命題特點
主旨大意題在高考中出現(xiàn)次數(shù)穩(wěn)定，通常1-2題，但題目具有一定難度。這類試題主要考查通過快速瀏覽文章，獲得主旨大意，并對文章的標(biāo)題、主題、段落大意等進(jìn)行歸納、概括的能力。
考查方向
主旨大意題題干關(guān)鍵詞best title, main idea/theme/subject, mainly abut等。題目類型包括標(biāo)題歸納題、段落大意題、文章大意題。
命題規(guī)律
段首、段尾處?？?br>轉(zhuǎn)折詞處?？?br>因果關(guān)系處?？?br>問題處?？?br>模板1 標(biāo)題歸納題
模板2 段落大意題
結(jié)構(gòu)法和關(guān)鍵詞法
總分：主題句在段首；
分總：主題句在段尾；
總分總：主題句段首尾前后呼應(yīng)；
分總分：開頭拋磚引玉，主題在段總；
關(guān)鍵詞：抓住段落中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的關(guān)鍵詞，然后對其概括和歸納，確定段落大意。
模板3 文章大意題
四種方法巧利用
文體法：新聞報道主旨在第一句；說明文主旨在第一段或第二段；議論文主旨在首段或尾段；記敘文主旨一般在尾段或首尾呼應(yīng)。
主題句法：讀文章標(biāo)題；略讀各段首尾句；讀首段和尾端；讀邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞后的句子內(nèi)容。
高頻詞法：尋找文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的關(guān)鍵詞。
概括法：中心主旨隱含在句子中，需要考生根據(jù)已知的細(xì)節(jié)歸納出文中的大意。
命題點01 標(biāo)題歸納題
【典例01】
（2023·浙江嘉興·統(tǒng)考一模）
It was a quiet mrning in the library, and we librarians were enjying a rather lud chat. Suddenly, a patrn (?？? marched up t us, gave us an annyed “Shush!” and went back t her seat. Hw strange fr a grup f librarians t be shushed by a patrn! Shuldn’t it be the ther way arund?
Well, it’s cmplicated. If yu’re like me, a middle-aged wman, yu prbably remember libraries as places f silent reading. These days, hwever, libraries are mre like active cmmunity centers.
In the past, mst libraries didn’t fcus much n prgrams fr kids whse age made it impssible fr them t be quiet n demand. But grwing knwledge abut the imprtance f kids and teens learning thrugh hands-n experiences has since caused a sea change in hw libraries cnnect with yung readers. Nw libraries begin ffering interactive prgrams fr kids, including crafts, bard games, and stry times. These types f prgrams certainly aren’t designed t be silent.
Alng with mre prgrams fr ever-yunger children, technlgy tday has played a part in the transfrmatin f libraries int places where bth kids and adults can use cmputers, make smething n a 3D printer and mre. In additin, many libraries nw ffer prgrams fr adults, wh can participate in in bk discussin, learn calligraphy, and even take cllege classes.
Of curse, libraries still need peaceful phnes. These days, many libraries have glassed-ff study rms r quiet areas. They are als less nisy in the early afternns, after mrning children’s prgrams and befre the after-schl kid crwd arrive.
It’s clear t me nw that n the day my clleagues and I were shushed by a patrn, we shuld have been using ur “l(fā)ibrary vices” as we talked. Still, it’s unlikely that libraries will ever return t the days when they were places f silence. There’s just t much fun and learning happening.
46．What wuld be the best title fr the text?
A．Libraries Shuld be LudB．Reading Can be Fun in Libraries
C．Libraries Make Learning HappenD．Library Prgrams Target Children
【答案】 46．A
【模板】簡潔、概括、醒目、針對性。
【解析】這是一篇議論文。文章就現(xiàn)在圖書館提出自己觀點——圖書館應(yīng)是一個熱鬧的地方。運用答題規(guī)律“正面思維肯定法”在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，串聯(lián)細(xì)節(jié)共同點，斷定標(biāo)題。由文章最后一段“It’s clear t me nw that n the day my clleagues and I were shushed by a patrn, we shuld have been using ur ‘library vices’ as we talked. Still, it’s unlikely that libraries will ever return t the days when they were places f silence. There’s just t much fun and learning happening. (現(xiàn)在我很清楚，在我和同事們被一位?？蛧u的那天，我們應(yīng)該在交談時使用我們的‘圖書館聲音’。盡管如此，圖書館不太可能再回到沉寂的時代。有太多的樂趣和學(xué)習(xí)正在發(fā)生。)”以及上文可知，本文主要講圖書館不應(yīng)該一如既往是一個安靜的地方，而應(yīng)該變得熱鬧起來。故選A項。
【典例02】
（2023·廣東深圳·高三?？茧A段練習(xí)）
Tday, petry and science are ften cnsidered t be mutually exclusive career paths. But that wasn’t always the case. The mathematician A da Lvelace and the physicist James Clerk Mahwah were bth accmplished pets. The pet Jhn Keats was a licensed surgen. Cmbining the tw practices fell ut f favr in the 1800s. But translating research int lyrics, haiku, and ther petic frms is resurging (再現(xiàn)) amng scientists as they lk fr alternative ways t inspire thers with their findings.
“Petry is a great tl fr questining the wrld,” says Sam Illingwrth, a pet and a gescientist wh wrks at the University f Western Australia. Thrugh wrkshps and a new science-petry jurnal, called Cnsilience, Illingwrth is helping scientists t translate their latest results int pems that can attract appreciatin frm thse utside f their immediate scientific field.
Stephany Mazn, a scientist frm the University f Helsinki in Finland, jined ne f Illingwrth’s wrkshps. In the wrkshp, she was gruped with ther scientists and tasked with writing a haiku, a 17-syllable-lng pem, which sptlighted water, a fluid that featured in all f the grup members’ research prjects. “It was a lt f fun, and surprisingly easy t write the pem,” Mazn says. She plans t cntinue writing. “We d a disservice(傷害) t urselves t think that scientists can’t be artistic and that art can’t be use a t cmmunicate scientific ideas,” Mazn says.
That viewpint is eched by Illingwrth, wh thinks science cmmunicatin initiatives are t ften dminated by public lectures with their hands-ff PwerPint slides. “Actually, when science cmmunicatin invlves writing and sharing pems, it invites a tw-way dialgue between experts and nnexperts,” he says. Scientist-pet Manjula Silva, an educatr at Imperial Cllege Lndn, agrees. Petry prvides a way t translate cmplex scientific cncepts int a language that everyne can understand, Silva says.
Scientists and pets are bth trying t understand the wrld and cmmunicate that understanding with thers. The distinctin between scientists and pets is less than peple might think. We’re all just peple with hpefully really interesting things t say and t share.
39．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A．Petry: A Great Tl t Questin the Wrld
B．Scientists Take n Petry
C．Science Cmmunicatin: A Tw-way Dialgue
D．Scientists and Pets Think Alike
【答案】 39．B
【模板】運用“正面思維肯定法”，串聯(lián)細(xì)節(jié)共同點，運用標(biāo)題模板簡潔、概括、醒目、針對性。
【解析】這是一篇說明文，主要介紹了科學(xué)家和詩人之間的聯(lián)系。文章提到了一些名人，以顯示詩歌和科學(xué)并不總是被認(rèn)為是互相排斥的職業(yè)道路。
39．主旨大意題。文中提到了一些歷史人物，如數(shù)學(xué)家 Ada Lvelace 和物理學(xué)家James Clerk Maxwell 都是杰出的詩人，說明詩歌和科學(xué)在過去并不是相互排斥的領(lǐng)域。但是在19世紀(jì)，將兩種領(lǐng)域結(jié)合起來的做法逐漸沒落?，F(xiàn)在，隨著科學(xué)家們在尋找更多向外部人員灌輸科研成果的方法，將研究成果轉(zhuǎn)化為詩歌、俳句等文學(xué)形式的做法再次流行起來。文章介紹了Sam Illingwrth學(xué)者和詩人的身份交替和新的科學(xué)詩歌雜志 Cnsilience，以及他如何鼓勵科學(xué)家們將自己的成果轉(zhuǎn)化為韻文和詩歌，從而向更廣泛的受眾灌輸他們的最新研究成果。此外，文章也引用了科學(xué)家Manjula Silva的觀點，認(rèn)為詩歌為將復(fù)雜的科學(xué)概念轉(zhuǎn)化為大家都可以理解的語言提供了方便，綜上，文章主要強調(diào)科學(xué)家開始研究詩歌（通過石刻的形式傳播科學(xué)）。B選項“科學(xué)家研究詩歌”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選B。
命題點02 段落大意題
【典例01】
（2023·湖南長沙·高三湖南師大附中?？茧A段練習(xí)）
Despite being cnnected nline, n matter what state yu’re frm, each city still retains its wn language and slang. At my public high schl in Ls Angeles, we had ur wn secret language. A party was a “yart”. A beer was a “brewsky”. If I tried t use these wrds in frnt f anyne that didn’t live in Ls Angeles, they wuld have n idea what was ging n. When I came t cllege and used these wrds arund my rmmate frm the East Cast, she wuld lk at me with a blank stare.
Whether the way we talk is reginal r frm nline, the sul f cmmunicatin lies in its pwer t cnnect peple, fster understanding, and facilitate interactins that shape ur persnal and scial lives. I have ften fund it’s the way we cnnect with the peple we live arund.
58．What is mainly talked abut in the last paragraph?
A．The means f cmmunicatin.B．The nature f cmmunicatin.
C．The elements f cmmunicatin.D．The prcess f cmmunicatin.
【答案】 58．B
【模板】段落大意題。段首主題句+關(guān)鍵詞。
【解析】 根據(jù)“Whether the way we talk is reginal r frm nline, the sul f cmmunicatin lies in its pwer t cnnect peple, fster understanding, and facilitate interactins that shape ur persnal and scial lives. (無論我們的談話方式是地區(qū)性的還是網(wǎng)絡(luò)性的，溝通的靈魂在于它能將人們聯(lián)系起來，增進(jìn)理解，促進(jìn)互動，從而塑造我們的個人和社會生活。)”可知，本段的關(guān)鍵詞是“the sul f cmmunicatin”。故本段主要講了溝通的本質(zhì)。故選B。
【典例02】
（2023·浙江嘉興·統(tǒng)考一模）
In the past, mst libraries didn’t fcus much n prgrams fr kids whse age made it impssible fr them t be quiet n demand. But grwing knwledge abut the imprtance f kids and teens learning thrugh hands-n experiences has since caused a sea change in hw libraries cnnect with yung readers. Nw libraries begin ffering interactive prgrams fr kids, including crafts, bard games, and stry times. These types f prgrams certainly aren’t designed t be silent.
44．What is paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A．The past and the present f libraries.B．The reasn fr the change f libraries.
C．The activities fr yung children in libraries.D．The cnnectin between libraries and readers.
【答案】 44．B
【模板】段落大意題。段首主題句+關(guān)鍵詞。
【解析】由第三段“In the past, mst libraries didn’t fcus much n prgrams fr kids whse age made it impssible fr them t be quiet n demand. But grwing knwledge abut the imprtance f kids and teens learning thrugh hands-n experiences has since caused a sea change in hw libraries cnnect with yung readers. Nw libraries begin ffering interactive prgrams fr kids, including crafts, bard games, and stry times. These types f prgrams certainly aren’t designed t be silent. (在過去，大多數(shù)圖書館都不太關(guān)注為孩子們提供的項目，因為孩子們的年齡使他們無法按需保持安靜。但是，人們越來越了解兒童和青少年通過親身體驗學(xué)習(xí)的重要性，這導(dǎo)致圖書館與年輕讀者的聯(lián)系發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化?，F(xiàn)在，圖書館開始為孩子們提供互動節(jié)目，包括手工藝品、棋盤游戲和故事時間。這些類型的程序當(dāng)然不是為了靜音而設(shè)計的。)”可知，本段主要講圖書館改變的原因。故選B項。
命題點03 文章大意題
【典例】
（2023·河南駐馬店·高三校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí)）
We had finally decided t skip ur traditinal family dinner and make the trip t Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade when Kerry was 5. Like many ther families we packed a small backpack with sliced turkey sandwiches and juice bxes. After getting ff the train, we were walking up t the entrance when Kerry sptted a hmeless wman sitting in the shadws, invisible t all except my curius daughter.
“What’s that?” she asked. Linda and I lked at each ther, wrried abut the need t explain smething very different than the happy scene we were abut t jin. During ur first years f parenthd we’d discussed hw we wuld explain such tpics as life, death, and lve. But hmelessness? It came s suddenly that we just gave as simple an explanatin as we culd and cntinued n t the parade.
The fllwing year, we decided t attend the parade again. S the night befre Thanksgiving we went shpping fr sliced turkey fr sandwiches. “Can we bring sme sandwiches fr thse peple?” she inquired, Again, Kerry caught us ff guard. “Why?” was my first reactin. But we knew immediately whm she meant. Hw culd we refuse? Why wuld we refuse? This was a glden pprtunity t hnr Kerry’s sense f charity. Six-year-ld Kerry was teaching us an imprtant lessn. That night we prepared and packed tw-dzen sandwiches int ur nw verstuffed backpack.
Scanning the shadws after reaching Manhattan again, Kerry sptted a hmeless man sitting in the same spt as last year. We stpped and tk ut the first f the little feasts frm the pack. Withut a wrd f instructin, we handed it t Kerry. She walked ver t the man slwly, handing the sandwich t him. Neither spke a wrd. Then we were ff t the parade, stpping alng the way t distribute the rest f the sandwiches, except ne fr each f us.
Smehw, n giant Thanksgiving sit-dwn feast ever tasted as gd as thse sandwiches. Over the next decade we did the same things again and again. After all, there’s nthing like sharing a turkey sandwich with new friends.
8．What des the authr mainly want t tell us abut Thanksgiving?
A．It’s a wrd f actin.B．It’s an ld traditin.
C．It’s a gd time f reunin.D．It’s a surprising feast.
【答案】 8．A
【模板】利用“文體法”兼顧“主題句法”。記敘文主旨一般在尾段。
【解析】主章大意題。本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者一家人在女兒Kerry五歲的時候，去梅西百貨的感恩節(jié)游行，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個無家可歸的女人。從此以后的感恩節(jié)，作者一家都會把火雞三明治帶給那些無家可回的人。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Over the next decade we did the same things again and again. After all, there’s nthing like sharing a turkey sandwich with new friends.(在接下來的十年里，我們一次又一次地做著同樣的事情。畢竟，沒有什么比和新朋友分享火雞三明治更好的了)”可知，感恩是一句要付諸行動的話。故選A項。
1.（2023·河南駐馬店·高三校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí)）
Fallen leaves are everywhere as winter cmes. Traditinally, peple sweep up the fallen leaves, put them in bags and send them t landfills. But there is a grwing mvement t leave leaves n the grund. They’ll naturally break dwn ver the winter int rich rganic matter. The matter als shelters sme insects.
But sme leaves prevent the grwth f ther plants. Black walnut (黑胡桃), fr example, cntains a pisn in its leaves that kills many plants, including apples, peppers, tmates and ptates. Besides, whle leaves shuld nt be permitted t remain n walkways, where they culd make the path dangerusly slippery. They shuld als nt be left n grass lawns, where they are likely t cause disease. In areas that experience snw cver, water wuld becme trapped between grass and leaves. In areas withut snw, whle leaves that cver grasses blck water and sunlight frm reaching the sil belw.
Many peple chse t break up the leaves using a machine and let the pieces fall between pieces f grass. Then the pieces break dwn further in the sil. Hwever, this treatment can kill insects and their eggs.
Anther methd is t take the leaves ff the lawn and spread them lightly t cver garden beds. The leaves mstly break dwn by spring and almst entirely by summer. But if nt, they shuld be remved befre spring grwth begins.
Leaves als can be used t make leaf mld (腐葉土), a type f fertilizer made entirely frm leaves. Just put the leaves in a crner, add nitrgen fertilizer (氮肥), and then water them t keep them wet inside. It may take a year r tw, but the leaves will break dwn int a nutritius sil.
Fallen leaves build rich sil, prtect plant rts and shelter wildlife, in yur garden, and elsewhere. Dne crrectly, leaving the leaves is ne f the best ways t turn yard waste int free fertilizer, which is gd fr plants, the envirnment, and saving mney. Why waste that imprtant resurce?
31．What is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A．Hw Can Fallen Leaves Be Turned int Art?B．D Leaves Fall t the Grund Arund the Rts?
C．Shuld Yu “Leave the Leaves” n the Grund?D．Will What Cmes frm Leaves Return t the Sil?
【答案】 31．C
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了人們對于落葉的不同處理方式，指出如果處理得當(dāng)，留下樹葉是將院子里的垃圾轉(zhuǎn)化為免費肥料的最好方法之一，這對植物、環(huán)境和省錢都有好處。
31．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Fallen leaves are everywhere as winter cmes. Traditinally, peple sweep up the fallen leaves, put them in bags and send them t landfills. But there is a grwing mvement t leave leaves n the grund. They’ll naturally break dwn ver the winter int rich rganic matter. The matter als shelters sme insects.(冬天來了，到處都是落葉。傳統(tǒng)上，人們把落葉掃起來，裝進(jìn)袋子，然后送到垃圾填埋場。但是在地面上留下樹葉的運動越來越多。它們會在冬天自然分解成豐富的有機物。這種物質(zhì)也庇護了一些昆蟲)”結(jié)合文章主要說明了人們對于落葉的不同處理方式，指出如果處理得當(dāng)，留下樹葉是將院子里的垃圾轉(zhuǎn)化為免費肥料的最好方法之一，這對植物、環(huán)境和省錢都有好處。故C選項“你應(yīng)該“把樹葉”留在地上嗎？”符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。
2.（2023·寧夏銀川·高三銀川唐徠回民中學(xué)?？迹?br>Languages like Italian r Finnish can be spelled mre easily because each letter f the alphabet matches t ne sund. Students studying these languages can have 90 percent reading accuracy after the first year. Hwever, students even after years f learning English are still far belw Italian r Finnish students in reading accuracy.
English started as a Germanic language. It is mst clsely cnnected t German and Dutch, especially in grammar and basic vcabulary. During the Nrman invasin in the 12th century, Old English was spken but French was used in gvernment and legal dcuments. And Latin was used in religius and educatinal activities. As a result, mre French and Latin wrds entered the English language. The printing press invented in the late 1400s helped t establish English spelling. The English f tday is hw the language was written at the time. Hwever, the spken language started t change in the 1500s with the prnunciatin f all lng vwels (元音). Fr example, “bite” was prnunced clser t “beet” in the 1400s, befre changing thrugh the years t its current sund. The effect was that the English language had ld spellings, but new sunds.
English has 26 letters in the alphabet, but ver 44 individual sunds depending n the variatin f spken English. There are several sunds represented by nly ne letter. Fr example, the letter “C” can sund like an “S” as in “city”. And it als sunds like a “K” as in “cat”.
There are nly 5 r 6 vwel letters in the English alphabet. They include A, E, I, O, U, and smetimes Y. But there are 20 different ways t sund them. At the centre is the mst cmmn vwel sund f “uhhh”. It is the mst relaxed and natural sund. It takes almst n effrt f the tngue r thrat t create the sund. Since it takes little effrt, the sund “uhhh” ften makes its way int prnunciatins. Fr example, the wrd “please” ften turns int “PUH-lease” when smene is trying t call attentin. This is anther reasn why spelling in English is s difficult!
25．What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．The cmplex histry f English.
B．The frmatin f mdern English.
C．The influence f English n ther languages.
D．Factrs prmting the develpment f English.
【答案】 25．A
【分析】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了英語拼寫困難的原因。
25．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“English started as a Germanic language. (英語起源于日耳曼語)”和“During the Nrman invasin in the 12th century, Old English was spken but French was used in gvernment and legal dcuments. (在12世紀(jì)諾曼人入侵期間，人們說古英語，但在政府和法律文件中使用法語)”以及“The printing press invented in the late 1400s helped t establish English spelling. The English f tday is hw the language was written at the time. Hwever, the spken language started t change in the 1500s with the prnunciatin f all lng vwels. (15世紀(jì)后期發(fā)明的印刷機幫助確立了英語的拼寫。今天的英語是當(dāng)時的書寫方式。然而，口語在16世紀(jì)開始發(fā)生變化，所有長元音的發(fā)音都發(fā)生了變化)”可知，第二段按照時間年份介紹了英語復(fù)雜的發(fā)展歷史。故選A。
3.（2023·福建·高三校聯(lián)考期中）
Imagine yu can pen yur fridge, pen an app n yur phne and immediately knw which items will g bad sn. This is ne f the applicatins that a new technlgy develped by engineers at the University f Califrnia San Dieg wuld enable.
The technlgy cmbines a chip (芯片) integrated int prduct packaging and a sftware update n yur phne. The phne becmes capable f identifying bjects based n signals the chip sends ut frm specific frequencies, in this case Bluetth r WiFi. In an industrial setting, a smartphne equipped with the sftware update culd be used as a radi frequency identificatin (RFID) reader.
The wrk uses breakthrughs in backscatter (反向散射) cmmunicatin, which uses signals already generated by yur smartphne and re-directs them back in a frmat yur phne can understand. Effectively, this technique uses less pwer than the latest technlgy t generate WiFi signals.
The custm chip, which is rughly the size f a grain f sand and csts nly a few pennies t prduce, needs s little pwer that it can be entirely pwered by LTE signals, a technique fr wireless bradband cmmunicatin fr mbile devices. The chip turns Bluetth signals int WiFi signals, which can in turn be detected by a smartphne with that specific sftware update.
The technlgy’s brader prmise is the develpment f devices that d nt need batteries because they can harvest pwer frm LTE signals instead. This in turn wuld lead t devices that are significantly less expensive that last lnger, said Dinesh Bharadia, ne f the paper’s senir authrs.
“E-waste, especially batteries, is ne f the biggest prblems the planet is facing, after climate change,” Bharadia said.
Fr future research, the team will integrate this technlgy int ther prjects t demnstrate its capabilities, and they als hpe t cmmercialize it, either thrugh a startup r thrugh an industry partner.
16．Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A．New technlgy turns smartphnes int RFID readers
B．Smartphnes need t be equipped with sft updates
C．RFID readers btain new chips and have new functins
D．Backscatter cmmunicatin makes the best f smartphnes
【答案】 16．A
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇新聞報道。文章介紹了加州大學(xué)圣地亞哥分校的工程師們開發(fā)的一種新技術(shù)，該技術(shù)結(jié)合了集成在產(chǎn)品包裝中的芯片和手機上的軟件更新，使人們可以通過打開冰箱或手機應(yīng)用程序立即知道哪些物品即將變質(zhì)。文章介紹了這項技術(shù)的原理、應(yīng)用和未來發(fā)展。
16．主旨大意題。通讀全文，結(jié)合第一段中“Imagine yu can pen yur fridge, pen an app n yur phne and immediately knw which items will g bad sn. (想象一下，你可以打開冰箱，打開手機上的一個應(yīng)用程序，立即知道哪些食物很快就會變質(zhì)。)”和第二段中“The technlgy cmbines a chip (芯片) integrated int prduct packaging and a sftware update n yur phne. The phne becmes capable f identifying bjects based n signals the chip sends ut frm specific frequencies, in this case Bluetth r WiFi. In an industrial setting, a smartphne equipped with the sftware update culd be used as a radi frequency identificatin (RFID) reader. (這項技術(shù)結(jié)合了集成在產(chǎn)品包裝中的芯片和手機上的軟件更新。手機可以根據(jù)芯片從特定頻率發(fā)出的信號來識別物體，在這種情況下是藍(lán)牙或WiFi。在工業(yè)環(huán)境中，安裝了軟件更新的智能手機可以用作射頻識別(RFID)閱讀器。)”可知，文章介紹了一項新的技術(shù)可以將手機變成射頻識別(RFID)閱讀器。因此“新技術(shù)將智能手機變成RFID閱讀器”是文章最佳標(biāo)題。故選A項。
4.（2023·河北·高三泊頭市第一中學(xué)校聯(lián)考期中）
Research has fund that using wd fr cnstructin instead f cncrete and steel can reduce emissins. But Tim Searchinger at Princetn University says many f these studies are based n the false fundatin that harvesting wd is carbn neutral (碳中和). “Only a small percentage f the wd gets int a timber (木料) prduct, and a part f that gets int a timber prduct that can replace cncrete and steel in a building,” he says. Efficiencies vary in different cuntries, but large amunts f a harvested tree are left t be divided int parts, used in shrt-lived prducts like paper r burned fr energy, all f which generate emissins.
In a reprt fr the Wrld Resurces Institute, Searchinger and his clleagues have mdelled hw using mre wd fr cnstructin wuld affect emissins between 2010 and 2050, accunting fr the emissins frm harvesting the wd. They cnsidered varius types f frests and parts f wd ging twards cnstructin. They als factred in the emissins savings frm replacing cncrete and steel.
Under sme circumstances, the researchers fund significant emissins reductins. But each case required what they cnsidered an unrealistically high prtin f the wd ging twards cnstructin, as well as rapid grwth nly seen in warmer places, like Brazil. In general, they fund a large increase in glbal demand fr wd wuld prbably lead t rising emissins fr decades. Accunting fr emissins in this way, the researchers reprted in a related paper that increasing frest harvests between 2010 and 2050 wuld add emissins equal t rughly 10 percent f ttal annual emissins.
Ali Amiri at Aalt University in Finland says the reprt’s cnclusins abut emissins frm rising demand are prbably crrect, but the stry is different fr wd we already harvest. “Bsting the efficiency f current harvests and using mre wd fr lnger lived purpses than paper wuld cut emissins,” he says. “We cannt just say we shuld stp using wd.”
10．What des paragraph 2 mainly talk abut?
A．The prcess f the new research.B．The backgrund f the new study.
C．The challenge f the new research.D．The achievements f the new study.
【答案】 10．A
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。新的研究表明，用木材建造的建筑可能并不像想象中的那么環(huán)保。
10．主旨大意題。由第二段“In a reprt fr the Wrld Resurces Institute, Searchinger and his clleagues have mdelled hw using mre wd fr cnstructin wuld affect emissins between 2010 and 2050, accunting fr the emissins frm harvesting the wd. They cnsidered varius types f frests and parts f wd ging twards cnstructin. They als factred in the emissins savings frm replacing cncrete and steel.(在世界資源研究所的一份報告中，Searchinger和他的同事們模擬了2010年至2050年間，使用更多的木材進(jìn)行建筑將如何影響排放，并考慮到了砍伐木材的排放量。他們考慮了各種類型的森林和用于建筑的部分木材。他們還考慮到了更換混凝土和鋼材所節(jié)省的排放量)”可知，第二段主要介紹新研究的過程。故選A項。
5.（2023·福建泉州·高三?？计谥校?br>IT’S A TYPICAL mrning: yu wake up, take a shwer, brush yur teeth, and then prick (刺; 扎) yur arm with a tiny needle. Wait, what? Unless yu have a serius disease such as diabetes, yu prbably haven’t ever tested yur wn bld. But in the future, that might change.
The cmpany Cr already sells a system fr hme bld testing. Yu stick yur arm using a suppsedly painless, ne-ff , bld-drawing cartridge (針筒) abut the size f a lipstick. Then yu stick the cartridge int a device that lks like the base fr an electric tthbrush. A few minutes later, an app n yur phne buzzes with updated infrmatin, including yur current health data and tips n what t eat and hw t exercise during the day.
It’s true that bld cntains a wealth f infrmatin abut a persn’s health. Bld tests can shw if a persn is infected with a disease r at risk fr a variety f prblems, including a heart attack r a strke. But mst peple dn’t test their wn bld until a dctr says it’s time. Healthy yung adults get regular bld tests abut every five years. These tests happen at a lab, where a technician r a nurse sticks a lng needle int the arm t draw ut several tubes full f bld. Cr and similar cmpanies, such as WellnessFX, are trying t change all that. They think peple deserve access t mre infrmatin abut their wn health.
But nt everyne is cnvinced that regular bld testing fr healthy peple is a great idea. Cr’s system is expensive and may pt ffer much benefit. “The lightest result here is that yu lse yur mney and then yu’re reminded t get mre sleep and t eat mre fruits, vegetables, and fish,” Pieter Chen f Harvard Medical Schl tld the New Yrk Times. “The wrst result is that yu end up getting frightened by prbably abnrmal results that are actually cmpletely nrmal fr yu.”
Plus, the results f a hme bld test might be wrng. It’s hard t get accurate results frm a tiny amunt f bld. S what d yu think? Is mnitring yur wn health via pinpricks the way f the future? Or is it better t leave bld testing t medical prfessinals?
8．Which f the fllwing culd be the best title fr the text?
A．Hme bld tests: yes r n?B．Shuld bld tests be allwed at hme?
C．A new system f imprving yur health.D．Hme bld testing: yur health mnitr!
【答案】 8．A
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了未來人們可能通過自己進(jìn)行小刺傷來監(jiān)測自己的血液健康情況的可能性，一些公司已經(jīng)推出了相應(yīng)的家用血液檢測設(shè)備，但是這樣的操作是否真的有必要及其可靠性受到了一些質(zhì)疑。
8．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“The cmpany Cr already sells a system fr hme bld testing. (Cr公司已經(jīng)在銷售一種家庭血液檢測系統(tǒng))”以及最后一段“Plus, the results f a hme bld test might be wrng. It’s hard t get accurate results frm a tiny amunt f bld. S what d yu think? Is mnitring yur wn health via pinpricks the way f the future? Or is it better t leave bld testing t medical prfessinals? (此外，家庭血液測試的結(jié)果可能是錯誤的。從少量的血液中很難得到準(zhǔn)確的結(jié)果。你怎么看？通過針刺來監(jiān)測自己的健康是未來的方式嗎？還是把驗血留給專業(yè)醫(yī)生更好？)”結(jié)合文章說明了Cr公司已經(jīng)在銷售一種家庭血液檢測系統(tǒng)，介紹了其工作方式以及家庭血液檢測系統(tǒng)的利弊。由此可知，A選項“Hme bld tests: yes r n?(家庭驗血：肯定還是否定？)”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選A。
6.（2023·四川雅安·高三統(tǒng)考階段練習(xí)）
New research links utdr air pllutin — even at levels cnsidered safe — t an increased risk f diabetes (糖尿病) glbally, accrding t a study frm the VA St. Luis Health Care System. The findings raise the pssibility that reducing pllutin may lead t a drp in diabetes cases in heavily plluted cuntries such as India and less plluted nes such as the United States.
Diabetes is ne f the fastest grwing diseases, affecting mre than 500 millin peple wrldwide. The main drivers f diabetes include eating an unhealthy diet, having a sedentary lifestyle and besity, but the new research indicates the extent t which utdr air pllutin plays a rle.
“Our research shws a significant link between air pllutin and diabetes glbally,” said Ziyad Al-Aly, MD, the study’s senir authr and an assistant prfessr f medicine at the University f Washingtn. “We fund an increased risk, even at lw levels f air pllutin currently cnsidered safe by the US Envirnmental Prtectin Agency (EPA) and the Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO). This is imprtant because many industry lbbying (游說) grups argue that current levels are t stringent and shuld be relaxed. Evidence shws that current levels are still nt sufficiently safe and need t be tightened.”
While grwing evidence has suggested a link between air pllutin and diabetes, researchers have nt attempted t quantify that burden until nw. “Over the past tw decades, there have been bits f research abut diabetes and pllutin,” said Al-Aly. “We wanted t thread tgether the pieces fr a brader, mre slid understanding.”
The researchers als fund that the verall risk f pllutin-related diabetes tilted (傾斜) mre tward lwer-incme cuntries such as India that lack the resurces fr envirnmental mitigatin systems and clean-air plicies. Fr instance, pverty-stricken cuntries facing a higher diabetes-pllutin risk include Afghanistan, Papua New Guinea and Guyana, while richer cuntries such as France, Finland and Iceland experience a lwer risk. The US experiences a medium risk f pllutin-related diabetes.
32．What can be the best title fr the text?
A．Current pllutin cntrl levels need t be tightened
B．Diabetes is ne f the fastest grwing diseases glbally
C．Air pllutin cntributes significantly t diabetes glbally
D．Pverty-stricken cuntries face a higher diabetes-pllutin risk
【答案】 32．C
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一項新的研究，該研究表明，室外空氣污染或與全球糖尿病風(fēng)險增加存在關(guān)聯(lián)。
32．主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章首段內(nèi)容“New research links utdr air pllutin—even at levels cnsidered safe—t an increased risk f diabetes glbally, accrding t a study frm the VA St. Luis Health Care System.(根據(jù)弗吉尼亞州圣路易斯衛(wèi)生保健系統(tǒng)的一項研究，新的研究將戶外空氣污染——即使是在被認(rèn)為安全的水平上——與全球糖尿病風(fēng)險的增加聯(lián)系起來。)”揭示了文章的話題，即“新的研究表明，室外空氣污染或與全球糖尿病風(fēng)險增加存在關(guān)聯(lián)”。選項C“Air pllutin cntributes significantly t diabetes glbally(在全球范圍內(nèi)，空氣污染是導(dǎo)致糖尿病的重要因素)”貼合主題。故選C項。
7.（2023·河南駐馬店·高三校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí)）
We, mdern humans, spend 90% f ur time inside, traveling between hmes and ffices, schls and apartments, restaurants and gyms. I’ve been hearing this statistic s much that I started t wnder if it was an urban legend. It’s nt! The best reference fr the statistic appears t be The Natinal Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS).
The survey was funded by the U.S. Envirnmental Prtectin Agency (EPA). “EPA’s main purpse fr cllecting the NHAPS data was t prvide diary recrds that culd be used as inputs fr cmputer-based human expsure mdels,” says the study. In ther wrds, in rder t understand hw humans might be impacted by pllutants in ur varius indr and utdr envirnments, scientists needed t knw hw much time we spend in different lcatins.
The survey was cnducted by the University f Maryland’s Survey Research Center. The survey used telephne interviews t cllect 24-hur retrspective (回顧的) diaries frm each respndent (調(diào)查對象). Between 340 and 1, 713 respndents were interviewed in each f the ten EPA regins acrss the 48 neighbring states. Respndents were generally representative f the whle natin fr gender, age, race, and educatinal attainment.
Americans spend 87% f their time indrs and an additinal 6% in an enclsed vehicle. These prprtins (比例) are als fairly cnstant acrss varius regins f the United States and Canada. The finding that emerges is that we are basically an indr species. In a mdern sciety, ttal time utdrs is the mst negligible part f the day, ften s small that it barely shws up in the ttal.
Is the study accurate? Prbably nt. It may nt take int accunt sme ppulatins that spend a high prprtin f time utside. As the study states, “Thse wh were away frm a hme fr extended perids were nt included in the survey. These individuals may be mre likely than thse wh were at hme t spend large quantities f time utdrs.” Als, the survey methdlgy als desn’t accunt well fr bits f time spent taking ut the trash, walking t the car, r taking a smke break utside.
35．What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A．A suggestin fr further studies.B．A pssible reasn fr the finding.
C．An explanatin f the research methd.D．A majr limitatin f the study.
【答案】 35．D
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一項研究，表明我們?nèi)祟惢旧鲜鞘覂?nèi)物種。
35．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Is the study accurate? Prbably nt. It may nt take int accunt sme ppulatins that spend a high prprtin f time utside. (這項研究準(zhǔn)確嗎？可能不會。它可能沒有考慮到一些在戶外花費大量時間的人群)”以及“Als, the survey methdlgy als desn’t accunt well fr bits f time spent taking ut the trash, walking t the car, r taking a smke break utside. (此外，調(diào)查方法也沒有很好地考慮到人們花在倒垃圾、走向汽車或在外面抽煙上的時間)”可知，本段主要說明這項研究的主要局限性。故選D項。
8.（2023·遼寧丹東·高三校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí)）
Crime fictin bks have been ppular with readers fr many decades-s ppular, in fact, that at a recent Lndn Bk Fair sales f the genre (類型) vertk general fictin fr the first time ever, a develpment that had been widely anticipated. Cmmercial success, f curse, des nt impress everyne and there are thse wh believe crime fictin shuld nt be held in such high regard. Well-knwn in this grup is Sebastian Franklin, wh has argued that mst crime fictin bks lk mre like crsswrd puzzles than literature. Hwever, increasingly this is a minrity pinin as crime fictin is becming recgnized as a rich and dynamic literary genre in arund the wrld.
Crime writing really came t the public’s ntice in the 1920s and 1930s with the bks f the British authr Agatha Christie. Christie was a prductive writer, publishing mre than 60 detective nvels ver a 50-year perid, beginning in 1920.
Withut a dubt, there are certain elements that tend t be repeated in Christie’s bks. The stries generally fcus n a well-ff circle f peple, whse peaceful lives are thrwn int chas by an unexplained crime. The lcatin is ften a restricted space f sme srt: a train, an island, a bat, r a village. This is quite different, fr example, t the wrld f the fictinal detective Sherlck Hlmes, wh ften has the entire city f Lndn as his hunting grund.
The bks are als actin-packed just like tday’s mst ppular thrillers (驚悚小說). Christie mastered the art f the page-turner: events unfld s quickly and unpredictably that we keep reading t find ut what happens next. The mst significant cnsequence is that it is s simple t verlk vital clues.
It is wrth reading a Christie bk a secnd time just t ntice hw carefully she hides crucial infrmatin abut the criminal’s identity.
A survey f cntemprary crime writing shws that Agatha Christie’s legacy (遺產(chǎn)) is mre imprtant nw than at any time previusly, at the very pint when crime writing has becme the mst ppular f all bk genres.
24．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．The Influence f Crime Writer Agatha ChristieB．The Surprising Rise f Crime Fictin Bks
C．Agatha Christie Enjys Grwing Wealth and FameD．Crime Writers Sharpen Their Writing Skills
【答案 24．A
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了犯罪小說作家加莎·克里斯蒂的作品特色以及地位。
24．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Crime writing really came t the public’s nt ice in the 1920s and 1930s with the bks f the British authr Agatha Christie. Christie was a prductive writer, publishing mre than 60 detective nvels ver a 50-year perid, beginning in 1920. (二十世紀(jì)二三十年代，隨著英國作家阿加莎·克里斯蒂的作品，犯罪小說真正進(jìn)入了公眾的視野。克里斯蒂是一位多產(chǎn)的作家，從1920年開始，在50年的時間里出版了60多部偵探小說。)”結(jié)合文章主要介紹了犯罪小說作家加莎·克里斯蒂的作品特色以及地位?？芍?，A選項“犯罪小說作家加莎·克里斯蒂的影響”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選A。
9.（2023·湖南長沙·高三湖南師大附中校考）
Despite being cnnected nline, n matter what state yu’re frm, each city still retains its wn language and slang. At my public high schl in Ls Angeles, we had ur wn secret language. A party was a “yart”. A beer was a “brewsky”. If I tried t use these wrds in frnt f anyne that didn’t live in Ls Angeles, they wuld have n idea what was ging n. When I came t cllege and used these wrds arund my rmmate frm the East Cast, she wuld lk at me with a blank stare.
Teenagers are ften blamed fr pulling apart standard linguistic patterns. The way my parents used t talk isn’t the same way that teenagers talk nw. But it reflects the dynamic nature f language, which evlves ver time due t varius influences, including generatinal shifts and technlgical advancements. Teenagers, at an age when they are actively explring their identity and seeking t differentiate themselves frm previus generatins, ften play a significant rle in this evlutin.
It’s interesting t nte that peple arund the wrld all have different terms fr everyday things. Last year, I came acrss a British shw called Lve Island, which is a reality shw that mixes peple frm different parts f the U. K. in a “villa”(anther wrd Americans dn’t typically say) fr abut eight weeks. As a bystander, the way they talked felt s elegant and fun, but t them, it was just nrmal.
Whether the way we talk is reginal r frm nline, the sul f cmmunicatin lies in its pwer t cnnect peple, fster understanding, and facilitate interactins that shape ur persnal and scial lives. I have ften fund it’s the way we cnnect with the peple we live arund.
20．What is mainly talked abut in the last paragraph?
A．The means f cmmunicatin.B．The nature f cmmunicatin.
C．The elements f cmmunicatin.D．The prcess f cmmunicatin.
【答案】 20．B
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。盡管有網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接，但每個城市仍然保留著自己的語言和俚語。無論我們的談話方式是地區(qū)性的還是網(wǎng)絡(luò)性的，溝通的靈魂在于它能將人們聯(lián)系起來，增進(jìn)理解，促進(jìn)互動，從而塑造我們的個人和社會生活。
20．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Whether the way we talk is reginal r frm nline, the sul f cmmunicatin lies in its pwer t cnnect peple, fster understanding, and facilitate interactins that shape ur persnal and scial lives. (無論我們的談話方式是地區(qū)性的還是網(wǎng)絡(luò)性的，溝通的靈魂在于它能將人們聯(lián)系起來，增進(jìn)理解，促進(jìn)互動，從而塑造我們的個人和社會生活。)”可知，本段的關(guān)鍵詞是“the sul f cmmunicatin”。故本段主要講了溝通的本質(zhì)。故選B。
10.（2023·福建·高三校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí)）
Nt all fat is created equal. The fat mst peple picture is knwn as white fat, since it lks white r white-yellw when yu see it under the skin. But yu’re als brn with brwn fat, which, unsurprisingly, lks brwn.
Brwn fat — fund in the neck and shulders f newbrns — is metablically (新陳代謝地) efficient, in that it burns lts f calries, which serves the purpse f keeping yu warm (imprtant fr newbrns). We lse mst f ur brwn fat as we age. By age six, we have less than five percent f the brwn fat we were brn with; the fat we gain ver time is almst all white fat. One f the majr causes f shrtened lifetime and illnesses like type 2 diabetes and many cancers is the increasing level f white fat. S scientists have lng tried t find ways t activate that fat r turn white fat int brwn fat.
Hwever, ne radblck t using brwn fat is that all the gd stuff that brwn fat des has t be prgrammed int the previusly white fat, but that has prved dable. A grup in Delaware has activated brwn fat in a few wmen with an already apprved medicatin. Researchers at the University f Cpenhagen (UCPH) have put white fat in test tubes and turned it int brwn fat. They then injected the brwn fat int fat sheep. As hped, the sheep with mre brwn fat gt thin and lst their metablic syndrme and diabetes.
The timetable fr this game-changing ability t turn white fat t brwn fat is predicted t be less than five years away after human studies start. If scientists find a way t replace white fat with brwn fat, it will likely mitigate risks f diseases like diabetes, heart disease, strke, and brain disrder greatly and prvide increased energy levels. That is, yu becme peratinally yunger. Bring it n!
28．What can be the best title fr the text?
A．Make the best f white fatB．Activating brwn fat vs changing white fat
C．This gd fat culd keep yu healthyD．Brwn fat helps keep babies warm
【答案】 28．C
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了棕色脂肪是有益的脂肪，可以保持人體的健康，但隨著年齡的增長，這種脂肪會迅速減少，因此研究人員在嘗試激活棕色脂肪或?qū)咨巨D(zhuǎn)化為棕色脂肪，以解決很多疾病問題。
28．主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章圍繞棕色脂肪展開，第一段引出棕色脂肪的話題，表明其與白色脂肪不同；第二段說明棕色脂肪對人體的重要作用，及其減少對人體的壞處；第三段介紹一些嘗試激活棕色脂肪或?qū)咨巨D(zhuǎn)化為棕色脂肪的科學(xué)研究，表明其可行性；第四段預(yù)測這些研究的前景，以及帶來的好處。由此可知，文章的主題是普及有關(guān)棕色脂肪的健康知識和醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用，因此C項“這種有益的脂肪可以使你保持健康”突出了棕色脂肪的不同與作用，適合作為標(biāo)題。故選C項。
主旨大意題解題思維
主題句必須能簡潔明了地概括全文的主要內(nèi)容，具有高度的綜合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是對主題句的進(jìn)一步的解釋、說明、論證或拓展。
2.一般說來說明文和議論都有主題句，而且多位于文章的開頭，有時也位于文章的中間或末尾。
3.不能直接在文章中直接找到主題句，抓每一段的主旨句，一般在段首。理清楚段與段之間邏輯關(guān)系然后自己歸納總結(jié)。
標(biāo)題模板
簡潔：短小精悍，多為短語,動名詞短語或祈使句。
概括：概括全文、涵蓋性強、體現(xiàn)主旨；
針對：標(biāo)題外延與文章內(nèi)容相符，范圍一致，不會以偏概全；
醒目：新穎奇特，激發(fā)讀者的閱讀興趣；
答題規(guī)律
正面思維肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，串聯(lián)細(xì)節(jié)共同點，斷定標(biāo)題。；
逆向思維否定法：拋開原文，設(shè)想各個選項為“標(biāo)題”用它們寫出來的“文章”會是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文章對照，依次排除不符選項；
3. 研讀備選項差異：研讀四個選項里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、概括性等。
干擾項特點
斷章取義(僅為文中一細(xì)節(jié))、以偏概全、物種生有、范圍過大。
答題規(guī)律
主題句的判斷
段首
段尾
主題句多為段首第一句(觀點或?qū)ο?；或第一句拋磚引玉引出第二句。
主題句也常為段尾句(結(jié)論或總結(jié))。
段中
前面的話是為引出主題而擺出問題或現(xiàn)象。
無主題句
沒有主題句，需根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容自己概括。重點提煉各個段落首句，兼顧尾句。
主題句特點
1. 段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如hwever, but, in fact, actually等)時，該句很可能是主題句。
2. 首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3. 作者有意識地重復(fù)的觀點，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。
4. 表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefre, thus, in shrt, cnclude, cnclusin等詞，通常是主旨。

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