一、語(yǔ)基必備知識(shí)
(一)重點(diǎn)詞匯——分類記憶
Ⅰ.閱讀詞匯——知其意
1．tip v．　　　　　　　　　 給小費(fèi)
n. 小費(fèi)
2．toast n. 烤面包；祝酒，干杯
3．cheque n. 支票
4．wander vi. 漫游，閑逛
5．laughter n. 笑；笑聲
6．a(chǎn)nyhow adv. 總之，反正；不管怎樣
7．modest adj. 謙虛的；適度的
8．eastern adj. 東方國(guó)家的；東部的
9．lift n. 搭車
10．blanket n. 毛氈，毯子
11．parcel n. 郵包，包裹
12．a(chǎn)spect n. 方面
13．broad adj. 各種各樣的；廣闊的
14．a(chǎn)ppetite n. 食欲，胃口
15．detective n. 偵探
Ⅱ.核心詞匯——寫其形
1．book vt. 預(yù)約，預(yù)訂
2．manners n. 禮貌
3．indicate vt. 表明；表示
4．familiar adj. 熟悉的，常見的
5．a(chǎn)bsorb vt. 理解，掌握；吸收
6．whisper vi. 低語(yǔ)，耳語(yǔ)
7．owe vt. 欠(情、債等)
8．conduct vt. 指揮(歌唱或音樂(lè)演奏)；實(shí)施
9．export vt. 出口，輸出
10．contrary adj. 相反的
11．exchange vt. 兌換，交換
12．request n. 請(qǐng)求
13．a(chǎn)ttach vt. 喜歡，依戀；系，固定
14．bear vt. 攜帶；容忍
15．forgive vt. 寬恕，饒恕
Ⅲ.拓展詞匯——通其變
1．brief adj.短暫的，簡(jiǎn)短的→ briefly adv.簡(jiǎn)要地
2．expectation n. 期待的事物，預(yù)期→expect vt. 期待，預(yù)料→expected adj. 預(yù)期的，預(yù)料之中的→expectant adj. 期待的；預(yù)期的；期望的
3．majority n. 大半，大多數(shù)→major adj. 主要的 vi. 主修
4．reasonable adj. 合理的，正當(dāng)?shù)摹鷕eason n. 理由 v. 推論；勸說(shuō)→reasonably adv. 合理地；相當(dāng)?shù)?br /> 5．curiously adv. 奇怪地；好奇地→curious adj. 好奇的→curiosity n. 好奇心
6．movement n. 動(dòng)作；活動(dòng)→move v. 移動(dòng)；感動(dòng)→movable adj. 可移動(dòng)的
7．cautious adj. 小心翼翼的，謹(jǐn)慎的→caution n. 小心，謹(jǐn)慎
8．injure vt. 傷害→injury n. 傷害，損害→injured adj. 受傷的
9．erupt vi.爆發(fā)；噴發(fā)→eruption n．爆發(fā)
10．belong vi. 適應(yīng)；屬于→belongings n. 所有物；財(cái)產(chǎn)
11．a(chǎn)ddition n. 相加，增加物→add vt. 增加，加，增添；補(bǔ)充說(shuō)→additional adj. 補(bǔ)充的，額外的，附加的

1.單復(fù)數(shù)含義不同的名詞
①　　　　　　　 ②
③ ④
⑤ ⑥
2.“-able”后綴形容詞薈萃
①reliable　　　　　　　 可信賴的；可靠的
②adjustable 可調(diào)節(jié)的
③fashionable 時(shí)尚的；時(shí)髦的
④reasonable 合理的，正當(dāng)?shù)?br /> ⑤adaptable 適合的；能適應(yīng)的
⑥sociable 隨和的，好交際的
⑦acceptable 可接受的
(二)重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)——記牢用活
1．give...a__lift　　　　　　　 讓……搭車
2．see...off 給(某人)送行
3．belong__to 屬于
4．insist__on__doing__sth. 堅(jiān)決要求做某事
5．stare__at 盯著看
6．be__attached__to 依附于……
7．take...seriously 嚴(yán)肅地看待……
8．in__poor__condition 狀況不好
9．be__sensitive__to 對(duì)……敏感
10．get__used__to 習(xí)慣于
11．a(chǎn)t__least 至少
12．contrary__to 與……相反
13．put/bring...to__an__end 結(jié)束……

1.“v.＋on”短語(yǔ)大集合
①depend on　 　　 依賴，依靠
②insist on 堅(jiān)持
③keep on 繼續(xù)
④carry on 繼續(xù)；進(jìn)行
⑤turn/switch on 打開
⑥count on 依靠
2.to為介詞的短語(yǔ)薈萃
①lead to　　　　　 引起；導(dǎo)致
②object to 反對(duì)
③devote to 獻(xiàn)身于
④be/get used to 習(xí)慣于
⑤be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于
⑥pay attention to 注意
3.least相關(guān)短語(yǔ)集合
①at least　　　　　 至少
②at the very least 至少，不少于
③in the least 絲毫，極少
④not in the least 一點(diǎn)也不
⑤least of all 最不；尤其不
⑥last but not least 最后但同等重要的是
(三)重點(diǎn)句式——背熟巧用
句型公式
教材原句
句型1：特殊疑問(wèn)詞＋不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作賓語(yǔ)
Decide where__to__go on holiday with a friend.
決定在假期和一個(gè)朋友去哪里。
句型2：have a difficult time (in) doing sth.做某事有困難
When I first arrived in San Francisco, I had__a__difficult__time__understanding certain aspects of the American way of doing things.
剛到舊金山時(shí)，有段時(shí)間我感到很難理解美國(guó)人在某些方面的處事方式。
句型3：the last time引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
I had a similar experience the__last__time I visited China.
上次我到中國(guó)參觀時(shí)也有同樣的經(jīng)歷。
二、語(yǔ)境強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練
Ⅰ.語(yǔ)境填詞——根據(jù)提示寫出該詞的適當(dāng)形式
1．If we realize they are just average people with ordinary failings, it becomes easier to forgive(原諒，寬恕)．
2．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ閱讀C)While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children’s lives, and indicates(表明) how parents might help encourage more reading.
3．After booking(預(yù)訂) a ticket to New York, he went on preparing what he needed to take.
4．I shook hands and exchanged(交換) a few words with the manager after the meeting.
5．The pain was almost more than he could bear(忍受)．
6．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)After the film, each class is supposed to have a discussion and all the students are requested(request) to make comments and express their views about the film.
7．One third of the country is covered with trees and the majority(major) of the citizens are black people.
8．So absorbed(absorb) were the children in their game that they didn’t feel hungry at all.
9．The taxi driver often reminds the passengers to take their belongings(belong) when they leave the car.
10．Owing(owe) to Lucy’s timely help, we finished all the work on time.
Ⅱ.派生詞練習(xí)——用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空
1．My parents had expected me to perform well. When the match was over, I saw their expectant faces.I felt ashamed, for I failed to live up to their expectations．(expect)
2．I was always curious about some new things.To satisfy my curiosity,__ I opened the parcel. When I was opening it, my son was watching me curiously．(curious)
3．The soldier was injured in the fire and we were all worried about his injury．Then word came that the injured soldier had been sent to the best hospital.(injure)
4．The car is in reasonably good condition and the price is also reasonable,__so I don’t know the reason why the man didn’t buy it.(reason)
5．The mayor expressed his satisfaction with the meeting. In addition,__he added that the local government would create an additional 200 jobs. (add)
Ⅲ.選詞成篇
sound like; be fond of; get used to; in poor condition; be attached to; insist on
Our school 1.is__attached__to a college. All my teachers 2.are__fond__of their students, and most of them have 3.got__used__to living with us students. Just take my English teacher for example, he is 4.in__poor__condition,__but he 5.insists__on working. That 6.sounds__like a touching story.
contrary to; depend on; belong to; be sensitive to; loads of
7．Contrary__to other learning activities, reading can be a social activity. The people who 8.belong__to book groups insist on reading every day and then meet to discuss 9.depending__on the books they have read, which will be of benefit to them.People are encouraged to read 10.loads__of books. They should 11.be__sensitive__to reading materials and read every day.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．(2018·北京卷)然后我教他們?nèi)绾纹悴琛?br /> I then began to teach__them__how__to__make__tea．
2．如果你變得富有，你將很難了解誰(shuí)是你的真正的朋友。
If you become rich, you’ll have__a__difficult__time__(in)__knowing who your friends are.
3．最后一次看到他時(shí)，他在紐約。
The__last__time__I__saw__him,__he was in New York.

owe　vi.欠錢　vt.應(yīng)給予；欠(債等)；歸功于；應(yīng)感謝
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①Owing(owe) to your help, I have made great progress. In other words, I owe my progress to you.
②I owed it to the doctors that I survived such a severe accident.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③謝謝你支持我，我欠你一個(gè)人情。
Thanks for sticking up for me, I owe__you__a__favour．
④我必須說(shuō)我的這些成就都應(yīng)歸功于我的同事和朋友們的鼓勵(lì)和幫助。
I must say I owe__all__my__achievements__to__the__encouragement__and__help from my colleagues and friends.

(1)owe sb. sth.＝owe sth.to sb. 欠某人某物
owe sth.to 把某事歸功于；為某事而感謝
owe it to sb. that... 多虧了某人……
(2)owing to 因?yàn)椋捎凇?
[佳句背誦] When asked of his success, he said he owed much of his success to his family. 　當(dāng)問(wèn)及他的成功時(shí)，他說(shuō)他把他的成功多半歸功于他的家庭。
[名師點(diǎn)津] 如果owe的賓語(yǔ)是名詞性從句，可使用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，將充當(dāng)真正賓語(yǔ)的名詞性從句放在后面。
absorb　v．吸收；理解；掌握；吸引(興趣)；使專心
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①a.The Smiths were so absorbed(absorb) in watching TV that they didn’t hear the knock on the door.
b．The novel was so absorbing(absorb) that she read on without a break even forgetting food and sleep.
②(北京卷)When deeply absorbed(absorb) in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.
[能力提升]——完成句子/句式升級(jí)
③(普通表達(dá))Tom was__absorbed__in(專心致志于) watching the basketball match and he didn’t notice his classmate coming up to him.
④(高級(jí)表達(dá))Absorbed__in__watching__the__basketball__match,__Tom didn’t notice his classmate coming up to him.(分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ))

(1)absorb one’s attention　 吸引某人的注意力
(2)absorbed adj.　 精神集中的
be absorbed in 專心致志于；全神貫注于
(3)absorbing adj. 十分吸引人的；引人入勝的
[名師點(diǎn)津] be absorbed in (doing) sth.結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用其過(guò)去分詞形式absorbed in...。類似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有：be lost in...陷入……，專心致志于……；be caught in...被困在……；be buried in...埋頭于……；be devoted to...致力于……，專心于……；be occupied in/with...忙于……；be involved in...專注于……。
exchange　vi.& n．交換；交流；兌換
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①a. (2019·天津卷)I’ve never exchanged words with those moms beyond small talk, but they wanted to help.
b．I am going to travel abroad, so I go to exchange some RMB for dollars in the bank.
②(牛津詞典)He’s giving her French lessons in exchange for her teaching him English.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③(重慶卷)他們彼此交流思想和情感， 通過(guò)這些他們能獲得更多的知識(shí)。
They exchange__ideas__and__feelings__with__each__other,__through which they probably acquire more knowledge.

(1)exchange sth. for sth.　　 以某物換取某物
exchange sth. with sb. 和某人交換某物
(2)in exchange for... 作為……的交換
(3)an exchange student 交換生
[佳句背誦] It bothers the exchange student that he hasn’t found the approach to learning Chinese.
使這位交換生苦惱的是他還沒(méi)有找到學(xué)習(xí)中文的方法。
[詞塊助記](méi) foreign exchange　　 外匯
an exchange rate 匯率
New York Stock Exchange 紐約證券交易所
majority　n．大多數(shù)；大半
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①With the prices going up, the majority of people find(find) it hard to live on the amount of money they get.
②The majority were/was(be) on the England’s team, which greatly disappointed them.
③(北京卷)In fact, he inspires me to major in English in college, to be a bridge between China and the world.
④The fact is that people who can speak English are in the majority in this country.
[能力提升]——詞匯升級(jí)
⑤(普通表達(dá))When it comes to education, most people believe that it is a lifetime study.
(高級(jí)表達(dá))When it comes to education, the__majority__of people believe that it is a lifetime study.

(1)a/the majority of...　　　 大多數(shù)……
be in the majority 占大多數(shù)
(2)major n．& v. 專業(yè)；主修
major in... 主修……
(3)minority n. 少數(shù)
be in the minority 占少數(shù)
[佳句背誦] When I have a different opinion, I may choose to give it up and respect the opinions of the majority.　當(dāng)我有不同的意見時(shí)，我可能選擇放棄，尊重大多數(shù)人的意見。
[名師點(diǎn)津] (1)a/the majority of＋名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與of后面的名詞相一致；
(2)the majority單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單復(fù)數(shù)均可。
indicate　vt.指出；標(biāo)示；表明；暗示
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①There is a great deal of evidence indicating(indicate) that music activities engage different parts of the brain.
②The way a person is dressed in is a good indication(indicate) of his/her character or personality.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③正如圖畫中顯示，一個(gè)男孩坐在桌邊專心讀書。
As__is__indicated__in__the__picture,__a boy is sitting at the table, absorbed in reading.

(1)indicate sth.(to sb.) (向某人)指出/暗示某事
indicate that/wh-clause 表示……；示意……
(2)indication n． 跡象；標(biāo)示；預(yù)兆；暗示　
[佳句背誦] Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep.
先前的研究也表明，牛奶有助于睡眠。
request　n．請(qǐng)求；要求　v．請(qǐng)求；要求
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①(天津卷) Don’t respond to any e-mails requesting(request) personal information, no matter how official they look.
②a.(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)All the students are requested to__get(get) involved in the activity.
b．(重慶卷) We should consider the students’ request that the school library (should)__provide(provide) more books on popular science.
③(湖北卷)You’d sound a lot more polite if you make a request in the form of a question.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
李老師要求我們每天早晨大聲朗讀英語(yǔ)半個(gè)小時(shí)。
④Mr.Li requests__that__we__should__spend__half__an__hour__reading__English__aloud every morning. (復(fù)合句)
⑤Mr.Li requests__us__to__spend__half__an__hour__reading__English__aloud every morning.(簡(jiǎn)單句)

(1)request sb.to do sth.　 要求/請(qǐng)求某人做某事
request that sb.(should) do sth.
要求/請(qǐng)求某人做某事
It’s requested that sb.(should) do sth.
要求某人做某事。
(2)make a request (for...) 請(qǐng)求；要求(……)
at one’s request＝at the request of sb.
應(yīng)某人的要求　
[佳句背誦]
It is requested that teachers should vary their lessons to make them more interesting.
為了增加趣味， 教師被要求使自己的課多樣化。
[名師點(diǎn)津]
request后的賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句以及It is requested that...從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即“(should＋) do”形式。
familiar　adj.熟悉的；常見的；親近的
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①As a result, you can master the Chinese language and be familiar with the Chinese culture.
②Charity work, which is still at an early stage in China, is unfamiliar to them.
[能力提升]——一句多譯
(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)一方面，我很熟悉中國(guó)畫，因?yàn)槲业母赣H是一位中國(guó)畫家。
③For one thing, I am__quite__familiar__with__Chinese__painting,__for my father is a Chinese painter.
④For one thing, Chinese painting is__quite__familiar__to__me,__for my father is a Chinese painter.

(1)be/get familiar with　　　 熟悉……
be familiar to 為……所熟悉
(2)unfamiliar adj. 不熟悉的
be unfamiliar to 對(duì)……不熟悉　
[佳句背誦] Visiting the exhibition will help you get familiar with the art of paper-cutting.
參觀這個(gè)展覽將有助于你熟悉剪紙藝術(shù)。(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)
[名師點(diǎn)津] (1)be familiar to的主語(yǔ)可以是人，也可以是物，賓語(yǔ)通常是人；
(2)be familiar with的主語(yǔ)只能是人，賓語(yǔ)是所熟悉的內(nèi)容或物。
belong　vi.適應(yīng)；屬于
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①Nothing can change the fact that the Diaoyu Islands belong to China.
②As is known to us, China is a country belonging(belong) to the Third World.
③(浙江卷)We had to keep track of our belongings(belong), and if something was lost, it was not replaced.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)剪紙有1 500多年的歷史，屬于中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)。
Paper-cutting has a history of over 1，500 years, which__belongs__to__traditional__Chinese__art．(定語(yǔ)從句)

(1)belong to　　　　　　表示“屬于”，不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
(2)belongings n. 財(cái)產(chǎn)；所有物　
[佳句背誦] First of all, uniforms help the school look smart.The students feel that they belong to a particular group.
首先，校服使學(xué)?？雌饋?lái)更漂亮。學(xué)生們覺(jué)得他們屬于一個(gè)特定的群體。(2019·江蘇卷)
[名師點(diǎn)津] belong to中to為介詞，作后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)常用現(xiàn)在分詞形式。
attach　vt.系；貼；連接；把……固定；使附屬；重視
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
① (全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)So I have no choice but to bother you to correct my mistakes in the material I attach to the letter.
②a.(2019·浙江卷6月)But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached(attach) to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”
b．This research centre attached(attach) to the university is in the charge of Mr.Smith.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③很明顯人們更加重視經(jīng)常鍛煉。
It’s evident that people attach__greater__significance__to__taking__regular__exercise．

(1)attach...to...
把……附在……上；
把……固定到……上
attach importance/significance to
　　　　　 重視，認(rèn)為……重要/有意義
(2)attached adj. (作表語(yǔ))附屬于；依戀的
be attached to 依戀；愛慕；留戀；附屬于　
[佳句背誦] Great importance has been attached to
qualified personnel in our nation since ancient times.
自古以來(lái)， 我國(guó)就十分重視人才。
[名師點(diǎn)津] attach ...to ...中的to為介詞，其后接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞。
bear　vt.(bore，borne/born)忍受；忍耐；負(fù)擔(dān)；承擔(dān)；生育；結(jié)(果實(shí))　n．強(qiáng)烈的欲望；沖動(dòng)
[一詞多義]——寫出下列句中bear的含義
①Everyone should bear the responsibility of protecting the environment.負(fù)擔(dān)；承擔(dān)
②(2019·天津卷) We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity.忍受
③She did bear a healthy baby in hospital yesterday.生育
[能力提升]——詞匯升級(jí)
④(普通表達(dá))My mother often reminds me to remember that failure is the mother of success.
(高級(jí)表達(dá))My mother often reminds me to bear/keep__in__mind that failure is the mother of success.

(1)bear doing/to do sth.　　　 忍受做某事
bear sb. doing sth. 忍受某人做某事
(2)bear/keep sth. in mind 記住某事
bear/keep in mind that... 記住……　
[佳句背誦] ①However, a plan can bear no fruit without being actually carried out and practical.
然而，一項(xiàng)計(jì)劃如果沒(méi)有被實(shí)際執(zhí)行和沒(méi)有實(shí)用性，就不會(huì)有任何成果。(浙江卷)
②We should bear in mind that teamwork is of great significance to both our society and ourselves.
我們應(yīng)該牢記合作對(duì)社會(huì)和我們自己都很重要。
forgive　vt.(forgave, forgiven)原諒；饒??；免除(債務(wù))
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①Being__forgiven(forgive) for the past is the most precious gift we can receive.
②As is known to us, it’s a virtue to__forgive(forgive) and forget, especially in such a competitive and stressful society.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③(全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)請(qǐng)?jiān)徫覜](méi)能陪伴你去書店。
Please__forgive__me__for my being unable to keep you company to the bookstore.

(1)forgive me　　　　 　　 請(qǐng)?jiān)?；?duì)不起
forgive sb.for (doing) sth. 原諒某人(做了)某事
(2)forgive and forget 摒棄前嫌　
[佳句背誦] Forgive me for having taken up so much of your time and accept my best wishes for your health and happiness.　請(qǐng)?jiān)徫艺加昧四氵@么多時(shí)間，請(qǐng)接受我最美好的祝愿，祝你健康和幸福。
get used to　習(xí)慣于　
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句改錯(cuò)
①He moved to this city. A few months later, he got used to live here. live→living
②The engineer used to doing some walking near the river, but now he has quit it. doing→do
[能力提升]——完成句子
③網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以被用來(lái)獲取大量的信息。
The Internet can be__used__to__get large amounts of information.
④我們過(guò)去常常每天晚上坐在院子里，聽我爺爺講故事。
We used__to__sit__in__the__yard every evening and listen to my grandpa tell stories.

be/grow/get used/accustomed to (doing) sth.　　　　　 習(xí)慣于(做)某事
be used to do sth. 被用來(lái)做某事
used to do sth. 過(guò)去常常做某事(暗示現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不做了)
[佳句背誦] You get used to doing your own business on your own time.
你們必須學(xué)會(huì)用自己的時(shí)間做自己的事。


contrary to　與……相反　
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①Contrary to his parents’ advice, he dropped his study.
②It doesn’t seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think it’s rather beautiful.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③和人們通常的看法相反，動(dòng)物并不會(huì)經(jīng)常攻擊人類。
Contrary__to__popular__belief,__the animals do not often attack humans.
④這不是件好事情，正相反，是個(gè)巨大的錯(cuò)誤。
It wasn’t a good thing; on__the__contrary,__it was a huge mistake.

on the contrary (與……所說(shuō)的)正相反；相反，反之
to the contrary 相反的；相反地
　
[佳句背誦] ①M(fèi)y sister’s taste in dresses is contrary to my own.
在服裝方面，我妹妹的愛好和我完全不同。
②I wish someone would tell young people that these things are not, despite indications to the contrary, compulsory.
我希望有人會(huì)告訴年輕人們，盡管與表面相反，這些事情并不是義務(wù)。
bring an end to...　結(jié)束；制止　
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①Smell the flowers before you go to sleep, and you may just end up with sweet dreams.
②If you don’t know what you want, you might end up getting(get) something you don’t want.
③He has decided to put an end to his quarrel with his wife.
④The meeting was nearly at an end when I got to the meeting room.
[能力提升]——完成句子
⑤一切美好事物終有結(jié)束之時(shí)，所以你不必消沉。
All good things will come__to__an__end,__so you needn’t feel depressed.
⑥自從約翰失業(yè)以來(lái)，我們簡(jiǎn)直難以維持生計(jì)了。
Since John lost his job, we can hardly make__ends__meet．

(1)come to an end　　　　 結(jié)束
bring/put sth.to an end＝bring/put an end to sth. 結(jié)束……
make (both) ends meet 使收支相抵，量入為出
be at an end 結(jié)束
(2)end up with　　　 以……結(jié)束
end up doing sth. 最終/最后做某事　
[佳句背誦] ①Let’s bring an end to the meeting at eight o’clock！　讓我們八點(diǎn)結(jié)束會(huì)議吧！
②If you take the time and effort to do this, you’ll end up with more friends.　如果你花點(diǎn)時(shí)間和精力去做到這一點(diǎn)，你就會(huì)有更多的朋友。

have a difficult time (in) doing sth.做某事有困難
(教材P40)When I first arrived in San Francisco，I had a difficult time understanding certain aspects of the American way of doing things.　剛到舊金山時(shí)，有段時(shí)間我感到很難理解美國(guó)人在某些方面的處事方式。
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空
①I have never known that my son had much difficulty dealing(deal) with his studies.
②He would talk about the great difficulty he had settling(settle) in the new country.
③There is much difficulty to__overcome(overcome) if he wants to succeed.
[能力提升]——句式升級(jí)
④(普通表達(dá))You can hardly imagine the difficulty.I had great difficulty in looking after these noisy children.
(高級(jí)表達(dá))You can hardly imagine the__great__difficulty__I__had__in__looking__after these noisy children.(定語(yǔ)從句)

have a difficult time (in) doing sth.意為“做某事有困難”。表示“做某事有困難”的表達(dá)還有：
(1)have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.
　　　　　　　　　　　　 做某事有困難
(2)have difficulty/trouble with sth.
在某方面有困難 　
[佳句背誦] Can you please write your name in big letters? You know I have difficulty with my eyesight.
你能把名字寫大點(diǎn)嗎？我的視力不太好。
[名師點(diǎn)津] have difficulty (in) doing sth.中的difficulty 為不可數(shù)名詞，difficulty前可用some, any, no, little, great, much等詞來(lái)修飾。
the last time引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
(教材P40)I had a similar experience the last time I visited China.
上次我到中國(guó)參觀時(shí)也有同樣的經(jīng)歷。
[基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語(yǔ)法填空/單句改錯(cuò)
①(浙江卷)“Every/Each time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is what my mother used to tell me.
②On arriving(arrive) home, he set out to do his homework.
③(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)But the next time when you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble.刪除when
[能力提升]——完成句子
④我第一次在課堂上見到簡(jiǎn)時(shí)，就知道她是一個(gè)安靜但意志堅(jiān)定的女孩。
I knew that Jane was a quiet but determined girl the__first__time__I__saw__her__in__class．
⑤你什么時(shí)候想回來(lái)，我們都?xì)g迎。
You are welcome to come back any__time__you__want__to．

(1)the last time是名詞詞組作連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“上次……”，從句謂語(yǔ)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
(2)名詞詞組作連詞用而且能引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的還有： any time任何時(shí)候， next time下次……時(shí)， every time每次， the＋序數(shù)詞＋time第……次。
(3)the＋moment/minute/instant/second一……就……
(4)on/upon doing sth.一……就……
　
[名師點(diǎn)津] every/each time, the first time, the last/next time, the moment/minute/instant等引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，這些短語(yǔ)后面不需要加when/while。

維度一　在空白處填入括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式
1．Our English teacher made a request that we (should)__finish(finish) our project before Friday.
2．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Dennis got a group text informing him that a couple he didn’t know were at the hospital, waiting for the arrival(arrive) of a baby.
3．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)During my second year at the city college，I was told that the education(educate) department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits.
4．It is reasonable(reason) to assume that these measures will prove successful.
5．(2017·天津卷)In this instance，the best solution is to send a quick, light-hearted apology(apologize) to explain your awkwardness.
維度二　在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~
1．The photo attached to the application was sometimes that of a very good－looking person.
2．The progress of negotiation between the two sides has slowed down owing to their absence.
3．We simply cannot sacrifice the environment in exchange for temporary economic gain.
4．The court has passed sentence and the matter is now at an end.
5．The majority of new businesses fail even though they have a product or service that fills a gap in the market.
維度三　易錯(cuò)混用(改正下列句子中的錯(cuò)誤)
1．Hearing the exciting news, the boy couldn’t help jump with joy. jump→__jumping
2．It is requested that everyone would not take the books home.would→should
3．The vase belonged to an old farmer was stolen last night.belonged→belonging
4．The boy lay on the ground, stared at the blue sky.stared→staring
5．Absorbing in the book, she didn’t notice that the teacher entered.Absorbing→Absorbed
維度四　語(yǔ)境品詞(寫出加黑詞匯在語(yǔ)境中的意義)
1．When he came back three hours later, they were still sitting on the sofa, absorbed in conversation.精神集中的
2．An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.大多數(shù)；大半
3．I think WeChat offers us opportunities to make more friends and exchange learning experience with others.交流
4．Nowadays many old people have to bear miserable loneliness after their sons or daughters leave home for work.忍受

提能一　語(yǔ)段填空(短文中黑體部分為本單元核心知識(shí)點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)補(bǔ)全短文，并背誦體會(huì)黑體部分用法)
Dear Peter，
I’m writing to make an apology to you for my bad 1.manners(manner) the other day.
I 2.was__absorbed(absorb) in playing games when you requested me 3.to__exchange(exchange) seats with you. Though you were cautious, I stared 4.at you angrily and refused, saying loudly that the seat 5.belonged(belong) to me. You 6.bore(bear) my rudeness. In addition, you showed me 7.how to play the game better. Afterwards you tried to help me out when you knew I had a difficult time 8.putting(put) an end to the games. Now I know that though 9.attached(attach) to playing games, I should focus on my study.
10．In brief, please forgive me for what I did. I am really sorry to say and do so.
Best wishes for you.
Yours，
Tom
提能二　話題寫作(用本單元詞匯、句式和語(yǔ)法知識(shí)寫滿分作文)
1．補(bǔ)全要點(diǎn)句(黑體部分請(qǐng)用本單元所學(xué)詞匯)
①國(guó)家之間存在許多文化差異。我們大部分人對(duì)這些差異并不是很熟悉。
There are many cultural differences between countries and most of us are__not__familiar__with them.
②當(dāng)你與外國(guó)人交談時(shí)，盯著對(duì)方看是不禮貌的。
When you are exchanging__words__with__a__foreigner,__to stare__at__him/her is bad manners.
③在海外旅行時(shí)，適應(yīng)不同國(guó)家的風(fēng)俗與傳統(tǒng)是很重要的。
When you are travelling overseas, it__is__important__to__get__used__to the customs and traditions of different countries.
④如果你撞到別人身上，你應(yīng)該向?qū)Ψ降狼浮?br /> If__you__knock__into__someone,__you should make__an__apology__to him/her.
2．升級(jí)平淡句
⑤用it作形式主語(yǔ)升級(jí)句②
When__you__are__exchanging__words__with__a__foreigner,__it__is__bad__manners__to__stare__at__him/her.
3．銜接成美文(注意使用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^(guò)渡銜接詞匯：as we know)
________________________________________________________________________
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One possible version：
As we know, there are many cultural differences between countries and most of us are not familiar with them. When you are exchanging words with a foreigner, it is bad manners to stare at him/her. When you are travelling overseas，it is important to get used to the customs and traditions of different countries.If you knock into someone, you should make an apology to him/her.

課時(shí)練1　2篇閱讀＋1篇完形
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
(2020·洛陽(yáng)第二次統(tǒng)考)There is more of a connection between food and culture than you may think. On an individual level, we grow up eating the food of our culture. It becomes a part of who we are. Many associate food from our childhood with warm feelings and good memories and it ties us to our families, holding a special and personal value for us. Food from our family often becomes the comfort food we seek as adults in times of frustration and stress.
On a large scale, traditional food is an important part of culture. It also operates as an expression of culture identity. Immigrants bring it wherever they go, and it is a symbol of pride for their culture and means of coping with homesickness.
Many immigrants open their own restaurants and serve traditional dishes. However, the food does not remain exactly the same. Some materials needed to make traditional dishes may not be readily available, so the taste and flavor can be different from what they would prepare in their home countries. Additionally, immigrants do not only sell dishes to people from the same countries as them, but to people from different countries. Therefore, they have to make small changes about the original dishes to cater to a wider range of customers. Those changes can create new flavors that still keep the cultural significance of the dishes.
We should embrace our heritage(傳統(tǒng)) through our culture’s food but also become more informed about other cultures by trying their food. It is important to remember that each dish has a special place in the culture to which it belongs, and is special to those who prepare it. Food is a window into culture, and it should be treated as such.
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇議論文，主要探討了食物和文化之間的聯(lián)系。
1．What’s the function of food mentioned in the text?
A．To help motivate homesickness.
B．To show national identity.
C．To reflect a country’s history.
D．To show a community’s superiority.
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容，尤其是第二、三句“On an individual level, we grow up eating the food of our culture. It becomes a part of who we are.”，再根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容，尤其是第二句“It also operates as an expression of culture identity.”可知，文章中提到的食物的作用是顯示國(guó)家身份。
2．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．The specific traditional food.
B．The national culture.
C．A traditional expression of food.
D．The old-fashioned taste.
A　解析：代詞指代題。通讀第二段可知，傳統(tǒng)食物是文化的一個(gè)重要部分，它顯示了文化身份，移民不管去哪兒都帶著它，它象征著對(duì)自己文化的驕傲，也是處理鄉(xiāng)愁的方法。由此可推知，it指代傳統(tǒng)食物。
3．Why do some immigrants have to change the original dishes in their restaurant?
A．To attach cultural importance to their dishes.
B．To announce the beginning of their life on foreign soil.
C．To make the dishes popular among customers.
D．To present their own food culture in a new way.
C　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容，尤其是第四、五句“Additionally, immigrants do not only sell dishes to people from the same countries as them, but to people from different countries. Therefore, they have to make small changes about the original dishes to cater to a wider range of customers.”可知，移民不僅把菜肴賣給來(lái)自相同國(guó)家的人，還賣給不同國(guó)家的人。為了使菜肴受到顧客的歡迎，一些移民不得不對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的菜肴做一些小小的改變。
4．What’s the author’s attitude towards different food cultures?
A．Negative.　 B．Balanced.
C．Unfair. D．Unchangeable.
B　解析：觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容，尤其是第一句“We should embrace our heritage(傳統(tǒng)) through our culture’s food but also become more informed about other cultures by trying their food.”可知，我們應(yīng)該通過(guò)我們文化的食物來(lái)接受我們的傳統(tǒng)，但也應(yīng)該通過(guò)嘗試其他文化的食物來(lái)了解更多文化。由此可推知，作者對(duì)不同的食物文化持客觀公正的態(tài)度。
B
(2020·河南六市高三聯(lián)考)Traveling to a foreign country can make you frightened if you don’t know the local language. Mr. Thibault has a number of tips to help travelers manage in a destination when they don’t speak the native tongue, based on his own experience. Here are a few of them.
?Download a Language Translation App
Mr. Thibault tends to rely on Google Translate and suggests that travelers find an app that works for them. Ideally, find one that specializes in the language you need to translate especially if the language uses a character set you’re not familiar with, or have difficulty pronouncing.
?Speak with Your Hands and Head
Pointing with your hands and nodding or shaking your head, Mr. Thibault said, are easy ways to communicate with locals in the country you’re in. “Gestures are all universally understood，” he said.
?Learn a Few Key Words
Knowing basic words and phrases like “hello”， “thank you” and “I’m sorry. I don’t speak your language. Do you speak English？” is a must, Mr. Thibault said. Showing that you care enough to learn some of the language before you go, and at least enough to acknowledge that you don’t know more, is a form of respect and will go a long way to be liked by locals.
?Work with a Local Travel Agent
If you feel particularly uncomfortable in the country you’re headed to, and you have to go anyway, relying on a local travel agent who knows both your and your destination’s languages can be incredibly useful.
?Hire a Local Tour Guide
A tour guide can help you get a better grasp of the local language and is a good person to practice words and phrases with. Whenever Mr. Thibault visits a new country, he books a sightseeing tour with a guide on the first day of his trip. “I use this day to learn about my destination and get familiar with the language，” he said.
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章針對(duì)不會(huì)說(shuō)外語(yǔ)的旅行者到國(guó)外旅游提出了幾條建議，包括下載翻譯軟件、使用肢體語(yǔ)言、出發(fā)前學(xué)習(xí)關(guān)鍵詞、利用當(dāng)?shù)芈眯猩绲膸椭约肮陀卯?dāng)?shù)貙?dǎo)游。
5．In what situation should a language translation app be applied while traveling abroad?
A．When you have trouble pronouncing the words.
B．When you want to acknowledge your ignorance.
C．When you want to practice the local language.
D．When you feel uncomfortable in the country.
A　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞“a language translation app”定位至第二段，根據(jù)該段第二句“Ideally, find one that specializes in the language you need to translate especially if the language uses a character set you’re not familiar with, or have difficulty pronouncing.”可知，在該語(yǔ)言使用你不熟悉的字符集或者你發(fā)音有困難時(shí)，你應(yīng)當(dāng)下載翻譯軟件，故A項(xiàng)正確。
6．What is the easiest way to communicate with foreigners according to the text?
A．Downloading a language translation app.
B．Learning a few key words.
C．Using body language.
D．Working with a guide.
C　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“Pointing with your hands and nodding or shaking your head, Mr. Thibault said, are easy ways to communicate with locals in the country you’re in.”可知，使用雙手、點(diǎn)頭或搖頭，是你和當(dāng)?shù)厝私涣鞯暮?jiǎn)單的方式；據(jù)此可推知，使用肢體語(yǔ)言是與當(dāng)?shù)厝私涣髯詈?jiǎn)單的方式，故C項(xiàng)正確。
7．How can you better understand the local language?
A．By speaking with your hands and head.
B．By learning a few key words.
C．By downloading a language translation app.
D．By hiring a local tour guide.
D　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)尾段第一句“A tour guide can help you get a better grasp of the local language and is a good person to practice words and phrases with.”可知，導(dǎo)游可以幫助你更好地掌握當(dāng)?shù)氐恼Z(yǔ)言，而且導(dǎo)游是你與其練習(xí)單詞和短語(yǔ)的最佳人選，故D項(xiàng)正確。
Ⅱ.完形填空
(2020·重慶調(diào)研)In a remote village, selling chestnuts was the main source of livelihood for local villagers. In late autumn, the hills were covered by the trees and chestnuts were __1__ from the branches of the trees, which __2__ with the wind attracting local villagers to __3__ them at this time of year.
The villagers took the chestnuts, carried them home and __4__ them out. The whole family sifted(篩) and sorted them according to their __5__， and then transported them to the city for wholesale or retail. Every villager knew that if they wanted to sell for a good price, what really __6__ was to send the selected chestnuts to the market first. Many families, which were short of __7__， would go to the nearby villages to hire workers with high __8__．
Still, to many people’s __9__， there was a young man in the village who could never need help, __10__ he had limited hands. He lived with his blind and old mother. He always arrived at the market one step ahead of the other ones __11__ he could sell out of all the chestnuts and then happily drove back with his truck __12__．
The secret of the young man was: after picking chestnuts, he put them __13__ into a sack(麻袋) and carried them to the truck. When he set out, he chose the road, __14__ and bumpy(不平的), to go, __15__ the small ones would jump to the __16__ of the bag and the larger ones would stay on the top of the bag. It would save time for classification and selection. When inquired how he found the way, the young man __17__：“If you put your heart into it, you will find the right way. This is not an accident but a(n) __18__ result.”
There will always be people who get __19__ or complain when they hear bad news. As a matter of fact, if you use your head, you will be __20__ to the people and things in the environment. When you turn your mind into action to move forward step by step, you can also create a new world for yourself.
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇夾敘夾議文，主要講述了一個(gè)年輕人用便捷的方法篩選栗子的故事，進(jìn)而啟迪讀者——世上無(wú)難事，只怕有心人。
1．A.holding B．filling
C．planting D．hanging
D　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境及常識(shí)可知，山丘上遍布樹木，栗子從樹枝上垂下來(lái)(hanging)，故選D。
2．A.fell B．shook
C．jumped D．folded
B　解析：根據(jù)空后的“with the wind”可推知，栗子隨風(fēng)搖動(dòng)(shook)，吸引當(dāng)?shù)氐拇迕駛冊(cè)谝荒曛械倪@個(gè)時(shí)候來(lái)采摘(pick)，故選B。
3．A.enjoy B．view
C．seek D．pick
D　解析：參見上題解析。
4．A.poured B．took
C．thought D．figured
A　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“The whole family sifted(篩) and sorted them”可推知，村民們把采摘的栗子帶回家，倒(poured)出來(lái)，然后才能進(jìn)行篩選和分類，故選A。
5．A.shape B．size
C．taste D．color
B　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“the small ones would jump to the ______ of the bag and the larger ones would stay on the top of the bag”可推知，整個(gè)家庭根據(jù)栗子的大小(size)進(jìn)行篩選和分類，故選B。
6．A.mattered B．cared
C．interested D．minded
A　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可推知，真正要緊(mattered)的是要把挑選好的栗子先送到市場(chǎng)上去，故選A。
7．A.hands B．power
C．experience D．ways
A　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“he had limited hands”可推知，許多家庭在這個(gè)時(shí)候就會(huì)缺少人手，會(huì)去附近的村子里以高薪(salary)雇人干活，故選A。
8．A.quality B．quantity
C．money D．salary
D　解析：參見上題解析。
9．A.puzzlement B．relief
C．a(chǎn)stonishment D．delight
A　解析：根據(jù)上文可知，在栗子收獲的季節(jié)許多家庭往往缺少人手，并結(jié)合下文可知，這個(gè)年輕人從不需要幫忙，由此可推知，這點(diǎn)讓很多人困惑(puzzlement)，故選A。
10．A.only if B．a(chǎn)s if
C．even if D．if only
C　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，即使(even if)這個(gè)年輕人人手有限，但他從不需要幫助。
11．A.which B．where
C．whom D．who
B　解析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，本句是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，空處在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，修飾先行詞“the market”，故選B。
12．A.full B．filled
C．empty D．loaded
C　解析：根據(jù)空前的“he could sell out of all the chestnuts”可知，他能夠賣光自己所有的栗子，然后開心地開著空(empty)卡車回家，故選C。
13．A.suddenly B．shortly
C．directly D．hurriedly
C　解析：根據(jù)上文可知，人們把采摘的栗子帶回家，倒出來(lái)，然后進(jìn)行篩選和分類，最后才運(yùn)到市場(chǎng)上賣掉，而這個(gè)年輕人直接(directly)把采摘的栗子裝進(jìn)麻袋里，將它們搬上卡車，故選C。
14．A.tough B．rough
C．regular D．smooth
B　解析：由空后的“bumpy”為并列結(jié)構(gòu)可推知，他選擇的路是高低不平的(rough)，故選B。
15．A.even B．or
C．but D．so
D　解析：根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，空處前后表示邏輯上的因果關(guān)系，前因后果，故選D。
16．A.hole B．tip
C．middle D．bottom
D　解析：根據(jù)下文中的“and the larger ones would stay on the top of the bag”可推知，小些的栗子會(huì)快速移動(dòng)到袋子的底部(bottom)，而大些的栗子會(huì)留在上面，故選D。
17．A.sighed B．excited
C．smiled D．sneezed
C　解析：根據(jù)空后的內(nèi)容可推知，這個(gè)年輕人當(dāng)時(shí)是微笑(smiled)著(說(shuō))的。sigh“嘆氣”；excite“使激動(dòng)，使興奮”；sneeze“打噴嚏”。
18．A.unexpected B．necessary
C．a(chǎn)ccidental D．deliberate
B　解析：根據(jù)該句中的“This is not an accident but”可推知，這并非意外，而是必然的(necessary)結(jié)果，故選B。
19．A.stricken B．satisfied
C．upset D．surprised
C　解析：根據(jù)空后的“or complain when they hear bad news”可知，此處與“complain”并列，故C項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。
20．A.sensitive B．a(chǎn)ccessible
C．relative D．flexible
A　解析：根據(jù)上文年輕人的回答“If you put your heart into it, you will find the right way.”和本句中的“if you use your head”可推知，A項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。sensitive“敏感的”；accessible“可進(jìn)入的”；relative“相對(duì)的”；flexible“靈活的”。
課時(shí)練2　1篇閱讀＋1篇七選五＋
1篇改錯(cuò)＋1篇書面表達(dá)
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
(2020·滁州高三質(zhì)檢)Air pollution shortens human lives by more than a year, according to a new study from a team of leading environmental engineers and public health researchers. Better air quality could lead to a significant extension of lifespans(壽命) around the world.
It is the first time that data on air pollution and the lifespan has been studied together in order to check how air pollution affects overall life expectancy.
The researchers looked at outdoor air pollution from particulate matter(PM)(顆粒物) smaller than 2.5 microns. These particulates can enter deep into the lungs, and breathing PM 2.5 is associated with the increased risk of heart attacks, strokes and cancer. PM 2.5 pollution comes from power plants, cars and trucks, fires, agriculture and industrial emissions(排放物)．
Led by Joshua Apte, the team used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study to measure PM 2.5 air pollution exposure and its consequences in 185 countries. They then quantified the national impact on life expectancy for each individual country as well as on a global scale.
“The fact that air pollution is a major global killer is already well-known，” said Apte. “And we all care about how long we can live. Here, we were able to systematically identify how air pollution shortens lives around the world. What we found is that air pollution has a very large effect on survival—on average about a year globally.”
In the context of other significant phenomena negatively affecting human survival rates, Apte said this is a big number. “For example, it’s considerably larger than the benefit in survival we might see if we found cures for both lung and breast cancer combined，” he said. “In countries like India and China, the benefit for elderly people of improving air quality would be especially large. For much of Asia, if air pollution were removed as a risk for death, 60-year-olds would have a 15 percent to 20 percent higher chance of living to age 85 or older.”
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。研究表明，良好的空氣質(zhì)量有益于延長(zhǎng)壽命，但是空氣污染使得細(xì)顆粒物進(jìn)入人體肺部，導(dǎo)致心臟病、癌癥、中風(fēng)發(fā)病率升高，從而影響人的壽命。
1．What do we know about PM 2.5?
A．It has a bad effect on human health.
B．It will be controlled in the future.
C．It mainly comes from industrial emissions.
D．It spreads to the world from Asian countries.
A　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“These particulates can enter deep into the lungs, and breathing PM 2.5 is associated with the increased risk of heart attacks, strokes and cancer.”可知，PM 2.5影響人體健康，故A項(xiàng)正確。
2．What did the researchers do to study how air pollution affects the lifespan?
A．They collected accurate information from all the Asian countries.
B．They employed the research data to calculate the effect.
C．They studied the disease and lifespan together time and time again.
D．They measured particulate matter much more carefully than before.
B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“It is the first time that data on air pollution and the lifespan has been studied together in order to check how air pollution affects overall life expectancy.”可知，這是首次將空氣污染和壽命數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合起來(lái)研究，以查明空氣污染如何影響總體預(yù)期壽命。故B項(xiàng)正確。
3．What can be inferred from the text?
A．The key to people living longer is good air quality.
B．People think air pollution is the most dangerous killer to them.
C．Apte will agree that people should take action to deal with air pollution.
D．Factories should decrease the production of cars to stop air pollution.
C　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)尾段的內(nèi)容，尤其是“In countries like India and China, the benefit for elderly people of improving air quality would be especially large.”可知，Apte認(rèn)為改善空氣質(zhì)量對(duì)老年人有好處。據(jù)此可推知，他會(huì)同意人們采取措施應(yīng)對(duì)空氣污染，故C項(xiàng)正確。
4．What is the best title for the text?
A．The Way Human Beings Enjoy a Longer Lifespan
B．The Importance of Getting Rid of Air Pollution
C．Asian People Are Suffering from Serious Air Pollution　
D．Air Pollution Reduces the Lifespan by More than One Year
D　解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文可知，文章第一段第一句“Air pollution shortens human lives by more than a year, according to a new study from a team of leading environmental engineers and public health researchers.”為全文的主題句，結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，文章通過(guò)介紹科學(xué)研究，說(shuō)明空氣污染導(dǎo)致人的壽命減少一年以上。故D項(xiàng)最適合作本文的標(biāo)題。
Ⅱ.七選五
(2020·合肥高三聯(lián)考)In the super fast-paced world we live in, happiness may not come as easily as we wish. Here are some tips to make us live happily.
Don’t avoid or ignore negativity.
1．________ This can include people in your life who may be bringing you down, a hostile workplace environment or even a personal stressor that you haven’t conquered quite yet. You are in control of your environment and if these negative situations keep making an appearance, it’s up to you to handle them.
Take care of yourself and your needs.
In order to live a powerful and meaningful life, you must love yourself. Take care of your actions and how you live each day, and this will be reflected in your thoughts and emotional state of mind. 2.________
Mend what’s broken or get rid of it.
Determining what is worth your time and effort and what can be challenging. If situations are beyond repair, it’s time to let go. Are there relationships or friendships that remain damaged but you know are worth the time？3.________ Do what you can to find love in situations where it may have be absent in the past.
4．________
Giving our time, energy, love and sometimes money is what life is about. 5.________ My mom taught me a quote she learned in Mexico that stuck with me forever, “donde come uno, comen dos.(where one can eat, two can eat.)” It moves me every time I say it out loud. At the end of the day, no matter what you have you are likely in a position to give something small to someone else who needs it. Don’t hesitate.
A．Give back.
B．Be positive.
C．Fix them and find peace.
D．Do more of what makes you happy.
E．Love yourself fully in order to love others fully.
F．Everything we put out into the world comes back to us.
G．In order to conquer and overcome, it must be acknowledged.
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了幾個(gè)快樂(lè)生活的建議。
1．G　解析：根據(jù)小標(biāo)題Don’t avoid or ignore negativity. 并結(jié)合該段內(nèi)容可推知，必須先承認(rèn)其消極性才能戰(zhàn)勝和克服它。故選G項(xiàng)。
2．E　解析：根據(jù)該段中的“you must love yourself”以及“Take care of your actions and how you live each day”可推知，E項(xiàng)“為了充分地愛別人，要完全地愛自己”符合語(yǔ)境，故選E項(xiàng)。
3．C　解析：根據(jù)小標(biāo)題Mend what’s broken or get rid of it. 以及空前一句可知，修復(fù)那些值得你花時(shí)間的關(guān)系或友誼，故選C項(xiàng)。
4．A　解析：根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)以及空處所在位置可知，空處為段落小標(biāo)題，該段主要是講要去付出。故選A項(xiàng)。
5．F　解析：根據(jù)空前一句可知，生活就是付出我們的時(shí)間、精力、愛，有時(shí)是金錢，由此可推知，空處應(yīng)是講有付出就會(huì)有回報(bào)。故選F項(xiàng)。
Ⅲ.短文改錯(cuò)
(2020·平頂山名校模擬)Last year, my friend and I went to visit Mount Huang. We carried two backpacks, that turned out to be pretty heavier for the hike. I am not an experiencing hiker and those endless steps make me want to return to the safe and comfortable ground. But my friend encouraged me great. “Look, the top is coming closer and closer. We are almost there.” I pulled me together and kept going. After three-hour exhausting hike to the top, but with wonderful sceneries on the way, we got to the top finally. For our pleasure, we also found a hotel that looked very much inviting.
答案：
Last year, my friend and I went to visit Mount Huang. We carried two backpacks, turned out to be pretty for the hike. I am not an hiker and those endless steps me want to return to the safe and comfortable ground. But my friend encouraged me . “Look, the top is coming closer and closer. We are almost there.” I pulled together and kept going. After three-hour exhausting hike to the top, but with wonderful on the way, we got to the top finally. our pleasure, we also found a hotel that looked very inviting.
Ⅳ.書面表達(dá)
(2020·合肥重點(diǎn)高中摸底)假定你是李華，你的澳大利亞朋友William寒假期間要來(lái)中國(guó)游玩，行程中計(jì)劃在你家住三天，請(qǐng)你給他寫一封電子郵件，內(nèi)容包括：
1．住宿條件；
2．活動(dòng)安排；
3．其他事項(xiàng)(氣候差異、著裝提醒等)。
注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右；
2．可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
Dear William，
I am delighted to know that you are coming to China, and especially excited that you will stay in my house. Now, I’d like to tell you some relevant information about your stay here.
The bedroom in which you will live is bright and pleasant. A variety of books as well as a computer are available. Of course you have easy access to the network. What’s more, I intend to show you around my city where you can visit some places of interest. By the way, we are having a cold winter here. So, be sure to bring your winter clothes.
I am sure you will have a wonderful experience here. Looking forward to your coming.
Yours，
Li Hua

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