第03講完形填空之說明文（講義）-2024年中考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義（全國通用）-學(xué)案下載-教習(xí)網(wǎng)

中考總復(fù)習(xí)一般分為三輪：
1、第一輪復(fù)習(xí)為基礎(chǔ)知識的單元、章節(jié)復(fù)習(xí)。通過第一輪的復(fù)習(xí)，使學(xué)生系統(tǒng)掌握基礎(chǔ)知識、基本技能和方法，形成明晰的知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)和穩(wěn)定的知識框架。
2、第二輪復(fù)習(xí)打破章節(jié)界限實行大單元、小綜合、專題式復(fù)習(xí)。第二輪復(fù)習(xí)絕不是第一輪復(fù)習(xí)的壓縮文檔，而是一個知識點(diǎn)綜合、鞏固、完善、提高的過程。復(fù)習(xí)的主要任務(wù)及目標(biāo)是：完成各部分知識的條理，歸納，糅合，使各部分知識成為一個有機(jī)的整體。
3、第三輪復(fù)習(xí)是知識、能力深化鞏固的階段。復(fù)習(xí)資料的組織以中考題及模擬題為主，回扣教材，查缺補(bǔ)漏，進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練。同時，要教給學(xué)生一些必備的應(yīng)試技巧和方法，使學(xué)生有足夠的自信從容地面對中考。
?第03講完型填空之說明文（講義）
【復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)】
1.了解中考英語說明類完形填空解題技巧概覽
2.語境聯(lián)想的應(yīng)用
3.掌握解題步驟和策略
4.完形填空解題技巧的實踐應(yīng)用
【考情分析】
完型填空之說明文題型語篇特征
說明文是一種以＂說明、解釋＂為主要表達(dá)方式的英語文體。它是對客觀事物的性狀、特點(diǎn)、功能和用途等作科學(xué)解說的。它既不像故事那樣重在情節(jié)的敘述和描寫，也不像議論文那樣，重在闡明主張和論點(diǎn)論據(jù)；更不像科幻作品那樣富于想象和虛構(gòu)夸張。說明文是通過解說事物、闡明事理，使人們增長知識和技能。說明類完型填空題是難點(diǎn)。
說明文具有與自己特點(diǎn)相適應(yīng)的說明方法，因此說明文結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，專業(yè)術(shù)語多，易于拉開考生分?jǐn)?shù)檔次，便于高校分層次選拔人才。然而對于考生來說說明文抽象度高，解題難度大。它旨在考查學(xué)生語法和詞匯知識綜合運(yùn)用能力的典型題型。它結(jié)合了單項選擇題和短文填空的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，既考查詞語搭配、近義詞辨異、動詞時態(tài)、句型結(jié)構(gòu)、復(fù)合句的關(guān)聯(lián)和習(xí)慣用法等，又考查了邏輯推理和事理推斷能力。

完形填空的做題誤區(qū)
很多同學(xué)說，他們做完形填空時，往往采用“翻譯法和代入法”，即做題時翻譯文章內(nèi)容，感覺哪個合適選哪個，看看劃橫線處有沒有一些固定搭配，然后作選擇或者填空。
其實這樣做是很危險的：
① 在實際考試中，翻譯很容易受母語影響，進(jìn)行錯誤選擇；
② 并不是所謂固定搭配一定是正確選項，完形填空是考查單詞在語境中的運(yùn)用。如果這個搭配或短語是不符合語篇、段落邏輯的，即便是固定說法，也是不合適的，在閱卷的時候這樣的答案一定是錯誤的。
一中考英語說明類完形填空解題技巧概覽
抓住文章的主題和說明的內(nèi)容，準(zhǔn)確把握說明的對象和特點(diǎn)。說明文主要是對事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行客觀的分析和闡述，使讀者更加清楚地了解和認(rèn)識該事物或現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)。在閱讀時要抓住文章的主題和說明的內(nèi)容及特點(diǎn)。
中考對說明文的考查多為科普知識，動植物特性、自然現(xiàn)象和新產(chǎn)品、新工藝介紹以及人文地理、風(fēng)土人情等方面的說明文，文中解釋性、定義性、說明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握說明文的命題特點(diǎn)，敘述方式，以冷靜的心態(tài)閱讀原文，重點(diǎn)突破長句結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和邏輯關(guān)系，以便對其做出準(zhǔn)確的語意理解。
1. 通讀全文，了解大意
做題之前，必須先瀏覽全文，了解短文的大意，這是必不可少的一個步驟。通過短文所提供的信息，借助語感及相關(guān)知識的推斷，可以從整體上把握短文的輪廓。
完形填空題不同于單項填空題，單項填空題所給的是一個或兩個句子，根據(jù)根據(jù)或前后句子就可以判定所選的答案。而完形填空題所給的是一篇意思完整的短文，所選的答案設(shè)在整段或整篇之中。切勿為了省時而邊看邊填，否則，欲速則不達(dá)，許多地方看不下去，填空時或不解其意，或似懂非懂，舉棋不定，這樣不僅錯誤率高，而且費(fèi)時不少。
每篇短文總有一定的主題思想，段落之間必須能承上啟下，前呼后應(yīng)，句與句之間也一定緊密相聯(lián)，形成一個有機(jī)的整體。因此通讀全文，時要一氣呵成，不要中斷思路，只要能了解短文的大意就可。其某些細(xì)節(jié)不理解可以跳過，如果不影響答題，可以置之不理；如果與答題有關(guān)，可到第二步填空時再琢磨解決。另外，在閱讀時要特別注意一篇文章的開頭和結(jié)尾，因為它們往往能夠提供主要的信息，幫助了解全文所描述的事件或中心議題。
2. 瞻前顧后，初選答案
在通讀全文，了解大意的基礎(chǔ)上，便可著手答題，初選習(xí)慣用法、固定搭配，并從上下文中找關(guān)鍵性啟示，前后對照，根據(jù)語感等選出比較容易的答案。有些題目設(shè)計很巧，由下文暗示上文，很有可能開頭的空格填入四個選項在語法上都成立，但正確選項要到文章末尾才能得到解答。反之亦然，文末的空格有可能在上文找到相關(guān)或有關(guān)聯(lián)的答案。
3. 每空細(xì)讀，分析斟酌
逐句精讀，逐題分析選項，有少數(shù)空格需多方面的推敲分析，如詞義分析，語法結(jié)構(gòu)分析，上下文推理分析等，下面是從所給四個選項角度考慮的解題思路：
（1）若考查冠詞，則須依據(jù)短文空白后的單詞的第一個因素，或所出現(xiàn)的后面名詞的次序來確定a, an 或the，或用冠詞的慣用法來確定。
（2）若是介詞或副詞（如 up，ut， ff， away等）可先從固定搭配入手；若不屬于固定搭配，則根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)及介（副）詞的意義及用法進(jìn)行仔細(xì)推敲選擇。
（3）若四個選項好似名詞，則須從其所在的單復(fù)數(shù)形式、所有格形式等，根據(jù)文意進(jìn)行名詞辨析等。
（4）如考查形容詞或副詞，則須從其所在句中的作用來確定什么詞性，或者考查其比較級或最高級，以及它前面的修飾語等。
（5）如果考查動詞，要么考查其同義詞辨析，要么考查某些固定搭配，或時態(tài)、語態(tài)以及非謂語動詞形式等。
（6）若選項是連接詞，澤爾應(yīng)根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和上下文的意思決定是選擇連接代詞還是連接副詞。也可以從連詞的一些慣用法或固定搭配等入手。如，nt… until, as….. as, nt s… as, 或用because 不用s，用but不用thugh等。
4. 復(fù)核全文，清除疏漏
所有的答案選出來以后，應(yīng)再讀全文，對所選的答案進(jìn)行核實調(diào)整，經(jīng)過第二步的逐句推敲之后，對短文內(nèi)容的理解更為深刻，最初選擇時有些難解或誤解的問題這時就很容易判斷，從而也就能得到更好的解決，并清除疏漏。這一步費(fèi)時不多卻很有必要。
二語境聯(lián)想的應(yīng)用
利用上下文的提示
（1）在完形填空中，有些空格的答案可能直接或間接地在上下文中給出。讀者可以尋找與空格相連的句子或段落，以找到可能的答案。
（2）上下文可能提供對某些單詞或短語的理解，例如，如果一個單詞或短語在句子中是已知的，那么讀者可以使用這個已知信息來理解其他相關(guān)的單詞或短語的含義。
（3）上下文也可能提供對整個文章主題的理解，這可以幫助讀者理解文章中的細(xì)節(jié)和要點(diǎn)。
二、用學(xué)過的知識和已有的生活經(jīng)驗，掃清部分詞匯理解上的障礙
（1）讀者可以利用自己的背景知識和生活經(jīng)驗來理解文章中的某些單詞或短語。例如，如果文章談?wù)擉w育，那么讀者可以利用自己對體育的了解來理解文章中的一些專門術(shù)語。
（2）如果文章中出現(xiàn)一些新詞匯或難以理解的短語，讀者可以利用上下文以及文章的總體主題來猜測其含義。
（3）讀者還可以利用文章的語法和結(jié)構(gòu)來理解某些詞匯的含義。例如，上下文中的動詞時態(tài)和形容詞的使用可以幫助讀者理解某些名詞的含義。
三解題步驟和策略
通讀全文，理解大意
抓住文章的首句，了解文章的主題和背景
快速瀏覽全文，了解文章的大意
注意關(guān)鍵詞句和上下文的聯(lián)系
逐句精讀，填入適當(dāng)選項
利用上下文提示，推測空格所需詞匯
注意詞匯的詞性和詞義
注意語境和邏輯關(guān)系
重讀全文，驗證答案是否合理
檢查答案是否符合上下文和語境
檢查答案是否符合語法規(guī)則和拼寫規(guī)則
（2023·寧夏·統(tǒng)考中考真題）
閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。
2023 is the Year f the Rabbit in China. But 1 wuld a year be named after a rabbit? Rabbits aren’t very strng 2 , but they are symbls f beauty and cleverness in Chinese culture. They are als 3 as the luckiest f all the Chinese zdiac（生肖）animals. If yu were brn in the Year f the Rabbit, yu are thught t be beautiful, clever and lucky.
The Chinese zdiac animals 4 mre than just what kind f persn yu are. They als have a deep cnnectin with ancient Chinese culture. Other cultures arund the wrld have their wn 5 abut rabbits. Mst f them think f rabbits as symbls f springtime and cleverness.
Peple d many things that relate t（與……相關(guān)）rabbits. Fr example, 6 the first day f a new mnth, peple in western cuntries will say, “rabbit, rabbit”. They believe saying it will bring 7 gd luck. 8 , nt every culture sees rabbits as symbls f gd luck. American Indians 9 rabbits t be cheats（騙子）.
Fr the mst part, rabbits mean gd luck, s dn’t frget t say, “rabbit, rabbit” at the beginning f the next 10 mnth. It culd mean 30 days f gd luck!
1．A．whenB．whyC．whereD．what
2．A．playersB．a(chǎn)ctrsC．guidesD．a(chǎn)nimals
3．A．trainedB．savedC．knwnD．printed
4．A．useB．welcmeC．stpD．tell
5．A．ideasB．rdersC．examsD．chances
6．A．withB．fC．tD．n
7．A．themB．herC．himD．me
8．A．SuddenlyB．HweverC．PlitelyD．Luckily
9．A．cnsiderB．helpC．wishD．teach
10．A．famusB．strangeC．newD．safe
（2023·甘肅甘南·統(tǒng)考中考真題）
A famus symbl in American culture is a cartn animal—Mickey Muse. Mickey first 11 in a cartn in New Yrk in 1928. Walt Disney was the father f Mickey. He made lts f cartns with Mickey. Many peple arund the wrld lve the muse with tw large and rund 12 . He was s ppular because he was like a cmmn man, but he always tried t face any danger and slve the prblems all by himself. In Disney’s early films, Mickey was 13 , he lst his huse and girlfriend, Minnie. 14 , he never gave up his effrts and always wn at last. Mst peple want t be like him. Nw Mickey Muse is still ne f the mst ppular 15 characters in the wrld.
11．A．ran utB．hung utC．came ut
12．A．earsB．handsC．feet
13．A．richB．happyC．unlucky
14．A．AlsB．HweverC．S
15．A．cartnB．playC．nvel
（2023·青海西寧·統(tǒng)考中考真題）
Can yu sing the sng Lnely Warrir(孤勇者)? The sng is very ppular 16 many peple. Almst 17 likes it. The writer f the lyrics is Tang Tian. She 18 ill at the age f twenty-nine. Her illness was 19 serius that she might die sn. But t ur 20 , she beat it. Then she wrte dwn 21 stry and named it Lnely Warrir. This sng is really 22 . We can get strength(力量) frm it. It als encurages peple 23 prblems bravely. Teachers use the sng t guide their 24 . Dctrs 25 their patients with it. It wrks very well.
Let’s sing and feel it tgether, “Wh said that a her is the ne wh stands in the light? …”
16．A．fB．frmC．a(chǎn)tD．with
17．A．n neB．everyneC．nbdyD．smene
18．A．isB．a(chǎn)reC．wasD．were
19．A．sB．suchC．s aD．such a
20．A．pityB．shameC．painD．surprise
21．A．hisB．herC．myD．yur
22．A．carefulB．harmfulC．pwerfulD．a(chǎn)wful
23．A．t slveB．slveC．slvingD．t slving
24．A．wrkersB．a(chǎn)ctrsC．farmersD．students
25．A．fix upB．cheer upC．turn upD．lk up
（2023·西藏·統(tǒng)考中考真題）
As ne f the wrld’s favrite drinks, tea has becme mre and mre ppular. Chinese tea art with its custm was included in intangible cultural heritage lists by UNESCO（聯(lián)合國教科文組織非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄）in 2022.
China is the 26 f tea and tea has a lng histry. It is said that a Chinese ruler called Shen Nng was 27 first persn t discver tea as a drink. When a leaf drpped int 28 , the taste f the water was changed, and s tea was brn. Frm that mment n, the Chinese began 29 the sul（靈魂）f this special leaf.
It’s knwn that tea culture gradually 30 nrmal peple’s life in the Tang Dynasty. The peple in the Tang Dynasty nt nly drank tea, 31 ate the tea leaves. That was why the prcess f tasting tea was 32 “tea eating”. Hwever, the Sng peple preferred “whisking tea”（點(diǎn)茶）. In the Ming Dynasty, tasting tea gradually went back 33 its true nature f “drinking tea”. Later, the tea culture f 34 cuntry finally was blended（融入）int nrmal families.
Nwadays, making tea arund a stve（爐子）is a special way f drinking tea. It 35 already brught a wave f new lifestyle in China.
Tea culture is a kind f sublimatin（升華）f tea. In the lng river f histrical culture, tea cmbines the characters f the time
26．A．cityB．twnC．hmetwnD．cuntryside
27．A．/B．a(chǎn)C．a(chǎn)nD．the
28．A．cffeeB．juiceC．milkD．water
29．A．tuchB．tuchedC．t tuchD．tuches
30．A．gt intB．gt nC．gt ffD．gt up
31．A．s thatB．but alsC．a(chǎn)lthughD．until
32．A．callB．callingC．t callD．called
33．A．tB．fC．nD．a(chǎn)t
34．A．weB．usC．urD．urs
35．A．haveB．hasC．hadD．having
（2023·湖北襄陽·統(tǒng)考中考真題）

Sme ld Chinese inventins have wn wide ppularity arund the wrld. Recently, a British wman used an ancient Chinese inventin t help her sn 36 a math prblem.
Dr. Mantri grew up in India. She was taught 37 t use an abacus(算盤) t slve math prblems when she was yung. After nticing that her sn Dhruv had great difficulty with math, she started using the same ancient Chinese tl t help him after schl.
“My sn was in Grade 5 when I nticed he was 38 in math.” said Dr. Mantri, “I wuld ask him smething very easy like ‘35-13 =?’, but he culdn’t wrk it ut.”
“I never thught I wuld teach him t use such an ld tl 39 I realized I culd try the Chinese abacus. It is a useful 40 t help kids better understand numbers and basic calculatins(計算). Very sn I saw the results. After six days, Dhruv started t make prgress 41 with the help f the abacus. He even perfrmed with the abacus at a schl meeting where sme parents came t 42 advice n using it t help their kids.”
Knwn as the fifth inventin f ancient China, Chinese abacus is als 43 as the earliest cmputer. It helped peple slve many math prblems in ancient China. 44 yu remember the rules, yu can easily use it. Smetimes, just mve ne bead(算珠), then 45 bead, and yu will get the answer. What a magic tl!
S far, the Chinese abacus has been listed as an intangible cultural heritage f human beings(人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn))fr 10 years ever since 2013.
36．A．deal withB．part withC．a(chǎn)gree withD．cmpete with
37．A．whatB．hwC．whereD．when
38．A．creativeB．weakC．talentedD．successful
39．A．a(chǎn)fterB．whenC．untilD．since
40．A．signB．reprtC．methdD．symbl
41．A．plitelyB．ludlyC．bravelyD．rapidly
42．A．care frB．leave fr C．a(chǎn)sk fr D．pay fr
43．A．cstB．caughtC．cveredD．cnsidered
44．A．As lng asB．As well asC．As gd asD．As far as
45．A．therB．thersC．the thersD．a(chǎn)nther
（2023·四川雅安·統(tǒng)考中考真題）
China is the hmeland f tea. Wild tea trees with ver 3,000 years ld can still be fund in Suthwest China. Tea plants are usually 46 n the sides f muntains.
Nwadays, tea is mre ppular than any ther 47 except water in China. Yu can find plenty f teahuses 48 , especially in the tp tea culture cities.
In traditinal Chinese culture, 49 tea t a guest is a sign f respect (尊重). A yunger persn can shw respect fr an lder persn by serving a cup f tea. This is cmmn during big celebratins, such as birthdays r the Spring Festival.
Tea is believed t be a(n) 50 drink by Chinese peple. In China, peple believe that drinking tea every day culd reduce (減少) the risk f sme diseases.
46．A．usedB．grwnC．cutD．carried
47．A．fdB．drinkC．fruitD．vegetable
48．A．easilyB．difficultlyC．quietlyD．tiredly
49．A．pickingB．prducingC．drinkingD．serving
50．A．interestingB．luckyC．healthyD．delicius
（2023·四川遂寧·中考真題）
Many f China’s mst ppular dishes cme frm Sichuan. If it’s the first time fr yu t visit Sichuan, dn’t have yur hmetwn dishes. Try a ht pt dinner 51 . And if yu g, be sure t bring yur friends and family—yu get lts f fd!
At a ht pt 52 in Sichuan, the waiter serves the fd uncked. Yu ck it yurself at the table. Yu get a large pt f biling sup, vegetables and meat r seafd. Add these fds t the 53 ne by ne. When it’s finished, enjy it with relish yu like. It’s fun t eat at a ht pt restaurant. Just several mnths ag, the first ht pt bus 54 in Chengdu. On the bus, yu can eat ht pt, g arund the city and learn abut the histry f Sichuan ht pt. Peple like ht pt because it is delicius and it’s 55 t make. Yu can even make it at hme by yurself. Everybdy is a ck!
51．A．a(chǎn)gainB．insteadC．a(chǎn)lneD．bravely
52．A．hmeB．supermarketC．restaurantD．htel
53．A．bttleB．bwlC．plateD．pt
54．A．a(chǎn)ppearedB．happenedC．brkeD．stpped
55．A．easyB．ppularC．necessaryD．tasty
（2023·吉林·統(tǒng)考中考真題）
As an exchange student, Tny has studied in China fr ne year. He finds where students have lessns is different 56 China and America.
In China, mst students stay in the same classrm t have different lessns. When the schl bell rings, students wait fr their teachers 57 then start their lessns. Students put their schl things in the 58 .
In America, hwever, things are quite different. Fr 59 subjects, students are suppsed t g and find the right classrms. They have t 60 their classrms. They put their things in the lckers (儲物柜) ut f the classrms.
Tny thinks these tw patterns have their wn advantages. He likes bth f them.
56．A．utsideB．behindC．between
57．A．a(chǎn)ndB．butC．r
58．A．playgrundsB．fficesC．classrms
59．A．easyB．differentC．busy
60．A．breakB．changeC．lse目錄
一
復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)
掌握目標(biāo)及備考方向
二
考情分析
中考考情分析
三
說明類完型填空的考向
1.中考英語完形填空解題技巧概覽
2.語境聯(lián)想的應(yīng)用
3.解題步驟和策略
4.完形填空解題技巧的實踐應(yīng)用
5.提升必考題型歸納
四
真題感悟
中考經(jīng)典考題

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