?專題15 閱讀理解之議論文



一、命題趨勢(shì)
議論文是英語(yǔ)中的重要文體，而其議論文中涉及到的長(zhǎng)句難句比較多，這就增加了閱讀理解的難度。議論文體裁文章寫法或正反論證或提出問(wèn)題，分析問(wèn)題，解決問(wèn)題或提出論點(diǎn)，給出理由（證據(jù)），再重申論點(diǎn)。版權(quán)所有
二、題型概述
議論文的內(nèi)容涵蓋文化、歷史、文學(xué)、科學(xué)和教育等各個(gè)方面。在這類體裁的文章中把握好論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證很重要。此類體裁的文章中有關(guān)主旨大意和推理判斷的題目會(huì)較多，這也是得分比較難的題型。在閱讀這類文章的時(shí)候，我們要認(rèn)真把握作者的態(tài)度，領(lǐng)悟弦外之音，從而更好地依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)做出合理的推斷。
三、選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)
1．正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
(1)、一般按提出問(wèn)題、分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題的方法寫作。作者一般從日常生活中的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題、社會(huì)上的重大問(wèn)題、與讀者息息相關(guān)的問(wèn)題入手，即提出問(wèn)題。然后，分析利弊，舉例說(shuō)明，推理判斷，即分析問(wèn)題。最后，闡述觀點(diǎn)，提出辦法，即解決問(wèn)題。
(2)、以作者的觀點(diǎn)或情感為核心，對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)推理等方面進(jìn)行考查。
(3)、文章的主題一般是生活中的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題、重大問(wèn)題或與生活息息相關(guān)的問(wèn)題等。
2．干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
(1)、可能是文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。
(2)、可能是從文中某些(不完全的)事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。
(3)、可能是非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。
解題技法
審題口訣：
議論把握三要素，論點(diǎn)論據(jù)與論述。
論點(diǎn)?，F(xiàn)首尾句，闡明觀點(diǎn)與態(tài)度。
事實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)與理論，只為論點(diǎn)來(lái)服務(wù)。
歸納演繹或比對(duì)，明達(dá)此理何須怵！







[方法1]　把握文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。
議論文一般有論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證三個(gè)要素。論點(diǎn)是議論文的核心，是文章要表達(dá)的主要思想內(nèi)容；論據(jù)是作者所引用的用來(lái)證明和支持論點(diǎn)的材料，這些材料可以是名人名言、事實(shí)例證、或是統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)等，只要是對(duì)證明論點(diǎn)有利的材料都可作為論據(jù)使用；確定論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)材料后，作者還需要將這些論據(jù)合理地組織在一起，就是我們所說(shuō)的論證。
【典例剖析】
How would you go without your smartphone? For many of us, our smartphone is the first and last thing we look at every day. We depend on it to perform a number of tasks and connect with our friends and family. But have we become addicted to our phones?
Certainly, the inventor of the first mobile phone. American engineer Martin Cooper, thinks we might be. In a BBC interview, he suggested people quit scrolling (刷屏) and “get a life”. But of course, once we start scrolling or watching videos, we just can’t kick the habit. Psychologist Jean Twenge says we feel regret for “checking our phone again and again if we’re waiting for a text or getting really into social media then kind of, looking up and realising that an hour has passed.”
But does it matter if we make the most of this technology? Possibly, because like medicine, the problem appears when it is withdrawn. A study from King’s College London found young people couldn’t control the amount of time they spend on their phone. Such behaviour means that people become “anxious” or “upset” if they are not allowed to be on the phone continuously, which can cause anxiety and mental health problems.
Interestingly, another study by the London School of Economics Science suggests we don’t just look at our phones when we receive text or email messages. The people they studied felt an automatical (自動(dòng)的) need to check their phone, just as a smoker would light a cigarette.
One solution could be an app that rewards (獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)) students for time spent away from their phones. Another choice is changing your smartphone to a dumbphone that has none of the things that turn your attention away. But mainly, perhaps, we just need to look up more and reconnect with the real world!
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
本文是篇議論文。智能手機(jī)已經(jīng)成為人們生活中不可缺少的部分，很多人也都形成了手機(jī)依賴癥。文章講述了手機(jī)依賴癥的特點(diǎn)及產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題，并希望人們能夠多點(diǎn)時(shí)間放下手機(jī)，投入到現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中來(lái)。
What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Benefits from Smartphones B．Addiction to Smartphones
C．Development of Smartphones D．Disadvantages of Smartphones
【詳情解析】
主旨大意題。第一段“ But have we become addicted to our phones?(但是我們已經(jīng)對(duì)手機(jī)上癮了嗎？)”提出了文章的主題，下文對(duì)這一主題展開(kāi)了描述，提出了人們對(duì)手機(jī)上癮的癥狀和產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題，最后對(duì)此提出了建議。由此可知，B. Addiction to Smartphones(智能手機(jī)成癮)適合作本文標(biāo)題。故選B。
【答案】B
[方法2]　互推法：
在議論之后，總會(huì)再列舉一些具體的例子來(lái)支持觀點(diǎn)或在一些例子之后，總要抒發(fā)一些議論。在理解議論時(shí)，可以借助文中所給的實(shí)例，從而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的議論；或從議論中推理理解具體例子的深刻含義，相互推斷。
【典例剖析】
I am a good mother to three children. I have tried never to let my profession stand in the way of being a good parent. I no longer consider myself the center of the universe. I show up. I listen. I try to laugh. I am a good friend to my husband. I have tried to make marriage vows(誓約) mean what they say. I am a good friend to my friends, and they to me. Without them, there would be nothing to say to you today.
So here's what I wanted to tell you today:
Get a life. A real life, not a desire of the next promotion(提升), the bigger paycheck, the larger house.
Get a life in which you are not alone. Find people you love, and who love you. And remember that love is not leisure(空閑); it is work. Pick up the phone. Send an email. Write a letter. And realize that life is the best thing and that you have no business taking it for granted.
It is so easy to waste our lives, our days, our hours, and our minutes. It is so easy to exist instead of to live. I learned to live many years ago. Something really bad happened to me, something that changed my life in ways that, if I had my choice, it would never have been changed at all. And what I learned from it is what, today, seems to be the hardest lesson of all: I learned to love the journey, not the destination. I learned to look at all the good in the world and try to give some of it back because I believed in it, completely and totally. And I tried to do that, in part, by telling others what I had learned.
By telling them this: Read in the backyard with the sun on your face. Learn to be happy. And think of life as a deadly illness, because if you do, you will live it with joy and passion(激情) as it ought to be lived.
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
這是一篇議論文。文章作者認(rèn)為工作不應(yīng)該影響真正的生活，我們要過(guò)一種真實(shí)的生活。
The underlined sentence “It is so easy to exist instead of to live.” in the fifth paragraph probably has the same meaning as “________”
A．it is so easy to keep alive but not to live a real life
B．it is very hard to live a real life
C．it is so easy to make a living
D．it is more difficult to exist than to live a happy life
【詳情解析】
詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段“Get a life. A real life, not a desire of the next promotion(提升), the bigger paycheck, the larger house.”（獲得一種生活。一種真實(shí)的生活，而不是對(duì)下一次晉升、更高的薪水、更大的房子的渴望。）以及第五段第五句和第六句“And what I learned from it is what, today, seems to be the hardest lesson of all: I learned to love the journey, not the destination. I learned to look at all the good in the world and try to give some of it back because I believed in it, completely and totally. ”（我從中學(xué)到的，在今天看來(lái)，似乎是最艱難的一課：我學(xué)會(huì)了熱愛(ài)過(guò)程，而不是目的地。我學(xué)會(huì)了去看世界上所有美好的事物，并試著將其中的一些回報(bào)給他人，因?yàn)槲彝耆?、完全地相信它。）可知，“It is so easy to exist instead of to live.”的意思是活著很容易，但過(guò)真正的生活卻不容易。故選A。
【答案】A
[方法3]　深推法：
推理的結(jié)論一定是原文有這層意思，但沒(méi)有明確表達(dá)的。推理要根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇、段落和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，各個(gè)信息所暗示和隱含的意義，作者的隱含意等對(duì)文章進(jìn)行推理判斷。考生要由文字的表層信息挖掘出文章的深層含義，要能透過(guò)現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)。
【典例剖析】
In July, Australian artist Matthew Griffin had his work Pickle(《酸黃瓜》)exhibited at a New Zealand gallery. The work is merely a pickle taken from a McDonald’s burger, stuck onto the gallery’s ceiling with ketchup(番茄醬)on it. With a price tag of NZ$10,000 (about 42,200 yuan), it started an ongoing debate: Is this art?
In fact, this is not the only strange artwork people have seen in recent years. In 2019, Italian artist Maurizio Cattelan’s work Comedian featured a store-bought banana with duct tape(強(qiáng)力膠). Far before that, Artist Rogier van der Zwang used 3D animation instead of painting materials to make visual rainbow. These trends bring us back to the classic discussion on how to understand art.
As British art historian Ernst Gombrich famously put it, “There really is no such thing as art. There are only artists.” Art is a personal expression; ultimately its agency is created by the artist. As each era cultivates its unique artists, the private message an artwork conveys can connect with every individual across time. Great artists from the past to the present all enjoy both fame and criticism. The way they appeal to certain audiences and encourage a wide range of debates and interpretations is exactly the charm of art.
Opponents may hold that despite the artist’s right to create, it is not up to the artist to determine if a piece of work is considered art. It is true that we see only the leftover of a cheeseburger. There is no real technique in Griffin’s Pickle. However, this is also where it is open to interpretation: For some, the pickle seems meaningless and artificial; for some, the pickle can be a commercial and cultural symbol. There is undoubtedly an innovation of “form”. It shows the artist’s exploration of the vehicle of art. The slice of pickle can be seen as a symbol. The ketchup plays an influence on the colors, with the surrounding white wall being another vehicle for expression.
After all, art welcomes various responses, which explains why viewing art is such an engaging experience.
In a word, we should always keep an open mind toward any embodiment(化身)of art.
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
這是一篇議論文。講述了 澳大利亞藝術(shù)家馬修·格里芬(Matthew Griffin)的作品《泡菜》，只是從麥當(dāng)勞漢堡上取下的腌黃瓜，粘在畫廊的天花板上，上面涂著番茄醬。它的標(biāo)價(jià)為1萬(wàn)新西蘭元(約合4.22萬(wàn)元人民幣)。由此引發(fā)了一場(chǎng)持續(xù)的關(guān)于藝術(shù)的爭(zhēng)論。
According to this passage , art can be best described as ______.
A．connective but unreal B．charming but untouchable
C．a(chǎn)bstract but engaging D．a(chǎn)ppealing but controversial
【詳情解析】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段末“Great artists from the past to the present all enjoy both fame and criticism. The way they appeal to certain audiences and encourage a wide range of debates and interpretations is exactly the charm of art.(從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的偉大藝術(shù)家都享有聲譽(yù)和批評(píng)。它們吸引特定觀眾的方式，鼓勵(lì)廣泛的辯論和解釋，這正是藝術(shù)的魅力)”及倒數(shù)第二段“After all, art welcomes various responses, which explains why viewing art is such an engaging experience.(畢竟，藝術(shù)歡迎各種各樣的反應(yīng)，這就解釋了為什么觀看藝術(shù)是一種如此吸引人的體驗(yàn))”可知，藝術(shù)是迷人的，也是引發(fā)爭(zhēng)議的。故選D項(xiàng)。


精做高考真題
Passage 1、（2021·北京·高考真題）
Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．
Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（節(jié)奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（調(diào)節(jié)）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？
Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．
The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（時(shí)間框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies．
Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose．
1．What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？
A．Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature．
B．Everyone can define time on their own terms．
C．The qualities of time vary with how you measure it．
D．Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists．
2．The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________．
A．present an assumption B．evaluate an argument
C．highlight an experiment D．introduce an approach
3．What can we learn from this passage？
A．Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life．
B．New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems．
C．Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower．
D．Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame．
4．What can we infer from this passage？
A．It is crucial to improve the definition of time．B．A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C．We should live in harmony with nature． D．History is a mirror reflecting reality．
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
本文是議論文。文章通過(guò)討論時(shí)間的定義，講述了人們應(yīng)該和大自然和諧相處，保護(hù)環(huán)境。
【詳情解析】
1．【B】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．(即使是先進(jìn)的物理學(xué)也不能決定性地告訴我們時(shí)間是什么，因?yàn)榇鸢溉Q于你要問(wèn)的問(wèn)題)”以及上文列舉的哲學(xué)家St．Augustine和愛(ài)因斯坦對(duì)于時(shí)間的定義可推斷，第一段主要講述每個(gè)人都可以用自己的話來(lái)定義時(shí)間。故選B項(xiàng)。
2．【D】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（調(diào)節(jié)）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我們?cè)絹?lái)越意識(shí)到，我們不能只是用工程學(xué)來(lái)控制地球系統(tǒng)，意識(shí)到，如果我們希望保持平衡，我們就需要調(diào)節(jié)我們的行動(dòng)。)”進(jìn)而提出問(wèn)題“What if our definition of time reflected that？(如果時(shí)間的定義反映那些會(huì)怎么樣呢)”，結(jié)合前兩個(gè)問(wèn)題“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（節(jié)奏） of human life？(如果我們不考慮天文學(xué)方面的時(shí)間，而是將時(shí)間與生態(tài)學(xué)聯(lián)系起來(lái)呢？如果我們?cè)试S環(huán)境條件來(lái)設(shè)定人類生活的節(jié)奏呢)”可推斷，第二段提出的三個(gè)問(wèn)題是為了介紹方法。故選D項(xiàng)。
3．【C】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．（如果水道繼續(xù)以目前的速度流動(dòng)，我們對(duì)它進(jìn)行了編程，匹配了一個(gè)原子時(shí)間。如果河流在未來(lái)的平均運(yùn)行速度更快，時(shí)間就會(huì)超過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間。如果它們的運(yùn)行速度較慢，你就會(huì)看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流運(yùn)行速度得較慢，原子時(shí)間將超過(guò)河流時(shí)間。故選C項(xiàng)。
4．【C】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（調(diào)節(jié)）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我們?cè)絹?lái)越意識(shí)到，我們不能只是用工程學(xué)來(lái)控制地球系統(tǒng)，意識(shí)到，如果我們希望保持平衡，我們就需要調(diào)節(jié)我們的行動(dòng)。)”和倒數(shù)第二段的“Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness(時(shí)間與環(huán)境的暫時(shí)聯(lián)系對(duì)它們的生存至關(guān)重要。同樣，河流時(shí)間和我們正在開(kāi)發(fā)的其他時(shí)間保護(hù)系統(tǒng)也可能會(huì)鼓勵(lì)人們提高環(huán)境意識(shí))”可推斷，從這篇文章中我們知道我們應(yīng)該與自然和諧共處，保護(hù)環(huán)境。故選C。
Passage 2、（2020·海南·高考真題）
In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800, 000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible：the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway（晃動(dòng)）. The authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way back to land. A disaster was avoided.
The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design：Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean（贊歌）to its breakdowns. Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has long been writing about disasters. In this book, he includes the loss of the space shuttles（航天飛機(jī)）Challenger and Columbia, and the sinking of the Titanic.
Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore.
Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.
"Success is success but that is all that it is," Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure that brings improvement.
5．What happened to the Golden Gate Bridge on its 50th birthday?
A．It carried more weight than it could. B．It swayed violently in a strong wind
C．Its roadway was damaged by vehicles D．Its access was blocked by many people.
6．Which of the following is Dr. Petroski's idea according to paragraph 3?
A．No design is well received everywhere
B．Construction is more important than design.
C．Not all disasters are caused by engineering design
D．Improvements on engineering works are necessary.
7．What does the last paragraph suggest?
A．Failure can lead to progress. B．Success results in overconfidence
C．Failure should be avoided. D．Success comes from joint efforts.
8．What is the text?
A．A news report B．A short story.
C．A book review D．A research article.
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
這是一篇議論文。主要講述了對(duì)彼得羅斯基博士的書(shū)《原諒設(shè)計(jì)：理解失敗》的評(píng)論，工程設(shè)計(jì)可能會(huì)因?yàn)槟承┰驇?lái)失敗，但失敗才能帶來(lái)進(jìn)步。
【詳情解析】
5．【A】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800, 000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible：the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway”可以看出，1987年5月，金門大橋舉行了一個(gè)50歲生日聚會(huì)。這座橋禁止機(jī)動(dòng)車通行，人們可以在橋上散步。組織者預(yù)計(jì)將有5萬(wàn)人到場(chǎng)。相反，多達(dá)80萬(wàn)人擠滿了通往大橋的道路。當(dāng)25萬(wàn)人在橋上時(shí)，工程師們注意到了一個(gè)可怕的現(xiàn)象：路面在被要求承載的最重荷載作用下變得平了。更糟的是，它開(kāi)始晃動(dòng)。因此可以看出，金門大橋50歲生日那天，它的重量超過(guò)了它的承受能力。故選A。
6．【C】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore.”可知，雖然他承認(rèn)工程設(shè)計(jì)可能會(huì)因?yàn)槟切┫氤龌蛟O(shè)計(jì)它們的人只是把事情弄錯(cuò)了失敗，但在這本書(shū)中，彼得羅斯基博士拓寬了他的視野，考慮了這種失敗發(fā)生的更大背景。有時(shí)，由于一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)是用不合格的低質(zhì)量材料建造的，所以裝置會(huì)失敗?；蛘撸粋€(gè)設(shè)計(jì)工作得如此好，以至于在其他地方一次又一次地被采用，用似乎是無(wú)害的改進(jìn)，直到突然間，它完全不起作用了。因此可以推測(cè)出，根據(jù)第三段，不是所有的災(zāi)難都是由工程設(shè)計(jì)引起的是彼得羅斯基博士的想法。故選C。
7．【A】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的 “It is failure that brings improvement.”可知，失敗才能帶來(lái)進(jìn)步。因此可以看出，A項(xiàng)與此相呼應(yīng)，即失敗能帶來(lái)進(jìn)步，故選A。
8．【C】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design：Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean（贊歌）to its breakdowns.”可知，這個(gè)故事是《原諒設(shè)計(jì)：理解失敗》一書(shū)中的一個(gè)，這本書(shū)既是對(duì)工程的一封情書(shū)，也是對(duì)其崩潰的贊歌。并且后面兩段都在寫這本書(shū)里的內(nèi)容以及評(píng)價(jià)，再根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的“Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.”可知，讀者不僅會(huì)遇到他們以前聽(tīng)過(guò)的故事，還會(huì)遇到一些新的故事和關(guān)于工程師對(duì)公眾的責(zé)任以及如何幫助年輕工程師掌握它們的動(dòng)人討論。再結(jié)合最后一段“It is failure that brings improvement.”可知，失敗才能帶來(lái)進(jìn)步。因此可以推測(cè)出，這些內(nèi)容都是關(guān)于這本書(shū)的評(píng)論，因?yàn)檫@篇文章是書(shū)評(píng)，故選C。
Passage 3、（2020·北京·高考真題）
Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change.
Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”
Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.”
Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (強(qiáng)化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敵對(duì)行為). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from AGI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else.
The promise and danger of true AGI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see AGI any time soon, if ever.
9．What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean?
A．Enormous in quantity. B．Changeable daily.
C．Stable in quality. D．Present everywhere.
10．What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters?
A．Help to tackle problems. B．Make brains more active.
C．Benefit ambitious people. D．Set up powerful databases.
11．As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________.
A．supportive B．disapproving
C．fearful D．uncertain
12．What can be inferred about AGI from the passage?
A．It may be only a dream. B．It will come into being soon.
C．It will be controlled by humans. D．It may be more dangerous than ever.

【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
這是一篇議論文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性進(jìn)行了論述。
【詳情解析】
9．【D】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another(例如，算法在我們的金融市場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行大量交易，自動(dòng)駕駛汽車出現(xiàn)在城市街道上，我們的智能手機(jī)正在從一種語(yǔ)言翻譯成另一種語(yǔ)言)可知，人工智能在我們生活中用處十分廣泛。由此推知，劃線詞所在句意為“某些形式的人工智能確實(shí)正在變得無(wú)處不在”，即劃線詞與D選項(xiàng)“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故選D項(xiàng)。
10．【A】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI的倡導(dǎo)者說(shuō)，AGI可以24小時(shí)為我們工作，并利用所有可用的數(shù)據(jù)，可以提出許多問(wèn)題的解決方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡導(dǎo)者認(rèn)為，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出許多問(wèn)題的解決方案，幫助我們解決問(wèn)題。因此，A選項(xiàng)“Help to tackle problems(幫助解決問(wèn)題)”符合題意。故選A項(xiàng)。
11．【B】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自從人工智能的早期，想象力已經(jīng)超過(guò)了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的數(shù)學(xué)家歐文·古德預(yù)言，最終將創(chuàng)造出一臺(tái)“超智能機(jī)器……它將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)任何一個(gè)人的智力活動(dòng)，無(wú)論他有多聰明。”)可知，作者認(rèn)為Irving Good對(duì)“超智能機(jī)器”的想象力超出了實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能，作者并不贊成他的觀點(diǎn)，因此B項(xiàng)“disapproving(不贊成)”符合題意。故選B項(xiàng)。
12．【A】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在與世界上許多頂尖的人工智能研究人員交談后，我相信有充分的理由懷疑我們是否會(huì)很快看到AGI)可推斷出，通用人工智能（AGI）或許只是一個(gè)夢(mèng)想，A選項(xiàng)“It may be only a dream(它也許僅僅是一個(gè)夢(mèng)想)”符合題意。故選擇A項(xiàng)。
Passage 4、（2016·浙江·高考真題）
＂Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday?＂ Lindsey whispers to Tori.
With her eyes shining, Tori brags, ＂You bet I did. Sean told me two days ago.＂
Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happens to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip(閑話). I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.
An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic — breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out — that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.
If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor(傳言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the ＂in group.＂ In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority(優(yōu)越感).
Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.
The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your ＂juicy story＂ might have.
13．The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to __________.
A．introduce a topic B．present an argument
C．describe the characters D．clarify his writing purpose
14．An important negative effect of gossip is that it _________.
A．breaks up relationships B．embarrasses the listener
C．spreads information around D．causes unpleasant experiences
15．In the author’s opinion, many people like to gossip because it __________.
A．gives them a feeling of pleasure B．helps them to make more friends
C．makes them better at telling stories D．enables them to meet important people
16．Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can ________.
A．provide students with written rules
B．help people watch their own behaviors
C．force schools to improve student handbooks
D．a(chǎn)ttract the police’s attention to group behaviors
17．What advice does the author give in the passage?
A．Never become a gossiper. B．Stay away from gossipers.
C．Don’t let gossip turn into lies. D．Think twice before you gossip.
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
本文是一篇議論文。文章討論了傳言的危害和人們?yōu)槭裁聪矚g傳閑話。
【詳情解析】
13．【A】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段的Many of our conversations are gossip(閑話)可知，我們的許多談話都是閑話。所以判斷出短文以對(duì)話的形式開(kāi)始，就是為了引出第三段既本文的主題。故選A。
14．【D】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段的An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain可知，閑話的一個(gè)重要的負(fù)面影響是它會(huì)傷害被談?wù)摰娜耍藗兂ＵJ(rèn)為閑話是無(wú)害的，但殘酷的謊言會(huì)引起痛苦。所以閑話的一個(gè)重要的負(fù)面影響是引起不愉快的經(jīng)歷。故選D。
15．【A】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段的The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us可知人們散播傳言是因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)給他們帶來(lái)滿足感，故選A。
16．【B】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第六段的Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group可知他認(rèn)為傳言能幫助人們監(jiān)督、觀察自身的行為，故選B。
17．【D】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have可知，下次當(dāng)你有傳播最新消息的沖動(dòng)時(shí)，想想你為什么想八卦，你的“有趣的故事”會(huì)有什么影響。由此判斷出作者的建議是讓人們?cè)趥鏖e話之前三思而后行。故選D。
Passage 5、（2017·浙江·高考真題）
Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(調(diào)查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.
How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.
“More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(機(jī)會(huì)) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone,” says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.
Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.
18．What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?
A．American kids’ sleeping habits. B．Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases.
C．Activities to prevent sleeplessness. D．Learning problems and lack of sleep.
19．How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?
A．7 hours. B．8 hours.
C．10 hours. D．18 hours.
20．Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?
A．They are affected by certain body chemicals. B．They tend to do things that excite them.
C．They follow their parents’ examples. D．They don’t need to go to school early.
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
這是一篇議論文。首先用數(shù)據(jù)告訴我們美國(guó)孩子睡眠狀況堪憂，接著告訴我們孩子在不同年齡段需要不同的睡眠時(shí)間，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介紹了一些學(xué)校為了讓孩子們有更多的睡眠時(shí)間而推遲了上課的時(shí)間。
【詳情解析】
18．【A】細(xì)節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)第一段“According to a new survey(調(diào)查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.”可知，第一段向我們說(shuō)明美國(guó)有51%的10到18歲的孩子上床睡覺(jué)的時(shí)間偏晚，也調(diào)查了60%的7到12歲的孩子在白天感到疲憊，15%的孩子會(huì)在學(xué)校睡著，所以這些調(diào)查都是關(guān)于美國(guó)孩子的睡眠習(xí)慣的。故選A項(xiàng)。
19．【C】細(xì)節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)第二段“For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal”可知，11歲的上學(xué)小孩子的睡眠時(shí)間需要10個(gè)小時(shí)，故選C項(xiàng)。
20．【B】細(xì)節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)第三段“She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep”,可知， Carskadon說(shuō)，睡前的這些活動(dòng)會(huì)讓孩子們興奮不已，讓他們難以平靜下來(lái)入睡。所以 Carskadon認(rèn)為孩子們睡覺(jué)晚的原因是他們會(huì)在睡前做一些讓他們興奮的活動(dòng)。故選B項(xiàng)。
　挑戰(zhàn)名校考題
Passage 1、（湖北省荊荊宜三校2022-2023高三11月份聯(lián)考試卷）
Not long ago, “blind box economy” suddenly became popular, winning the heart of large numbers of faithful fans.People simply get interested in it. A couple spent 200,000 yuan on them. Another sixty-year-old guy spent over 700,000 yuan in buying blind boxes. Statistics showed that last year 300,000 hobbyists made deals through a second-hand shopping platform.
The blind boxes usually contain attached dolls of comics and animation, or film and television, or specially designed ones. A single blind box usually costs about thirty to fifty yuan. But there is no mark on the box, and only after opening it can the buyer see what he has bought. This is rather like buying lottery (彩票) tickets, for the buyer has to bet on his luck.
However，addiction to blind box is much like that to gambling (賭博). It is not easily obvious compared with lottery ticket. Nobody knows whether sellers of blind boxes exaggerated (夸大) the winning rate so as to attract people to buy them, thus digging a consumption trap. Besides, it is also unknown whether the objects in the blind boxes are genuine or not. The blind box economy promoted its second-hand trade. The price of some classic dolls or dolls of limited edition have skyrocketed in second-hand trade platforms, and some may reach thirty to forty times. But it is difficult for buyers to judge whether it is the result of real supply and demand, or the consequence of business men’s tricks.
The basis of the “blind box economy” is the cultural trend of collection. Many of the target consumers are young people who lack experience of life. They are thus attracted by deliberately exaggerated probability of “winning a prize” and constantly throw money to buy blind boxes in order to gain dolls that they desire. Or they may buy at second-hand trade platform high-priced blind box dolls, thinking they can keep value preserved and appreciated, thus falling into the fixed pattern of trap carefully designed by businessmen.
Therefore, it is necessary to remind young people to control their consumption in case they become addicted.
1．Why are a couple and a sixty-year-old guy mentioned in paragraph 1?
A．To stress the importance of “blind box economy”.
B．To give the sum of money spent on “blind box economy”.
C．To show the popularity of “blind box economy”.
D．To prove older people can afford to pay more.
2．What might contribute to “blind box economy”?
A．The unknown objects in the blind boxes. B．The desire to make a fortune overnight.
C．The skyrocketed price of some classic dolls. D．The high winning rate exaggerated by sellers.
3．What can be learned from paragraph 4?
A．Young people should be reminded to control themselves.
B．Young people are more likely to be attracted and tricked.
C．Young people have the potential to win big prizes
D．Young people can manage their life economically.
4．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage?
A．To inform readers. B．To promote products. C．To list reasons. D．To warn consumers.
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章對(duì)“盲盒經(jīng)濟(jì)”的流行進(jìn)行了分析并表明了其中的危害，建議人們?cè)谫?gòu)買盲盒之前要三思。
【詳情解析】
1．【C】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“Not long ago, “blind box economy” suddenly became popular, winning the heart of large numbers of faithful fans. People simply get interested in it. A couple spent 200,000 yuan on them. Another sixty-year-old guy spent over 700,000 yuan in buying blind boxes.(不久前，“盲盒經(jīng)濟(jì)”突然流行起來(lái)，贏得了大批忠實(shí)粉絲的心。人們只是對(duì)它感興趣。一對(duì)夫婦花了20萬(wàn)元買的。另一位60歲的老人花了70多萬(wàn)元買了盲盒)”可推知，第一段中提到一對(duì)夫婦和一個(gè)六十歲的人買盲盒，是為了表明“盲盒經(jīng)濟(jì)”的流行。故選C。
2．【D】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第三句“Nobody knows whether sellers of blind boxes exaggerated (夸大) the winning rate so as to attract people to buy them, thus digging a consumption trap.(沒(méi)有人知道盲盒的賣家是否為了吸引人們購(gòu)買而夸大了中獎(jiǎng)率，從而陷入了消費(fèi)陷阱)”可知，賣家夸大的中獎(jiǎng)率導(dǎo)致了盲盒經(jīng)濟(jì)，故選D。
3．【B】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Many of the target consumers are young people who lack experience of life.(盲盒經(jīng)濟(jì)的主要對(duì)象是缺乏生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)的年輕人)”可知，缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)的年輕人更容易被吸引、被騙，故選B。
4．【D】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Therefore, it is necessary to remind young people to control their consumption in case they become addicted.(因此，有必要提醒年輕人控制他們的消費(fèi)，以防他們上癮)”可知，作者寫這篇文章的目的是警告消費(fèi)者在購(gòu)買盲盒之時(shí)要謹(jǐn)慎。故選D。
Passage 2、（2023屆浙江省紹興市高三11月份高考科目診斷性考試）
I major in Mechanical Engineering and Political Science. When someone hears what I study, I’m usually meant with two reactions. First up is a small smile with the word “overachiever” on the tip of their tongue. The second is a look of confusion, followed by an exaggerated (夸張的) “why?”. The short answer: I want to be a problem solver, and engineering teaches me how to become that type of person. In addition, I also want to be able to look at the bigger picture.
It’s the beginning of a new year, and a lot of first-years have plans for double or triple majors. However, as most of us quickly realize after that first fall semester, college is a lot! We are unavoidably forced to make choices - do we keep trying to make our double or triple majors work or do we completely switch gears? The thing I wished someone told me on day one is if you’re passionate about something, it’s not going to feel like work. Political Science can be challenging, but to me, it’s fun to read the Constitution (憲法) and see the impact each word has on our interpretation.
This may sound hard to accept, but if you are double or triple majoring because you think you’re in a race with your peers, you’re only running yourself into the ground. Don’t double or triple major if you are doing it for a mark on your resume (簡(jiǎn)歷), because then your life will be a living hell for the next four years. What is going to make you impressive is the passion that you have - whether it be in your study, career, or something else your career and study will enable you to do.
Always think about your “why” when it comes to the schedule a double or triple major entails. Because at the end of the day, it’s going to be you doing the homework - so try to enjoy what you’re doing along the ride for what it’s worth.
5．How do people tend to feel about the writer’s majors?
A．Impressed or puzzled. B．Ashamed or challenged.
C．Satisfied or confused. D．Amazed or concerned.
6．What enables the writer to enjoy learning Political Science?
A．The value of studying the Constitution. B．The influence of learning engineering.
C．His career planning for the future. D．His enthusiasm for the major.
7．According to the author, what causes multiple majors’ hard situation in college?
A．Adjusting the schedule for majors constantly.
B．Pursuing multiple majors out of competitive motivation.
C．Making random choices without sufficient consideration.
D．Estimating the difficulty of multiple majoring inaccurately.
8．What is the author’s purpose of writing the text?
A．To promote the concept of multiple majoring.
B．To explain the reasons for choosing a double major.
C．To compare the gains and losses of multiple majoring.
D．To stress the significance of passion in multiple majoring.
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
本文是議論文。文章主要講述大學(xué)生不要盲目為了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)而選擇多個(gè)專業(yè)，一定要是因?yàn)闊崆楹图で椴湃ミx擇多個(gè)專業(yè)。

【詳情解析】
5．【A】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“When someone hears what I study, I’m usually meant with two reactions. First up is a small smile with the word “overachiever” on the tip of their tongue. The second is a look of confusion, followed by an exaggerated (夸張的) “why?”.”(當(dāng)有人聽(tīng)到我學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容時(shí)，我通常會(huì)有兩種反應(yīng)。首先是一個(gè)小小的微笑并且說(shuō)“太有成就了”。第二種是困惑的表情，接著是夸張的“為什么？”。)可知，當(dāng)人們聽(tīng)到作者的專業(yè)時(shí)，有的會(huì)很佩服，有的是很困惑。故選A。
6．【D】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Political Science can be challenging, but to me, it’s fun to read the Constitution (憲法) and see the impact each word has on our interpretation.”(政治學(xué)可能具有挑戰(zhàn)性，但對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，閱讀《憲法》，看看每一個(gè)字對(duì)我們的解釋有什么影響是很有趣的。)和第三段“What is going to make you impressive is the passion that you have - whether it be in your study, career, or something else your career and study will enable you to do.”(讓你印象深刻的是你所擁有的激情——無(wú)論是在你的學(xué)習(xí)、職業(yè)生涯中，還是在你的職業(yè)和學(xué)習(xí)將使你能夠做的其他事情中。)可知，是熱情和激情使得作者喜歡學(xué)習(xí)政治學(xué)。故選D。
7．【B】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“This may sound hard to accept, but if you are double or triple majoring because you think you’re in a race with your peers, you’re only running yourself into the ground. Don’t double or triple major if you are doing it for a mark on your resume (簡(jiǎn)歷), because then your life will be a living hell for the next four years.”(這聽(tīng)起來(lái)可能很難接受，但如果你是雙主修或三主修，因?yàn)槟阏J(rèn)為你在與同齡人競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，你只是把自己撞到地上。如果你是為了簡(jiǎn)歷上的一個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)而選擇雙主修或三主修，那么你的生活在接下來(lái)的四年里將是一個(gè)地獄。)可知，在作者看來(lái)，選擇多個(gè)專業(yè)讓大學(xué)生們處在糟糕的狀況的原因是，他們只是為了在跟同齡人競(jìng)爭(zhēng)才選擇多個(gè)專業(yè)的。故選B。
8．【D】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“What is going to make you impressive is the passion that you have - whether it be in your study, career, or something else your career and study will enable you to do.”(讓你印象深刻的是你所擁有的激情——無(wú)論是在你的學(xué)習(xí)、職業(yè)生涯中，還是在你的職業(yè)和學(xué)習(xí)將使你能夠做的其他事情中。)和最后一段“Always think about your “why” when it comes to the schedule a double or triple major entails. Because at the end of the day, it’s going to be you doing the homework - so try to enjoy what you’re doing along the ride for what it’s worth.”(當(dāng)涉及到一個(gè)雙主修或三主修課程的時(shí)間表時(shí)，一定要考慮你的“為什么”。因?yàn)樵谝惶旖Y(jié)束的時(shí)候，是你自己在做家庭作業(yè)，所以試著享受你在旅途中所做的一切，因?yàn)樗侵档玫摹?可知，作者寫這篇文章的目的是在建議人們要帶著激情去選擇專業(yè)，強(qiáng)調(diào)激情在多專業(yè)中的重要性。故選D。
Passage 3、（上海市復(fù)旦大學(xué)附中2022-2023高三階段性評(píng)估英語(yǔ)試卷）
My friend was heartbroken. Her 8-year-old son had come home from school reporting that they were weighed in gym class, and that it had led to a discussion among the boys about their weights. It was the first time her son had realized that he was significantly heavier than most of his friends, and he came home that day with a brand-new message in his head: Being heavier wasn’t a good thing.
Her story gave me flashbacks to my own gym class weigh-ins. I remember being called up one by one, how the scale was connected to a large digital readout big enough for everyone to see—and how, sadly, it felt like a competition among the girls to be the lightest.
Though it varies from state to state, many schools have a program in place to measure health and fitness in gym class. The assessment usually includes things like push-ups, flexibility tests, and a scale. Weight is then used with the child’s height to calculate their body mass index (BMI). But is BMI a valid and important market of health or a harmful practice that should be retired?
“BMI measurement in school can provide some benefits, provided the measurements are done privately and sensitively, free of judgement,” says Dr. Muth. “When it’s not done with the utmost care, the downside outweighs any upside and it’s potentially harmful and stigmatizing.” Weighing students should not be done within sight or hearing distance of other students.
Still, it’s inevitable that some kids will compare numbers, and that can be potentially harmful. According to the National Eating Disorders Association, up to 60 percent of elementary school girls are worried about being too heavy. On the flip side, boys may feel shame if they’re seen as too small or scrawny. That’s why it’s important to avoid any stigmatizing language.
“We shouldn’t assume that higher weight kids are less healthy. That’s weight stigma, which can increase the risk for eating disorders,” says Rebecca Scritch-field, R. D．, author of Body Kindness. Besides, she adds, some kids naturally tend higher on the growth curve, and that’s normal for them.
Weighing students in school can be beneficial to help kids get on a healthier path, but it must be done properly. That means away from other students and without any weight stigma attached. Parents should also communicate with schools to know when and how weigh-ins are being done in order to decide whether or not their kid should participate.
9．What annoyed the author’s friend was that _________.
A．She has gained much weight after a gym class.
B．Her son has gained much weight though with exercises.
C．Her son refused to attend the gym class because of his weight.
D．Her son felt embarrassed when weighed publicly in gym class.
10．According to the passage, what can we know about BMI?
A．BMI is employed to measure children’s health, which are used in all schools.
B．In order to calculate BMI, a child’s weight and height are needed.
C．BMI is such an important factor that it should be made public among kids.
D．The disadvantages of BMI measurement in school outweighs any advantages.
11．What does “scrawny” (paragraph 5) mean?
A．tall B．depressed C．energetic D．skinny
12．What is the author’s attitude towards weighing students in school?
A．It should be totally banned. B．Parents should protest against it.
C．It should be held cautiously. D．It should be posted in public.
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
這是一篇議論文，作者在文中論述了孩子們是否應(yīng)該在體育課上稱重。作者認(rèn)為在學(xué)校稱孩子體重可能有助于幫助孩子走上更健康的道路，但要正確處理。做得不好，它可能會(huì)傷害兒童。
【詳情解析】
9．【D】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“My friend was heartbroken. Her 8-year-old son had come home from school reporting that they were weighed in gym class, and that it had led to a discussion among the boys about their weights. It was the first time her son had realized that he was significantly heavier than most of his friends, and he came home that day with a brand-new message in his head: Being heavier wasn’t a good thing.(我的朋友傷心欲絕。她8歲的兒子放學(xué)回家說(shuō)，他們?cè)隗w育課上稱了體重，這引起了男孩們關(guān)于體重的討論。這是她兒子第一次意識(shí)到自己比大多數(shù)朋友都重得多，那天他回到家，腦子里有一個(gè)全新的信息：重一點(diǎn)不是一件好事。)”可推知孩子們?cè)隗w育課上公開(kāi)稱了體重，朋友的孩子因?yàn)樽约罕葎e人重很多而感到尷尬，這讓朋友很生氣、難過(guò)。故選D。
10．【B】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第三句“Weight is then used with the child’s height to calculate their body mass index (BMI).(然后根據(jù)體重和身高來(lái)計(jì)算他們的身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI))”可知計(jì)算BMI需要身高和體重。故選B。
11．【D】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第五段的第二、三句“According to the National Eating Disorders Association, up to 60 percent of elementary school girls are worried about being too heavy. On the flip side, boys may feel shame if they’re seen as too small or scrawny. (根據(jù)美國(guó)National Eating Disorders Association的數(shù)據(jù)，高達(dá)60%的小學(xué)女生擔(dān)心自己太胖。另一方面，如果男孩被認(rèn)為太小或scrawny，他們可能會(huì)感到羞恥。)”中的“On the flip side(另一方面)”以及“too small or scrawny”可知scrawny與too heavy意思相反，與small意義相近，所以D選項(xiàng)“skinny(極瘦的，皮包骨的) ”符合詞義。故選D。
12．【C】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Weighing students in school can be beneficial to help kids get on a healthier path, but it must be done properly. That means away from other students and without any weight stigma attached. Parents should also communicate with schools to know when and how weigh-ins are being done in order to decide whether or not their kid should participate.(在學(xué)校給學(xué)生稱重可以幫助孩子們走上更健康的道路，但必須正確地進(jìn)行。這意味著遠(yuǎn)離其他學(xué)生，沒(méi)有任何體重恥辱。家長(zhǎng)還應(yīng)該與學(xué)校溝通，了解何時(shí)以及如何進(jìn)行稱重，以便決定他們的孩子是否應(yīng)該參加稱重。)”可知作者認(rèn)為在學(xué)校給學(xué)生稱重可以幫助孩子們走上更健康的道路，但必須正確地進(jìn)行，謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待，以免對(duì)學(xué)生造成傷害。故選C。
Passage 4、（2022-2023學(xué)年度山東·青島二中高三期中考試）
Psychological science is full of interesting topics, many of which tell a coherent picture of human nature, but some of which create seemingly contradictory stories. A case in point is the tricky and misunderstood overlap between strength-based science and the research on narcissism (自戀).
There is now convincing evidence to show that narcissism is on the rise, especially in our youth. Some researchers say that about 25% of young people showing symptoms of narcissism. The inflated ego of Generation Me is reflected in reality TV, celebrity worship, and out-of-control consumerism.
We are correct to be concerned about this phenomenon, but our fear that all kids are potential narcissists has caused an unhelpful counter-reaction to approaches that seek to make our children and teens feel good about themselves.
In my own research on strength-based parenting, it is common for people to wrongly think this approach to be the cause of narcissism. Their argument seems to be that a child who knows their strengths will automatically view themselves as better than everyone else. It is argued that the self-assurance that comes with identifying and using their positive qualities will make a child selfish and uncaring. Genuine confidence about one’s strengths is categorized as over-confidence; desirable self-knowledge is branded as excessive self-admiration.
Why does this occur? It’s partly because more is known about narcissism than strengths. While strengths psychology has largely stayed within the limit of academic journals, research on narcissism has made its way into the mass media and our daily life. The New York Times noted that narcissism is a favored topic and that people everywhere are diagnosing others with it.
The fear that a strength-based approach will cause narcissism also occurs because of our binary (非此即彼) thinking. We mistakenly believe that one cannot be both confident and humble. We focus on Donald Trump and Kim Kardashian rather than Mahatma Gandhi and Mother Teresa. Without confidence in their strengths, Gandhi and Mother Teresa couldn’t have achieved so much, and yet modesty and selflessness are their qualities.
When we assume that strength-focus is the same as a self-focus, we fail to make the idea clear that people who know their strengths are, actually, more likely to be pro-social and ready to help others.
It’s easy to conclude that every young person is at risk of becoming a narcissist but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble—even when they use their strengths.
13．Which of the following opinions may the writer agree with?
A．Strength-based parenting leads to narcissism.
B．It’s unhelpful for us to make our children feel good about themselves.
C．To say all kids are potential narcissists is overstating the case.
D．Children who know their strengths tend to be more selfish and uncaring.
14．Why are teenagers’ strengths often considered as narcissism?
A．There is a lack of narcissism in our common sense.
B．Academic journals report more on narcissism.
C．Many people are diagnosed with narcissism by doctors.
D．The general public has less access to strengths psychology.
15．What’s the author’s attitude towards young kids’ strength-based approaches?
A．Skeptical B．Favorable. C．Neutral. D．Doubtful.
16．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Teens’ Confidence Misunderstood B．Teens’ Narcissism Diagnosis
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
本文為一篇議論文。一直以來(lái)，人們對(duì)個(gè)人優(yōu)勢(shì)和自戀兩者之間認(rèn)識(shí)不足，導(dǎo)致了對(duì)青少年的自信產(chǎn)生誤解。作者解釋了對(duì)青少年的自信被誤解為自戀的這一現(xiàn)象，及其產(chǎn)生原因，并認(rèn)為：以突出孩子們優(yōu)勢(shì)為基礎(chǔ)的教養(yǎng)方式是有益的。
【詳情解析】
13．【C】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“We are correct to be concerned about this phenomenon, but our fear that all kids are potential narcissists has caused an unhelpful counter-reaction to approaches that seek to make our children and teens feel good about themselves.(我們對(duì)這種現(xiàn)象的擔(dān)憂是正確的，但是我們擔(dān)心所有的孩子都是潛在的自戀者，這對(duì)那些試圖讓孩子和青少年自我感覺(jué)良好的方法造成了無(wú)益的反作用力。)”以及最后一段“It’s easy to conclude that every young person is at risk of becoming a narcissist but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble—even when they use their strengths. (很容易得出這樣的結(jié)論：每個(gè)年輕人都有成為自戀狂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但我想為與我共事過(guò)的成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)關(guān)心他人、體貼他人、謙遜的孩子們說(shuō)話——即使他們發(fā)揮了自己的長(zhǎng)處。)”可推知，作者認(rèn)為不是所有孩子都是潛在的自戀者，這樣的說(shuō)法過(guò)于夸大事實(shí)。故選C項(xiàng)。
14．【D】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句“Genuine confidence about one’s strengths is categorized as over-confidence; desirable self-knowledge is branded as excessive self-admiration. (對(duì)自己實(shí)力的真正自信被歸類為過(guò)度自信；合適的自我認(rèn)識(shí)被認(rèn)為是過(guò)度的自我欣賞。)”，以及第五段中的“Why does this occur? It’s partly because more is known about narcissism than strengths. While strengths psychology has largely stayed within the limit of academic journals, research on narcissism has made its way into the mass media and our daily life. (為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況？這在一定程度上是因?yàn)槿藗儗?duì)自戀的了解多于對(duì)優(yōu)點(diǎn)的了解。雖然優(yōu)勢(shì)心理學(xué)在很大程度上還停留在學(xué)術(shù)期刊的范圍內(nèi)，但對(duì)自戀的研究已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了大眾媒體和我們的日常生活。)”可知，青少年因優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)生的自信常常被誤認(rèn)為是自戀，是因?yàn)榇蟊妼?duì)自戀很熟悉，而對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)心理學(xué)接觸較少、相對(duì)陌生。故選D項(xiàng)。
15．【B】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“In my own research on strength-based parenting, it is common for people to wrongly think this approach to be the cause of narcissism. (在我自己對(duì)基于優(yōu)勢(shì)的教養(yǎng)方式的研究中，人們普遍錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為這種方式是自戀的原因)”可知，人們認(rèn)為基于優(yōu)勢(shì)的育兒方式會(huì)導(dǎo)致孩子自戀，但其實(shí)他們是錯(cuò)誤的；根據(jù)最后一段“It’s easy to conclude that every young person is at risk of becoming a narcissist but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble—even when they use their strengths. (很容易得出這樣的結(jié)論：每個(gè)年輕人都有成為自戀狂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但我想為與我共事過(guò)的成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)關(guān)心他人、體貼他人、謙遜的孩子們說(shuō)話——即使他們發(fā)揮了自己的長(zhǎng)處。)”可推知，在研究基于優(yōu)勢(shì)的教養(yǎng)方式中，看到了成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)關(guān)心他人、體貼他人、謙遜的孩子們，說(shuō)明這個(gè)教養(yǎng)方式是可行的，不能把孩子自戀貴就在這種育兒方式上，故作者很贊成基于優(yōu)勢(shì)的教養(yǎng)方式。故選B項(xiàng)。
16．【A】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Psychological science is full of interesting topics, many of which tell a coherent picture of human nature, but some of which create seemingly contradictory stories. A case in point is the tricky and misunderstood overlap between strength-based science and the research on narcissism. (心理科學(xué)充滿了有趣的話題，其中許多都連貫地描述了人性，但有些則創(chuàng)造了看似矛盾的故事。其中一例是，在基于優(yōu)點(diǎn)的心理科學(xué)與自戀研究之間存在微妙而被誤解的重疊部分。)”，文章接下來(lái)對(duì)青少年的自信被誤解這一現(xiàn)象及原因的詳細(xì)闡述可知，文章主要介紹了青少年的自信被誤解這一現(xiàn)象以及產(chǎn)生的原因。再結(jié)合最后一段“It’s easy to conclude that every young person is at risk of becoming a narcissist but I’d like to stand up for the thousands of young kids I have worked with who are caring, thoughtful and humble—even when they use their strengths. (人們很容易得出這樣的結(jié)論：每個(gè)年輕人都有成為自戀狂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但我想為與我共事過(guò)的成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)關(guān)心他人、體貼他人、謙遜的孩子們說(shuō)話——即使他們發(fā)揮了自己的長(zhǎng)處。)”可知，D選項(xiàng)“Teens’ Confidence Misunderstood (被誤解的青少年的自信)”能夠概括全文，適合作本文的標(biāo)題。故選A項(xiàng)。
Passage 5、（吉林省吉林市部分重點(diǎn)高中2022-2023高三10月份第一次調(diào)研英語(yǔ)試卷）
What would you look like when you are 80 years old? It seems too far away to imagine, but an app named FaceApp tries to show you.
The app creates transformations of users’ faces using various filters(濾鏡) and features. The FaceApp aging challenge went viral last month. Even many celebrities like Taylor Swift and Justin Bieber shared their wrinkly, grey-haired selfies on social media.
FaceApp helps us stop thinking of things that don’t matter and focus on the present. “We view these images as inferred fiction, not realized and therefore unreal,” US author Nicci Gerrard told The New York Times. “We think of our younger selves, because in one sense that’s who we are. Our younger stories are all still part of us, while our older selves don’t yet exist.” However, not everyone can laugh at their older selves. For some, aging is terrifying and it’s hard to accept what the future holds in terms of looks and feelings. As MetroUK noted, “FaceApp is making people into a painful crisis.”
In addition, FaceApp is facing a number of accusations regarding user privacy. When a user makes changes to a photo, it needs to be uploaded to the servers in Russia, where the company is located, then AI filters your image and sends it back to you. By using the app, you grant FaceApp the license to use, reproduce, change, adapt, and publish your image, as stated in its service agreement.
Despite the concerns over privacy, however, FaceApp does light up the Internet. It gives us the chance to take a look at our futures and perhaps let us consider how to prepare for it.
17．What can FaceApp do?
A．Tell how old users are. B．Show users’ images in old age.
C．Test users’ imagination. D．Help users contact celebrities.
18．Which of the following can replace the underlined words in Paragraph 2?
A．Caused trouble. B．Got updated.
C．Led to doubts. D．Became popular.
19．Which opinion may Nicci Gerrard agree with?
A．We should make full preparations for old age.
B．It’s unnecessary now for us to consider old age.
C．Our young stories deserve to be remembered.
D．It’s a good idea for us to stop using FaceApp.
20．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about?
A．How FaceApp gets users’ privacy involved. B．What punishment FaceApp is faced with.
C．How well FaceApp company serves users. D．What FaceApp service agreement contains.
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
這是一篇議論文。主要介紹了一款受歡迎的 FaceApp軟件。該軟件可以讓用戶看到變老的樣子。但對(duì)它的評(píng)價(jià)褒貶不一。
【詳情解析】
17．【B】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)首段“What would you look like when you are 80 years old? It seems too far away to imagine, but an app named FaceApp tries to show you. (當(dāng)你80歲時(shí)你會(huì)是什么樣子？這似乎太遙遠(yuǎn)了，無(wú)法想象，但一個(gè)名為FaceApp的應(yīng)用程序試圖向你展示)”可知，F(xiàn)aceApp可以向用戶展示他們80歲的樣子。故答案為B。
18．【D】短語(yǔ)猜測(cè)題。第二段“Even many celebrities like Taylor Swift and Justin Bieber shared their wrinkly, grey-haired selfies on social media. (就連泰勒·斯威夫特和賈斯汀·比伯等許多名人也在社交媒體上分享了他們滿臉皺紋、滿頭白發(fā)的自拍)”中的Even表示前后呈遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，由此可推測(cè)出劃線部分表示 FaceApp“變得受歡迎”的含義，甚至很多名人也使用了該軟件。故答案為D。
19．【B】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“We think of our younger selves, because in one sense that’s who we are. Our younger stories are all still part of us, while our older selves don’t yet exist.”(我們會(huì)想到年輕時(shí)的自己，因?yàn)樵谀撤N意義上，那就是我們。我們年輕時(shí)的故事仍然是我們的一部分，而年老時(shí)的自己還不存在)”可推知，Nicci Gerrard認(rèn)為我們要活在當(dāng)下，現(xiàn)在我們沒(méi)有必要考慮老齡問(wèn)題。故答案為B。
20．【A】主旨大意題。第四段的主旨句是首句“In addition, FaceApp is facing a number of accusations regarding user privacy. (此外，F(xiàn)aceApp還面臨著許多關(guān)于用戶隱私的指控)”，后文具體描述了FaceApp如何涉及個(gè)人隱私，所以本段主要描述了“FaceApp如何涉及個(gè)人隱私”。故答案為A。
Passage 6、（湖南省雅禮十六校2022-2023高三第一次聯(lián)考試卷）
As many office workers adapt to remote work, cities may undergo fundamental change if offices remain under-utilized. Who will benefit if working from home becomes the norm?
Employers argue they make considerable savings on real estate when workers shift from office to home work. However, these savings result from passing costs on to workers.
Unless employees are fully compensated, this could become a variant of parasitic (變異的) capitalism, whereby corporate profits increasingly rely on extracting value from the public- and now personal- realm, rather than on generating new value.
Though employers are backed by a chorus of remote work advocates, others note the loneliness, reduced productivity and inefficiencies of extended remote work.
If working from home becomes permanent, employees will have to dedicate part of their private space to work. This requires purchasing desks, chairs and office equipment.
It also means having private space dedicated to work: the space must be heated, cleaned, maintained and paid for. That depends on many things, but for purposes of illustration, I have run some estimates for Montreal. The exercise is simple but important, since it brings these costs out of the realm of speculation into the realm of meaningful discussion.
Rough calculations show that the savings made by employers when their staff works from home are of similar value to the compensation workers should receive for setting up offices at home.
What does this mean for offices in cities? One of two things may happen: Employers pass these costs onto employees. This would be a form of expropriation (侵占), with employees absorbing production costs that have traditionally been paid by the employer. This represents a considerable transfer of value from employees to employers.
When employees are properly compensated, employers’ real estate savings will be modest. If savings are modest, then the many advantages of working in offices-such as lively atmosphere, rapidity of communication, team-building and acclimatization (適應(yīng)環(huán)境) of new employees-will encourage employers to shelve the idea of remote work and, like Yahoo in 2013, encourage employees to work most of the time from corporate office space.
21．What does the author say about working from home?
A．It will become the norm sooner or later.
B．It requires employees to adapt promptly.
C．It benefits employers at the expense of employees.
D．It will force cities to transform their infrastructure.
22．Why do some people oppose working from home?
A．It discourages team spirit. B．It undermines traditional values.
C．It invades employees’ privacy. D．It negatively impacts productivity.
23．Why did the author run the estimates for Montreal?
A．To provide convincing data for serious discussion.
B．To illustrate the ongoing change in working patterns.
C．To show the impact of remote working on productivity.
D．To exemplify how remote working affects the economy.
24．What is the author’s opinion on working from home?
A．It should be avoided if possible. B．It is only a temporary measure.
C．It can reduce companies’ real estate costs. D．It may affect employees’ corporate loyalty.
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
本文是一篇議論文，主要論述的是如果在家辦公成為常態(tài)，誰(shuí)會(huì)受益。
【詳情解析】
21．【C】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Employers argue they make considerable savings on real estate when workers shift from office to home work. However, these savings result from passing costs on to workers.(雇主們辯稱，當(dāng)員工從辦公室轉(zhuǎn)移到家庭工作時(shí)，他們可以在房地產(chǎn)方面節(jié)省相當(dāng)多的資金。然而，這些節(jié)省來(lái)自于將成本轉(zhuǎn)嫁給工人)”可知，在家工作以犧牲員工的利益為代價(jià)讓雇主受益。故選C。
22．【D】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的“Though employers are backed by a chorus of remote work advocates, others note the loneliness, reduced productivity and inefficiencies of extended remote work.(盡管雇主們得到了遠(yuǎn)程工作倡導(dǎo)者的一致支持，但也有人指出了遠(yuǎn)程工作帶來(lái)的孤獨(dú)感、生產(chǎn)力下降和效率低下)”可知，有些人反對(duì)在家工作是因?yàn)檫@會(huì)對(duì)生產(chǎn)力產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。故選D。
23．【A】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第四段的“It also means having private space dedicated to work: the space must be heated, cleaned, maintained and paid for. That depends on many things, but for purposes of illustration, I have run some estimates for Montreal.(這還意味著要有專門用于工作的私人空間：這些空間必須有暖氣、清潔、維護(hù)和費(fèi)用。這取決于很多因素，但為了說(shuō)明，我對(duì)蒙特利爾進(jìn)行了一些估算)”可知，作者要對(duì)蒙特利爾進(jìn)行估算是為了為嚴(yán)肅的討論提供有說(shuō)服力的數(shù)據(jù)。故選A。
24．【A】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的“If savings are modest, then the many advantages of working in offices-such as lively atmosphere, rapidity of communication, team-building and acclimatization of new employees-will encourage employers to shelve the idea of remote work and, like Yahoo in 2013, encourage employees to work most of the time from corporate office space.(如果節(jié)省的成本不多，那么在辦公室工作的許多優(yōu)勢(shì)——比如活躍的氛圍、快速的溝通、團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)和新員工的適應(yīng)能力——將鼓勵(lì)雇主擱置遠(yuǎn)程工作的想法，并像2013年的雅虎一樣，鼓勵(lì)員工大部分時(shí)間在公司辦公空間工作)”可知，作者對(duì)在家工作的看法是如果可能的話，應(yīng)該避免這樣做。故選A。
Passage 7、（廣東省惠州市三校2022-2023高三第一次質(zhì)量檢測(cè)）
“I'm going to fail !"My best friend cried. She and I had this conversation almost every day while we were in high school.
The truth was that my friend never failed in any subjects. I just think that she can't accept failures because she lives her life as a perfectionist (完美主義者). What she fails to understand is that a lot of good can come from failures.
For example, failure can help build relationships. Once was cooking dinner for a friend. I was tired, and several dishes I tried to make turned out bad. I grew more and more upset until my friend told me that I shouldn't worry. She cared more about our friendship than the dishes. That day, I learned that failure doesn't always make people dislike you. In fact, after she said those words to me, I grew closer to her.
Failure can make success ever more exciting. Every few years, there would be an important test in the PE class at our school. Students had to run a mile within eight minutes. I was never good at running, so I failed every time until the third year at school. Then I began working out regularly, and yet I still failed that year. A few days later, however, the teacher gave me and some other students another chance to run and I got a pass finally! You can 't imagine how excited I was after that. I felt the memory of the success was as sweet as honey, because I had to overcome failure to reach it.
Now its clear to see that failure can teach us good lessons. It's not an end—it can be a beginning.
25．What can we learn about the author's best friend from the first two paragraphs?
A．She liked taking tests. B．She was afraid of failures.
C．She often failed in study. D．She knew how to be perfect.
26．What did the author finally get from a failed cooking?
A．Bad feelings. B．Worries. C．A closer friendship. D．More experience.
27．Why did the author feel excited after the running test?
A．Because she could work out regularly.
B．Because she received honey as a reward.
C．Because she got another chance to take the test.
D．Because she achieved success after many failures.
28．The author wrote this passage________.
A．to show the negative effects of failures B．to point out her best friends fear of failures
C．to encourage the readers to face failures bravely D．to introduce different types of failures
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
本文是一篇夾敘夾議文，作者通過(guò)自己的經(jīng)歷論述了失敗的好處。
【詳情解析】
25．【B】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“I just think that she can't accept failures because she lives her life as a perfectionist.（我只是覺(jué)得她無(wú)法接受失敗因?yàn)樗^(guò)著完美主義者的生活。）”可知，作者最好的朋友害怕失敗，故選B。
26．【C】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“She cared more about our friendship than the dishes. That day, I learned that failure doesn't always make people dislike you. In fact, after she said those words to me, I grew closer to her.（比起盤子，她更在乎我們的友誼。那天，我明白了失敗并不總是會(huì)讓人們討厭你。事實(shí)上，在她對(duì)我說(shuō)了這些話之后，我和她更親近了。 ）”可知，作者最終從一次失敗的烹飪中得到了更親密的友誼，故選C。
27．【D】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的“I was never good at running, so I failed every time until the third year at school....A few days later, however, the teacher gave me and some other students another chance to run and I got a pass finally! （我從來(lái)不擅長(zhǎng)跑步，所以每次都失敗，直到三年級(jí)......然而，幾天后，老師又給了我和其他同學(xué)一次跑步的機(jī)會(huì)，我終于通過(guò)了!）”可知，作者在跑步測(cè)試后很興奮是因?yàn)樗诙啻问『笕〉昧顺晒?。故選D。
28．【C】推理判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是最后一段的“Now its clear to see that failure can teach us good lessons. It's not an end—it can be a beginning.（現(xiàn)在很明顯，失敗可以給我們很好的教訓(xùn)。這不是結(jié)束，它可能是一個(gè)開(kāi)始。）”可知，作者寫這篇文章的目的是鼓勵(lì)讀者勇敢面對(duì)失敗，故選C。
Passage 8、（2023屆江蘇省三名校（姜堰中學(xué)、沭陽(yáng)中學(xué)、如東中學(xué)）高三10月月考
Earlier this month, British supermarket chain Morrisons announced that it would be removing “use by” dates on most of its milk. The idea behind this is to discourage people from throwing milk away based on a date, rather than sniffing (聞) and looking at it to determine whether it’s still safe for consumption.
The fact is that significant amounts of food get wasted every year by people blindly following expiration dates, rather than their senses. What makes matters worse is that most dates don’t mean much, anyway. They’re assigned somewhat randomly by food manufacturers that are not held to any regulatory standards for what determines a safe date nor what expertise (專門知識(shí)) is required to make such a judgment call—so it makes sense that they’d be too cautious.
What I find amusing, however, is that many people seem to be horrified by this approaching absence of “use by” dates.
In fact, I never look at expiration dates when I shop. To me, it’s as if they don’t exist. To be clear, I am not an absent-minded shopper. I pay close attention to both packaging and price. Despite having a full cart at checkout, I could tell you the exact price of every item in it. Any time I see a clearance rack (清倉(cāng)貨架) at the store, that’s usually where I go first because it’s exactly the stuff I want to buy—the cheaper, the better! If there’s any heavily discounted product that I’d normally use, I will certainly take it. Often, I’ll mentally adjust my weekly menu plan on the spot, based on what I find.
The handful of times I have looked at expiration dates have been for short-lived items like prepackaged salad greens. What I’ve found, however, is that the dates mean little. Even a package that claims to be fresh can still have rotten yellow leaves at the bottom, which turns me off. Therefore, the expiration date means next to nothing, but my visual assessment, combined with my intention for when I plan to eat it, is far more useful.
Food is your friend. Food is not out to kill you!
29．Why will Morrisons remove “use by” dates on most of its milk?
A．To reduce food waste. B．To improve customers’ senses.
C．To meet the regulatory standards. D．To be cautious about food quality.
30．What do we know about the author’s shopping habit from the text?
A．She shows little interest in packaging.
B．She cares more about the price.
C．She always avoids buying discounted products.
D．She is often careless about choosing goods.
31．Why does the author give the example of “prepackaged salad greens”?
A．To claim her favorite food. B．To introduce her cooking habit.
C．To stress the uselessness of expiration dates. D．To show the poor packaging of some food.
32．What is the best title for the text?
A．What Makes Us Waste More Food B．Why We Need “Use By” Dates
C．How I Choose Food for Cooking D．Why I Ignore Food Expiration Dates
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
這是一篇議論文。作者通過(guò)自己消費(fèi)習(xí)慣和生活中的例子的論述解釋了為什么要忽視食物的保質(zhì)期。
【詳情解析】
29．【A】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“The idea behind this is to discourage people from throwing milk away based on a date, rather than sniffing (聞) and looking at it to determine whether it’s still safe for consumption.(這背后的想法是阻止人們根據(jù)一個(gè)日期就扔掉牛奶，而不是聞和看它是否仍然可以安全食用。)”第二段“The fact is that significant amounts of food get wasted every year by people blindly following expiration dates, rather than their senses. What makes matters worse is that most dates don’t mean much, anyway.(事實(shí)是，每年有大量的食物被浪費(fèi)是因?yàn)槿藗兠つ康刈裱Ｙ|(zhì)期，而不是他們的感官。更糟糕的是，大多數(shù)日期都沒(méi)有什么意義。)可知，為了減少食物浪費(fèi)，莫里森公司將在大部分牛奶上去掉“食用截止日期”。故選A。
30．【B】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“I pay close attention to both packaging and price.(我非常注意包裝和價(jià)格。)”可知，作者的消費(fèi)習(xí)慣是她更關(guān)心價(jià)格。故選B。
31．【C】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“The handful of times I have looked at expiration dates have been for short-lived items like prepackaged salad greens. What I’ve found, however, is that the dates mean little. Even a package that claims to be fresh can still have rotten yellow leaves at the bottom, which turns me off.( 我看過(guò)的幾次保質(zhì)期都是預(yù)先包裝的蔬菜沙拉等短期食品。然而，我發(fā)現(xiàn)，日期意義不大。即使是號(hào)稱新鮮的包裝，底部也可能有腐爛的黃葉，這讓我很反感。)”可推知，作者舉了一個(gè)“預(yù)先包裝的蔬菜沙拉”的例子來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)保質(zhì)期的無(wú)用性。故選C。
32．【D】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Earlier this month, British supermarket chain Morrisons announced that it would be removing “use by” dates on most of its milk. (本月早些時(shí)候，英國(guó)連鎖超市莫里森(Morrisons)宣布，將在大部分牛奶中去掉“食用日期”。)”和第二段“The fact is that significant amounts of food get wasted every year by people blindly following expiration dates, rather than their senses. What makes matters worse is that most dates don’t mean much, anyway.(事實(shí)是，每年有大量的食物被浪費(fèi)是因?yàn)槿藗兠つ康刈裱Ｙ|(zhì)期，而不是他們的感官。更糟糕的是，大多數(shù)日期都沒(méi)有什么意義。)”以及下文中作者通過(guò)自己消費(fèi)習(xí)慣和生活中的例子的論述可知，文章主要講述了作者為什么會(huì)忽視食物的保質(zhì)期。故選D。
Passage 9、（江蘇省揚(yáng)州中學(xué)2022-2023學(xué)年度高三開(kāi)學(xué)考試）
In a classic episode of The Simpsons, Homer’s class reunion ends in shame when one of Homer’s guilty secrets is exposed: he never graduated from high school. To get his diploma, he must pass a science test. As he sits down to retake the exam, he holds one of his trademark dialogues with his brain. “All right, brain. You don’t like me and I don’t like you. But let’s just do this and I can get back to killing you with beer.”
Many a true word is spoken as a joke. Homer Simpson’s Everyman character really is an Everyman. For most people, engaging in the kind of effortful thinking that is required to pass a science test feels too much like hard work. It is so much easier to quit and let the brain’s autopilot take over.
And no wonder. Evolution has blessed the human brain with all kinds of mental shortcuts that make life manageable. If we had to think about every action or weigh up every decision, we would break down. As a result, certain ideas and modes of thinking come naturally to us, such as effortless thinking.
But at huge cost. Our mental shortcuts work fine at the level of individuals and small-scale societies, but in an increasingly interconnected and globalized world, they are a danger to society. Effortless thinking is at the root of many of the modern world’s most serious problems: terrorism, hatred, inequality and religious extremism. All are caused by people disengaging their critical thinking and going with their gut (非理性的) feeling.
Everybody is capable of gut feeling, but also of the critical thinking. Both thinking styles are needed to make the world go round. Unfortunately, the latter requires training that is unavailable or unappealing to many people.
One of the bright spots in 2017 was the start of a movement called the March For Science. Those who believe in the power of science need to keep on marching, or give more power to people who don’t much like their own brains — or other people’s.
33．What does the author want to convey through Homer’s story?
A．Feeling is very important.
B．Drinking beer is harmful to one’s brain.
C．High school seniors should work hard.
D．Most people hate effortful thinking like Homer.
34．How do you read between the lines of the underlined sentence according to the passage?
A．Most people would rather tell jokes than tell the truth.
B．Most people don’t want to toil through scientific tests.
C．Most people would love to have their brains controlled by a pilot.
D．Most people like Simpson’s ordinary character are willing to think simple.
35．What does the author think of critical thinking?
A．It makes the world go round.
B．It needs necessary training.
C．It works fine at the level of personal affairs.
D．It leads to the March For Science in 2017.
36．What is the best title for the text?
A．Critical Thinking Is Urgently Needed B．Effortless Thinking Is Out of Date
C．We Need to March Towards Science D．Thinking Contributes to Social Problems
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
本文是一篇議論文。文章以電影《辛普森一家人》中荷馬失敗的同學(xué)會(huì)開(kāi)始，揭露出大部分人不喜歡進(jìn)行需要花費(fèi)努力的批判性思維，論述了毫不費(fèi)力的思考的危害以及當(dāng)代世界迫切需要批判性思維這一話題。
【詳情解析】
33．【D】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Homer Simpson’s Everyman character really is an Everyman. For most people, engaging in the kind of effortful thinking that is required to pass a science test feels too much like hard work.(荷馬·辛普森飾演的普通人真的是普通人。對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，為了通過(guò)科學(xué)考試而進(jìn)行的那種費(fèi)力的思考感覺(jué)太辛苦了。)”可推知，作者想通過(guò)荷馬的故事說(shuō)明大多數(shù)人像荷馬一樣討厭像費(fèi)力的思考。故選D。
34．【D】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段中畫線句下文的“For most people, engaging in the kind of effortful thinking that is required to pass a science test feels too much like hard work.對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，從事那種通過(guò)科學(xué)考試所需的輕松思考，感覺(jué)太像是艱苦的工作。)”可推知，劃線句子想要表達(dá)的意思是荷馬·辛普森飾演的普通人真的與普通人十分相似，即大多數(shù)像辛普森一樣平凡的人都愿意簡(jiǎn)單地思考。故選D。
35．【B】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段最后一句話“Unfortunately, the latter requires training that is unavailable or unappealing to many people.(不幸的是，后者需要的培訓(xùn)對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)是不可能或沒(méi)有吸引力的。)”可推知，作者認(rèn)為批判性思維需要進(jìn)行一些必要的培訓(xùn)。故選B。
36．【A】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段中的“For most people, engaging in the kind of effortful thinking that is required to pass a science test feels too much like hard work.(對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，從事那種通過(guò)科學(xué)考試所需的輕松思考，感覺(jué)太像是艱苦的工作。)”及第四段中的“Effortless thinking is at the root of many of the modern world’s most serious problems: terrorism, hatred, inequality and religious extremism.(毫不費(fèi)力的思考是當(dāng)今世界許多最嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題的根源：恐怖主義、仇恨、不平等和宗教極端主義。)”可知，本文主要介紹了現(xiàn)在多數(shù)人不喜歡批判性思維，即理性思維，而當(dāng)今世界一些嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題的根源在于人們?nèi)狈硇运季S。由此可知，A項(xiàng)“Critical Thinking Is Urgently Needed(批判性思維迫切被需要)”適合作文章最佳標(biāo)題。故選A。
Passage 10、（2022年海南省高三期末學(xué)業(yè)水平診斷英語(yǔ)試題）
There is a difference between being an acquaintance（熟人）and being a friend. An acquaintance is someone whose name you know, who you see every now and then, who you probably have something in common with and who you feel comfortable around. It's a person that you can invite to your home and share things with. But they are the people who you don't share your life with, and whose actions sometimes you don't understand because you don't know enough about them.
On the other hand, a friend is someone you love. Not that you are “in love” with them, but you care about them and you think about them when they are not there. They are the people whose pictures you have and whose faces are in your head regardless. Friends are the people you feel safe around because you know they care about you. They tell you the truth and you do the same.
Friends are the people who won't laugh at you or hurt you, and if they do hurt you they try hard to make it up to you. They are the people you love, regardless of whether you realize it.
Friends are the people that hold the rings at your wedding, or maybe they are the people you marry. They are the people who stop you from making mistakes and help you when you do. They are the people whose hands you can hold, or who you can hug or give a kiss to. They understand the things you do and they love you for them.
They stick with you and stand by you. They hold your hands. They watch you live and you watch them live. Your life is not the same without them.
37．Which of the following might be your acquaintance?
A．Your girlfriend. B．Your neighbour.
C．Your elder brother. D．Your beloved grandma.
38．What does the underlined word “them” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A．The things you do. B．The hugs you get.
C．The friends you've met. D．The mistakes you've made.
39．How is the text developed?
A．By listing facts. B．By giving examples.
C．By analyzing reasons. D．By giving definitions.
40．What does the text mainly talk about?
A．The benefit you can get from friends.
B．The importance of making many friends.
C．The necessity of telling acquaintances from friends.
D．The differences between friends and acquaintances.
【語(yǔ)篇解讀】
本文為一篇議論文，討論了熟人和朋友的不同之處。
【詳情解析】
37．【B】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“An acquaintance is someone whose name you know, who you see every now and then, who you probably have something in common with and who you feel comfortable around. It's a person that you can invite to your home and share things with. But they are the people who you don't share your life with, and whose actions sometimes you don't understand because you don't know enough about them.(一個(gè)熟人是你知道他的名字，你偶爾會(huì)見(jiàn)到他，你可能和他有一些共同之處，和他在一起你覺(jué)得很舒服。 這是一個(gè)你可以邀請(qǐng)到家里和你分享東西的人。 但他們是那些你不愿與之分享生活的人，他們的行為有時(shí)你也不理解，因?yàn)槟銓?duì)他們了解不夠)”可知，家人不屬于“熟人”，女朋友可以和你分享生活，也不屬于“熟人”。故選B項(xiàng)。
38．【A】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞所在句子“They understand the things you do and they love you for them.(他們理解你所做的事情，并因此而愛(ài)你)”可知，劃線部分的代詞指代前面“你所做的事”。故選A項(xiàng)。
39．【D】推理判斷題。通讀全文，第一段“There is a difference between being an acquaintance (熟人)and being a friend.(熟人和朋友有區(qū)別)”總起全文，并論述了“熟人”的特點(diǎn)，給“熟人”下了定義；第二段至第五段從不同角度論述了“朋友”的特點(diǎn)，讓讀者對(duì)“朋友”有了清晰的概念。故選D項(xiàng)。
40．【D】主旨大意題。第一段“There is a difference between being an acquaintance (熟人) and being a friend (熟人和朋友有區(qū)別)”總起全文，本文主要論述了朋友和熟人的不同之處。故選D項(xiàng)。








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