語法專題突破
專題三　不容忽視的小詞
考點(diǎn)分層演練
一、不定冠詞a/an?My friend Linda is an honest girl① studying in a university①.We are of an age②；we both like milk and we drink a cup of milk③ a day④.So we think a cow⑤ is very useful.
一　冠詞
不定冠詞的用法①表示泛指“某個(gè)”。當(dāng)說話人第一次提及某人、某物時(shí)通常用不定冠詞；在讀音以輔音音素開頭的單詞前用a，在讀音以元音音素開頭的單詞前用an。②表示“同一”。③表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量，但數(shù)的概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈。④表示“每一”，相當(dāng)于per。⑤表示“一類”事物。
1．不定冠詞a/an用在序數(shù)詞前，表示“再一，又一”。He missed the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比賽中錯(cuò)失了金牌，但是在跳遠(yuǎn)比賽中他還有機(jī)會。2．不定冠詞a/an可以用于物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞具體化。物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞僅表示概念時(shí)，是不可數(shù)名詞，前面不加不定冠詞。但如果表示具體的人或事，特別是前面有形容詞修飾時(shí)，就變成了可數(shù)名詞，前面可加不定冠詞。
Tony is a famous pianist.I'm absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.托尼是一位著名的鋼琴家，我十分確信這個(gè)星期天他的音樂會一定會成功。3．有些名詞是永久性不可數(shù)名詞，即使前面有了形容詞，也不能在形容詞前加a/an。如weather，progress，fun等。What fine weather we have got! Let's go for a picnic.多好的天氣啊，我們?nèi)ヒ安桶伞?br>4．不定冠詞常見的固定搭配have a gift for有……的天賦　have a holiday度假get a lift/ride搭便車　pay a visit to參觀lend sb.a hand幫助某人　as a result因此as a rule通常，照例　in a hurry匆忙地at a distance離一段距離　a waste of... ……的浪費(fèi)What a pity！真遺憾！　be/go on a diet節(jié)食a collection of...一批……　a knowledge of知道
have a good time玩得高興　make a living謀生as a matter of fact事實(shí)上　have a history of...有一段……的歷史in a sense/way在某種意義上　for a while暫時(shí)；一時(shí)all of a sudden突然　a matter of... ……的問題
單句語法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Short writings missed as ____ result of an excused absence will be accepted.②(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Fitness Magazine recently ran _____ article titled “Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner”. ③(2022·全國甲卷) Every weekend this is “Wales” premier comedy club where having ____ great time is the order for both audiences and comedy stars alike.
a
an
a
④(2022·全國乙卷) Scottish National Portrait Gallery presents ____ series of lectures for the general public. ⑤In Chinese culture，each year is related to ____ Chinese animal according to the 12-year cycle.⑥He not only is the best student in our class，but also has _____ excellent sense of humour.
a
a
an
二、定冠詞the?Mr. Smith is a teacher from the United States①.He was the first② foreign teacher I had met.In the 1990s③，he and his wife were traveling along the Yangtze River④when a ship wrecked. The Smiths⑤ came up to help the injured⑥ and saved a boy by catching him by the arm⑦.The boy's parents said they were the kindest⑧ people in the world⑨.They would remember the couple⑩ forever.
定冠詞的用法①用于普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞之前。②用于序數(shù)詞之前。③用在世紀(jì)前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世紀(jì)幾十年代”。④用于江河湖海山島前。⑤用在表示姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻倆”。⑥用在形容詞或分詞前，表示某一類人或物。
⑦摸/打/抓(等表動作的動詞)＋sb.＋介詞＋the＋身體部位。⑧用于形容詞或副詞的最高級前。⑨用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前。⑩表示上文已經(jīng)提到過的人或事物。
1．被演奏的西洋樂器前用the。但是球類棋類之前卻沒有冠詞。As far as I know，he likes playing the piano but doesn't like playing football.據(jù)我所知，他喜歡彈鋼琴卻不喜歡踢足球。2．用在表計(jì)量的名詞前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the meter等。但是如果是抽象名詞前，則不用冠詞，如by weight，by time，by length，by size等。I got paid by time.To be exact，I got paid by the hour.我按時(shí)間拿報(bào)酬，確切地說，我是按小時(shí)拿錢。
3．定冠詞的常見固定搭配at the moment此刻；目前　in the end最后；最終to tell the truth說實(shí)話　on the other hand另一方面by the way順便說一下in the middle of...在……中間at the same time同時(shí)on the contrary相反on the whole總的來說in the distance在遠(yuǎn)處to the point中肯；切題make the most/best of充分利用
單句語法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) ______ Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP)．②(2022·全國甲卷) If you are looking for ______ best comedies on tour and brilliant live music, you should start here.③(2022·全國甲卷) I remember ______ first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us.
The
the
the
④(2022·全國甲卷) On ______ other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions.⑤(2022·全國乙卷) When ______ sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. ⑥The“Spider-story” is often told.Robert Bruce，leader of the Scots in ______ 13th century，was hiding in a cave from the English.⑦_(dá)_____ Greens are a happy couple；they have been married for 30 years.⑧______ injured have been sent to hospital where they will be treated.
the
the
the
The
The
三、零冠詞When learning that teachers① are badly needed in remote districts①，Lily volunteered to teach in a remote place.Local people have made her headmaster② of the school since her arrival and she teaches Chinese③，maths③，and English③ herself from spring to winter④ and from Monday to Sunday④.On weekends，she teaches them to play volleyball and chess⑤.When she finds many children attending school without having lunch⑥，she raises money① for the children's meals.
零冠詞常用的幾種情況①表泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前。②表示頭銜和職務(wù)的名詞作表語、同位語或補(bǔ)足語時(shí)。③表示語言、學(xué)科的名詞前不用冠詞。④季節(jié)、月份、日期、星期、節(jié)假日前不用冠詞。⑤球類運(yùn)動、棋類游戲的名詞前不用冠詞。⑥一日三餐前一般不加冠詞。
1．用于固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的零冠詞“零冠詞＋單數(shù)名詞＋as/though＋主語＋系動詞，主句”，意為“雖然……但是……”。Young man as he is，he has seen much of the world.盡管他很年輕，但他閱歷很豐富。2．no與such連用時(shí)要放在such之前，such后的名詞前不用冠詞。As the saying goes，there is no such thing as a free lunch.If you want something，go and earn it.常言說，天下沒有免費(fèi)的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去掙。
3．零冠詞的常見固定搭配on purpose故意地　by chance碰巧catch fire著火　at dawn在黎明face to face面對面　out of date過時(shí)的make room for讓位　in debt負(fù)債in shape健康　on foot步行in danger在危險(xiǎn)中　side by side并排from time to time不時(shí)地　hand in hand手拉手day after day日復(fù)一日地　heart and soul全心全意地
單句改錯(cuò)①She started working there in the January.__________②We usually have the breakfast at 7 o'clock.__________③I'm interested in the English，while my brother is fond of the language of French.________________
去掉the
去掉the
去掉第一個(gè)the
④Dr.Peter Spence，a headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford or Cambridge.”______________
去掉第一個(gè)a
技巧一　注意泛指還是特指如果空格后的名詞或“形容詞＋名詞”前沒有形容詞性物主代詞、不定代詞、名詞所有格或指示代詞等限定詞時(shí)很可能填冠詞。1．如果空格及后面的名詞在文中第一次出現(xiàn)，可翻譯成“一個(gè)(本、種等)”，一般填a/an；如果是前文已經(jīng)提到過，可翻譯成“這/那個(gè)，這/那些”，一般填the。2．如果名詞后有of短語、不定式、分詞或從句等作定語時(shí)很可能填the。技巧二　注意固定搭配
一、人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞?I① am a senior school student and I① want to join our③ school football team，but the person in charge rejected me②.I have to spend my③ spare time practicing football to improve myself④.Look! The football under the bed is mine⑤. It has been worn out.
二　代詞
①為人稱代詞的主格形式作主語。②為人稱代詞的賓格形式作賓語。③為形容詞性物主代詞，放在名詞之前作定語。④為反身代詞，可作賓語、表語或同位語。⑤為名詞性物主代詞，后面不加名詞，可作主語、賓語或表語。
一、代詞的形式
二、it的用法1．指天氣、時(shí)間、距離、環(huán)境等It is early spring，but it is already hot.現(xiàn)在是初春，但是天氣已經(jīng)很熱了。It is twenty miles from here to the village.從這里到那個(gè)村莊有20英里路。2．代替前面提過的事物、群體、想法等或代替指示代詞Although he didn't like it，I decided to see the movie anyway.盡管他不喜歡看這部電影，但我還是決定去看一看。
3．指不知性別的孩子和嬰兒或不明確的人(由于某種原因而不知對方是誰)What will you call it if it is a boy? 要是男孩的話，你會給他取個(gè)什么名字？4．用作形式主語或形式賓語，代替不定式、動名詞或從句(1)it作形式主語的常用句型：①It＋be＋adj./n.＋for/of sb.＋不定式It is important for students to learn English well.對學(xué)生來說學(xué)好英語是重要的。It was foolish of him to leave the door open after he left the office.離開辦公室之后，他還讓門開著，真是糊涂了。
②It is no good/use/useless doing sth.做某事是沒有好處/用處的。It is no use crying over the spilt milk.為打翻的牛奶而哭泣是沒有用處的。③It＋be＋名詞詞組(a pity/a fact/no wonder...)/adj.＋that從句It is a pity that you can't go with her.很遺憾你不能和她一起去。④It＋特殊動詞(seem/appear/turn out/occur to sb....)＋that從句It seems that he has made a serious mistake.他似乎犯了一個(gè)嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。
⑤It＋be＋過去分詞＋that從句It was reported that 20 people were killed in the earthquake.據(jù)報(bào)道有20人死于這場地震。⑥It takes sb.time/patience/effort/energy to do sth.It took him much energy to write the novel.寫這部小說花費(fèi)了他大量的精力。
(2)it作形式賓語的常用句型：主語＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋(for/of sb.) to do/that從句I find it easy to get on with Jim.我發(fā)現(xiàn)同吉姆相處很容易。He didn't make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.他沒說清楚何時(shí)何地舉行會議。
(3)用于like，enjoy，hate，love，appreciate等表示喜歡、憎惡等情感的動詞以及depend on/upon，see to等動詞短語后，再接when，if，that等引導(dǎo)的從句。I'd appreciate it if you could attend our party.如果您能參加我們的聚會，我將不勝感激。
5．用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，用來強(qiáng)調(diào)句子成分中的主語、賓語和狀語句型結(jié)構(gòu)：It is/was＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分＋that/who(被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為人)＋其他It was yesterday that I saw him in the street.是昨天我在街道見到他了。
單句語法填空①(2022·全國甲卷) As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found __________ (her) greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins longing to say hello.②(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (結(jié)構(gòu)), making _____ easier to produce such sounds.③(2022·浙江卷) I went up to my new teammate and introduced ______ (I).
herself
it
myself
④(2022·全國甲卷) _____ is hard to name a comedy star who hasn't been on the stage here.⑤(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) I quickly searched the crowd for the school's coach and asked ______ (he) what had happened. ⑥When told that it was a loss to humans，the farmers burst into laughter and responded，“Our real loss is ______(we) decreasing income.”⑦While making a choice from various ways of spending our time，we ought to ensure something that restores our lost energy and cheers _____(we) up.
It
him
our
us
⑧Given hope，I am convinced that a breakthrough can come at any age if we have faith in ourselves and keep learning and working for _____.
it
二、不定代詞?1．a(chǎn)ll，every，both，each，none，neitherThere are 50 students in my class.Though not all① of us are studying well，we all① study hard. Every student② has a dream university，though not every student② can be admitted to a famous one.My deskmate and I both③ like music，but both of us don't③ want to enter a music institute. Each④ of us has chosen our future college.We have 14 teachers in all，none⑤ of whom treat us badly.However, my deskmate and I are both③ fat，so neither⑥ of us love PE classes.
①all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞通常依據(jù)所指為可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞而定；與not連用表示部分否定。②every強(qiáng)調(diào)(整體中的)每一個(gè)，只能作定語，修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一個(gè)”，與not連用構(gòu)成部分否定。③both表示“兩者(都)”。作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；與not連用表示部分否定，意為“兩者并不都……”。
④each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，可作代詞和形容詞，修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，指兩者或兩者以上中的“每一個(gè)”，可以與of短語連用。作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；作同位語時(shí)，謂語動詞的數(shù)和主語保持一致。⑤none表示“(三者及三者以上中)無一個(gè)”或“沒有一點(diǎn)兒”。后接of短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用單復(fù)數(shù)皆可。⑥neither表示“(兩者)都不”。單獨(dú)作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；后接of短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用單復(fù)數(shù)皆可。
2．a(chǎn)nything，nothing，something，everything—Do you have anything① to say about your exam? —No，I have nothing② to say about it.—I hope you can share something③ special about your school.—I have told you that I don't have anything① to say about it. Everything④ has gone wrong.①anything表示“任何事物；一些事”時(shí)，用于否定句和疑問句中；表示“隨便什么事物”，用于肯定句中。
②nothing表示“什么也沒有；沒有什么東西”，作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。③something表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。④everything表示“一切”，強(qiáng)調(diào)全體，但謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。
3．the other，another，others，the others—Excuse me.Can you exchange this T-shirt for another① one? Some others② say it doesn't fit me well.—Of course.This T-shirt comes in two sizes；you can try on the other③ one.—Don't bother.There are so many shops and I will go to see the others④.①another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一個(gè)”，代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。②others表示泛指意義，意為“其他的人或事物”，常與some連用。
③the other可單獨(dú)使用，特指兩者中的“另一個(gè)”或兩部分中的“另一部分”。④特指“整體中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”時(shí)用the others。
4．替代詞that，those，one，ones，the one，the onesI found a beautiful coat in a shop，but it was very expensive.Luckily，I found one① looking the same online and it was much cheaper than that②/the one③ in the physical shop.However，when I received the coat，I realized though the ones④ sold online were much cheaper，they were not as good as those⑤ in physical shops.I would rather spend more money on better ones⑥ with high quality.
①one替代上文出現(xiàn)的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，相當(dāng)于“a/an＋單數(shù)名詞”。②that替代上文出現(xiàn)的表示物的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞(有后置定語)，相當(dāng)于“the＋單數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞”。③the one替代特指的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，相當(dāng)于“the＋單數(shù)名詞”。④the ones替代上文出現(xiàn)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，相當(dāng)于“the＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”。⑤those 替代上文出現(xiàn)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞(尤其是有后置定語時(shí))，相當(dāng)于“the＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”。⑥ones替代上文出現(xiàn)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。所替代名詞都是同類不同物；同類同物替代用it/them。
1．a(chǎn)nother后可接“基數(shù)詞/few＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。“基數(shù)詞/few＋other＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”也表示“另外的……(多少)”。Another three students went to that party.＝Three other students went to that party.另外3個(gè)學(xué)生去了那個(gè)聚會。2．no one，none，nobody，nothing以及“no與名詞連用”等都表示全部否定。當(dāng)not與不定代詞all，both，everyone，everybody，everything等或“every＋名詞”連用時(shí)，不管not在它們之前還是之后，都表示部分否定。
None of us was going to the party.我們當(dāng)中沒人打算去參加那個(gè)聚會。Not all of them smoke.＝All of them don't smoke.他們當(dāng)中不是所有人都吸煙。
單句語法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The core (核心) of your relationship is that you will always be there to help each ________.②(2022·全國甲卷) Then, one after _____________,Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there—broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. ③(2022·全國甲卷) The disagreement was so sharp that __________ he nor I knew what to settle it.
other
another
neither
④Nobody likes to talk about death，but the reality is—everyone is going to die at one point，but _______ of us know the day，or the hour.⑤Mr. Zhang gave me a very valuable present，______ that I have never seen.⑥I’m moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than _______ in the city.
none
one
that
1．通過句子成分確定所填代詞的形式如果作主語，則用人稱代詞的主格；如果作賓語或表語，則用人稱代詞的賓格；如果作定語，則用形容詞性物主代詞；如果作賓語、表語或同位語且又和句子的主語為同一人或物，則用反身代詞。2．通過句式結(jié)構(gòu)和“指代”，判斷是否用it如果指代上文提到的同一個(gè)事物，則用it；如果指代天氣、時(shí)間、距離或環(huán)境情況則用it；如果作形式主語或形式賓語，則用it；注意一些固定用法：dislike/hate/appreciate/depend on/see to...＋it＋從句。
1．表示方位的介詞We walked across① the beach，through② the woods and finally came to③ the house which was under④ the big tree marked in⑤ the map.After stepping into⑥ the house，we found a small black table，over⑦ which was a lamp.Then we looked around⑧，and my friend found something special—an empty box. Beneath⑨ it was a note saying，“Stand beside⑩ the window and look out of? it.” From? the window we saw another house beyond? a small hill.
三　介詞
①across指從較為平坦的表面穿過。②through指從立體的事物中間穿過。③to指到某處，去某處。④under在……下面，無接觸面。⑤in在……里面。⑥into到……里面。⑦over在……正上方(無接觸面)；on在……上面(有接觸面)。⑧around在/向……周圍。⑨beneath在……下面(有接觸面)。
⑩beside在……旁邊。?out of在……外面。?from從……。?beyond 在/向……較遠(yuǎn)的一邊，超出。
2．表示時(shí)間的介詞It happened on① a Saturday morning in② November,2015.My parents left home at③ 600 a．m. to meet my uncle at the airport and told me they would come back in④two hours.However，it wasn't long before⑤ someone knocked at the door，and I looked through the peep hole and saw a stranger.I quickly locked the door from the inside，and didn't open it until⑥ my parents came back. During⑦ the two hours，the stranger always tried to tell me something but I wouldn't listen to him.On seeing my parents，the stranger said，“I have been waiting out of the door for⑧ two hours since 610 a．m..” Why had my uncle changed so much over⑨ the years?
①on指在具體的某一天。②in用在年/月/季節(jié)/世紀(jì)等大時(shí)間之前，或者指上/下午或晚上。③at用在幾點(diǎn)鐘或night/noon之前。④in也可用在表示一段時(shí)間的詞之前，表示“多久之后”。⑤before在……之前。⑥until直到……時(shí)候。⑦during在……期間。⑧for表示延續(xù)一段時(shí)間。⑨over表示“在……期間”，表延續(xù)。
3．表示原因的介詞John was punished for① cheating in the exam.His father was angry at/over② it and he trembled with③ anger because of④John's bad behaviour.①for表示原因，后面可以加名詞(詞組)或句子。②at/over用在表示情緒的形容詞之后，后面加名詞(詞組)。③with用在表示情緒的名詞之前。④because of/owing to/due to/thanks to之后不加陳述句，加名詞(短語)/名詞性從句。
4．其他重要介詞Between① the two opinions，the majority besides② me are also for③ the first one but against④ the second one. By⑤wearing school uniforms，students can be treated equally by⑤ others despite⑥ the different economic backgrounds among⑦ them. Besides，the price is within⑧ students' reach.Most students except⑨ a minority of them say school uniforms are good except for⑩ the fact that they are not fashionable.
①between表示兩者之間。②besides表示除此之外(還)。③for表示支持。④against表示反對。⑤by表示“借助/通過……”，也可以表示“被……”。⑥despite表示盡管，等于in spite of。⑦among表示在三者或三者以上之中。⑧within表示在……范圍之內(nèi)。⑨except表示同類事物除外。⑩except for表示與整體陳述相對的細(xì)節(jié)修補(bǔ)。
一、介詞的省略1．當(dāng)表示時(shí)間的詞前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等時(shí)，介詞常省略。We watched an exciting football match last week.上周我們看了一場激動人心的足球賽。Come any day you like.你想哪天來就哪天來。
2．表示時(shí)間的名詞前有不定冠詞，且不定冠詞作“每一……”講時(shí)，其前不用介詞。An apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天一個(gè)蘋果，醫(yī)生遠(yuǎn)離我。
3．習(xí)慣搭配中介詞的省略一些常和動詞、名詞或形容詞搭配使用的介詞?？墒÷?，常見的此類搭配有spend some time (in) doing sth.，waste some time (in) doing sth.，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.，be busy (in) doing sth.，stop/prevent sb.(from) doing sth.等。I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.在那家餐廳里我很難在菜單上找到合適的食物。
二、介詞不可遺漏的問題1．在被動語態(tài)中，動詞短語中的介詞不能遺漏。The children have been taken good care of in the kindergarten.這些孩子在幼兒園里得到了很好的照顧。2．當(dāng)非謂語動詞表示被動意義時(shí)，相關(guān)介詞也不可省略。The problem is well worth paying attention to.這個(gè)問題很值得關(guān)注。3．在定語從句中，當(dāng)從句的謂語和先行詞構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系且從句謂語為不及物動詞時(shí)，必須加上介詞。The library which we often go to is not far away from our school.我們常去的那個(gè)圖書館距離我們學(xué)校不遠(yuǎn)。
三、介詞與動詞構(gòu)成的搭配call for需要；要求　pass by經(jīng)過pay for...為……付款　figure out弄清楚apply for申請　dream of夢想search for尋找；搜索　refer to提及；參考begin with……以……開始　contribute to貢獻(xiàn)；有助于；促成play with...同……一起玩；玩弄　laugh at嘲笑care about關(guān)心；介意　focus on集中于feel like想要　charge...for...索費(fèi)hold up舉起　exchange...for...用……來交換……rely on依靠　go back to追溯到
四、介詞與名詞構(gòu)成的搭配1．a(chǎn)t開頭的介詞短語at a loss不知所措　at the cost of...以……的代價(jià)at peace處于和平狀態(tài)　at the risk of...冒……的危險(xiǎn)at war處于戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài)at the mercy of...在……支配下；由……擺布at the same time同時(shí)
2．on開頭的介詞短語on exhibition/show在展出　on account of因?yàn)閛n fire著火　on average平均；一般地on sale出售；打折　on behalf of代表on no account/condition決不on the decrease/increase在減少/在增加on holiday/vacation在度假
3．by開頭的介詞短語by accident偶然地　by hand手工by mistake錯(cuò)誤地　by chance偶然by the day按天算　by coincidence碰巧by nature天生地
4．in開頭的介詞短語in cash用現(xiàn)金付款　in charge of...掌管……in depth在深度上　in return作為回報(bào)in detail詳細(xì)地　in danger (of) 在危險(xiǎn)中；垂危in height在高度上　in spite of盡管in length在長度上　in exchange for作為交換in favor of支持；贊成　in no time立刻in case of萬一；如果；假使in no way決不
in support of...為支持……in place of...代替in honour of...為向……表示敬意in possession of擁有；占有in memory of...為了紀(jì)念……in addition to另外in the middle of...在……中間
5．of＋n.表示特征(等于相應(yīng)的形容詞)of benefit有益處的　of significance有意義的of help有幫助的　of use有用的of importance重要的　of value有價(jià)值的6．out of＋n.表示狀態(tài)out of balance失去平衡　out of order發(fā)生故障out of breath上氣不接下氣　out of sight看不見out of control失去控制　out of the question不可能out of date過期　out of work失業(yè)
7．under＋n.表示被動under attack遭到襲擊　under treatment在治療中under pressure在壓力下　under control處于控制之中8．with＋n.表示方式with delight/joy高興地　with fear害怕地with difficulty困難地　with pleasure樂意地with ease輕而易舉地
9．beyond＋n.表示“超出……；難以……”beyond compare無與倫比beyond description難以描述beyond reach夠不到beyond expression/words難以表達(dá)
五、介詞與其他詞構(gòu)成的搭配but for要不是　instead of代替regardless of不管；不顧　apart from...除……之外up to直到；由……決定　according to根據(jù)along with隨著　together with連同by means of用……辦法；借助……owing to因?yàn)?br>單句語法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) I am down there in my wheelchair _____ the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.②(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Now a team of researchers led _____ Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
in
by
③(2022·全國甲卷) The New Theatre has been the home of quality drama, musicals, dance and children's shows ______ more than 100 years.④(2022·全國甲卷)He poured water _______ a bottle into his hand and offered it to my dogs.⑤(2022·全國乙卷) They will be moving _____ the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously.⑥(2022·全國乙卷) Can a small group of drones (無人機(jī)) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, _____ the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year?
for
from
on
at
⑦(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) I was familiar _______ the challenges David faced and was proud of his strong determination.⑧(2022·浙江卷) Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity _____ a basic necessity.
with
to
技法一　分析句子成分如果句子中不缺少主語或表語，動詞后又不缺少賓語，則在名詞、代詞或動名詞前一定是填介詞。技法二　記牢搭配1．注意短語搭配中介詞的正確使用；2．注意有特殊用法的介詞，如接復(fù)合賓語就只能用with或without。
動詞的種類I looked① at the window and saw② a bird perching on the tree.I kept watching③ it but it didn't④ see me.The bird looked⑤ beautiful.Suddenly a cat appeared and the bird got⑤frightened.It seemed as if the bird was⑤ in danger.However，it turned out that I shouldn't⑥ have been worried about it.It had⑦ flown away swiftly before the cat drew near.
四　動詞和動詞短語
?有實(shí)際意義的動詞叫實(shí)義動詞，如文中的①②③。?文中的④⑦為助動詞，不能單獨(dú)構(gòu)成謂語。⑥是情態(tài)動詞，也不能單獨(dú)構(gòu)成謂語。?動詞可分為及物動詞(可直接加賓語)，如②③和不及物動詞(需要加介詞后再加賓語)如①。?根據(jù)表示的動作是否可以延續(xù)，可分為與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用的延續(xù)性動詞如③，以及不與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用的非延續(xù)性動詞如①②。?文中⑤為系動詞，后面可以直接加形容詞，構(gòu)成系表關(guān)系。
1．有些及物動詞后面可以跟雙賓語，構(gòu)成vt.＋sb.＋sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。如：award(授予)，buy(買)，give(給)，leave(留下)，lend(借出)，offer(提供)，pay(付款)，show(展示)，teach(教)，tell(告訴)，bring(帶來)，pass(傳遞)，sell(銷售)，send(送給)，write(給……寫信)，envy(嫉妒)，refuse(拒絕)，save(挽救)，spare(節(jié)省)等
2．不及物動詞不可以直接加賓語而且無被動語態(tài)。如果一個(gè)動詞是不及物動詞，則考查點(diǎn)不會是被動語態(tài)。常見不及物動詞有agree，go，work，listen，look，come，die，belong，fall，exist，rise，arrive，sit，sail，hurry，fail，succeed，run，swim，stand，sleep，lie等。My father ___________(work) in a computer company _________(lie) in the east of our city for 5 years.因?yàn)閣ork是不及物動詞無被動語態(tài)，所以只能考查work的主動形式，根據(jù)后面的for 5 years 可知，應(yīng)該填現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，所以是has worked。 另外，lie是不及物動詞，所以不可能是被動形式，只能是主動形式作定語，所以填lying。
3．如果被考查動詞為及物動詞，而且后面有賓語，則要考查其主動形式，如果后面沒有賓語，則很可能考查其被動形式。Many doctors _________(need) in Wuhan when COVID-19 broke out.因?yàn)閚eed是及物動詞，其后無賓語，所以考查的是它的被動形式。根據(jù)題意，此處用were needed。4．非延續(xù)性動詞不可與時(shí)間段連用。講座已經(jīng)開始半個(gè)小時(shí)了。The lecture has began for half an hour.×The lecture has been on for half an hour.√
5．可用于“動詞＋sb.＋of＋sth.”的常見動詞：accuse sb.of sth.指責(zé)某人某事cure sb.of sth.治好某人的病rid sb.of sth.使某人擺脫某物cheat sb.of sth.欺騙某人某物remind sb.of sth.使某人想起某事inform sb.of sth.通知某人某事rob sb.of sth.搶劫某人的東西warn sb.of sth.警告某人某事convince sb.of sth.使某人確信某事suspect sb.of sth.懷疑某人某事
6．可用于“動詞＋sb.＋for doing sth.”的常見動詞：blame sb.for doing sth.指責(zé)某人做某事punish sb.for doing sth.懲罰某人做某事thank sb.for doing sth.感謝某人做某事
7．可用于“動詞＋sb./sth.＋from doing sth.”的常見動詞：prevent/stop/keep sb./sth.from doing sth.阻止某人/物做某事protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb./sth.from being done保護(hù)某人/物免于被……ban/prohibit sb./sth.from doing sth.禁止某人/物做某事
8．常見動詞短語bringbring in引進(jìn)；掙得bring about引起；導(dǎo)致bring up養(yǎng)育；培養(yǎng)；提出bring down降低；使倒下bring back把……帶回來；使恢復(fù)bring forward提出；提前
breakbreak down拋錨；(身體、精神)垮掉；(談判等)失??；(化學(xué))分解break up打碎；關(guān)系結(jié)束；解散break through逾越；突破；沖破break away (from)掙脫，脫離break out爆發(fā)break in打斷；闖入break off折斷；中斷break into 破門而入
comecome about發(fā)生come out出版；開花；(太陽、月亮)出來come on加油；快點(diǎn)come across偶遇；被理解come true變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)come up走近；被提出come up with想出；提出come along一起來
carrycarry on繼續(xù)；堅(jiān)持carry out執(zhí)行carry through幫助渡過難關(guān)；完成；實(shí)現(xiàn)getget across傳達(dá)；使理解get along/on (with)進(jìn)展；相處get away逃脫；設(shè)法離開get down下來；下車get in收割；到達(dá)
get off下車；下班get up起床get through 接通；通過；完成；度過；使理解get down to開始認(rèn)真干get over克服
givegive up放棄give in 屈服；呈交give out耗盡；分發(fā)give away泄露；贈送give off發(fā)出give back歸還；使恢復(fù)
gogo against違背go without(沒有……)勉強(qiáng)維持；湊合go in for愛好；參加考試(或競賽)go on繼續(xù)go over復(fù)習(xí)；仔細(xì)審查go ahead 進(jìn)行；去做吧；拿去用吧go through經(jīng)歷go away走開go for去取來或接來；爭取得到go out出去；熄滅
holdhold on to堅(jiān)持；抓住不放hold back阻礙(某人發(fā)展)；抑制(情感)hold on別掛斷；等會兒；堅(jiān)持keepkeep away (from)使遠(yuǎn)離keep off避免吃(或喝、吸)……；使不接近；回避某話題keep on繼續(xù)keep out擋在外邊；(警示語)請勿靠近keep up保持(高昂情緒)；不低落；持續(xù)keep up with緊跟上
looklook ahead向前看look after照看；負(fù)責(zé)處理look back回憶；回顧look out 當(dāng)心；提防；找出look up向上看；查閱；形勢好轉(zhuǎn)look down upon看不起look forward to盼望look through瀏覽；快速查看look into調(diào)查；向內(nèi)看look around環(huán)視；游覽
makemake up編造；化妝；組成；構(gòu)成；彌補(bǔ)be made up of... 由……構(gòu)成make up for補(bǔ)償；彌補(bǔ)make out 辨認(rèn)出(看出、聽出)；理解
putput down放下來；平定；鎮(zhèn)壓；記下put aside把……放到一邊；儲存put away把……收起來；儲蓄put forward提出(計(jì)劃、建議)；撥快；提前put off延期；推遲put on穿戴；上演；增加put out撲滅put up建造；舉起；張貼；為……提供住宿put up with容忍
sendsend for派人去請send out發(fā)送；發(fā)出(請柬、信號等)setset off出發(fā)；引爆set out出發(fā)；動身；著手做set up創(chuàng)建；建立；豎起set about開始做；著手做set aside留出；把……放在一邊；不理會set apart使與眾不同set down讓(乘客)下車；寫下；記下
taketake in吸收；理解；欺騙；收容take up從事；拿起；占據(jù)(時(shí)間或空間)take off 飛機(jī)起飛；脫下take place發(fā)生take along隨身攜帶take away帶走；拿走take charge負(fù)責(zé)；掌管take on呈現(xiàn)；雇用；承擔(dān)take out拿出；帶……出去take over 接管；接任
turnturn away轉(zhuǎn)身；走開turn out結(jié)果是；生產(chǎn)turn down拒絕；調(diào)小turn on打開；取決于turn off 關(guān)掉turn over打翻；翻身turn in 上交(作業(yè)等)turn into變成；成為turn to求助于；翻到turn up調(diào)大；出現(xiàn)
單句語法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look ________ to stop them feeling lonely. ②(2022·全國甲卷) We can't seem to make _____ our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.③(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set _____ a Giant Panda National Park (GPNP)．
after
up
up
④(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media, but it probably won't result _____ a useful response.⑤Don't mention that at the beginning of the story, or it may give_______ the shocking ending. ⑥He was disappointed to find his suggestions turned _______.⑦To keep healthy，Professor Johnson took _____ cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired.⑧The old houses are being pulled down to make room______ a new office block.
in
away
down
up
for
1．動詞的考查常常和時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)或非謂語結(jié)合起來考。所以分清動詞是及物還是不及物，能否用被動形式至關(guān)重要。2．記牢動詞短語，分清同一個(gè)動詞加不同的介詞或副詞分別是什么意義。
考點(diǎn)分層演練
層級一　基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo)練單句語法填空1．—We had a really damp September this year.—I can't remember _____ autumn when it rained so much.解析：考查冠詞。根據(jù)句意可知，此處指任何一個(gè)秋天，表示泛指，用不定冠詞，且autumn的發(fā)音以元音音素開頭。故填an。2．But she quickly realized that it was probably because of the fact that she sat in ______ last row.解析：考查冠詞。last和定冠詞the連用，表示“最后的……”。故填the。
an
the
3．The head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to ____ small town some 20 kilometres away where there was a garage.解析：考查冠詞。town是可數(shù)名詞，此處指離那里大約有20公里遠(yuǎn)的“一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)”，表示“一個(gè)”，用不定冠詞，small的發(fā)音以輔音音素開頭。故填a。4．Among ______ “four new great inventions”，online shopping was invented and pioneered by Michael Aldrich in the U．K.in 1979.解析：考查冠詞。設(shè)空后的four new great inventions 在本句中表示特指。故填the。
a
the
5．“As soon as he opens ______(he) mouth and sings in Chinese，the Chinese are very surprised and they feel proud of him，” said his music teacher.解析：考查代詞。根據(jù)mouth和主語he可知，此處應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞his修飾名詞mouth，在句中作定語。故填his。6．But it's difficult for me to decide what activities we should organize and how to plan _______(they)．解析：考查代詞。plan后應(yīng)跟一個(gè)指代前面的activities的代詞，為復(fù)數(shù)形式，作plan的賓語，所以應(yīng)用表復(fù)數(shù)的賓格代詞。故填them。
his
them
7．Nowadays reference books have become a problem of great concern for _______ the teachers and the students.解析：考查固定搭配。固定搭配both...and...意為“兩者都”，符合語境。故填both。8．I suddenly realized I had grown up and that I had to look after _________(me) and live independently.解析：考查代詞。與句子主語I呼應(yīng)，應(yīng)用反身代詞，意為“照顧好自己”。故填myself。
both
myself
9．When they grow older than three years old, _____ is easier for girls to catch colds than boys.解析：考查it的用法。分析句子可知，此處應(yīng)用it作形式主語，真正的主語是后面的動詞不定式。故填it.10．Pregnant women，for example，should limit ________(they) intake of coffee.解析：考查代詞。intake為名詞，意為“攝入量”，故其前應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞作定語。故填their。
it
their
11．This young man likes travelling—he is always _____ the move.解析：考查介詞。句意：這個(gè)年輕人喜歡旅行——他總是在移動。on the move在行動中，四處奔波，符合語境。故填on。12．It means that we cannot use some modern household items，__________________ washing machines and they use too much water.解析：考查介詞。根據(jù)some modern household items及空后的washing machines可知，此處表示舉例。所以填like“例如”或including“包括”。故填like/including。
on
like/including
13．Sichuan is home _____ pandas，also the starting point of the Southern Silk Road.解析：考查介詞。be home to...為固定搭配，意為“是……的故鄉(xiāng)、產(chǎn)地”。故填to。14．Wolf Warrior is the first film to taste success both in terms _____ box office earnings and promoting Chinese values.解析：考查介詞。句意：《戰(zhàn)狼2》是第一部在票房收入和宣揚(yáng)中國價(jià)值觀上都獲得成功的電影。in terms of在……方面，就……而言。故填of。
to
of
15．Flowing from the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea，the Yangtze is a natural division __________ north and south.解析：考查介詞。由句意及句中的and可知，此處表示兩者(南和北)之間。故填between。
between
層級二　高考真題練單句語法填空1．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Covering an area about three times ______ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.解析：考查冠詞。句意：該公園占地面積約為黃石國家公園的三倍，將成為中國首批國家公園之一。本句的結(jié)構(gòu)為：倍數(shù)＋ the size of ＋比較成分。故填the。
the
2．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)______ Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto.解析：考查冠詞。句意：布朗一家住在多倫多郊外的一棟公寓樓里。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，設(shè)空處要填寫冠詞與Brown family 構(gòu)成名詞短語作主語。the＋姓氏＋family等同于the＋姓氏復(fù)數(shù)，意為“某某一家人”，the符合句意。同時(shí)該單詞置于句首，首字母應(yīng)該大寫。故填The。
The
3．(2022·全國甲卷)____ friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip.解析：考查冠詞。句意：他的一位朋友吳凡在旅行中自愿成為他的同伴。根據(jù)句意可知，此處泛指“他的一個(gè)朋友”，應(yīng)用不定冠詞，friend以輔音音素開頭，應(yīng)用a，空處位于句首，首字母大寫。故填A(yù)。
A
4．(2022·全國乙卷)To celebrate ______ festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.解析：考查冠詞。句意：為了慶祝這一節(jié)日，周四在北京的中國商人博物館舉行了一系列活動。根據(jù)句意，festival為特指，所以用定冠詞the。故填the。
the
5．(2022·浙江 1月卷)Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak if she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of ______ time, they agreed.解析：考查冠詞。句意：對于她的出席，Cobb開始詢問邀請她的會議組織者是否可以讓她遠(yuǎn)程演講。大約有四分之三的時(shí)間，他們同意了。此處特指Cobb詢問的時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)。故填the。
the
6．(2022·全國乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony opening ______ (it) first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth — A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea.解析：考查代詞。句意：在開幕式上，中國古茶博物館正式揭牌，開啟了它的第一個(gè)展覽：大道遺真——普洱茶專題展。名詞exhibition前用形容詞性物主代詞。故填its。
its
7．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Giant pandas also serve_____ an umbrella species(物種), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.解析：考查介詞。句意：大熊貓還扮演著保護(hù)傘的角色，為中國西南和西北地區(qū)的許多動植物帶來保護(hù)。固定短語：serve as充當(dāng)。故填as。
as
8．(2022·全國甲卷) He flew 4, 700 kilometers _______ Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, planning to hike back to Xi’an in five months.解析：考查介詞。句意：9月20日，他從4 700公里外的西安飛到了喀什，計(jì)劃在五個(gè)月內(nèi)徒步回到西安。根據(jù)句意和Xi’an to Kashgar 可知，此處表示“從西安飛往喀什”，應(yīng)用介詞from，固定搭配from...to...表示“從……到……”。故填from。
from
9．(2022·全國乙卷)May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially _____ the United Nations on November 27th, 2019. 解析：考查介詞。句意：2019年11月27日，聯(lián)合國正式將5月21日定為第一個(gè)國際茶日。根據(jù)句意可知，此處表達(dá)“被聯(lián)合國在2019年1月27日命名”。表示被動，使用固定結(jié)構(gòu)“be＋過去分詞＋by”。故填by。
by
10．(2021高考Ⅰ卷)While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is ____ must to visit! 解析：考查冠詞。句意：你在中國的時(shí)候，一定要去黃山！泛指一件必須的事情，所以用不定冠詞。故填a。
a
11．(2021·浙江卷)______ Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two stories in 1856 to meet the needs of their growing family.解析：考查冠詞。句意：林肯夫婦在1856年把房子擴(kuò)大到了整整兩層，以滿足他們?nèi)找嬖鲩L的家庭的需要。根據(jù)句意可知，此處意為“林肯一家”；根據(jù)設(shè)空后的Lincolns可知，此處考查“the＋姓氏復(fù)數(shù)”，表示夫婦倆，或者一家人。設(shè)空處位于句首，所以首字母要大寫。故填The。
The
12．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory. It sure does in _______(I)．解析：考查代詞。句意：這首歌必定會留在我的記憶中。句中it指代the song, does指代動詞sticks，空格處應(yīng)指 my memory, 為了避免重復(fù)，用名詞性物主代詞來代替“形容詞性物主代詞 ＋ 名詞”。故填mine。
mine
13．(2021·全國乙卷)Ecotourism has ______ (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.解析：考查代詞。句意：生態(tài)旅游業(yè)起源于20世紀(jì)70年代的環(huán)保運(yùn)動?？崭袼钤~與空后的origin一起作has的賓語；同時(shí)與空后的origin構(gòu)成限定關(guān)系，因此應(yīng)填形容詞物主代詞。故填its。 14．(2021·浙江卷)She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of __________ (she), everything in good taste and in perfect order.解析：考查反身代詞。句意：她非常漂亮，并且她的房子就是她的寫照，每件東西都擺放整齊，品味也很好。故填herself。
its
herself
15．(2021·全國甲卷)It was built originally to protect the city _____ the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored(修復(fù))．解析：考查介詞。在唐朝the Tang Dynasty，是段時(shí)間。故填in。 16．(2021·全國乙卷) Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types _____ trips are now being classified as ecotourism. 解析：考查介詞。句意：……各種各樣的旅行被歸類于生態(tài)旅行。根據(jù)空格前后為名詞并具有所屬關(guān)系。故填of。
in
of
17．(2021·浙江卷)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased _____ 2.1 in women and men.解析：考查介詞。句意：研究發(fā)現(xiàn)1985—2017年間，農(nóng)村男人和女人BMI的平均數(shù)值上升了2.1。increase by＋數(shù)值表示增長了多少。故填by。18．(2021·浙江卷) In 1844 they bought it ______$1,200 and some land.解析：考查介詞。句意：1844年，他們以1 200美元的價(jià)格購買了這個(gè)房子和一些地……。buy sth. for ＋價(jià)格，表示以什么價(jià)格購買某物。故填for。
by
for
19．(2020·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷)The plum trees are ______ first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化). 解析：考查冠詞。句意：雪還在融化時(shí)，梅花是第一個(gè)開花的。這里表示特指，所以序數(shù)詞first前要加定冠詞the。故填the。20．(2020·浙江卷)Then，with ______ rise of science，changes began.解析：考查冠詞。句意：隨著科學(xué)的崛起，事情發(fā)生了變化。with the rise of 譯為“隨著……的崛起”是固定短語。故填the。
the
the
21．(2020·浙江卷)A child born in the US today has ____very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.解析：考查冠詞。句意：今天在美國出生的孩子有非?，F(xiàn)實(shí)的機(jī)會活到100歲以上，因此需要做出相應(yīng)的計(jì)劃。chance為可數(shù)名詞，此處表示泛指應(yīng)用不定冠詞，且very為輔音音素開頭的單詞。故填a。
a
22．(2020·全國Ⅰ卷)Data about the moon's composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether ______ (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.解析：考查代詞。句意：關(guān)于月亮構(gòu)成的數(shù)據(jù)，比如它含有多少冰和其他財(cái)富，可以幫助中國決定它未來月球基地的計(jì)劃是否實(shí)用。根據(jù)空后的名詞plans可知，此處應(yīng)使用形容詞性物主代詞its。故填its。
its
23．(2020·山東卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模擬) and imagine _____________ (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.解析：考查反身代詞。句意：除了觀賞展品，游客還可以玩電腦模擬游戲，想象自己生活在一個(gè)不同的歷史時(shí)期，或者漫步在熱帶雨林中。此處指代visitors，意為“他們自己”，應(yīng)使用反身代詞。故填themselves。
themselves
24．(2020·新課標(biāo)Ⅲ卷)The artist was finally humbled (謙卑) by the greatest artist _____ earth, Mother Nature.解析：考查介詞。句意：這位藝術(shù)家最終被世界上最偉大的藝術(shù)家——大自然母親所折服。結(jié)合句意表示“在世界上”短語為on earth。故填on。
on
25．(2020·山東卷)Museums must compete ______ people's spare time and money with other amusements.解析：考查介詞。句意：博物館必須和其他娛樂活動競爭人們的業(yè)余時(shí)間和金錢。此處是固定短語：compete for，意為“為了……競爭”。故填for。
for
層級三　語篇提能練語法填空Passage 1　冠詞與代詞篇(改編自2019·全國Ⅲ卷)On our way to the house，__________ was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long __________ would take to get there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
1.it
2.it
We were first greeted with the barking by _________ pack of dogs，seven to be exact. ____________(them) were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for _____________(this) animals.Our hosts shared many of _____________(they) experiences and recommended wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in ___________ backyard.
3.a
4.They
5.these
6.their
7.the
When they were free from work，they invited __________(we) to local events and let us know of __________ interesting competition to watch，together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.On ____________ last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.語篇導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇記敘文。講述了作者在美國夏威夷的一次旅行經(jīng)歷。
8.us
9.an
10.the
解析：1．考查代詞。句意：在我們?nèi)ツ亲孔拥穆飞?，雨下得如此大以至于我們?nèi)滩蛔∪ハ脒€要多久才能到達(dá)那里。it 可以指天氣。故填it。2．考查代詞。句意同上題。此處是句式It takes (sb.)some time to do sth.，it為形式主語，to do不定式為真正的主語。故填it。3．考查冠詞。a pack of意為“一群”。故填a。4．考查代詞。句意：它們被它們的主人訓(xùn)練得很好，它們的主人在照顧這些動物方面很有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。它們(狗兒們)在這里作主語；位于句首，大寫首字母。故填They。
5．考查代詞。句意同上題。因?yàn)閍nimals是復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填指示代詞these。故填these。6．考查代詞。experience是名詞，前面需要一個(gè)形容詞性物主代詞來修飾它。故填their。7．考查冠詞。空格修飾名詞backyard，是特指的他們的院子。故填the。8．考查代詞?？崭裉幾鱥nvited的賓語，應(yīng)用賓格形式。故填us。9．考查冠詞?？崭窈骾nteresting的發(fā)音以元音音素開頭，此處泛指一場有趣的比賽。故填an。10．考查冠詞。on the last day在最后一天。故填the。
Passage 2　動詞與介詞篇(改編自2017·全國Ⅲ卷)She looks like any other schoolgirl，fresh-faced and full __________ life.Sarah Thomas is looking forward __________ the challenge of her new A-level course.But unlike her school friends，16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term _______________(rest)．Instead，she is earning ￡6,500 a day as a model in New York.
1.of
2.to
3.resting
Sarah was told that she could be Britain's new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the next year.Her father Peter,44，wants her to give ________ school to model full-time.But Sarah，who has taken part ________ shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.She is determined to carry __________ with her education.She has turned ____________ several invitations to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.After school she plans to take a year ___________ to model full-time before going to university to get a degree __________ engineering or architecture.
4.up
5.in
6.on
7.down
8.off
9.in
Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school _____________(come) first.I don't want to get too absorbed in modeling.It is certainly fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.I don't want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can't model any more.”語篇導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇記敘文。主要介紹了Sarah Thomas在學(xué)業(yè)和誘人的職業(yè)面前所做出的選擇，她認(rèn)為在青少年時(shí)期要把學(xué)業(yè)放在首位。
10.comes
解析：1．考查介詞。固定短語： full of life充滿活力。故填of。2．考查介詞。固定短語：look forward to (doing) sth.盼望(做)某事。故填to。3．考查非謂語動詞。固定短語：spend time (in) doing sth.花費(fèi)時(shí)間做某事。故填resting。4．考查動詞短語。固定短語：give up (doing) sth.放棄(做)某事。故填up。5．考查動詞短語。固定短語：take part in sth.參加……活動。故填in。
6．考查動詞短語。固定短語：carry on with sth.繼續(xù)某事。 故填on。7．考查動詞短語。固定短語：turn down 拒絕。故填down。8．考查動詞短語。固定短語：take some time off 請假一段時(shí)間。故填off。9．考查介詞。in表示“在某方面”，獲得某項(xiàng)學(xué)位“get a degree in...”。故填in。10．考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)語境可知，Sarah認(rèn)為當(dāng)下應(yīng)該是學(xué)業(yè)第一，說明現(xiàn)在的情況應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故填comes。

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