it takes attentin away frm thse respnsible fr the carbn release that are pushing us tward disaster. Fr example, in the Netherlands, yu can pay Shell an additinal 1 eur cent fr each liter f regular gasline yu put in yur tank, t plant trees t balance the carbn release frm yur driving. That's clearly n mre than disaster slightly delayed. The nly way t stp this planet frm verheating is thrugh plitical, ecnmic, technlgical and scial slutins that end the use f fssil fuels.
There is n way that planting trees, even acrss a glbal area the size f the United States, can absrb the huge amunts f fssil carbn released frm industrial scieties. Trees d take up carbn frm the atmsphere as they grw. But this uptake merely replaces carbn lst when frests were cleared in the first place, usually lng ag. Regrwing frests where they nce grew can und sme damage dne in the past, but even a trillin trees can't stre enugh carbn t head ff dramatic climate changes this century.
In a sharp cunter argument t last summer's Paper in Science, Justin Gillis wrte in the same jurnal in Octber that the study's findings were incnsistent with the dynamics f the glbal carbn cycle. He warned that “the claim that glbal tree restratin(復(fù)原) is ur mst effective climate slutin is simply scientifically incrrect and dangerusly misleading”.
1．What d we knw abut the trillin-tree idea?
A．It was published in a jurnal.
B．It was prpsed last summer.
C．It was put frward by Trump.
D．It drew lts f public attentin.
2．What is paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A．A drawback f the tree planting strategy.
B．An example f balancing carbn release.
C．An anecdte f making a purchase at Shell.
D．A respnsibility fr pliticians and ecnmists.
3．What was Justin Gillis's attitude twards glbal tree restratin?
A．Indifferent.B．Oppsed.
C．Hesitant.D．Supprtive.
4．What is the best title fr the text?
A．Cntradictry Ideas n Tree Planting.
B．A Trillin Trees Cme t the Rescue.
C．Planting Trees Wn't Save the Wrld.
D．The Best Slutin t Climate Change.
Passage 2（天津和平區(qū)耀華中學(xué)高三一模）
Spending ver a year in the bleak (荒涼的) Antarctica might change yur brain fr the wrse, accrding t new research ut this mnth. It seems t shw that plar explrers wh lived fr 14 mnths at an Antarctica research statin experienced brain shrinkage, likely as a result f their lneliness and bredm.
The study’s authrs used MRI (核磁共振) t scan the brains f eight members f a team befre they began a lng stay at the German-run research statin. During their missin. the team peridically tk tests f their cgnitin and memry and prvided bld samples that allwed the study authrs t measure their levels f a prtein imprtant fr brain health called brain-derived neurtrphic factr (BDNF). When they returned, they had their brains scanned again.
Finally, cmpared t themselves befre the missin, the explrers' brains appeared t have less grey matter n average. The shrinkage was mst apparent in the hippcampus, in area f the brain key t memry and cgnitin. Their average levels f BDNF als drpped during the trip and didn’t imprve significantly even after ne-and-a-half mnths back hme.
The study's findings, published in The New England Jurnal f Medicine, aren't the first t suggest that lng time f being separated can change the brain. But practically all f this wrk has invlved animals, accrding t the researchers.
Of curse, an eight-persn study is small, s any f its cnclusins shuld be taken with cautin. Lead authr Alexander C．Stahn, nw a researcher at the Perelman Schl f Medicine at the University f Pennsylvania, said that the effects n the hippcampus are likely temprary, prvided the scientists returned back t a life filled with scial interactin and interesting things t see.
Still, since peple will cntinue traveling t and frm Antarctica fr lng perids f time, the findings are definitely wrth keeping in mind and explring further. They might even prve relevant fr the rare few peple wh might travel as far as Mars in the future — perhaps the nly similarly scientific, mnths-lng missin that wuld be even mre lnely.
1．What will d damage t the brain accrding t the first paragraph?
A．Ding research in brain shrinkageB．Traveling t the Antarctica.
C．Wrking as a researcher in a statin.D．Being in a lnely place fr a lng time.
2．Hw did the scientists get the cnclusin?
A．By cmparing the scanned results.B．By studying the previus figures.
C．By making a lng-term prgram.D．By scanning the participants’ brains.
3．What can we infer abut the explrers when they returned?
A．They were n lnger used t the civilized wrld.
B．They had sme difficulty in remembering things.
C．They became nrmal after ne-and-a-half mnths.
D．They published their findings in a medical magazine.
4．What can we learn abut the study?
A．The scientists are prvided with varius scial activities.
B．Lng time f being separated can change the brain f all animals.
C．Other researches have the same findings as the study.
D．Its cnclusin may be relevant fr thse wh arc fnd f travelling.
5．What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A．The imprtance f the finding.B．The disadvantage f the finding.
C．The future develpment f the space.D．The pssibility f travelling t Mars.
Passage 3（哈爾濱市第一中學(xué)校高三開(kāi)學(xué)考試）
Kevin Randall, a teacher,wh teaches bilgy at Grandville High Schl,runs the envirnmental club at the high schl,which has arund 2,000 students.The club is knwn as the GHS Green Team,and it aims t raise awareness amng students and teachers abut sustainability(持續(xù)性).It als wrks n prjects t reduce the envirnmental ftprint f the building itself.
One f the club's recent prjects fcused n reducing waste in the schl cafeteria.Randall said their cafeteria supervisr tld them that the schl went thrugh 54,000 plastic frks every year.The club applied fr a financial help,built recycling centers fr the cafeteria,and purchased metal silverware.
And nw every student uses a durable metal frk r a spn instead f dispsables.(一次性用品),“and that's just ne way we're trying t capture the lw-hanging fruit,if yu will,"Randall said.
The effrts f Randall and his students have earned Grandville High Schl the Michigan Green Schl certificatin frm the state.In additin t their wrk reducing waste in the cafeteria, the GHS Green Team has als built a garden with flwers and vegetables n campus,and leads cleanups n site and ut in the cmmunity.Over the years,Randall and his students have als been wrking n raising mney t install slar panels(太陽(yáng)能板) n the rf f the high schl.
Randall said he was mtivated t take the lead n envirnmental issues fr his schl because he wanted his students t have smene t turn t in the building wh understands what's at stake(利害攸關(guān)）when it cmes t climate change.
＂And I als felt like I needed t d mre in my life fr my wn tw children at hme," Randall added,"They need t knw that their dad is wrking as hard as he can t reduce the effects f climate change,and t spread the wrd,and t make sure that ther students ut there are learning abut this just the way they are at hme."
1．What is the purpse f the GHS Green Team club?
A．T inspire students' lve fr bilgy.
B．T finish the prjects assigned by schl.
C．T prepare students fr their future jbs.
D．T prmte envirnmental prtectin.
2．What's the result f the prject n schl cafeteria?
A．It has changed the utlk f the cafeteria.
B．Students can have mre fruits in the cafeteria.
C．Plastic frks are n lnger used in the cafeteria.
D．The schl has becme famus natinwide.
3．What's the furth paragraph mainly abut?
A．The classificatin f the prjects.
B．The characteristics f the club.
C．The activities rganized by the club.
D．The future f the club.
4．What was Randall's aim by ding the wrk n envirnmental issues?.
A．T educate the yung.
B．T get material rewards.
C．T amuse his children.
D．T make himself famus.
Passage 4（湖南高三二模）
Fathers have a strng influence n their children. And ne f the areas in which researchers lk fr the influence is in the develpment f language. What begins with gestures and sunds develps int cmpetence with language by arund age 3.Fathers are prving t be an imprtant part f this prcess, as Lynne Vernn-Feagans f the University f Nrth Carlina and her clleagues are finding ut.
They have dne sme f the mst interesting wrk lking at children's language develpment in bth middle-class and pr, rural families. They've fund, t their surprise, that nt nly are fathers imprtant fr children’s language develpment, but that fathers matter mre than mthers. Fr example, they fund that fathers' use f vcabulary when reading picture bks t their children at 6 mnths f age was significantly related t the children's expressiveness at 15 mnths and use f advanced language at age 3.This held true n matter what the mther's educatinal level was r hw she spke t the children.
Vernn-Feagans was surprised by the difference between mthers and fathers. She had thught they wuld be equally invlved in encuraging their children’s language develpment. Why wuld fathers be mre imprtant in this regard than mthers? Maybe it's because mthers are mre familiar with their kids, typically spending mre time with them than fathers d. That makes mthers mre likely t chse wrds the kids knw. Fathers aren't as familiar with their kids,s they use a brader vcabulary, and the kids learn new wrds and cncepts as a result.
Vernn-Feagans thught there might be anther factr at play as well. Because fathers usually spend less time with their kids, they are mre f a nvelty. That makes them mre interesting playmates. “I d think ur children see it as very special when they d bk reading with their fathers,” she said. “They may listen mre and acquire language in a special way.”
The researchers fund that wealthier fathers prduced a greater rise in their children’s IQs than did similarly active lw-incme fathers. It might sund discuraging, but it suggests that imprving men's educatinal r financial status wuld bring benefits nt nly t them but t their children as well.
1．What did Vernn-Feagans and her clleagues find unexpectedly in their research?
A．Mthers' imprper ways t talk t children.
B．Fathers' imprtant rle in children's language.
C．Children’s use f advanced language at age 3.
D．Different vcabulary in different families.
2．What might make mthers a less imprtant rle in children’s language develpment?
A．Use f new wrds.
B．Familiarity with wrds.
C．Use f limited vcabulary.
D．T much time with children.
3．What des the underlined“ a nvelty” in Paragraph 4 indicate?
A．Fathers cannt affrd the time with their kids.
B．Kids ften cmplain abut their fathers' absence.
C．It is quite cmmn that fathers stay with their kids.
D．It feels new and different fr kids t stay with their fathers.
4．What is the main idea f the text?
A．Fathers' scial status benefits children's language.
B．Parents have different influences n children's language.
C．Children’s language abilities depend n gd fathering.
D．Fathers cntribute mre than mthers t children's language.
題組一
Passage1(全國(guó)卷III，B)
【答案】 24．D 25．B 26．D 27．A
【解析】這是一篇新聞報(bào)道。短文報(bào)道了電影“猩球崛起”上個(gè)月首次與公眾見(jiàn)面。動(dòng)物愛(ài)好者聚集在好萊塢前，感謝電影制作者，在電影拍攝時(shí)，沒(méi)有使用真的類人猿?，F(xiàn)在的動(dòng)物拍攝使用的是數(shù)字化人猿的創(chuàng)造技術(shù)，而一些電影的拍攝卻存在著虐地動(dòng)物的現(xiàn)象，這讓一個(gè)非盈利的組織密切關(guān)注此事。但有些拍攝也是不能夠被監(jiān)測(cè)到的。
24．
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Instead, ne activist ,dressed in a full -bdy mnkey suit ,had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers:“Thanks fr nt using real apes”可知，相反，一名身穿全套猴服的活動(dòng)人士來(lái)到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，手里拿著一塊牌子，稱贊電影制作人:“感謝你們不用真正的猿猴。所以動(dòng)物保護(hù)者聚集在好萊塢大道是為了向電影制作者表示感謝。故選D項(xiàng)。
25．
主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“The creative team behind "Apes" used mtin-capture (動(dòng)作捕捉) technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that I recrds an actr’s perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image (圖像). ”可知，“人猿”背后的創(chuàng)作團(tuán)隊(duì)利用動(dòng)作捕捉技術(shù)創(chuàng)造數(shù)字化的動(dòng)物，在記錄演員表演的技術(shù)上，花費(fèi)數(shù)千萬(wàn)美元，然后用電腦圖形處理，以產(chǎn)生最終的影像。由此可知，第二段主要是關(guān)于數(shù)字化人猿的創(chuàng)造。故選B項(xiàng)。
26．
詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段劃線前的句子“One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment r animals in filmed entertainment”（一個(gè)非營(yíng)利組織，監(jiān)控動(dòng)物在電影娛樂(lè)中的待遇）以及下文Already, a number f films, including "Water fr Elephants," "The Hangver Part Ⅱ" and "Zkeeper," have drawn the anger f activists wh say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated prperly.（許多電影,包括“大象的眼淚”,“宿醉Ⅱ”和“管理員”,引起了動(dòng)物保護(hù)人士的憤怒，他們說(shuō)影片中的動(dòng)物沒(méi)有遭到很好的對(duì)待。）由此可知，其中一家監(jiān)控動(dòng)物待遇的非營(yíng)利組織，今年正密切關(guān)注著2000多部影片。由此判斷出，劃線詞的意思是“密切關(guān)注”。故選D項(xiàng)。
27．
推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段In sme cases, it’s nt s much the treatment f the animals n set in the studi that has activists wrried; it’s the ff-set training and living cnditins that are raising cncerns. And there are questins abut the films made utside the States, which smetimes are nt mnitred as clsely as prductins filmed in the Sates.”（在某些情況下，讓活動(dòng)人士擔(dān)心的并不是電影棚里對(duì)動(dòng)物的待遇;讓人擔(dān)憂的是訓(xùn)練和生活條件。還有一些關(guān)于在美國(guó)以外拍攝的電影的問(wèn)題，這些電影有時(shí)不像在美國(guó)拍攝的電影那樣受到嚴(yán)密的監(jiān)控。）可知，在某些情況下，讓活動(dòng)人士擔(dān)心的并不是工作室里動(dòng)物的待遇;令人擔(dān)憂的是訓(xùn)練和生活條件。由此判斷出動(dòng)物演員可能受到虐待。故選A項(xiàng)。
Passage3 浙江省高考英語(yǔ)試卷（1月）
【答案】27．A 28．D 29．A 30．C
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，父親在幫助青春期的孩子學(xué)習(xí)毅力方面具有獨(dú)特的地位。研究人員認(rèn)為，父親們需要采用一種“權(quán)威”的養(yǎng)育方式，且一項(xiàng)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，隨著時(shí)間的推移，由權(quán)威父親撫養(yǎng)長(zhǎng)大的孩子更有可能培養(yǎng)出堅(jiān)持不懈的精神，從而在學(xué)校取得更好的成績(jī)。
27．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句Researchers frm Brigham Yung University discvered that fathers are in a unique psitin t help their adlescent children learn persistence.（楊百翰大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，父親在幫助青春期的孩子學(xué)習(xí)毅力方面具有獨(dú)特的地位）可知楊百翰大學(xué)研究的特別之處在于，它關(guān)注的是父親在養(yǎng)育子女中的角色。故選A。
28．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中Rather，an authritative parenting style includes sme f the fllwing characteristics: children feel warmth and lve frm their father；respnsibility and the reasns behind rules are stressed children are given an apprpriate level f autnmy.（相反，權(quán)威的養(yǎng)育方式包括以下一些特征:孩子們感受到來(lái)自父親的溫暖和愛(ài)；強(qiáng)調(diào)責(zé)任和規(guī)則背后的原因；孩子們被給予適當(dāng)?shù)淖灾鳈?quán)）可知一個(gè)有權(quán)威的父親在撫養(yǎng)孩子時(shí)會(huì)向他們解釋規(guī)則。故選D。
29．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a rle in teaching the benefits f persistence，which is an avenue f future research.（然而，研究人員認(rèn)為，單親父母仍然可能在教授堅(jiān)持不懈的好處方面發(fā)揮作用，這是未來(lái)研究的一個(gè)方向）可知根據(jù)研究人員的說(shuō)法，單親父母是未來(lái)研究的重點(diǎn)。故選A。
30．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段中A key finding is that ver time，children raised by an authritative father were significantly mre likely t develp persistence，which leads t better utcmes in schl.（一項(xiàng)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，隨著時(shí)間的推移，由權(quán)威父親撫養(yǎng)長(zhǎng)大的孩子更有可能培養(yǎng)出堅(jiān)持不懈的精神，從而在學(xué)校取得更好的成績(jī)）和文章主要內(nèi)容為說(shuō)明父親在養(yǎng)育子女中的角色，故選C選項(xiàng)“孩子們傾向于向父親學(xué)習(xí)決心”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。
Passage3(全國(guó)卷III，D)
【答案】32．B 33．D 34．C 35．A
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。最近一項(xiàng)對(duì)人類基因的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類的進(jìn)化不僅僅發(fā)生在數(shù)十億年前，而且最近幾千年也有。Bajau人因?yàn)榭亢樯麄兊纳眢w已經(jīng)進(jìn)化成更能適應(yīng)海洋生活。
32．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的we are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes, they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years.(我們是進(jìn)化的產(chǎn)物，而且不僅僅是數(shù)十億年前的產(chǎn)物。當(dāng)科學(xué)家更深入的研究我們的基因時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類在過(guò)去幾千年進(jìn)化的例子)可知，作者列舉第一段的例子是為了告訴我們關(guān)于人類進(jìn)化的一個(gè)新信息，那就是人類在最近幾千年也在進(jìn)化。B. New knwledge f human evlutin.(人類進(jìn)化的新知識(shí))符合以上說(shuō)法，故選B項(xiàng)。
33．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally live n husebats; in recent times, they've als built huses n stilts in castal waters.(這些人被稱為Bajau，在印度尼西亞、馬來(lái)西亞和菲律賓有數(shù)十萬(wàn)人。他們一直住在船屋上；最近他們也把房子建在沿海水域的吊腳樓上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海區(qū)域。D. Off the cast.(沿海)符合以上說(shuō)法，故選D項(xiàng)。
34．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的we were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders.(我們很驚訝，他們?cè)谒麓臅r(shí)間比我們當(dāng)?shù)氐膷u民要長(zhǎng)的多)可知，讓Jubilad感到吃驚的是Bajau人能在水下待更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。C. They culd stay lng underwater. (他們能在水下待很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間)符合以上說(shuō)法，故選C項(xiàng)。
35．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章的主要內(nèi)容，尤其是第二段的On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptin-nt t air r t fd, but t the cean.(周四，在《細(xì)胞》雜志上發(fā)表的一篇文章中，一群研究人員報(bào)道了一種新的適應(yīng)——不是空氣也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要講述了一種新的進(jìn)化，即長(zhǎng)期生活在海邊，靠海為生的生活方式，讓Bajau人的身體進(jìn)化成更適應(yīng)海洋生活。A. Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at Sea.(身體為適應(yīng)海洋生活而重塑)可以作為本文標(biāo)題，故選A項(xiàng)。
Passage4 普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試（天津卷)（7月)
【答案】46. A 47. D 48. D 49. C 50. B
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了一些聲音技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，包括聲音可以用作武器的遠(yuǎn)程聲學(xué)設(shè)備、用來(lái)阻止有害聲音影響你的靜音機(jī)以及定向音響技術(shù)。
46. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“It prduces a deafening sund s painful that it temprarily disables a persn. The nise frm the LRAD is directed like a ray f light and travels nly int the ears f that persn, but it is nt deadly.”可知它發(fā)出震耳欲聾的聲音，這種聲音令人如此痛苦以至于它會(huì)使人暫時(shí)喪失能力。LRAD發(fā)出的噪音像光線一樣被引導(dǎo)，只進(jìn)入那個(gè)人的耳朵，但不會(huì)致命。由此可推知，LRAD會(huì)導(dǎo)致暫時(shí)性聽(tīng)力損失。故選A。
47. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Well, it functins by analyzing the waves f the incming sund and creating a secnd set f utging waves. The tw sets f waves cancel each ther ut. Simply turn the machine n pint it at the target, and yur peace and quiet cmes back.”可知，它的功能是通過(guò)分析傳入聲音的波，并產(chǎn)生第二組傳出的波。這兩組波會(huì)相互抵消。只要打開(kāi)機(jī)器對(duì)準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)，你的寧?kù)o就會(huì)回來(lái)。由此可知，靜音機(jī)是一種專門設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)阻止有害聲音影響你的設(shè)備。故選D。
48. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“A sptlight lights up nly ne sectin f a stage; similarly, a “sptsund” creates a circle f sund in ne targeted area.”可知，聚光燈只能照亮舞臺(tái)的一個(gè)部分；類似地，一個(gè)“sptsund”在一個(gè)目標(biāo)區(qū)域創(chuàng)建一個(gè)聲音圈。由此可知，sptsunds和聚光燈的共同特性是它們可以被定向到一個(gè)特定的區(qū)域，故選D。
49. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“A sptlight lights up nly ne sectin f a stage; similarly,”sptsund” creates a circle f sund in n targeted area. This can be useful fr businesses such as restaurants and stres because it ffers a new way t attract custmers. Restaurants can ffer a chice f music alng with the varius fd chice n the menu, allwing custmers mre cntrl ver the atmsphere in which they are dining.”可知，聚光燈只能照亮舞臺(tái)的一個(gè)部分；類似地，一個(gè)”sptsund”在一個(gè)目標(biāo)區(qū)域創(chuàng)建一個(gè)聲音圈。這對(duì)餐館和商店等企業(yè)很有用，因?yàn)樗峁┝艘环N吸引顧客的新方式。餐廳可以提供音樂(lè)選擇與菜單上的各種食物選擇，讓顧客更多地控制氣氛，在他們用餐。由此可知，定向音響可以用于不同的商業(yè)音樂(lè)選擇。故選C。
50. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中的“In the past, sund engineers wrked in the back rms f recrding studis, but many f tday's sund prfessinals are sharing their knwledge and experience with prfessinals in ther fields t create new prducts based n the phenmenn we call sund.”可知，在過(guò)去，音響工程師在錄音室的后室工作，但今天的許多音響專業(yè)人士正在與其他領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)人士分享他們的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，以我們所謂的聲音現(xiàn)象為基礎(chǔ)創(chuàng)造新產(chǎn)品。結(jié)合下文具體內(nèi)容可知，本文著重論述了聲音技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造。故選B。
題組二
Passage1
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文為夾敘夾議文，作者講述了自己的讀書經(jīng)歷和感悟。
41.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段主題句I always wanted t knw what my mm was reading.和Hearing mm say … made me want t grab it ut f her hands and read it myself可知，作者一直想知道媽媽在讀什么。作者搶過(guò)媽媽讀的報(bào)紙，因?yàn)樽髡咦约浩惹邢肟匆豢磮?bào)紙上寫的內(nèi)容，故選B。
42. D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段My prgress in reading raised my curisity, and I wanted t knw everything，可以推斷出，讓媽媽開(kāi)車開(kāi)慢一點(diǎn)，他能夠讀出所有路標(biāo)，正是作者在閱讀方面的進(jìn)步引起了他的好奇心，想要了解周圍的一切，故選D。
43.C 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句Mst f my reading thrugh primary, middle and high schl was factual reading. I read fr knwledge, and t make A’s n my test.可知，小學(xué)和中學(xué)階段的閱讀都是事實(shí)性閱讀，讀書是為了獲取知識(shí)，考試得A。因此事實(shí)性閱讀能夠提供真實(shí)的客觀的信息，故選 C。
44. D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段By pening a nvel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter int a wnderful and mysterius wrld where I am nw a new character. In these wrlds I can becme anyne.( 打開(kāi)一本小說(shuō)，我可以擺脫我的負(fù)擔(dān)，進(jìn)入一個(gè)奇妙而神秘的世界，我現(xiàn)在是一個(gè)新的角色。在這個(gè)世界上，我可以成為任何人。) 可知，閱讀小說(shuō)可以讓作者避開(kāi)復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)實(shí)而投入到小說(shuō)中的世界中去，故選D。
45.C
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)上下文可知，作者以時(shí)間順序回憶了自己的閱讀經(jīng)歷和感悟，伴著閱讀成長(zhǎng)，故選項(xiàng)C符合題意。
Passage2
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要講到研究表明，對(duì)別人好，討人喜歡對(duì)人生活的各個(gè)方面有深遠(yuǎn)的有益影響。
32.C 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段During the rsy years f elementary schl, I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status（在美好的小學(xué)時(shí)光里，我喜歡分享我的娃娃和笑話，這讓我保持了高高的社會(huì)地位。）由此推斷出，作者在小學(xué)早期時(shí)，是一個(gè)慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lnely寂寞的；generus慷慨的；cl冷靜的，故選C。
33.A 【解析】段落大意題。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers.（臨床心理學(xué)教授Mitch Prinstein將受歡迎的人分為兩類:討人喜歡的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主題句，本段內(nèi)容分別對(duì)the likable 和the status seekers 做了解釋，所以本段主要介紹了兩種受歡迎的分類，故選A。
34.B 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可愛(ài)可以促使健全的調(diào)整），由此推斷出，心理學(xué)教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子適應(yīng)性更強(qiáng)，故選B。
35.A
【解析】標(biāo)題歸納題。通過(guò)閱讀全文內(nèi)容，尤其是最后一段，可知這篇文章主要講了受歡迎，討人喜歡對(duì)人生活的各個(gè)方面有深遠(yuǎn)的有益影響。與選項(xiàng)A“對(duì)別人好——最終，你的收獲無(wú)窮無(wú)盡”一致，故選A。
Passage3
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文為說(shuō)明文。本文介紹了HUNCH項(xiàng)目就是通過(guò)Grdn的學(xué)生找到如何殺死空間站的細(xì)菌這一技術(shù)，把空間技術(shù)與帶進(jìn)課堂，與學(xué)校教育相結(jié)合，從而最終影響到大學(xué)入學(xué)。
32.A 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Bacteria are annying prblem fr astrnauts. The micrrganisms frm ur bdies grw uncntrllably n surfaces f the Internatinal Space Statin, s astrnauts spend hurs cleaning them up each week.”可知，細(xì)菌對(duì)宇航員來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)令人討厭的問(wèn)題。這種來(lái)自我們身體的微生物在國(guó)際空間站的表面不受控制地生長(zhǎng)，宇航員每周要花幾個(gè)小時(shí)來(lái)清理它們。也就是說(shuō)它們很難去掉。其中的“the micrrganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知， A項(xiàng)符合題意。
33.D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的 “HUNCH is designed t cnnect high schl classrms with NASA engineers. Grdn’s students have been studying ways t kill bacteria in zer gravity,...”可知，Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程師聯(lián)系起來(lái)。Grdn的學(xué)生一直在研究如何在零重力下殺死細(xì)菌, ...”。結(jié)合最后一段中的“Grdn students are emailing daily with NASA engineers abut the prblem,...”可知，學(xué)生每天都給NASA的工程師發(fā)郵件一起探討（如何殺死空間站的細(xì)菌這一空間技術(shù)）這個(gè)問(wèn)題。由此可推斷出HUNCH prgram的目的把空間技術(shù)與學(xué)校教育相結(jié)合。分析選項(xiàng)可知D項(xiàng)符合題意。
34.A 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“I’ve gt t prduce this prduct and then, at the end f the year ,present it t NASA, ”“Engineers cme and really d an in-persn review，and ’s nt a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review f yur prduct.”可知，NASA的工程師要檢查學(xué)生所做的產(chǎn)品。分析選項(xiàng)可知A項(xiàng)符合題意，故選A。
35.B 主旨大意題。文章以國(guó)際空間站里的微生物很難清除開(kāi)頭，引出宇航員們解決此問(wèn)題的途徑——借助美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局的HUNCH高中班，此計(jì)劃的目的是把航天技術(shù)與學(xué)校教育結(jié)合起來(lái)。在這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃里，學(xué)生們通過(guò)hmewrk（制作供美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局使用的產(chǎn)品）探索無(wú)疆的太空，因此“太空：最后的功課疆域”最適合做文章的標(biāo)題。故選B。
Passage4
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。語(yǔ)音操作與自動(dòng)化技術(shù)出現(xiàn)使得機(jī)器人電話可以以假亂真。語(yǔ)音操作和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)發(fā)展會(huì)使得機(jī)器人電話產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題更加嚴(yán)重。
38. D
【解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第一段中的“We are finally waking up t the severity f the prblem by supprting and develping a grup f tls, apps and appraches intended t prevent scammers frm getting thrugh. Unfrtunately, it’s t little, t late. By the time these “slutins” becme widely available, scammers will have mved nt clever means”可知，最后，我們通過(guò)支持和開(kāi)發(fā)一組旨在防止欺詐者通過(guò)的工具、應(yīng)用程序和方法，認(rèn)識(shí)到了問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性。不幸的是，我們的努力太少了，也太晚了。在這些“解決方案”被廣泛使用的時(shí)候，騙子將轉(zhuǎn)移到更巧妙的手段上。由此推知，作者認(rèn)為這些“解決辦法”對(duì)于解決問(wèn)題起不了什么作用，因此作者感到很“失望”。故D選項(xiàng)正確。
39.A
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“The reasn that rbcalls are a headache has less t d with amunt than precisin. A decade f data breaches f persnal infrmatin has led t a situatin where scammers can easily learn yur mther’s name, and far mre. Armed with this knwledge, they’re able t carry ut individually targeted campaigns t cheat peple. This means, fr example, that a scammer culd call yu frm what lks t be a familiar number and talk t yu using a vice that sunds exactly like yur bank teller’s, tricking yu int “cnfirming” yur address, mther’s name, and card number”可知，機(jī)器人通話之所以令人頭痛，與其說(shuō)與數(shù)量有關(guān)，不如說(shuō)與精確度有關(guān)。長(zhǎng)達(dá)十年的個(gè)人信息泄露已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了這樣一種情況：騙子可以輕易地知道你母親的名字，甚至更多。有了這些知識(shí)，他們就能夠開(kāi)展有針對(duì)性的運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)欺騙人們。根據(jù)這些可知，利用這種新的技術(shù)，欺詐者們可以精確的確定他們行騙的目標(biāo)。故A選項(xiàng)正確。
40.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句可知，這項(xiàng)語(yǔ)音技術(shù)可以產(chǎn)生一個(gè)聽(tīng)起來(lái)和人類非常相似的聲音，它可以和接待員進(jìn)行交談，進(jìn)行預(yù)訂。由此可知，這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)有其好的方面。根據(jù)第三段的敘述可知，欺詐者們可以利用這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)來(lái)進(jìn)行欺詐行為。由此推知，這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)既可以發(fā)揮好的作用，也可能為壞人所利用，產(chǎn)生不好的作用，因此可以說(shuō)它是一把雙刃劍。故B選項(xiàng)正確。
41.C
【解析】主旨大意題。第一段提到：rbcalls（機(jī)器人電話: 自動(dòng)撥號(hào)播放錄音信息的推銷電話）在未來(lái)變得會(huì)越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重，不僅僅是出現(xiàn)在你的手機(jī)屏幕上的電話號(hào)碼令人懷疑，而且你會(huì)質(zhì)疑聽(tīng)到的聲音是否是真的。第二段介紹原因：語(yǔ)音操作與自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)使得機(jī)器人電話可以以假亂真。第三段介紹了語(yǔ)音操作和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)發(fā)展會(huì)使得機(jī)器人電話產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題更加嚴(yán)重。最后兩段提出我們?cè)撊绾螒?yīng)對(duì)這些問(wèn)題。綜上，文章第一段點(diǎn)明文章中心：機(jī)器人電話問(wèn)題在未來(lái)會(huì)變得越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。下文都是圍繞這一話題展開(kāi)的。故C選項(xiàng)適合作標(biāo)題。
題組三
Passage 1
【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了一檔英國(guó)系列電視節(jié)目，給觀眾介紹如何減少食物浪費(fèi)以及如何以較少的預(yù)算做出美味佳肴。
24.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段知道Gd Mrning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle可知，她開(kāi)辟了一個(gè)新的節(jié)目。故選B。
25.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under ￡5 per family a day.可知， Susanna 在Matt Tebbutt的幫助下，提供如何減少食物浪費(fèi)同時(shí)給每日生活費(fèi)低于5英鎊的每個(gè)家庭準(zhǔn)備食譜。故選C。解題關(guān)鍵詞：同義詞表達(dá)with the help f和help。
26.C 【解析】寫作意圖題。根據(jù)文章第四段中的which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.可知，Save Mney: Gd Fd節(jié)目是Save Mney: Gd Health節(jié)目之后，給觀眾一些建議：如何從眾多的市場(chǎng)上的健康產(chǎn)品中獲取價(jià)值。故選C。
27.D 【解析】主旨要義題。根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容可知，文章作者一直在講如何用較少的錢做出好的食物。根據(jù)文章中的prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget. 在資金緊張的情況下，準(zhǔn)備可口且有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的飯菜； hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under ￡5 per family a day. 如何減少食物浪費(fèi)同時(shí)給每日生活費(fèi)低于5英鎊的每個(gè)家庭準(zhǔn)備食譜； hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves. 我們自己做這種食物有多便宜； less expensive but still tasty recipes.不貴可仍然可口的食譜?？梢酝浦狣正確。
Passage2
【文章大意】這是一篇議論文。在當(dāng)今社會(huì)，人們?cè)诠矆?chǎng)合或沉迷于智能手機(jī)，或與不舒服的沉默抗?fàn)?，陌生人之間缺乏溝通。但人與人之間是需要適當(dāng)?shù)慕徽勯e聊的，閑聊是人際關(guān)系社會(huì)交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好處。
32.C 【解析】主旨大意題。題干問(wèn)的是：第一段描述了什么現(xiàn)象。在公共場(chǎng)合（比如在電梯里，在銀行排隊(duì)，或在飛機(jī)上）人們深深地專注于他們的智能手機(jī)，或者更糟糕的是，與不舒服的沉默抗?fàn)帯Ｓ写丝芍?，陌生人之間缺乏溝通。A項(xiàng)意為：沉迷于智能手機(jī)。B項(xiàng)意為：在公共場(chǎng)所不適當(dāng)?shù)男袨?。C項(xiàng)意為：陌生人之間缺乏溝通。D項(xiàng)意為：對(duì)緩慢的服務(wù)不耐煩。故選C項(xiàng)。
33.B 【解析】推理判斷題。題干問(wèn)得是對(duì)于Carducci來(lái)說(shuō)，成功的閑聊中重要的是什么。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“The key t successful small talk is learning hw t cnnect with thers, nt just cmmunicate with them”（成功閑聊的關(guān)鍵是學(xué)習(xí)如何與他們交流，而不僅僅是與他們溝通。）由此推斷C符合題意。A項(xiàng)意為：表現(xiàn)出良好的禮貌。B項(xiàng)意為：與他人有關(guān)的。C項(xiàng)意為：專注于一個(gè)話題。D項(xiàng)意為：做商業(yè)交易。故選B項(xiàng)。
34.D 【解析】推理判斷題。題干問(wèn)的是：咖啡店的研究對(duì)閑聊有什么建議。根據(jù)第四段的調(diào)查結(jié)果可知，那些與服務(wù)員聊天的人，有顯著的積極情緒和更好的咖啡店體驗(yàn)。由此可知，D項(xiàng)符合題意。A項(xiàng)意為：閑聊改善了家庭關(guān)系。B項(xiàng)意為：閑聊提高了人們的信心。C項(xiàng)意為：閑聊和正式談話一樣重要。D項(xiàng)意為：閑聊讓人感覺(jué)很好。故選D項(xiàng)。
35.C 【解析】主旨大意題。整篇文章剛開(kāi)始介紹了社會(huì)的現(xiàn)象（公共場(chǎng)合人們沉迷于智能手機(jī)，陌生人之間缺乏溝通交流），接著分析了這一問(wèn)題的原因，接下來(lái)有專家對(duì)閑聊進(jìn)行了研究，最后得出結(jié)論，閑聊都有什么樣的好處。A項(xiàng)意為：談話很重要。B項(xiàng)意為：閑聊的方法。C項(xiàng)意為：閑聊的好處。D項(xiàng)意為：不舒服的沉默。故選C項(xiàng)。
Passage3
【話題解讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了Dawsn這座城市的發(fā)展原因、過(guò)程與現(xiàn)狀。
24.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中Cities usually have a gd reasn fr being where they are, like a nearby prt r river. Peple settle in these places because they are easy t get t and naturally suited t cmmunicatins and trade. New Yrk City, fr example, is near a large harbur at the muth f the Hudsn River.可知，人們選擇在河邊或港口設(shè)城是因?yàn)榻煌ǚ奖?，便于做生意。而紐約就是在哈德森河口附近的一個(gè)大港口，故紐約吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置，故C正確。
25.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句Of the first 20,000 peple wh dug fr gld, 4,000 gt rich. Abut 100 f these stayed rich men fr the rest f their lives.可知，在最初挖黃金的兩萬(wàn)人中有4000人變富有，所以是五分之一的人變富了，故B正確。
26.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中and when they heard there were new gld discveries in Alaska, they left Dawsn City as quickly as they had cme.可知，人們離開(kāi)Dawsn的主要原因是聽(tīng)說(shuō)在Alaska發(fā)現(xiàn)了黃金，也就是他們要去別的地方尋找發(fā)財(cái)?shù)臋C(jī)會(huì)。故B正確。
27.A 【解析】主旨大意題。第一段簡(jiǎn)要介紹城市發(fā)展的原因，引出Dawsn這一城市的興起，第二段介紹了該城市興起的原因，第三段介紹人們選擇離開(kāi)該城市的原因及現(xiàn)在的狀況，所以全文圍繞Dawsn這個(gè)城市的發(fā)展起伏。故A正確。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文為一篇記敘文。講述了自己第一次跑馬拉松，憑借自己的意志力成功跑完全程的勵(lì)志故事。
36.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句Yet, I was determined t g ahead. 可知，馬拉松賽前一個(gè)月盡管作者腳踝受傷使得訓(xùn)練時(shí)間縮短，但作者仍下定決心參賽。故選C。
37.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段I didn’t d either well. He later infrmed me that I was ＂nt athletic＂可知，作者提到7年級(jí)的事情是為了證明自己真的沒(méi)有運(yùn)動(dòng)天賦。故選C。
38.A 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第10段I was ne f the final runners t finish. But I finished! And I gt a medal. In fact, I gt the same medal as the ne that the guy wh came in first place had. 可知，作者堅(jiān)持到了最后，而且得到了一塊獎(jiǎng)牌，雖然不是第一名，由此可見(jiàn)他成功地跑完了馬拉松。故選A。
39.B 【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，作者在講述自己跑馬拉松的經(jīng)歷，再根據(jù)最后一段Determined t be myself, mve frward, free f shame and wrldly labels(世俗標(biāo)簽), I can nw call myself a ＂marathn winner＂. 可知，作者成功跑完馬拉松源于自己的意志。故選B。
題組四
Passage 1（重慶高三開(kāi)學(xué)考試）
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C
【解析】本文為一篇議論文。文章論述了作者不贊成美國(guó)總統(tǒng)Trump響應(yīng) “種一萬(wàn)億棵樹(shù)”來(lái)對(duì)抗氣候變化的倡議，作者認(rèn)為真正能解決問(wèn)題的方法是迅速地大量減少碳排放。
1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段The trillin-tree idea wn wide attentin last summer after a study published in the jurnal Science cncluded that planting s many trees was “the mst effective climate change slutin t date”.去年夏天，發(fā)表在《科學(xué)》雜志上的一項(xiàng)研究得出結(jié)論，大量種樹(shù)是“迄今為止最有效的氣候變化解決方案”，這 “一萬(wàn)億棵樹(shù)”的想法贏得了廣泛關(guān)注?？芍?，一萬(wàn)億樹(shù)的想法引起了公眾的廣泛關(guān)注。故選D項(xiàng)。
2．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段Fcusing n trees as the big slutin t climate change is a dangerus diversin(偏離). Wrse still, it takes attentin away frm thse respnsible fr the carbn release that are pushing us tward disaster. 把樹(shù)木作為解決氣候變化的主要辦法是一種危險(xiǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移。更糟糕的是，它把注意力從那些對(duì)碳排放負(fù)責(zé)的人身上移開(kāi)，正是這些人把我們推向?yàn)?zāi)難。因此，第3段主要論述了以植樹(shù)來(lái)保護(hù)環(huán)境的缺點(diǎn)。故選A項(xiàng)。
3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段In a sharp cunter argument t last summer's Paper in Science, Justin Gillis wrte in the same jurnal in Octber that the study's findings were incnsistent with the dynamics f the glbal carbn cycle. He warned that “the claim that glbal tree restratin(復(fù)原) is ur mst effective climate slutin is simply scientifically incrrect and dangerusly misleading”. Justin Gillis在《科學(xué)》雜志上發(fā)表了與去年夏天《科學(xué)》雜志公布的研究結(jié)果截然相反的觀點(diǎn)，他認(rèn)為去年夏天公布的那個(gè)研究結(jié)果是不符合地球碳循環(huán)動(dòng)力學(xué)的。同時(shí)，他發(fā)出警告：通過(guò)植樹(shù)來(lái)解決氣候問(wèn)題是不科學(xué)的，是錯(cuò)誤的，是危險(xiǎn)的，是具有誤導(dǎo)性的。推測(cè)，Justin Gillis對(duì)植樹(shù)提議是持反對(duì)態(tài)度的。故選B項(xiàng)。
4．主旨大意題。結(jié)合全文，文章論述了作者不贊成美國(guó)總統(tǒng)Trump響應(yīng) “種一萬(wàn)億棵樹(shù)”來(lái)對(duì)抗氣候變化的倡議，作者認(rèn)為真正能解決問(wèn)題的方法是迅速地大量減少碳排放，種樹(shù)的想法是不科學(xué)的，且具有誤導(dǎo)性。C項(xiàng)“植樹(shù)不會(huì)拯救世界。”符合文章主旨，適合作為標(biāo)題。故選C項(xiàng)。
Passage 2（天津和平區(qū)耀華中學(xué)高三一模）
【答案】1．D2．A3．B4．C5．A
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要說(shuō)明了有研究表明，在一個(gè)孤獨(dú)的地方呆了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間會(huì)對(duì)大腦造成損害。文介紹了這項(xiàng)研究的過(guò)程、相關(guān)研究人員對(duì)此的看法和這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的重要性。
1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段Spending ver a year in the bleak (荒涼的) Antarctica might change yur brain fr the wrse, accrding t new research ut this mnth. It seems t shw that plar explrers wh lived fr 14 mnths at an Antarctica research statin experienced brain shrinkage, likely as a result f their lneliness and bredm.可知，根據(jù)本月公布的一項(xiàng)新研究，在荒涼的南極洲度過(guò)一年多可能會(huì)讓你的大腦變得更糟。這似乎表明，在南極研究站生活了14個(gè)月的極地探險(xiǎn)家的大腦出現(xiàn)了萎縮，可能是由于他們的孤獨(dú)和無(wú)聊。由此可知，在一個(gè)孤獨(dú)的地方呆了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間會(huì)對(duì)大腦造成損害。故選D。
2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段The study’s authrs used MRI (核磁共振) t scan the brains f eight members f a team befre they began a lng stay at the German-run research statin. During their missin. the team peridically tk tests f their cgnitin and memry and prvided bld samples that allwed the study authrs t measure their levels f a prtein imprtant fr brain health called brain-derived neurtrphic factr (BDNF). When they returned, they had their brains scanned again.(該研究的作者在一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)的8名成員開(kāi)始在德國(guó)運(yùn)營(yíng)的研究站長(zhǎng)期停留之前，使用核磁共振成像掃描了他們的大腦。在他們執(zhí)行任務(wù)過(guò)程中，研究小組定期對(duì)他們的認(rèn)知和記憶進(jìn)行測(cè)試，并提供血樣，使研究作者能夠測(cè)量他們的一種叫做腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子的蛋白質(zhì)水平，這種蛋白質(zhì)對(duì)大腦健康很重要。當(dāng)他們返回時(shí)，再次對(duì)他們的大腦進(jìn)行掃描)以及第三段Finally, cmpared t themselves befre the missin, the explrers' brains appeared t have less grey matter n average. The shrinkage was mst apparent in the hippcampus, in area f the brain key t memry and cgnitin. Their average levels f BDNF als drpped during the trip and didn’t imprve significantly even after ne-and-a-half mnths back hme.可知，最后，與執(zhí)行任務(wù)前相比，探險(xiǎn)者的大腦平均灰質(zhì)較少。海馬的萎縮最為明顯，海馬是大腦中記憶和認(rèn)知的關(guān)鍵區(qū)域。他們的平均BDNF水平在旅途中也有所下降，即使在回家一個(gè)半月后也沒(méi)有明顯改善。由此可知，科學(xué)家通過(guò)比較掃描結(jié)果得出結(jié)論。故選A。
3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中Finally, cmpared t themselves befre the missin, the explrers' brains appeared t have less grey matter n average. The shrinkage was mst apparent in the hippcampus, in area f the brain key t memry and cgnitin.可知，最后，與執(zhí)行任務(wù)前相比，探險(xiǎn)家的大腦平均灰質(zhì)較少。海馬的萎縮最為明顯，海馬是大腦中記憶和認(rèn)知的關(guān)鍵區(qū)域。由此可推知，當(dāng)探險(xiǎn)家返回時(shí)，他們?cè)谟洃浄矫嬗行├щy。故選B。
4．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中The study's findings, published in The New England Jurnal f Medicine, aren't the first t suggest that lng time f being separated can change the brain.可知，這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)表在《新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》上，并不是第一個(gè)表明長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的隔絕會(huì)改變大腦的研究。由此可知，其他研究與本研究有相同的發(fā)現(xiàn)。故選C。
5．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段Still, since peple will cntinue traveling t and frm Antarctica fr lng perids f time, the findings are definitely wrth keeping in mind and explring further. They might even prve relevant fr the rare few peple wh might travel as far as Mars in the future — perhaps the nly similarly scientific, mnths- lng missin that wuld be even mre lnely.可知，盡管如此，由于人們將在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)繼續(xù)往返于南極洲之間，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)絕對(duì)值得我們牢記在心，并進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的探索。他們甚至可能會(huì)被證明與未來(lái)可能遠(yuǎn)行到火星的極少數(shù)人有關(guān)——也許只有類似的科學(xué)性、長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)月的任務(wù)才會(huì)更加孤獨(dú)。由此可知，最后一段主要講了這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的重要性。故選A。
Passage 3（哈爾濱市第一中學(xué)校高三開(kāi)學(xué)考試）
【答案】1．D2．C3．C3．A
【解析】這是一篇記敘文。講述了Kevin Randall老師在學(xué)校組織了一個(gè)環(huán)保俱樂(lè)部，帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生進(jìn)行環(huán)境保護(hù)相關(guān)的活動(dòng)及成就，提高學(xué)生環(huán)境保護(hù)意識(shí)的故事。
1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“it aims t raise awareness amng students and teachers abut sustainability(持續(xù)性).It als wrks n prjects t reduce the envirnmental ftprint f the building itself.”（它旨在增強(qiáng)學(xué)生們和老師們關(guān)于可持續(xù)發(fā)展的意識(shí)。它也致力于減少建筑本身的環(huán)境面積的項(xiàng)目。）可知，the GHS Green Team club的目的在于促進(jìn)環(huán)境保護(hù)。故選D。
2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“And nw every student uses a durable metal frk r a spn instead f dispsables.(一次性用品),”（現(xiàn)在每個(gè)學(xué)生都使用耐用的金屬餐叉或勺子，而不是一次性餐具。）可知，學(xué)校餐廳項(xiàng)目的結(jié)果是餐廳不再使用塑料餐具。故選C。
3．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容，“In additin t their wrk reducing waste in the cafeteria,”、（除了他們減少餐廳廢物的垃圾的工作，）“the GHS Green Team has als built a garden with flwers and vegetables n campus,”、（the GHS Green Team還在校園里建立了有鮮花和蔬菜的花園）“Randall and his students have als been wrking n raising mney t install slar panels(太陽(yáng)能板) n the rf f the high schl”，（蘭德?tīng)柡退膶W(xué)生也一直在籌集資金為了在高中屋頂安裝太陽(yáng)能電池板）可知第四段的主要介紹了這個(gè)俱樂(lè)部組織的活動(dòng)有哪些。故選C。
4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“because he wanted his students t have smene t turn t in the building wh understands what's at stake(利害攸關(guān)）when it cmes t climate change.”（因?yàn)樗胍屗虒W(xué)樓里的學(xué)生能夠變成理解氣候變化的利害相關(guān)的人。）可知，Randall的目的在于教育年輕人。故選A。
Passage 4（湖南高三二模）
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．D
【解析】本文是說(shuō)明文。介紹了父親對(duì)孩子的語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展影響很大。
1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第2段中的 “They've fund, t their surprise, that nt nly are fathers imprtant fr children's language develpment, but that fathers matter mre than mthers.( 令他們驚訝的是，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)不僅父親對(duì)兒童語(yǔ)言發(fā)展的是重要的，而且父親比母親更重要)” 可確定答案是B。故選B。
2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。 根據(jù)第3段That makes mthers mre likely t chse wrds the kids knw.Fathers aren't as familiar with their kids,s they use a brader vcabulary,and the kids learn new wrds and cncepts as a result.可知，這使得母親們更傾向于選擇孩子們知道的詞語(yǔ)。父親和孩子不太熟悉，所以他們會(huì)使用更廣泛的詞匯，而孩子也因此學(xué)會(huì)了新單詞和概念。，父親之所以在孩子的語(yǔ)言發(fā)展方面起著更重要的作用是因?yàn)樗麄?“use a brader vcabulary”，而母親則 “chse wrds the kids knw”。相對(duì)父親，母親使用的詞匯限制在孩子認(rèn)識(shí)的詞匯范圍內(nèi)。故選C。
3． 詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第4段中的“Because fathers usually spend less time with their kids” 因?yàn)楦赣H陪伴孩子的時(shí)間通常較少、“That makes them mre interesting playmates”這使它們成為更有趣的玩伴 、“ur children see it as very special”我們的孩子認(rèn)為它很特別?？赏茢啵?yàn)楦赣H通?；ǜ俚臅r(shí)間和他們的孩子在一起，他們更具新穎性，故劃線詞與D項(xiàng)意思相近。故選D。
4．主旨大意題。由第一段的Fathers have a strng influence n their children. And ne f the areas in which researchers lk fr the influence is in the develpment f language.（父親對(duì)他們的孩子有很強(qiáng)的影響。 研究人員尋找影響的領(lǐng)域之一是語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展。）以及全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要是關(guān)于父親對(duì)兒童語(yǔ)言的貢獻(xiàn)大于母親。故選D。

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