To know oneself is difficult. （不定式）
    Working on such a hot day is no easy job. （動(dòng)名詞）2)不定式(to)一般表示具體或一次性動(dòng)作, 而動(dòng)名詞(v-ing)則表示一般或抽象的多次動(dòng)作。    Not being tall should not become a serious disadvantage in life and work.3)不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以用it來代替作形式主語。It is not good to smoke so much.
It is useless speaking.注：動(dòng)名詞(v-ing)常在以下兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中做主語：?           It is no use/ no good/ fun/ a waste of time/ a good pleasure等名詞+ doing ?           It is useless/ nice/ interesting/ worthwhile/ good等形容詞+doingeg: It is a waste of time seeing that movie. It is so good to talk to you.4)動(dòng)名詞(v-ing)也可在 There is/ was no + doing 結(jié)構(gòu)中做主語There is no standing still in this life; one must either advance or fall behind.2、非謂語動(dòng)詞做賓語?         不定式和動(dòng)名詞可以作動(dòng)詞賓語或介詞賓語。大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞既能接不定式、又可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，但有些動(dòng)詞或固定結(jié)構(gòu)有特定的用法。1. 動(dòng)名詞（v-ing）作賓語In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid being beaten1)下列動(dòng)詞（短語）只能接動(dòng)名詞或名詞作賓語:
Abandon ， give up ， admit  ，acknowledge，  confess，  advocate ， avoid escape，   enjoy2)非謂語動(dòng)詞作介詞的賓語, 通常情況下要用動(dòng)名詞形式, 不能用不定式。某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)可以省略介詞, 但仍然要跟動(dòng)名詞形式。
①feel like doing sth.
②be/get used to doing sth.
③be busy (in) doing sth.
④spend time (in) doing sth.
⑤waste/lose time (in) doing sth.
⑥have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.
⑦have fun (in) doing sth.
⑧have a good time (in) doing sth.
⑨there is no point (in) doing sth. 3）下列動(dòng)詞后只能接不定式作賓語
agree  ，offer  ，plan ， aim ， ask ， demand  ，claim ， endeavor ， manage
determine ， resolve
①Jack offered to drive his friend to the airport.
②After the divorce, Mary resolved never to marry again.4) 當(dāng)非謂語動(dòng)詞位于but, except后作賓語時(shí), 習(xí)慣上要用不定式; 而且, 當(dāng)其前有動(dòng)詞do（do, does, did, done）時(shí), 則不定式不帶to；若其前有動(dòng)詞do, 則不定式通常帶to。①       We had no choice but to wait.②He never did anything at home but watch TV.
③It had no effect except to make him angry.
④I could do nothing except agree.5）能接不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞注：有些動(dòng)詞后既能接不定式又能接動(dòng)名詞, 兩者意思基本相同, 有時(shí)甚至可以互換，區(qū)別不大。主要在于: 不定式一般表示具體成一次性動(dòng)作, 動(dòng)名詞則表示一般或抽象的多次動(dòng)作。這類動(dòng)詞主要有：
Like  love  hate  prefer  begin  start  continue  bother  intend
注意: 在like, love, hate, prefer前有would, should時(shí), 其后只能跟不定式。 ?           有些動(dòng)詞后既能接不定式又能接動(dòng)名詞, 但二者的意義差別很大。這類動(dòng)詞有:go on doing …繼續(xù)做某事（繼續(xù)剛才的事情）go on to do… 繼續(xù)去做另一件事continue doing 繼續(xù)做某事（繼續(xù)剛才的事情）continue to do繼續(xù)去做另一件事like doing sth 喜歡做某事（經(jīng)常行為，或者做了已是事實(shí)的行為）like to do sth.  喜歡去做某事(個(gè)別行為，或?qū)淼男袨?/span>)stop doing sth. 停止做某事（停止正在做的事情）stop to do sth. 停下來去去做另一件事try doing sth. 嘗試做某事try to do盡力去做某事regret doing sth . 后悔做某事（為已經(jīng)做過的事而感到）regret to do 遺憾要做某事（此事沒做）remember doing 記得做過某事remember to do 記得要去做某事forget doing 忘記做了某事forget to do 忘記要去做某事⑤注：英語中有些動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)名詞為賓語, 不定式為賓語補(bǔ)足語。Advise  allow  forbid  permit  recommende.g.  He doesn’t  allow smoking in his office. （動(dòng)名詞作賓語）
He doesn’t  allow his family to smoke at all. （不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語）3、非謂語動(dòng)詞做補(bǔ)語1）不定式和分詞都可以作主語補(bǔ)足語和賓語補(bǔ)足語, 但所表達(dá)的意義不同。?           現(xiàn)在分詞(v-ing)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或一直處于某種狀態(tài)?           過去分詞(done)表被動(dòng)意義?           不定式(to do)表動(dòng)作未發(fā)生
e.g. ①She suddenly heard someone knocking at the door. (正在進(jìn)行)
     ②She kept us waiting here for an hour. (一直處于某種狀態(tài))
     ③ I heard the song sung. ( song與sing之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系)
     ④ Please remind me to take my medicine this afternoon. (未發(fā)生)
     ⑤ The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.(tie與hands之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系）2）表示勸請、要求的動(dòng)詞后常用帶的不定式作賓補(bǔ), 可用于~ sb. to do sth.構(gòu)。此類詞有：ask  invite  tell  want  encourage  wish  expect  beg  requestrequire  advise  order  force  cause  allow  permit  forbid  warnremind  teach  send  call on  wait for  would like/love/prefer
注：也有部分表勸請、要求的詞不可以to do為賓補(bǔ)。Hope  suggest  agree  decide  demande.g.  He doesn’t allow his family to smoke.
I advised him not to go there.（此處 advised不可用 suggested替換。）3.）在使役動(dòng)詞make, let, have后,一般用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ), 但在其被動(dòng)式后作主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，要加上to。e.g.  He made his son study English
4） help以不定式為賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不定式帶不帶to均可。He helped me (to) clean the room.
5） want, wish等后接 to be done作賓補(bǔ)時(shí), to be可省略,直接用過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)。When do you wish it（to be）finished？
4、非謂語動(dòng)詞做表語1）動(dòng)名詞、不定式和分詞都可以作句子表語。不定式多表一次性的、具體的動(dòng)作；動(dòng)名詞多表經(jīng)常發(fā)生的、日常的；過去分詞多表被動(dòng)。e.g. ①One of our aims is to help the unemployed find a job.
②Her job was washing clothes.
③The problem remains unsolved. 2） 有些現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞也常常被認(rèn)作是形容詞。
amusing  unemployed  interesting  surprising  delighting  
amused  excited    interested   surprised    delightede.g.  They are excited to hear the news. (過去分詞)
The news is exciting. (現(xiàn)在分詞)5、非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語1）分詞作定語和所修飾的詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系現(xiàn)在分詞一般表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作過去分詞表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或表被動(dòng)的意義。①a racing horse = a horse that is racing②the girl standing there = the girl who is standing there③a fallen leaf = a leaf that has already fallen④the building completed three years ago = the building that was completedthree years ago e.g. The man preparing the documents is the firm ' s lawyer has all the following possible meanings EXCEPT （D）　　A. The man who has prepared the documents...
B. The man who has been preparing the documents...
C. The man who is preparing the documents…
D. The man who will prepare the documents…2） 不定式作定語，通常表示未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，且常后置。　　The topic to be discussed at the meeting is still unknown.3）動(dòng)名詞定語一般表示所修飾詞的用途，它和所修飾詞之間沒有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。　　①the sleeping bus = the bus for sleeping②       a changing room = a room for changing clothes③       a walking stick = a stick for walking６、非謂語動(dòng)詞做狀語1.）不定式在句中作狀語常表目的、結(jié)果或原因；分詞作狀語表示時(shí)間、原因、　　讓步、條件、方式、伴隨等。①Having finished the homework, I went home. (表時(shí)間)
②Being a model party member, I should work even harder. (表原因)
③Given time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player. (表?xiàng)l件)
④He ran out of the classroom, shouting at the boy. (表伴隨)
⑤To give the teacher a good impression, I decided to sit in the front row. (表目的)
⑥He is old enough to join the army. (表結(jié)果)
⑦I am only too pleased to accept your kind invitation. (表結(jié)果)
only/all too … to do …  非常…做某事2.）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)/獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)?         分詞作狀語應(yīng)注意其邏輯主語必須與主句的主語一致，否則分詞要有自己的邏輯　　主語，這種帶主語的分詞被稱為分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)由邏輯主　　語（名詞、代詞）+ 分詞構(gòu)成，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨狀態(tài)。①Time permitting = (if time permits), the celebration will be held asscheduled.②Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat being by far thebiggest.③There being nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end halfan hour earlier.④What ' s the chance of there being a general election this year? ?         獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語前有時(shí)可以加with或without，作伴隨狀語或定語e.g .He sat in the chair with his legs crossed.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.3)有些分詞短語可以獨(dú)立存在，在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語而實(shí)際上已經(jīng)變成了習(xí)慣用法。
①generally/strictly speaking
②judging from
③talking of
④considering/given (that)
⑤regarding/concerning
⑥provided/providing/supposing/given
⑥including
⑦seeing (that)
4）獨(dú)立不定式有些不定式不屬于句中的任何人或事物，而是修飾全句，這類不定式為獨(dú)立不定式(Absolute infinitive)。常用的有：
①to tell the truth
②to be plain with you
③to be brief
④to conclude
⑤to cut/make a long story short
⑥to sum up
⑦needless to say
⑧strange to say
⑨to say nothing of / not to speak of / not to mention
⑩to say the least
5)有些不定式不屬于句中的任何人或事物，而是修飾全句，這類不定式為獨(dú)立不定式①To tell the truth, I thought I would keep silent.
②To be brief, he was happy with the result.
③To conclude, I wish you all good health and a long life.
④To cut a long story short, we said, “No!”
⑤He can speak French, German and Japanese, not to mention English.
⑥It is a good idea, to be sure, but it costs too much.
  

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